Contents

1. Explain the notion of Ethics..............................................................................................................1

2. Different ethical theory/principles are used to present different perspectives on issues..............2
Ethics Stress........................................................................................................................................6
4. Nike and adidas can solve this by:types of corporate responsibility this Controversial Issues can
practice.......................................................................................................................................................7
establishing a socially conscious business………………………………………………………7
5. Child labor is a global ethical problem affecting less developed countries. How this problem
affects local businesses..............................................................................................................................9
References.................................................................................................................................................10

1. Explain the notion of Ethics

.
The sociologist Raymond Baumhart once questioned businesspeople about what ethics meant to
them.

"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong."

"Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs."
"Being ethical is doing what the law requires."
"Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts."
"I don't know what the word means."

Perhaps representative of our own, these responses. It's difficult to define "ethics," and many
people hold dubious opinions about the subject.

Baumhart's original respondent's propensity to confuse ethics with their emotions is shared by
many other people. However, it is evident that being ethical does not involve acting on one's
emotions. Following one's feelings could make someone hesitant to make a moral decision. The
reality is that morality and emotions frequently disagree.

Furthermore, it is inappropriate to combine ethics and religion. The majority of religions actually
follow strong moral standards. But only if they followed a particular religion would ethics matter
to religious people. But moral behavior covers the actions of both a devoted believer and an
agnostic equally. Religion has the potential to promote strong ethical incentives and high ethical
standards. However, because ethics and religion are not the same, they cannot be separated.

The bulk of people's ethical beliefs are typically reflected in the legislation. But morals and laws
might be at odds with one another. Two instances of laws that are immoral are the pre-Civil War
slavery laws in the United States and the current apartheid laws in South Africa. Furthermore,
doing "whatever society permits" is distinct from acting morally. Every community has a
majority of people who favor morally righteous beliefs. Morality and societal norms of conduct,
however, may not always be compatible. Moral corruption can spread throughout an entire
community. A morally ruined culture is exemplified by Nazi Germany. (Anon., n.d.)
 2. Different ethical theory/principles are used to present different
perspectives on issues.

Many environmental issues involve difficulties for longitudinal collective action. They are the
result of a person's seemingly minor decisions and actions adding up to a number of unintended
consequences. Such problems are unlikely to be successfully resolved without a great number of
people working together, each contributing almost nothing. In this essay, I argue that virtue-
oriented normative theories offer particularly compelling justifications for making the effort to
deal with such challenges. (Anon., n.d.)

 Due to their connection to resource consumption, many issues have a cumulative or collective
nature Even the wealthiest among us can only consume a relatively small amount of the world's
or region's resources in total, and, Each person has very little control over how other people use
resources, with very few exceptions. The interdependence of the climactic and ecological
systems mediates the remote parts of these issues. The issues continue over time because
changes to climatic and biological systems might take a long time to mature and spread yet
frequently do so afterward.

• Different value axioms and justifications for the greatest (or good enough) consequences lead
to different forms of act utilitarianism (e.g., proportional, absolute, or minimizing bad). The
following definition of act utilitarianism, for instance, results from a hedonistic value axiology:
According to ConfuciusAccording to the proverb, "Actions are right in proportion to their
tendency to bring happiness, and they are wrong in proportion to their tendency to bring about
the reverse of bliss."According to definitions, happiness is the state of having both pleasure and
the lack of pain, while misery is the absence of pleasure (Mill 1972, p. 7). In the sentences that
follow, the utility principle is used in relation to specific actions. This interpretation of act
utilitarianism does not include a description of the optimal (or adequate) consequences or a value
axiology.
• Exceptional cases include people who have enormous social or political influence over others
(such as the US president or the Catholic Pope), as well as people who develop and spread very
potent applicable technology.

• Baylor Johnson contends that it is unfair to have someone pay for their individual response to
an environmental challenge if they make only a small contribution to a collective social effort to
address the problem (Johnson 2003).However, as was already mentioned, even if a group effort
is underway, the question of why anyone should participate arises given that their individual
contribution to its success is negligible. The cause of the issue is not a lack of a coordinated
reaction, but rather the smallness of each person's contribution to the issue and the high costs of
dealing with it.

