TOFIC:

,,DO

P(/BLK: OP\NIONS INI"LL,ENCE FOIIEIC;N PO),ICY FilRMIJI.ATION?

].INTRODUCTION
My report is about the influence of public opinions on foreign policy formulation. poritics domestic issues and intematipnal-ittuo; g*r*ments today is an interpray between and peclpte; sentiments and Today,s worrd is governecr by this kind of politics' one that is sd *urtia""t"[ rrtut oftentimes t" determine ,rr"r" ro,netlring begins una *t Jr"'*other ends' '[he political situation thing $f our modern un i" o,rnrion thut simultaneousry powers diftbrent machines that are plugged inio'it, and when "iu "t""t something unfortunai, ,u.n and p.litics has lost its authgrity' rhis I $;k.o-uih.0**: everlthils else srops tunctioning satiiical .".nuiio a real thing. everytiing from poriticians, poritical and diplomacv and world ev#tsto theories, govemmnt and people in the domestic parts of politics today' And arhong lever are important these importan, iriti.a trr"re exists the ;fte;;imes neglected or overlooked politics which is mt parr of "uroprnlil, insignificanii"-ir,".uig pi"g*" ":1lf-$1iiryCI' rrtlv formulate; i"t as a matrer of fact, rhey.are what constitute a state und o""up! a bnitory anri hence their "if"riiio in poritics shourd imporrance with a wave of a hhnd' Theii sentiments, resentments, not be disnrissed appr:ovals disapprov"r, *" irirt public opinions. These public opinions are relayed to politicians and polirymakers-thiu 'nd "Lprise trr*"r,4*"r, of media, r"t ,n"i a"a news -- not to mention gossips' 'rheir opinions are signific*t rurnors and u"""ur* it can eiilrer ..,. destruct ; -";;i; of the srate or of their poriticians. l'his is txxh npplicable on theldomestic policies "onrr*o and foreign poric-i"s;lo*ever, myilreport wiil focus on fbreign policy. Furthermore, thru this report, I will zero in on the study of the extent roieigrr poriri"r'u." affectsd by public oprnlons. To brieflv introduce mv leportiodav, it yill lle foreign poricy, stemming from the nature of public opinions arld the ""rf"ti'i;;;;"d on publio "pi"*", 'lifferent scioots'6f thoughrs on tiie pori"y-opinion ."lulionririp. This scholarly exlmination public opinions and foreign policies of will also hy providi answers to. some questions that rise from this issue. Then the report ends with a

i ilild "* at""d;;;

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ii*

"f;Jt,t;;; tuJ;;""d;gir;il;;&

r"*

;;;;;;;

'

fi;y *!

'

conchxion,

t'

. t{,-iJ!:fi]}[1'IQNS

,rr"

u* Jii.f::I,1,?:?ffith

the rjiscussion on the policv'opinion linhage. allorv nre ro tirsr pro'ide you rvirh thc cicfinitic,'s o{.
I

l.

Prrblic Opinion - the aggregate ofirfdividuar atrirudes or beriefs her{ by the adurt popuration. - the cornplex colleiton of opinions olmany airerent;;;il the sum of all their views. - the range of viey{.o.f foreign poriev irru"r tr"ta

(pO):

uj

* ;d;il;;",

of

a state.

2. Foreign Policy

(Fp):

' c'vers the

lll-1.,141J_KEQ!_f0

ir;:ililT:Jljl"itioot

and actions which involve to some appreciabre exrent rerations berween one srate and others,

actions of a state taken beyoncr its bor<rers to pusue its goals

Now that we know the definitions ol'our two key tenns, lct rne proceed into the nature of public opinions. where did the of public opinions begin? lto* ui" thev gathered? where Jn ti,"y end up? inrrolved in rhe fonnation of pubtic ;T'?:ff-T"

wh;;;

t. tliief l-lisrory of pO:

'

Putrlic <lpinions gained credence with the rise of the inrportance,of"'public,, in- the Jignt""ntt century. 'l'he F,nglish term "putrlic opinion" dates bach to the eighteenth century"no ttur derived frorh the Freicn l,opini.n publique, which,was Jir:st used in 158B 6y Montaigne' ThG concept oarne abou'.through the process of urbanization and otler political and social forces' For tlte tirst time, it became important *trat feopte thought, as forms of political contention changecl. lt plays an import4nt role in the political {nnge auiiin;;;.rs ali aspects of relationship berwee' government and public opinion are;studies of voting behavior. The.se havf registered tne aistriuution of opinions on a wide variety of issues' have explorpd the impact of-special iotetest gioupu onitection *i have conributed ro our knowledge about the effects

of]govemment propaganda and policy

""ir"*.r

a.

