VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA BELAGAVI–590018

INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON

“DRAINAGE SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted By

JEETENDRA KUMAR YADAV (1SJ18CV048)

Internship carried out at

LUMBINI-KHANI-CHAUDHARY
(JOINT VENTURE)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

INTERNAL GUIDE: EXTERNAL GUIDE:
Mrs. BHAVYA S Mr. ABADH KISHOR SHAH
Asst. Professor Project Manager
Dept. of Civil Engineering Lumbini-Khani-Chaudhary, Nepal
SJCIT, Chikaballapura

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

S J C INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CHICKBALLAPUR–562 101
2021-2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pride I would like to express my gratitude to S J C Institute of Technology, the temple of
learning for providing me the required platform for the fulfillment of the internship.

Remembering with reverence, I offer my pranamas at the lotus feet of Byavaikya Padmabhushana
Paramapoojya Jagadguru Sri Sri Sri Dr. Balagangadharanatha Mahaswamiji, for his blessings.

Submitting devout pranamas and seeking the blessings of his holiness Paramapoojya Jagadguru
Sri Sri Sri Dr. Nirmalanandanatha Mahaswamiji and Poojya Sri Sri Mangalanatha Swamiji.

I express my sincere thanks to Dr. G T Raju, Principal of SJCIT, Chickballapur for providing
me with excellent infrastructure to complete the internship.

I express wholehearted gratitude to Dr. G NARAYANA who is the respectable Prof. & HOD,
Civil Engineering Department. I wish to acknowledge the support for making my task easy by providing
me with all valuable help and encouragement.

I thank my internship coordinator Mr. KAMATH G M, Asst. Professor, for his guidance,
encouragement and valuable suggestions.

It is my privilege to thank my guide Mrs. BHAVYA S, Asst. Professor, for her guidance,
encouragement, support and valuable suggestions for completion of my internship.

And last but not the least, I would be very pleased to express my heartfelt thanks to LUMBINI-
KHANI-CHAUDHARY JOINT VENTURE, KATHMANDU, NEPAL for their guidance and support
provided to complete the internship.

I also thank all those who extended their support and co-operation while bringing out this internship.

Finally, I would like to thank my family members and friends for their kind co-operation and
motivation to proceed in my internship work.

JEETENDRA KUMAR YADAV

(1SJ18CV048)

I
II
 ABSTRACT
An internship provides the work experience that helps students to put their education into
practice, develop their leadership, skills and give them a competitive advantage as they pursue a
permanent position.
This report includes the summary of different activities carried out as a part of the internship at
“LUMBINI KHANI CHAUDHARY JOINT VENTURE”, during the vacation of sixth semester
for the duration of 30 days. During my internship period, I came to know about the sequence of
construction for underground drainage system, safety measures to be taken during the constructing
work, planning and maintenance. The proposed drainage subproject is to improve the town’s
drainage system so as to minimize the flooding that occurs every year during the monsoons . The
underground drainage system ensures that the wastewater is flushed out of the site which further
reduces the risk of contamination of water. It enhances the appearance of the site as an open
drainage system can look unpleasant and spoil the overall look. The internship helped me to gain
knowledge about planning, execution etc., and this helped me interact with different people and
acquire a lot of information apart from academics. I gained knowledge on various techniques used
in construction and learned to analyse various parameters taken at the site. This was an opportunity
to develop and enhance skills and competences in my career field, which i actually achieved.

III
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I
CERTIFICATE II
ABSTRACT III
CONTENTS IV
LIST OF FIGURES V

Chapter No. Chapter Name Page No.

1 1
COMPANY PROFILE

SITE INFORMATION 3
PROJECT DETAILS 3

2 INTRODUCTION 5
ADVANTAGES OF UNDERGROUND 5
DRAINAGE
STORM SEWER CONSTRUCTION 8
RCC PIPES 9
ADVANTAGES OF RCC PIPES 9
3 SEQUENCE OF WORK ON SITE 11
3.1 SITE CLEARANCE AND LAYOUT 11
MARKING

