NAME:MUHAMMAD MIRZA ARMAN BIN AZHAR

MATRIX:157017
Why thermal control in LEO is more challenging?
One of the major challenges facing design of micro-satellites operating in low Earth orbits is
the design of an adequate thermal control subsystem because of the limitations on power,
mass and volume. The micro-satellites are vulnerable to temperature changes induced by
the varying orbital heat loads as their mass decreases. The electronic modules necessary
for satellite mission are attached to the satellite structure generally by means of bolted joints
or other clamping devices. Thermal contact resistances appear at these interfaces due to
imperfect contact. Including thermal contact resistance in design calculations is one of the
important parameters to study its effect on satellite thermal envelope and evaluate the
satellite thermal control subsystem efficiency. Results of a theoretical study showed that the
satellite thermal envelop has no respect changes from the qualitative point of view;
quantitatively small changes of no more than 1°C are detected in few places of structure
joint interfaces. the thermal design is rather difficult. The thermal control technology for the
LEO commutation satellite with large heat dissipation and non-box configuration is studied in
this paper. The extreme orbital heat flux of the LEO orbit with large inclination is investigated.
The results show that the orbital heat flux of each panel is unstable and then no fixed heat
rejection surface can be set. Considering the complex orbital environment and thermal
control requirement of the satellite, the thermal design scheme, which is optimally combining
certain heat rejection surfaces and coupling them with three-dimensional (3D) heat pipe
network, is proposed and could make the heat dissipation capability of the whole-satellite
reach 2200 W and that of the earth deck be 1500 W. In order to validate the design scheme,
the thermal analysis is carried out. The finite element model of the whole-satellite is
established and the worst hot and cold cases are modeled. The simulation results indicate
that the thermal design scheme proposed in this paper meets the thermal control
requirement of the large heat dissipation and operation temperature range. Thermal control
is what allows maintaining the satellite's (or another space system) temperatures within set
parameters during its lifetime. For instance, a piece of equipment could, if encountering a
temperature level which is too high, be damaged or its performance could be severely
affected. Active thermal control methods rely on input power for operation and have been
shown to be more effective in maintaining tighter temperature control for components with
stricter temperature requirements or higher heat loads. The factors related to the polymer
structure significantly affecting thermal stability are functional groups, molecular weight,
branch degree, cross-linking, and crystallinity. The orbital thermal environment of the low
earth orbit (LEO) commutation satellite with large inclination is complex, while the heat
dissipation of the whole satellite and the heat flux on the earth deck are both great.
Therefore, the thermal design is rather difficult. The thermal control technology for the LEO
commutation satellite with large heat dissipation and non-box configuration is studied in this
paper. The extreme orbital heat flux of the LEO orbit with large inclination is investigated.
The results show that the orbital heat flux of each panel is unstable and then no fixed heat
rejection surface can be set. Considering the complex orbital environment and thermal
control requirement of the satellite, the thermal design scheme, which is optimally combining
certain heat rejection surfaces and coupling them with three-dimensional (3D) heat pipe
network, is proposed and could make the heat dissipation capability of the whole-satellite
reach 2200 W and that of the earth deck be 1500 W. In order to validate the design scheme,
the thermal analysis is carried out. The finite element model of the whole-satellite is
established and the worst hot and cold cases are modeled. The simulation results indicate
that the thermal design scheme proposed in this paper meets the thermal control
requirement of the large heat dissipation and operation temperature range
What is the difference between a car radiator and a spacecraft radiator?
An automobile radiator is a component in a vehicle's cooling system that helps to dissipate
the heat generated by the engine. It typically consists of a series of thin metal fins that are
cooled by air flowing through them. The coolant, which is circulated through the engine, is
also passed through the radiator, where it releases its heat. Car radiators are built to dump
heat by convection and conduction to the passing fluid known as ‘the atmosphere’. Gas
molecules run into the radiator metal, at speeds augmented by the speed of the car and/or
the fan. Molecule has a speed generally determined by the air temperature. Hits a warmer
surface and picks up some extra energy from the surface. Hits neighboring molecules,
spreads the energy around, net average speed of the molecules goes up, which translates
macroscopically into ‘the passing air gets warmer’. The engine in a vehicle burns fuel and
creates energy, which generates heat. Venting this heat away from engine parts is important
to prevent damage.Radiators work to eliminate heat from the engine. The process begins
when the thermostat in the front of the engine detects excess heat. Then coolant and water
get released from the radiator and sent through the engine to absorb this heat.Once the
liquid picks up excess heat, it is sent back to the radiator, which works to blow air across it
and cool it down, exchanging the heat with the air outside the vehicle.The radiator utilizes
thin metal fins during the process, which are effective at allowing heat to quickly escape to
the air outside the car. These fins are often working alongside the fan that’s blowing air
across the radiator. A vehicle's engine gives it the power it needs through the burning of fuel
and the creation of energy from its many moving parts. This power and movement can
generate a tremendous amount of heat throughout the engine. It is essential to vent this heat
from the engine during operation to avoid overheating, which can result in severe damage. A
radiator helps to eliminate excess heat from the engine. It is part of the engine's cooling
system, which also includes a liquid coolant, hoses to circulate the coolant, a fan, and a
thermostat that monitors the coolant temperature. The coolant travels through the hoses
from the radiator, through the engine to absorb the excess engine heat, and back to the
radiator.Once it returns to the radiator, thin metal fins release the heat from the coolant to the
outside air as the hot liquid passes through it. Cool air flows into the radiator through the
car's grille to aid in this process, and when the vehicle isn't moving, such as when you're
idling in traffic, the system's fan will blow air to help reduce the heated coolant's temperature
and blow the hot air out of the car. After the coolant passes through the radiator, it
recirculates through the engine. This heat exchange cycle is continuous to maintain an
optimal operating temperature and prevent the engine from overheating. The cooling system
in any internal combustion vehicle is started as soon as the engine is turned on. Its operation
begins by setting the coolant pump in motion, which is responsible for transferring coolant to
further parts of the system. It first circulates through a closed circuit without passing through
the radiator. Only when it reaches the right temperature due to the extraction of energy from
the heated engine does it enter the so-called "large circuit," which includes the radiator. As a
result, it is possible to maintain a stable operating temperature of the drive unit, as well as
provide the necessary protection against overheating, which could have very serious
consequences. A spacecraft radiator, on the other hand, is designed to dissipate heat
generated by the spacecraft's systems or by the sun. These radiators are typically much
larger and more complex than automobile radiators, and are designed to operate in the
vacuum of space. They may use a variety of cooling methods, such as radiative cooling or
conductive cooling, to dissipate the heat. Additionally, spacecraft radiators are often
designed to be lightweight and durable, as they must withstand the harsh conditions of
space. spacecraft radiators are designed to eject excess heat from spacecraft hardware to
as part of controlling system temperatures as they experience the extreme temperature
fluctuations in space. For a spacecraft the main environmental interactions are the energy
coming from the Sun and the heat radiated to deep space. Other parameters also influence
the thermal control system design such as the spacecraft's altitude, orbit, attitude
stabilization, and spacecraft shape. Spacecraft Thermal Radiators are used to manage the
extreme thermal environment in space for satellites. These are typically large surface area
panels with integrated heat pipes and optical solar reflectors or thermal paint.

What is the benefit of a sun-shield?