?. Nlodes ol.pO: There are.several ways to gather pubiic <lpirrions, Puurrc (,ptrtlons, trut buf P.lls and Dem'cratic rn"ru**ir*r."

Prrlls:

'('r'v'

l I have categoriz*d the var. categ*riz*d va.ous mo<ies

of public opinions inro &vo: '/t lJrrvlru (,P

'

'

art: acftall

""ri"**-,,, rracAins'1"1i"lfi:?*"ilffiii"ffi{rifrilj;

poils arepos,ied o,, series selecrion (people c'oose io t"tpot'a

ontine

*J;;ffii# l"a-.["-J*r;;'r"drty terephone. The resurts are bburared *i "***"uuet wiusiies.'io. a sampre of seniors aged 65 frl#*Ti!i,:;,H'*1,r":tm**#*ui#,:#:ui,l,i3":f*,affec,edf;i,;il;;dil"of Medicare, "**pt",
*Gi"i.;"rT#ilT::Tt.:tl orT"ir;{a;;ili6T:,ffi1'T#'*Jffi
t" irt" p"irr-",

lelephoypclls ofte1r are conducted du*g political conducted bv takinf random samnrL and reported in newipapers "{ *Joit terevisionlifi"

stnttu Tsoll is a nonbin.ing vote t1-::1^1o deietmi'e the *rrl^or:l]:,,s rnoorj ccnq:rnring a p;'.rir:ular issue. r\ srraw porr r,na-v rrr:ils ollen are hke' befbre be afe,propos]ed f,,.; ff:il3ittffl?;rs,traw

*"*[r*,

";;; b determine

if thers i, *n*ugr, support

campaignB or to determine pubJic,opinion on issues, ,rhese pors are

T#',&TJH":':i.:n:rp';r?i:;":f'rfi:lt#:lJl"Jii:,?
no

**vio ailirine

whether rr,"

Lrplni*ts

rlays i_rr"Jl, *itfl this wa1'a tracking'potl can-tre J"n'ot*.u'*u,ure 'r rnear$ oflrneasuring

reporred .ver a set peri'tl. such as several

.rh;-;H*r;_Jlo ".;;;,;;;,"
-

to a poJrs
are

quesrion

- [:f:,:'ff"arc token imnretJiatr:iy uiitt Exit Ttotls l:-ii';l:Lf:it',,U[f$:t,fHi:ffi:1,**i,g

One infam< "ua ,,r n{}( ri} Yote' since then' exit pc';ll .**i,tru ur"

ir*.i*'"p":ii-1o common type,:r,tract ing po, p"r*-; ilfl" measrrre opinicns on

cu,'enr evenrs.
Inter-v-iewers positi.n themselves as cr'se irrsuh.iecrs nuy be .anoornt;,

to.po*a *hen new

o'e*ime

rhe po,,s

resulrs are acldecl. In

polling place as thery are allowlcl

n"' ch.sen. *onard;:lJtr"3i:Jll*I-J?,i{i,ifffi'5,",1#;1i#t*fH*:::,:,":,1.;;i;;;;H;","un.*a*r

a uote' has cag ber barrot, to, be,

upp,'J.d';;.,

riixitpoil

as.*rey^reave^

t'

the

;il;;r;;

,*pnrroc beri:re

h. Dernocratic lnstrurnenrs

a,

,n* no,,r

llo1Li:lfr*i

"1"*r ti*pry "r,irr*

in a Referendum.
approval

ordinanceyiJ#il-J"'**"HTJ*:ffiff:i,11,'"'*o ruav. propose a swure consrirutir:nar amendnrenr ; v'rrs aoaptatloll' tt is or the;general right r:r ability legislative. to pre$ent * n"* iriir n,. nr*o*ur..
"r;:#ffce :j
of refeffing measures proposed or prissed by a legislative body to the vote
un

lnitisrne

is

ffi"ffii:;Hrn;ff :JJ:H$,:tYr1iliffi
Exanrple)

Example) occas'ionallv a foreign policv issue is decided lacks such a.