3.2 EXCAVATION 12
3.3 LEVELING OF BED CHANNEL 14

3.4. INSTALLATION OF RCC PIPES 15

3.4.1 PLACING OF CULVERT PIPE 16
3.4.2 JOINING OF PIPES 16
3.5. MANHOLE 17
3.6. BACKFILLING 28
4 PIPE CULVERT 29

CONCLUSIONS 34
REFERENCES 35

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

No. No.
1.1 Location map of Janakpur 3

1.2 Existing Drainage System of Janakpurdham 4

3.1.1 RCC Pipes 9

3.1.2 Site Clearance 11

3.1.3 Layout Marking 12
3.2 Excavation 13
3.3 Leveling of bed channel 15
3.4 Installation of RCC Pipes 15
3.4.1 Placing of Culvert Pipe 16
3.4.2 Joining of Pipes 17
3.5.1 Shallow Manhole 18
3.5.2 Pre-cast Concrete Manhole 19
3.5.3 Plastic Manhole 20
3.5.4 Fiber Glass Manhole 20
3.5.5 Component of Manhole 21
3.5.6 Ductile Iron Cover 24
3.5.7 Recessed Manhole Cover 25
3.5.8 Solid Top Cover 25
3.5.9 Brick Soling 26
3.5.10 Construction of Manhole 26
3.5.11 Manhole 27
3.6.1 Back Filling 28
3.6.2 RCC pipe culvert 30
3.6.3 Pipe culvert 32

V
CONSTRUCTION OF JANAKPUR DRAINAGE PROJECT 2021-22

CHAPTER 1

COMPANY PROFILE
LUMBINI-KHANI-CHAUDHARY is a joint venture among Lumbini Builders, Khani Nirman
Sewa and Chaudhary Constructions. Both Lumbini Builders (in 1998) and Khani Nirman Sewa (in
1995) are well known and well established leading private construction company headquartered in
Kathmandu, Nepal. Since their establishment they have successfully completed large scale
infrastructure project and has emerged as one of the best construction companies in Nepal. The
various constructions carried out by these builders are Hydropower project, Roadways, Residential

building and office building etc.

VISION:
“To become the leading engineering and construction firm in Nepal and eventually in south-Asia,
by consistently delivering projects that meet international standards”.

MISSION:
 To develop an effective management that stresses productivity, perpetual development of the
organization and instilling work ethic in all personal.
 To built value for the organization in order to become a unique and distinct firm.
 To remain focused on controlled organizational growth and recognizing those who
contribute to this growth.

PROJECTS COMPLETED:
Highway and Roads:
 Balaju bypass to the judicial academy road- division road office ,Kathmandu,
 Attaraiya chowk improve and extension work-department of urban division and
building construction division office, Dhangadhi,
 Construction of Prithivi highway project-western division road directorate etc.
Structure and Buildings:
 Office building of land revenue office, siraha DUDBC, saptari, building construct.
 Office building of survey office, siraha DUDBC, saptari, building construct.
 Malpot building construction malpot office, Dhanusha, Building construct. Etc

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Bridge:
 Shesmati bridge project, Nepal DOR, division road office Minbhawan, RCC
Bridge.
 Bridge upgrading and maintenance project, Nepal DOR, BUMP, I bridge
maintain.

Irrigation:
 Laxmipur-Bagewa irrigation project mid zone irrigation division no. 1.
 Kamla irrigation management division department of irrigation, irrigation
structure.
 Kamaladhari irrigation project mid zone irrigation div. 1, Headworks.

AWARDS:
1. FCAN Award (Federation of Contractors Association of Nepal)
Bronze Award Class “A” category construction company-2014.
Gold Award class “A” category construction company-2014.
2. NICE Award (NEPAL INFRASTRUCTURE & CONSTRUCTION
EXCELLENCE AWARDS)
Winner of YOUNT ENTREPRENEUR OF THE YEAR-2019.

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SITE INFORMATION
Janakpur, a sub-metropolitan city, located about 225 km south east of Kathmandu and at an
altitude of about 74m above MSL, serves as the headquarter of Dhanusha District. With a land area
of 91.97 km² and population of 1.74 lakhs, is also the capital of Madhesh province.
With an annual precipitation of 1,348 mm, 81% of the rainfall occurs during the monsoons with
the heaviest rains in July and the lowest in November. The pre-monsoon activities prevail in April
and May and are the hottest months. December and January are the coldest months and the driest.
The yearly mean temperature is about 24°C.

