Technologies gained in the development of military and racing aircraft were responsible for many

advancements in the civil sector. The United States was a successful military design that had numerous
civil applications. Four 400-horsepower V-12 Liberty engines power the Navy Curtiss NC-4 flying boat.
However, the 12-passenger Handley-Page transport invented civil aviation in 1920 and was developed
by the British. After Charles A. Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, the aviation industry took off.
When combined with a monocoque design, improvements in metallurgy's strength-to-weight ratios
allowed for faster and farther flight. The first all-metal monoplane was created by German Hugo Junkers
in 1910, but the design wasn't adopted until the Boeing 247-D entered service in 1933. The dual-engine
configuration of the