'f

rhe eiectorare for

o*.:fr"lJ

,*til{":J;i#lH',};;:;i*ff
il1,*ii::n9um

ijg-""dx

of thesrtire citizenry (the unired states

i:f,;j;fki**:

t,, lr,"""r*;"e t,|; j:tr*-i*irrli_rt1,, rirn,ru*.nrut *rr'ri"r"stica*y, the resurts wi, bolster -fd" ",itt. o"ti-r atirity..ro-piali"n-lart**tionisr ;il;"nui. *t3 or confiaeice-trr rhe *ri,rg rote. Moreover, rhe ii *d, foreigrr poricy given the rccent ff*:*:ffif,l.T;Ifl,f;ijtr#ii.J"bif:j,'#"'ff1,X,",o *rr'tini,,p*ii,o * n o,orand poriiicarsupport
dem.craric refirnns
referendum was a cle rbr
c:,

affbct Turkish'doniestic poriii*t una rurkish

rhe milirary and &e.iudiciar consequenceorrhe.rire,r;*"i;i;';t"d Jiun the ,X? 1::1q""0 "'isr"il;"f;lT'iil- l982.junta*nacle'l'urkish J-he ir'rrrred,aie p.riricar ".i,n-tit,,tion. ri''verso )ea1.5tv

<,espi,e Ifiil:lll, in ruikey iri"' tru'eaur;racv t:, y,1". the powcr '|l,o'xiffi::lJl:ii*,xi:j,',ffT:ri*:*,,*tn;i;:il; or tire pro-rurr;*i p","" oua

'

s-unday se'tember l2th',20t.f1, Trykey vored "yes''

to a rykqge of amendments by a wide

ri,*,n*io;;;,',:Lffilffi;iil:l'ffi:il].i:::li,Hlfiifi*ffi;rtti;mil*l

Channels of pO; - Prinred macerials - Television, radro. ,,:1,1::r: reseilrch, poll rutings, news arricltri tilternel - Urrions,demonstrations

il. r\ctors o1'PO:

'

Civil rrasses or the public

Media

Non-profit Organiearions (e.g. ClobeScan, Wtrdd Public Opinion, Progranr on lnrerrrarionai Policy Arriludes {FIPA),
Pulse r\sia)

Interest groupsilobbyists {people who try to get legislaror$ tc} supp{}n certain masures, grou;r olpeople engager! in tr,ving to infl uence legislators.
'

IV.

REALISTVIE\Y

the PO-FP linkage by exarnining the different views and perspectives thar directll,anacks or supports the issue at hand. Inithis case, we will delye into the two major views on policy'opinion relationship: the realist view and the liberalist view. I will staniwith the realist view.

It is'best to understand

l. Even though public opinign occasionally does influence foreign policy and .sometimes has caused difficulties for the policy decision makers, realists conilude that elites either lead the public to support their policies or igrore their preferences altogether. The realist view that public opinion has little if any influence at all on international affairs was sfrongly supported by Cohen quoting one oflicial in the State department as saying '1'o hell with public opinion . . . We shpuld lead, and not fbllow'"
.
instatrce did admit in a rnid l99l interview on Air ii:crce, One that. althorrgh he did not isnors poils. htl dir{ not ta.ke {herri rrrli; acccrunl wherr rnaking lbreign policy decision. 'Frcrrr t;ilte tc} time I lo*k at thJn: [the pr:lls],iut I rJr:r:'t live try thenr or nrake clecisions try thern'.
,1.

lluslt 5r'. Iirr

llill {)linlon on the other hand reactecl to public ,:ii,,ion in h*h ths Sorrraiia and Bosnia cases. Clinton speaking at a September 1094 press confbron(:e emptrasised that although ht-'did not belicvr:., that opinion polls could dictate fbreig$ policy, neveftheless public support over the lr:ng terrr is irnportant. Ile stated: 'l don"t believe that the president. that I or any otber presicient. could conduct loreign prolicy by a public opinion polt, and4 woulci hope the Anrerican people would nr:t wish rne to , . . Any sustained ';nCeavtlf invoiving our military forces reqirires the $uppod of the peopir ovclr ihe klng run'.
.1.