Fig.1.1 Location map of Janakpur

PROJECT DETAILS:
• Name of the Project: Construction of Janakpur Drainage Works

• Contract Id: 03/076-077/fwssmp_janakpur

• Site Address: Janakpurdham, Nepal

• Project Cost: NRs. 25.715 Cr.

• Work Awarded to: Lumbini-Khani-Chaudhary JV, Baneshwor-10, Kathmandu

• Project period(approx.): 3 years

• Total length of work: 19.12 km

• Commencement of Project: June ,2021

• Completion of Project: June, 2024 (estimated).

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Fig.1.2 Existing Drainage Systemof Janakpurdham

The Project consists of improving/rehabilitating about 19.12 km of the existing drainage system
(Fig 1.2) to avoid flooding and to minimize traffic congestion at the city core. A Community
Development Program focused in sanitation and drainage improvements so as to raise the quality of
the infrastructure and services. The constraint to its development is flooding caused from poor,
inadequate drainage, an absence of solid waste management, and poor city roads. Large areas of the
municipality get inundated during the monsoons.

Sl. No. Description Length

(km)
1 Extension of the existing drainage in ward no. 4 up 1.22
to Jalad river in east
2 Widening and lining of the natural drainage along 3.5
the Janakpur- Jaleshwor highway to Dudhan river in
west
3 Construction of new drains in ward no.5, 6, 7, and 8 9
4 Construction of new drains in ward no. 4, 9, and 10 5.4

The purpose of the proposed drainage subproject is to improve the town’s drainage system so as to
minimize the flooding that occurs every year during the monsoons.
The project aims:
i) To rehabilitate (lining, widening etc) and extend the existing drains;
ii) To provide new drains.

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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
The flow of waste water through well-defined channels is known as drainage and the network of
such channel is known as drainage system. The drainage pattern of an area is the result of the
topography, slope, etc.
Land drainage is one of the measures mankind applies to amend the natural drainage
conditions of the earth land resources to the requirements of its use for agricultural or for other
purpose. A need for the development of better drainage system has always been a subject of
discourse. The design of road side drainage civil engineering project provides information on easy
and result-oriented ways for construction of road fences and the most budget-oriented road side
design with proper drainage systems. The project stresses the importance of implementation of the
strategies or the techniques for proper construction of the drainage systems with respective to
concerns of the users or the habitants.]
Advantages of Underground Drainage
 The underground drainage system ensures that the wastewater is flushed out of the site which
further reduces the risk of contamination of water.
 It enhances the appearance of the site as an open drainage system can look unpleasant and spoil
the overall look.
 Underground drainage system minimizes the risk of water flooding.
 Minimizes the risk of soil erosion.
 This underground drainage system is a proper solution in collecting excess water and
transporting it through underground pipes to a proper disposal area. This keeps the entire system
out of sight and there is no issue of smelliness either.

Storm Water Drainage Design

Prior to commencement of design, system planning is essential to the successful development of
storm water drainage design. Urban drainage design shall be a component of overall urban planning.
The design of drainage system shall mainly comprise of
(i) collection of storm water
(ii) conveying
(iii) discharging to an adequate receiving body
The design approach shall be collection of data, coordination between various interested agencies,
preliminary development of concept, refinement of concept and design.

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The design of drainage system involves:

1) Calculation of total discharge that the system is required to drain off.
2) Fixing the dimensions and slope of the drain to have adequate capacity to carry the discharge
and also easy on its maintenance.
3) Calculation of total discharge that the system is required to drain off. The discharge is dependent
upon intensity and duration of precipitation characteristics of the area and the time required for
such flow to reach the drain. The storm water flow for this purpose may be determined by using
the rational method, hydrograph method, rainfall runoff correlation studies, digital computer
models and empirical formulae.
4) There is a need to fixing the dimensions and slope of the drain to have adequate capacity to
carry the discharge and also easy on its maintenance. Rainfall data of the concerned area shall
be analyzed by any suitable method of forecasting. Road side drains are not designed for the
peak flow of rare occurrences such as once in 50 to100 years - as is the case with design of
important structures such as bridges or weirs. However, it is necessary to provide adequate
capacity to prevent frequent flooding of the drainage area. There may be some water
accumulation on the roads when the rain fall exceeds the design value which has to be
permitted. The frequency of occurrence which can be permitted varies from place to place,
depending upon the importance of the place. Flooding at any time, however, causes
inconvenience to people but it shall be accepted once in a while considering the savings affected
in drainage costs. The areas such as important junctions, areas having basement, substations etc.
should be considered as important areas and higher frequency of flooding shall be adopted in the
design. Based on the practice being followed in metropolitan cities in our country and
considerations of cost in mind, it is recommended that a return period to 1 to 2 years be adopted
in estimation of runoff.
5) Time of concentration: It is the time required for the maximum runoff rate to develop. It is equal
to the time required for a drop of water to run from the most remote point of the road surface to
the point for which the runoff is being estimate.
Empirical formula (IRC:SP:13) may be referred to determine the time of concentration:
Lc= (0.87) (L3)0.385/(H)
Where,
Lc = time of concentration in hours
L = Distance of critical point of the drain in km
H = Fall in level from the critical point to the drain level in meters.
For a critical area, the time of concentration is made up of two components. These components
are inlet time i.e., the time required for the rain water to flow over the road surface and enter the
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drain at various inlets into the drain and the time of flow. The time of flow is the time required
for water to flow through the drain from the starting point upto the critical section under
examination. It is to be remembered that flow time would be different for different points in the
drainage system.
6) Rainfall intensity: It has been observed that shorter the duration of critical rainfall, the greater
would be the expected average intensity during that period.
7) Rational Formula for estimating peak run-off rates for small watersheds not exceeding 50 km2, as
is the usual case for urban drainage system, the Rational method is widely used for estimating the
peak run-off rates.
The formula is
Q= 0.028 P*A*Ic
Where,
Q = Design peak runoff rate in cum/sec.
P = Coefficient of run-off for catchment characteristics.
A = Area of catchment in hectares.
Ic = Critical intensity of rainfall in cm per hour for the selected frequency and the
duration.
8) Design of drain section Capacity of the drain is normally designed using Manning's formula
Q = (1/n) A R2/3 S1/2
and
V = (1/n) R2/3 S1/2
Where,
Q = discharge in cum/sec,
V = Mean velocity in m/sec,
n = Manning's regosity coefficient ( n = 0.013, for concrete pipe dia greater than 600mm)
R = Hydraulic mean radius which is area of flow cross-section divided by wetted Perimeter,
S = Gradient of drain bed,
A = Area of flow cross section in m2
General Consideration in Design of Storm Water Drains
a) Drains should be planned taking into consideration the ground levels, slope of the ground, valley
and ridges and also the land uses planned for urban development.
b) Drain should be planned to get good longitudinal slope, considering the nature of soil and
subsoil water level. Drainage of large area can be better achieved by sub dividing it into small
grids to avoid a long main drain. Aim should be to get a high velocity for the dominant flow.

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c) Efficiency in maintenance of the drainage system should be an important consideration in

selecting the size, shape and the location. The specification of the drain should also aim at
preventing the possibility of ingress of the other extraneous materials, debris, rubbish,
vegetation etc. where gratings are provided on drains, they should be so located as to attract
attention of maintenance staff, easy to approach, inspect and clean it.
d) An attempt shall be made in the design to provide higher starting and higher outfall bed levels in
drains. A free outfall shall be attempted as far as possible.
e) Design of the main drain shall be so made as to allow use of the normal methods for desilting
operation.

Storm Sewer Construction at site

In storm sewer construction work, two operations are of special importance, namely, excavation of
trenches, and lying of sewer pipes in trenches and tunnels. Most of the trench work involves open
cut excavation; and in urban areas, it includes:
1) Removing pavement
2) Removal of material from ground, and its separation, its classification where necessary, and its
final disposal
3) Sheeting and bracing the sides of trench
4) Removal of water (if any) from the trench
5) Protection of other structures, both underground and on the surface, whose foundation may be
affected
6) Backfilling, and
7) Replacement of the pavements
On all excavation work, safety precautions for the protection of life and property are essential; and
measures to avoid inconvenience to the public are desirable. Such measures and precautions include
the erection and maintenance of sign (to fore warn public), barricades, bridges and detours; placing
and maintenance of lights both for illumination and also as danger signals; provisions of watchmen
to exclude unauthorized persons, particularly children, from trespassing on the work; and such other
precautions as local condition may dictate.
1. Each pipe section should be uncracked.
2. Proper placement (i.e. bedding) has to be there for each pipe section that is laid.
3. There should be proper joining of pipe section.
4. There should be proper alignment (direction and longitudinal slope) of the line.
5. Pipe should be covered properly with clean backfill materials.

