Retailing in india:

A retailer is a person or business that you purchase goods from. Retailers

typically don’t manufacture their own items. They purchase goods from a
manufacturer or a wholesaler and sell these goods to consumers in small
quantities. Retailing is the distribution process of a retailer obtaining goods
or services and selling them to customers for use. This process is
explained through the supply chain.

Retail models:

1. The Gatherers

The formula of large stores, low prices, and abundant parking to gather
shoppers together has long been at the heart of successful retailing, however, the
reasons people congregate will change as will the businesses best placed to tempt
them.

As technology is reducing the need to leave home the types of occasions to visit a
bricks and mortar retailer are converging.

The result is the focus on gathering will command a premium and retail will become just
one way for gatherers to make money.

2. The Connecters

Connections that retailers form with shoppers will readily expand beyond
the transaction.

Technology is providing more ways to connect and retailers who leverage this quickly
can remain relevant and generate new revenue streams.

Big data enables personalised connections with readily accessible shopper histories

and preferences, while beacon technology and self check in provides targeted in
the moment communication.

Importantly, retailers who connect through content and demonstrate intimate knowledge

of their shopper’s requirements will differentiate with a broader range of bespoke
services, such as UK supermarket, Tesco, which now acts as a bank, insurance
provider, mobile phone operator, and on-demand video streaming service.

3. The Helpers
Shoppers are accustomed to trading time, money, and angst in exchange for items they
want and the satisfaction from obtaining them.

Increasingly, they will be happy to trade privacy for personalisation to alleviate these
stresses. This affords retailers another opportunity to differentiate by providing specific
help.

With their ‘Amazon Dash’ device scanning barcodes, Amazon makes it easy to

replenish low running stocks whilst their customers make substantial savings by
committing to regular deliveries of items on a predictable schedule.

Smart cupboards and connected fridges promising wholly automatic re-ordering

processes will join this form of low-effort replenishment.

4. The Deliverers

Shoppers have long been delegated with the responsibility of getting goods home but a
bigger slice of retail will soon involve safe and timely delivery to the home.

Delivery may well develop into wholly separate enterprises from massive

distribution companies to small scale, crowd-sourced models.

Hybrid versions such as click and  collect will still play a role but in time, driverless cars,
drones and 3D printing will reshape the delivery landscape.

5. The Traders

The new environment of price transparency, intensifying competition, and

alternative direct business models means making decent profit margins is more difficult.

The solution may be in dynamic pricing, the means of trading directly with shoppers
based on understanding their priorities and the competitive set of products and services
they consider.

Location-based technology will update pricing and promotions as shoppers scan the

shelf. It will focus on bulk buy bargains for some and convenient extras (like instant
delivery via a drone) for others.

6. The Payment Providers

The fundamentals of payments will not change, however speed, ease, and flexibility will.

The mobile phone will be the payment method of choice in ten years and establishing
expertise in this area now means retailers can open up new revenue streams.
A new battle for ‘share of statement’ could emerge as they increasingly bid to offer
payment services for credit cards, utilities and mobile phone bills, all the
while increasing their capacity to gather customers.

Retailing theories :

retail development:
 understanding the retail consumers:

Identifying a Customer
 Composition of Customers – Customers are of different gender, age, different education status,
economic status, religion, nationality and occupation.
 Origin of Customer – Origin of the customer include the place from where the customer comes from,
the distance travelled by the customer to reach the shop and the area in which the customer lives.
 Objective of Customer – It is essential to understand what is the objective of the customer whether to
buy or to shop. Buying includes the actual purchase of the product and shopping includes looking out
for some of the new products.

What are the different buying behaviour Patterns of the customers?

The purchasing behaviour and the purchase patterns of the customers are derived from the needs, tastes and
preferences of the consumers. The different buying behaviour patterns of the customers are as follows -

Place of Purchase
 The places of the purchase are divided by the customers. Customers usually prefer visiting different places and
then decide on what to purchase at which shop, in spite all the products are available at the same place. The
customers do not tick to a particular shop for purchasing, when they have been given a choice for purchase.

Product Purchased

The quantity and the list of items that are being purchased by a particular customer has to be determined.
Depending on some of the factors, the customers decided on what needs to be purchased. They are as follows
-

 Availability/Shortage of product
 Requirement/Choice of product
 Perishability of product
 Storage requirements
 Purchasing power of oneself

Time and Frequency of Purchase

Retailers should always work and maintain themselves available to the customers as desired by the customers.
The purchase time of the customers is mostly influenced by some of the factors such as -

 Weather Conditions
 Season
 Location of customer
Based on the following factors, the purchase frequency is dependent. They are as follows -

 Type of commodity
 Degree of necessity involved
 Lifestyle of customers
 Festivals and customs
 Influence of the person accompanying the customer.

Method of Purchase

The purchase methods includes the different ways by which a customer purchases. These methods are
influenced by some of the factors such as -

 The purchasing decision taken by the customer alone or the customer is accompanied by somebody
else.
 The mode of payment by the customer – either in cash or credit
 The mode of the travel by the customer.

Response to Sales Promotion Methods

Different methods of sales promotion are got to known by the customers only when the customer tends to visit
the retail shop. Some of the different methods of promotion include the following -
 Displays – The products of the consumers are packed neatly and displayed aesthetically. The appeal
of the product is being created by the shape, size, colour and other decoration.
 Demonstrations – Demonstration on the usage of the products have to be provided to the customers.
 Special pricing – Separate and special pricing strategies have to be offered during some of the special
festival seasons and some coupons have to be offered or contests have to be conducted.
 Sales talks – The sales talks are the talks of the salesperson that is either in verbal or in printed form.
ethical issues in retailing: