Radio Navigation

DEFLECTIONS FREQUENCY RANGES

1 dot LOC = 0.5 329 - 335MHz - ILS Glide Path
1 dot GS = 0.14 190 - 1750 kHz - NDB
1 dot VOR = 2 960 - 1215MHz - DME
108 - 112MHz - TVOR/LOC (.EVEN =TVOR)
1 dot ENR RNAV=1NM 112 - 118MHz - En-VOR
1 dot APR RNAV= 0.25NM 118 - 136MHz - VHF Comms

ILS LOC 17NM 25NM NDB - HECTO/KILOMETRIC

VOR - METRIC
DME - DECIMETRIC

35 DME Max Permissable Error

10 +-0.25NM + 1.25% Range
Maximum Ranges
NDB Range(Land) = 2 x √Power
NDB Range(Sea) = 3 x √Power

Max Range = C/(PRF x 2)

“More 90Hz than 150Hz? Min Range = (C x Pulse Length)/2
Fly down and right”
1 Radar Mile = 12.36 microseconds
PBN
PDE - Path Definition Error Rate of Descent = 5 x Ground Speed x (Glide
FTE - Flight Track/Technical Error Path Angle / 3)
NSE - Navigation System Error The GPS SPS position errors shall not exceed
the following limits:
• Global Average 95% of the time:
B-RNAV = 5NM • Horizontal Position Error = 13m
• Vertical Position Error = 22m
P-RNAV = 1MM

VLF - 3-30kHz 3x Sats = 2D Position

LF - 30-300kHz
MF - 300-3000kHz 4x Sats = 3D Position
HF - 3-30MHz
VHF - 30-300MHz 5x Sats = RAIM
UHF- 300-3000MHz
SHF - 3-30GHz 6x Sats = RAIM with
EHF - 30-300GHz error detection
 INSTRUMENTATION

1 Bar = 15 Pepsis GPWS Modes

(1 Bar = 15 PSI) Mode 1 - Excessive descent rate
Mode 2 - Excessive terrain closure
OPERATING ERRORS Mode 3 - Hight loss after TOGA
IRS - 0.5NM/Hour Mode 4 - Unsafe terrain clearance in
INS - 1.5NM/Hour landing configuration
Mode 5 - Below glideslope
GYROSCOPES Mode 6 - Callouts + Bank angle
AHRS - 2 degrees of feedom and Mode 7 - Windshear
vertical spin axis
DI - 2 degrees of freedom and
horizontal spin axis
Turn - 1 degree of freedom and
indicator horizontal spin axis HARA - Decimetric FLIGHT WARNING
BLARA - Centrimetric SYSTEM PRIORITY
TACHOMETER QUESTIONS
1. Stall
Inductive probe - Freq. of electric
2. Windshear
tachometer impulse created by
3. GPWS
notched wheel
4. TCAS
Electrical - Rotation of
(Gen) asynchronous motor
PRESSURE SENSORS
tachometer energized by
Low - Aneroid Type
alternator(3 phase)
Medium - Bellows Type
Magnetic - A permanent magnet
High - Bourdon Tube Type
(mechanical) turning inside a non
tachometer magnetic drag cup The advantages of single-phase A.C.
generator tachometer are:
ADBREVIATIONS
EICAS - Electronic Indicating and Crew 1. The suppression of spurious signals due
Alerting System to a D.C. generator commutator
ADS - Automatic Dependant 3. The independence of the information in
Surveillance relation to the airborne electrical power
supply
Charge= RATE 1 TURN
potential dif. btwen plates*capacitance Bank angle= (TAS/10) + 7
Capacitance = E x A / D

Tt = Ts(1+0.2 M²)
 AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

AC GENERATOR PROBLEMS COMPRESSOR Turbine

Gen Fault - Exciter & Gen Breaker open Rotor - Stator Stator - Rotor
Gen Underspeed - Only Gen Breaker opens
Gens Unbalanced - Only Tie Bus opens Starting a Gas Turbine Engine
1. Starter Run up
RGB 2. Ignition
Red - Avgas 80 3. Fuel Supply
Green - Avgas 100 4. Starter and Ignition off
Blue - Avgas 100LL
Compressor Stall Impulse/Reaction
• Low RPM
FUEL FREEZING POINT FLASHPOINT • Front Stages
JET A - -40 38 °C Stagnation
JET A1 - -47 38 °C • High RPM
• Rear Stages
JET B - -60 -18 °C ROTOR
BLUE = PRESSURE STATOR
RED = VELOCITY
FAILURE PROBABILITY
Minor - Probable Impulse Reaction

Major - Remote
Hazardous - Extremely
Remote
Catastrophic - Extremely
STATOR ROTOR STATOR ROTOR
Improbable
ICE DETECOTRS
Rosemount Ice Detector - Vibrates a rod at
a specific freq.
Teddington Ice Detector - Visable from the
cockpit

Turbine Stator
V - Increase P - Decrease
Equations
Force = Mass x Area
(RPM x Pole Pairs)
AC gen. output freq.=
60
T=m(Vj-Vv)+A(Pj-P0)
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