l\,ccotding to lpsos-MORI poli r:onducted in May 2007. public opinion in l}"itain was very critical o1'their prinre nrinrsfer and the American president Ceorge ilush over their lraq policies. 'Onty l7 per cent of respondents approve of the way T'rnv Blair was handlingthe situation in lraq, and just niue per cent feel the same way aborrl Ceorge W. Bush'. Similarly'acrxrrding to a NB{l News/Wall Street Journal Poll conducted in December 2007 only 33 percent of the American public approve of the way George W. Bush is handling the current situation in Imq, although there is an increase of five percent since January 2007, public disapproval remains significant. Does thig mean thal the United States should withdraw its military forces from kaq? President Bush speaking at a Press Conference in Jull 2007 (when his rating was lowest), said 'When we start drawing down our forces in lraq it wili be because our rnilitary commanders say &e conditions on the grourd are right, not because pollsters say it will be good politics'. He added 'My concern with tlratlstratesi . . . is that just getting out may sound simple, and it may aflbct polls, but it would have long tenn, serious security consequences for the United States', When he was asked 'How hard is it lbr you to conduct the war without popular suppcrt? Do you, personally - do you ever have trouble balancing between doing what you think is the right thing and following the will o{'the majority of the public, which is really the essenre of democracy?' Bush stated, I know this ... if our tmops thought that I wa-s taking a poll to decicle how to conduct this war, thel'e,'6u16 be very concerned about the nrission ...[hence] ... the.y . . , need to knr:w that I atn making decisions based upon our sectrity interests. . .. and that a poli is nor going to determine the cotti':;tr c,f iicti,rn b1' thri t-jnited Stales. What rvill cieternrine the course o1'actions i:,i, will the decisions that '.ve have rnade help secnrc our country fbr tlre long run? 'fhis was a clear indicatian that President Bush Jr. does not take the polls into acuount whei rnaking foreign policy decisions,

:1.

A firrther example where {i:reign policy decisiorr-makers ignored rrublic oirinion is relatetl to the prospect ofi'I'urkey joining the f,t-i. Atthough the opinion pell.s suggesterl that the vast ntaiority of thu l,l.i population oppr:sed Turkey's accession into the EU. with r:pitrir:n polls running as higlr as 80 percent the EU foreiglr policyrnakers signecl the accdssion talks, Opinion polls in Austria show tirat more than 80 per"cent of the partioipants opposed 'furicrsh rnembership and only l0 percent supported it. T'he Li:,rlr;b;;rr.rmetersurvey showed that the opposition in Gemrany. fjrance ard (ireece is r;ver 7{i nercenl. However. irr l}ritain. Portugal. anrJ Sirain the opposition is less than 50 percsnt, while in tht: rrew F,tl counties fhe suglport of"l"urkislr rnernbership iri above 50 percent. The Eurobarometc.r survey indicates that leaders of'Austriu" France arrri Creece ignored public opinion and opened the EU*'Iurkey accession talks desp'ite popular opposition.
5. 6. The Philippines, long considered an ally of the United States in Muslim-dominated ir'outh East Aiia, fbared being at the losing end of a USled war in lraq.iAt the height of the U$jtraq war, there was fear of increased terrorist attacks in the country and a
i

;ffiilil?*:,,::":Iil#',ffilili1;iiJ"rffiil,xjr*11::ffil,l"_11iJff1Ti*ffi:i1-.T*:ffi.JJtr;
ratirrp; sufibrecl 'l'he uarional
the quick end to the war' putrlic President's ratings improrred.

-ddil;;n.n,0,,1"-"r'.ry"*rii*'i*,,car*.,
'

xilhi:t 'iii::li**"i!x1{*;;*:;'-Tir**k*;"*;*::rr*kj.,.':::T{;i:-'r;x,,, *''*i*t,'a**iin*,, gou.*,n;n,;;l* --r

$w vsr

iir,,** i*roi*a'r,r_,r.," war,

such as pric* ir*reast_.s.

;i,

'ir -,-"i,,g

riirrsnl Bllons ro rr.,ep

rl*

cei*nrr1,

,";:rJil:in-#tj:lJ,Afut3ln,lfi:

v LTpERI*LISTVIEW

",r"."tli"", and overarnbitious-eriies...33 woodrow wirson berieve, *:i t*,e".;"fi;y surc t;;t.;; i*Jpi""ouru hord their purpose that honor steady to a c.mmon enu : ano pt*ro tr'*itterests of mirtioa and their to that public opinion affectsforeit;6iil'';;Hd;ilJ;;ilil: any naffow interesi of ttreir own,. wilsonian liberals assurns decisio* ;"k;;ffi;amng risry goYenltnent migltt lose public a*ions from fears that*he support und-tt'*'"ror*
iort""tr"" ,;
persuade

argue thot putiic opinion norms and the public's rgd"Igting affeit on possibly onlv popular opinion coulcl offer

I'

wilsonian

"to-i:t'3lf3::

,ho:.g,gT":,"..{"*,gn.poricy making

because

of

.democrutic

tt"r

;:::,ff:lirli',1:1i-lT,f:"$*X*"i";;1,;;#ili,,i-ffi:p
2' Ilill (llinton lbr exarrrple during hi'r visit to china in !998 govt)l'Il'lenl's p.or rcc.rcl
on hurnan

ro serect pc{icies-pr"L*"a by the pubric. Moreorer, liberals srowry ,in"* in where decision need is swirl rhe ".,*s
rhe chinese

'i'

'l'hc' f'orrrrer secretnry of litate Madeline

'ights,

al the sarue

hacr r. ,i:yl,"1l:-1ol*r," by pubricry criricising ti"r* *"il"g."rre that he was not *,n,on going ro ups.t

his hosts.

;:1,::nli:l:ll,i,ili;H,':.::n*:*jlilXill*lilf;#[*ir_fi*'rer

K' A-lbright statdd tha'rs sec.etary, I wiri

rJo

trris vitar because in our deniocrac"y, lve canilor

rr.y best to {ark abour .*rreign poricy

;"i,ffi1l,.ifi;iffi:r-#Til[,Tfflti,::ilHJ;HHl fi',i,3; fii:i,,ffiil:'?:,fix:]l,ll,Hlj::::

f;ffift1?#?: ffi:Tffil*rerore
6. In
the case-of

i,

was ,he pub,ic

-s' According to the fornrer U's' secrctarv of-.st1t1 Henra Kissinger .statespersons politics' power' and actions.' are constrained by trv, sets of influences; "t "irttt-t"rl. ,oo dornestic "u,irrriin r, ,un. lc n"* priii. .pinion to rhe attitudes of rhe 'a foreign pori"vn ut*, r"ri',ia.,",*itr,!r"

"on"ilil,",

masrerrhem, anatiansceno them,

:llJfiilll Jliil*i"lil[j

poriticar force restuaini'g rhe sommrtment of rnilitary foraes mirirarv '*oj-o;.prlblic 11najo1 bevond ur" Japan's technical alilitils)' its responsibilities as u gt"ut'po*oliru.-rro*rv pressure from the Linited sr"r"r rirrr"."lt oura*n of defensi and to shour<rer uu, " io"r"urmilitary fbrces to **pand thsir role sp"naing Jro* Japanese rss'rldiuoJr ori"u ,"u tan"s-uirJ'io:uq**re ri:t' participale in tlN neuo"tt""ping &;;;'tRepeate<tlv, ,rrl* rrarJe; in the r990s, to have been ,ro.,u"i-i.'."\fi.e! againsl the nrilitarv' Irr Japarr'"d"pb';;;ber srrong pubric opinion the *iriurn",rs cuirnitraling i' the nuclear t'c'moings rdi. irt-v rt ,r.rotiir*in'*r, of mirirarism in t'e r93[rs aniworrd war rI, ,ir. o. rore *f miiitar.v fcrces. and are ntrcreaiweap"n*' t" thi,"* "-, consrrains the srare,s concrucr orrtrreign "ur", poricy and has

opinion is

rh;ii6;fiAnder tt-rdil;i'*;i'ro *"[Jy tl" ir6* iil;r; lr

J"p*t,boro"o--;q;r"ily

J"i"rlp.,#;'H:A*$*-rffi:ffT,'rn'J; Jt;;;iitary *a
b

il;il;;;;;n

ir"**- irli*

"ffllfffi:i-,llilTfr::f;:ffi;j'"il;;&

7" "f;ttrthermore' in age,."Philippinl i;tTqign policy sh.ulit be able ro draw ideas and inputs Philippinr: society. Not only t?om broac! secrors of must ttie l)hilippine t egist*rr* p."i;i*it o*rrp*"riues to t'e Execuiive tsranch, bur parrners can also alademia, in",ri" *,l'trre Firipino diaspora]broa<l.,, - By Arbert der Rosario.