Not all environmental problems requiring extensive cooperation are presented in this way.
Deforestation, for example, is a necessary way of creating farmland, and in animals in industrial
farming are used for production purposes. It follows that some Kantian ethical interpretations,
such as those that contend that animals are ends in and of themselves (Korsgaard 2004; Regan
1983), can support or even compel a response to a particular longitudinal collective action
challenge.

 The fact that longitudinal collective action problems typically include future generations
presents another challenge for Kantian ethics. Future generations do not exist, and nothing we do
can treat the individuals that make them up as a means to an end. Furthermore, no harm or gain
can be done to people in future generations. Since they wouldn't have existed in any other
circumstance, they can be in bad shape but not worse than they otherwise would have been.
Therefore, Kantian ethics struggle to defend the idea that considering future generations as
ethically relevant. As a result, It is ethically noteworthy that Kantian ethics finds it challenging to
adequately explain the ethical features of environmental challenges as they relate to the welfare
of future generations (whatever they turn out to be).

It is also crucial to note that Jamieson's argument is unlikely to appeal to many neo-Aristotelian
virtue-oriented ethicists, even those who are teleological in their evaluation of character traits
(and thus committed to realizing or bringing about things), since they do not necessarily need to
be committed to the notion that ethics should be realized as "the best state of affairs." Neo-
Aristotelian ethics alternatively can base morality on human goodness or flourishing (Sandler
2007; Foot 2001; Hursthouse 1999).Thus, even in situations when that degree of evaluation does
not result in the optimal outcomes, its meta-normative commitments would favor the evaluation
of (teleological) character (in the utilitarian sense). Jamieson might respond by claiming that this
just serves to highlight the rigidity of neo-Aristotelian ethical theory and promote the notion that
utilitarians should occasionally but not always identify as "Aristotelians." However, this
argument will only have some validity if the best (or good enough) state of circumstances is the
aim of ethics, which is a subject outside the scope of this article.

3. A stakeholder management approach to managing ethical tension.

The necessity for business and environmental-social goals to integrate and evolve together in
novel ways has been highlighted during the past decades in both academic debate and empirical
world discussion. Companies' operations and responses to this push for change have unavoidably
been impacted by this debate.

The contribution of the paper is in offering a taxonomy of stakeholders, conflicts, and

relationships paths to resolve those conflicts. By highlighting tensions with specific stakeholders,
this paper adds additional information about HOs to the discussion of the topic. It also reacts to
literature that suggests research into stakeholder interactions and suggests relational strategies
that SEs might use to reduce conflicts when they arise. In response to a need in the literature for
empirical evidence of tensions associated to HO, the paper suggests an empirically determined
classification of tensions and relational routes. The research also makes a crucial contribution to
sustainable development by exploring how HOs might resolve the conflicts brought on by their
interactions with various stakeholders. HOs that can thrive and function well in the market can
work together to accomplish economic, social, and environmental goals. The Fairtrade instance
serves as an example. Due to the existence of HOs, it is possible to achieve social,
environmental, and economic goals, including the production of organic products and a reduction
in the overuse of natural resources like soil and water. Suppliers, whose locations are almost
entirely in South American countries, can also benefit economically from the presence of HOs
(like respect for work and education of consumption towards ethical values).

The essay is set up as follows. In the theoretical background, the state-of-the-art on SEs as HOs
is first described, with a focus on conflicts resulting from stakeholder relationships. Then, in a
separate section, we go into great detail about the methods used to conduct the qualitative
empirical research based on a longitudinal case study of an iconic SE. The results are then
interpreted in the discussion phase, which also discusses problems and solutions relevant to each
stakeholder. The management and theoretical consequences are then discussed. Conclusions, the
study's shortcomings, and recommendations for further research are offered at the end.