The benefit of sun-shield are creating a cool shade, avoiding the need to reduce
temperatures of overheated rooms and buildings. Reducing the amount of energy required
for lighting, by optimizing the transmission of free natural daylight. Enhancing indoor comfort,
stimulating productivity. Providing protection from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Your sunshade
is working to reduce the overall temperature inside your car by reflecting the sun's rays of
light. Without a sunshade, these rays are absorbed by your car's interior (think your seating
and steering wheel), and consequently, heat up. The problem occurs when this heat can't
then escape the car.The important of sun-shield is A good car sun cover or shade
can reduce cabin and dashboard temperatures by about 8% to 25%. That may not seem like
much, but a 25% reduction in heat and the elimination of direct sun exposure to soft-touch
plastics is significant. Exterior shutters and shades are usually made of a variety of
materials, including fabric, wood, steel, aluminum, or vinyl. They are most effective at
reducing solar heat gain. Shades are typically fabric or vinyl and the material may have
openings that allow some visibility through the window. Do windshield sunshades
work? Indeed they do. As shown in many tests, a car that's heated up to 120 degrees
Fahrenheit on a sunny day can see its interior temperature drop to 92 degrees after a $20
sunshade is installed. Do Solar Shades Keep Heat and Cold Out? Solar shades can help
reduce heat in a window, but they will not block cold. They reduce heat by blocking the
amount of sunlight coming into a space, and making the windows more energy efficient. In
short, car sunshades help prevent the interior of your car from becoming excessively hot
during the summer. They also help reduce the amount of time it takes for your vehicle to cool
down via A/C, as well as protect your dashboard, leather seats, electronics, and other
valuables from damage due to extreme temperatures.Firstly it can reducing interior
temperature. The interior temperature of your car can skyrocket in no time when sitting
unprotected from the sun. In less than one hour, on a sunny day, the temperature in your car
can raise 30 degrees or more. Imagine how much higher it climbs over the course of a 8-
hour workday.Coming out to a hot car is never a fun experience. And if you’re forced to park
your car in an area with no shade, your pretty much at the mercy of the sun.However, if you
keep a sunshade in your windshield, the overall heat that your vehicle takes on will be
reduced dramatically. As mentioned before, sunshades can reduce the interior temperature
of your vehicle by 30 degrees or more. This obviously varies depending on the temperature
and how well your particular sunshade performs.Sunshades work by reflecting or absorbing
the light that comes into your vehicle through the windshield from the sun. By reflecting or
absorbing these light rays before they have a chance to get trapped in the interior of your
vehicle, your car will remain much cooler.Whenever light passes through your windshield, or
any windows for that matter, the light gets absorbed by the interior of the car in the form of
heat. Once the light becomes heat, there’s no way for it to escape. That’s why the best way
to protect the interior of your car from extreme heat is by preventing the formation of heat in
the first place.Next it also reducing cooling time. Its a lot easier for your air conditioning
system to cool down an interior that’s 90 degrees than 150 degrees. By keeping a sunshade
in your windshield, you effectively reduce the amount of heat that’s able to build up in your
car, thus reducing the overall amount of time it takes for your vehicle to cool down.Some
people attempt to reduce this time by rolling their windows down as soon as they get in the
car. While this does help let the trapped heat escape, its always better to prevent that heat
build up as much as possible. In doing so, your vehicle not only cools off quicker via A/C, its
also less likely that any interior components such as your dashboard, leather seats, or
electronics will be damaged.After that it can protecting your interior. When sun light makes
its way through the windshield of your vehicle, often its the dashboard that takes the worst of
the assault. In extreme heats, the dashboard can easily reach temps of close to 200
degrees. Not only does this make them too hot to touch, that heat also radiates throughout
the rest of your vehicle, making your interior unbearably hot.Along with this heat usually
comes damage to your dashboard and leather seats, if exposed for too long. Because the
dashboard absorbs a lot of the heat that makes its way into your vehicle, its prone to drying
out and cracking over time. Same for your leather seats. Because leather is a raw material,
typically made from animal skins, it can also dry out, crack, and lose its color due to
excessive heat.The best way to ensure you won’t have to make any repairs to your dash or
seats, is by preventing them from being exposed in the first place.Lastly it can protecting
your electronic. Most electronic devices work best between 70 to 80 degrees. Anything over
this and they can begin to overheat. Subject to too much heat, and they can become
damaged and in need of repair.Storing your electronics in a hot car can be risky and isn’t
advised. However, there are some times where this isn’t going to be possible. For example,
some employers not allowing employees to bring cell phones inside the workplace can leave
some people without a choice.The best way to keep your electronics safe in these
circumstances is by taking measures to keep the vehicle as cool as possible, which is
exactly what a sunshade will do. This is not to say that the interior of your car wont exceed
the optimal preferred temperature for your device, but it should keep it cool enough to
prevent any damage.