'n':jl"fii

lri::iTli$rfil!{unF?l,fi;i'i:,iiJ: []i,*'H.f,]#,:r;,::l,Hrj,#:Tir::T
Tarongo'v's hosta$e-takers' whe'the the move de'ounced bv washingto;' the live's of Filipinos
't

tne rnrerest of ttre Filipino Fr:<iple nui not of ot'er

,reen hai,ed i,s c, p,c,ma,ic

,o ,iti,oru* H;;il";;5":!*q,rs'nu, to.r*,| in 2004 tr.,"rriii,ooda smail peacekeeping turm in lraq, -y'o-n"*"ra uv ;"*J;;;;;;;;";td s.,vernmsnt promoted it tt"'-"ip"nre or"rhe countrfis'intemationar nrusr be higJrrighterr; peacekeeping
treary.

at"uyn eo*inisiration

;;;;;;;il

in"il*,

*,u,,ntri"*.

l;; ;-Trfflt#;*l::',:ili'ir1li,fiTilf

While ihe nlove may be seen as a clirect challenge to {.jS leadershrp, contpronrise and rurity for the Filipino people,

it

has somehorv opened the d00r

to an atmosphere of

Rrpe (lase"' is g. 'I'he ic.cnt c'nvir:tio* by a llhilippine c{)urt of a I-t$ military serviceman tilr rape lanxrusiv l':ttown as *rc "$ubic phitippine sovereignty. secr:rn,J or,ly r,l the i991 Pliilippine senaie decisictl to ilisrnatrrle Lis rnilitary a most sigrrificant vicrory f.r by rhe Phiiippirre-us Visiting I'orces Agreenent {v!'A)' bases irr the r;ountry. Despite the special t.*"t**nt accordecl tc the accused to be bribed iry the accused and tlreir backer' tlre this victory was achieved, thanks to the victim Nicole and her t"trmily" who refr:-serJ Evall.r Lirsua;.and thanks to the v'ictit'li's suppon us government; thanks io the legal acumen of Nicole's private prosscutor, Any. "rire latter groups the brtlad political spectrum' groups, ranging flom wornenis irganizations to civil society organizations from some time before when they wanted to coerce President checkecl and a6dressed lapsed in foreign poticy, iur, *rltr.y haie done
Arroyo to pull Philippine troops out of lraq'
I

utlO

policymaken to shift the tides of tavor into their fhere are several wgys public opinions can be used by politicians and with public opinions in order to gain the public's vcltes for upcoming sides. sclnre common examples are incidents in',rolving siding .vilf divefi the attendon of the citizens away from domestic election: or, manipulating pub,lic opinions to forge roriign piti*i** that "l'here are iimes when public opinions reve-al the..igrrorance ot national urriry. issues tov'ar6 international issues thereby "o"r"ing in tunr is taken as a chance fol. policllmakers tc rnaioriiy oi the pollster ahout certain foreign poliiies ol'their counrfy anr-l tlris eyes c#the unawate public' At times, altering certairr ,()nrirrrii:. rviih urfar:oinble policies which are not under the s*:nrtinizing supPort' done to girin what nrist past presidents deern as inrportant' publlc ir,rlicirx h] ile(:r tire opinions ot' the public is policymairers do not frequently add slices r:rf cuts $a$es and Neverrheiess. we shoulcl also take note of the r.eality that these are l'are opinions into the bowl of salad called lioreign Policy' of
;rublic

As.Axaat

.vru-g0j[g,i.tNK4-g.p there 'are' c,ertaitr questions thrit oonle to mind: -"*-=* a**p.r into this topic^
Ar;*nJ*
{} I : So, rlo public opinions really influence lbreign polici'?

public dictate the way tbreign po:ioies are lbrmulated? []o the e2: ls it advisableto aliow pubtic opinions impa*t, direcl or e;ven goven'ment? ui*uy, have the right perspective in most or all ibreigrr policy related issues of the

e3: Does the philippines andiits policymakers

their public adhere to the preferences of the Filipino citizens as voiced out through

opinions?

Q4:Wouldconunoncitizenswartttreiropinionstoimpactthefbreignpolicyotheirgovernments?
,

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due tc lack of concrete evidences' Many To wrap this report,up, tirese are questions that donot hav definite answers is as diverse as the different perspe!-tives of the tindings var_v fi.om articleto article, polls to polls, research to research.-rhis topic to lio{xc sxteni where foreign policies are rcalisl and iiberaiist viet. Nonetheless, public ojitiur,t still have a wicle-spreacl influence pnli"i"* of dernocratic $tates than authoritarinrr states' But c.one+r'r-r<j. Ncxnbly, p'hlir: opinions hal,e gr"u;. influence on lbreign ways public opinions are gamered and tratrsmittecl l'o the even dictators tnust pay atlention to what citizens think- There are varic,us trv polititians. There are still questions to be answered with governrnerrt. At tirnes, public opinious can also bs used as a t,rol pJbliu opinions will a.lu'ays be around to aflbct and impact regar4l to the policy-opinion linkag,c. flowever, ir is inevirable that firrr:ipr prrlicies one wa,v or anothcr'

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