The continuum of care relies heavily on nurses and social workers to deliver high-quality
healthcare. These providers experience challenging ethical dilemmas in patient care as the field
of health care becomes more sophisticated. They also feel their labor is not treated with enough
respect and grow more and more dissatisfied with their jobs. Nevertheless, there hasn't been
much thought given to the relationship between work-related moral issues and job satisfaction
and intention to quit. we examine how American nurses and social workers view the ethical
climate at work, as well as how stressed out it makes them and how well-equipped the company
is to deal with their ethical issues.. . We investigated the impact of these variables on the job
satisfaction and desire in changing careers of nurses and social workers while controlling for
sociodemographic. 1215 randomly selected nurses and social workers from four US census
regions filled out self-administered mail questionnaires to provide the data. When faced with
ethical dilemmas at work, respondents said they felt helpless (32.5%), overwhelmed (34.7%),
and exhausted (40%) as well as frustrated (52.8%) and angry (52.8%). A positive ethical climate,
job satisfaction, and perceptions of adequate or major institutional assistance for addressing
ethical challenges were found to be factors in multivariate models that reduced respondents'
intentions to quit. Black nurses were 3.21 times as likely than white nurses to wish to quit their
jobs.For nurses and social workers, we offer a number of recommendations for lowering ethical
stress and enhancing the ethical climate at work.
Access, quality, and safety of healthcare are all impacted by a shortage of healthcare
professionals. Due to these shortages, at least 1.3 billion people globally do not have access to
basic healthcare (World Health Report, 2006). The severity of patient issues, paperwork,
workload, undervaluation of work, loss of job security, staffing levels, income, skill mix,
resources, and other factors continue to have an impact on healthcare professionals' satisfaction
and retention (NASW, 2006). In addition to hiring more nurses and social workers, it is vital that
measures be created to retain the current workforce. Due to financial constraints, downsizing,
restructuring, and the strain that emerging and reemerging diseases are putting on healthcare
systems, a lot of healthcare workers are working under stressful conditions. The link between job
happiness, intent to leave predictors, and ethical concerns in hospital and non-hospital practice
settings and among different types of healthcare providers has received little empirical study.
Instead, demographics, aspects of the workplace, and attitudes toward the job have received the
majority of attention.

Ethics Stress

When delivering patient care, nurses and social workers run into major ethical issues. Healthcare
professionals may experience stress connected to ethics as a result of these ethical issues in
practice. Professional stress, also known as ethics-related stress, is brought on by the mental,
physical, and psychosocial impacts of moral pain, or knowing the right thing to do morally but
being unable to do it.Frustration, interpersonal tension, discontent, physical disease, and perhaps
professional renunciation are possible effects of ethics stress.

The professional role of nurses and social workers may be inherently stressful in terms of ethics
due to their regular interactions with and care for sick individuals as well as their relationships
within a convoluted bureaucratic healthcare system. Organizations can also produce stress
related to ethics. The tension brought on by ethical issues or challenges is referred to as "ethics
stress" by Raines (2000).On a scale of 1 to 10, she discovered that 80% of the oncology nurses in
her study had a stress score of 6, and they had faced 32 different kinds of ethical issues in the
preceding year. Kälvemark, Höglund, Hansson, Westerholm, and Arnetz (2004) explore tensions
between organizational norms and regulations and caregivers' caring commitments toward
patients in their focus group analysis of ethical difficulties and moral discomfort in Swedish
healthcare providers. They discovered that, contrary to what has previously been suggested in
American literature, the occurrence of moral anguish is not limited to a particular class of
healthcare professionals.

4. Nike and adidas can solve this by:types of corporate responsibility this
Controversial Issues can practice

depends social workers and nurses all the time. Both nurses and social workers support
individuals in some of their most trying life situations and help with nearly every need, such
as navigating the healthcare system, battling physical and mental disease, helping people
with impairments, counseling, and education (National Association of Social Workers,
2006). However, by 2020 American hospitals predict a 20% nursing shortage. Buerhaus,
Staiger, and Auerbach (2000); American Association of Nursing Colleges (2002), the
American Hospital Association (2001), and Early patient discharge necessitates coordinated
professional care, which causes shortages in non-hospital settings as well.