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RCC Pipes
Reinforced concrete pipes (RCP) are manufactured by centrifugal spinning process in which
mechanical mixer concrete and reinforcement cage extended throughout the pipes barrel are used.
The reinforcement cage for precast concrete pipes consists of spirals or circular rings and straight of
mild steel wires. Reinforcement cages are placed symmetrically with respect to the thickness of the
RCC pipe wall. By combining the centrifugal force and vibration to spin pipes horizontally, the
compaction of concrete is achieved in these precast concrete pipes. They display widespread
applications in storm sewer systems, large irrigation projects, and sanitation systems. In comparison
with high-density polyethylene plastic pipes (HDPE), RCPs have higher strength and durability. It
should be of greater dimensions to allow maximum water level and should be located in such a way
that flow should be easily done. It is possible by providing required gradient.

Advantages of RCC Pipes

The main advantages of RCC pipes are:

 Any desired strength is achievable by proper design, thickness, and reinforcement.

 Economical.
 Easy to Install.
 RCC pipes can withhold high tensile stresses and compressive stresses.
 They provide a continuous surface over the pipe.
 Are designed to last for more than 100 years.

Fig 2.1 (a) RCC pipes

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Fig.2.1(b) RCC Pipes

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CHAPTER 3
SEQUENCE OF WORK ON SITE
The various steps required for carrying out work on site are:

1. Site Clearance and Layout Marking

2. Excavation
3. Leveling of Bed Channel
4. Placing of Culvert Pipe
5. Manhole
6. Back Filling

Site Clearance and Layout Marking

Site clearance involves removal of plants, electric poles, fencing, underground cables and
other utilities from the site. It is the preliminary activities taken before the excavation work is
carried out. The process involves the use of specialist heavy machinery, a skilled team with the
expertise and knowledge of operating the required equipment and the means to legally dispose of
the waste.

Fig.3.1.1 Site Clearance

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The sole purpose of the site clearance is to clear the land of any existing structure, debris or
waste. It also involves clearing the surface layer of top soil leading to plant growth, which could
affect the structure over time.

Permits & clearance required for taking out site clearance

Obtaining letter of approval/permits and agreement for:
1. Temporary acquisition of land and properties.
2. Digging of roads from the municipality.
3. Cutting of trees from the District Forest officer.
4. Shifting section of utility lines if needed from relevant authorities.
5. Operation of landfill sites from Civil Aviation Authority.

Once these works are completed the property line is marked by laying chalk powder along the
drainage pipe. Marked lines indicate the boundary acquired for the construction. This was
accomplished using pegs, strings a measuring tape. The layout marking was done according to the
plan and drawing.

Fig.3.1.2 Site Clearance Fig.3.1.3 Layout Marking

Excavation
Excavation is the process of moving earth, rock or other materials with tools, equipment. It
also includes trenching, tunneling and underground drainage. It is the preliminary activity of the
construction project. Work procedure for excavation at construction site involves understanding of
centre line and excavation drawings, setting out of plan on ground, excavation of soil and removal
of excess soil. Quality checks such as recording ground level and marking of reference points
should be done. Usually, this involves the use of heavy machineries like bulldozers, backhoes,
excavators, and forward loaders.

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Fig.3.2 Excavation
Dimension
The width of the trench should be the minimum necessary for the proper installation of the sewer
with the due consideration of its bedding. It depends upon the working space required in the lower
part of the trench and the type of ground below the surface. The width of the trench at different
levels from the top of the sewer to the ground surface is primarily related to its effect upon the
adjoining services and nearby structure.
In developed areas, however, it is essential to restrict the trench width to
protect the existing facilities and properties to reduce the cost of restoring the surface. Increase in
width over the minimum required would unduly increase the load on the pipe.