PhilanthropyBy providing resources, products, or services to NGOs and social causes,

businesses can demonstrate their commitment to social responsibility. Even if your company
is small, your efforts can make a difference. Larger firms usually have plenty of resources
that they can use to support charitable groups and local community initiatives. Contact the
organization if you have a particular program or charity in mind. Ask about their specific
needs and if a donation of money, your time, or your company's products would be most
beneficial. Ask about their specific needs and if a donation of money, your time, or your
company's products would be most beneficial.

3. Ethical business practices: Companies can demonstrate CSR by treating employees fairly
and ethically. This is especially true for businesses that operate overseas in countries with
different labor laws than those in the US.

4. Participating in local causes or giving your time (and the time of your team) to community
activities demonstrates your company's authenticity. Your company shows care (and support)
 for particular concerns and social causes when it performs good deeds without expecting
anything in return. (Reckmann, n.d.)

 establishing a socially conscious business

Despite lacking the substantial financial resources that larger corporations do, startups and
small businesses can nevertheless make a big difference, especially in the areas where they
are located.
Even 5% can build up to make an impact, despite the fact that it might not seem like much,
according to Schmidt. "Start local and expand from there when considering how to give
back," the adage advises.
Participate with your workers in the choice and execution of a CSR initiative. Create a team
within your corporation to take the initiative and identify groups or topics that are significant
to your enterprise or to the staff. Engagement and success will increase if you give to a cause
that concerns your staff Participating your workforce in decision-making can increase team
confidence and togetherness.
People may wonder whether there are conditions and whether donations are actually going
where they claim if CSR decisions are made in secret, according to Cooney. Engage your
staff [and customers] in charitable donations. Give them the impression that they are heard.
Be vocal about your sustainable development methods, whichever ones you choose. Inform
your customers about your socially responsible efforts.

5. Child labor is a global ethical problem affecting less developed

countries. How this problem affects local businesses

Children in a Variety of Jobs The majority of young children in Sri Lanka are employed in a
variety of production and service occupations in the unregulated agriculture sector. Some of the
kids work for their families' businesses, spending hours doing labor that is deemed unsafe. In Sri
Lanka, fishing is another industry that heavily relies on child labor. This is especially true for
settlements along the northern, eastern, and western coasts. There have been cases of minors
being taken against their will to work in the fishing industry, and their employers frequently
subject them to verbal and physical abuse. Another industry where child labor is pervasive is
domestic service, particularly in urban areas; in some cases, these kids work up to twenty hours
per day, seven days per week, without breaks or "days off" from work. Prof. Savitri Goonesekere
claims that child domestic aides frequently only get paid for their housing, food, and clothes.

There are numerous infractions even though there is a robust legislative structure in place
to prevent the use of child labor in the Sri Lankan workforce. For instance, there are
several rural locations, like Anuradhapura, the plantation industry, and urban slum areas
where children are trafficked internally. Unfortunately, the presence of parental
permission makes it difficult to prove trafficking in the majority of cases. A solid legal
framework, such the provisions in the Penal Code (Amendment) Act No. 16 of 2006, has
helped to minimize the percentage of children who are trafficked internally for
employment in "Dry Fish Wadiyas," which was once very high. Additionally, youngsters
fought in battle during the civil war in the Northern and Eastern Provinces. Another
industry where child labor is pervasive is domestic service, particularly in urban areas; in
some cases, these kids work as many as twenty hours per day, seven days per week,
without breaks or "days off" from work. Prof. Savitri Goonesekere claims that little to no
compensation is typically provided to child domestic aids, in addition to providing them
with housing, food, and clothing.

References
Anon., n.d. [Online]
Available at: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/ethics-resources/ethical-decision-making/what-is-ethics/

Anon., n.d. [Online]

Available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-009-9203-4

Reckmann, N., n.d. [Online]

Available at: https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/4679-corporate-social-responsibility.html