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Excavation for sewer trenches for laying sewers shall be in straight lines and to the correct depths
and gradients required for the pipes as specified in the drawings. The material excavated from the
trench shall not be deposited very close to the trench to prevent the weight of materials from causing
the sides of the trench to slip or fail. The sides of the trench shall, however, be supported by shoring
where necessary to ensure proper and speedy excavation. In case, the width of the road or line
where the work of excavation is to be carried out is so narrow as to warrant the stacking of materials
near the trench, the same shall be taken away to a place to be decided by the Engineer-in-Charge.
This excavated material shall be brought back to the site of work for filling the trench. If excavation
is deeper than necessary, the same shall be fitted and stabilized before laying the sewer.
Trenches of 1.5m to 3m deep was excavated depending upon the requirement and elevation of the
ground level.

Leveling of bed channel

The purpose of bedding surface is to provide firm foundation of uniform density throughout
the length of the culvert and shall conform to the specified levels and grade.

DUMPY LEVEL AT SITE

Dumpy level is an optical surveying and leveling instrument consisting a telescope tube firmly
secured in two collars fixed by adjusting screws to the stage by the vertical spindle.
The telescope of dumpy level can rotate only in a horizontal plane. Relative elevation of different
points of a surveying land is determined with dumpy level.

ADVANTAGES
Dumpy level is commonly used leveling instrument to locate the points in same horizontal
plane.

The prime reason for performing leveling on a construction site is to make the field level and
even.
To determine the differences in height between two points.

The leveling of bed channel was done by using Dumpy level and leveling staff. The instrument was
setup on the tripod stand at a convenient height, centered, leveled, and focused. A back-sight
reading was taken to a leveling staff held vertically at a nearby benchmark. Intermediate and
foresight readings were taken and the procedure was repeated at every change points. Leveling is
done to make the ground even. A 300mm thick bed of granular soil was provided. The bedding
provided must be leveled and free from debris.

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Fig.3.3 Leveling of bed channel

Installation of RCC Pipes
The RCC Pipe shall be laid in position over proper bedding, the type of which is determined. Before
placing the pipes, a thorough inspection is done to check any prevailing cracked section. The
abutting faces of the pipes being coated by means of a brush with bitumen in liquid condition. The
wedge-shaped groove in the end of the pipes shall be filled with sufficient quantity of either special
bituminous compound or sufficient quantity of cement mortar of 1:3. The collar shall be slipped
over the end of the pipe and the next pipe butted well against the O-ring by appliances to compress
roughly the O-ring or the cement mortar into the grooves. Care being taken to see that centricity of
the pipes and the levels are not disturbed during the operation.

Fig.3.4 Installation of RCC Pipes

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Placing of Culvert Pipe

The pipes shall be laid after the foundation is well cured and approved by the engineer in-
charge. In places where two or more pipes are to be laid adjacent to each other, the pipes shall be
separated by a distance of a minimum 450mm or equal to half the diameter of the pipe. Proper care
shall be taken while lifting, loading, unloading and lowering of concrete pipes at a site so that the
pipes do not suffer any undue structural strain, any damage due to fall or impact. The lowering and
positioning of pipe shall be done with the use of tripod-pulley arrangement or simply by manual
labor to minimize damage to the pipe. The laying of pipes shall be commenced from outlets and
proceed towards the inlet and be completed to the specified lines and grades. In case, of the pipes
with bell-mouth, the bell end shall face upstream. The pipe shall be fitted and matched so that when
laid in work, they form a culvert with a smooth uniform invert. Any pipe found defective or
damaged during lying shall be removed at the cost of contractor.
Generally, the installation of concrete pipes requires a minimum of two workers. The large pipe is
placed in the trench at first. This can be performed by means of a crane or backhoe, while workers
assist in the proper placing of pipes in the trench. The culvert pipes are then aligned with a gradient
of 1 in 800 for main drainage line.

Fig.3.4.1 Placing of Culvert Pipe

Joining of Pipes
The pipe shall be joined by two methods, namely, collar joint or by flush joint. In collar
joint, the collar shall be of 150 to 200mm wide RCC and shall have the same strength as the pipes to
be jointed. The caulking shall be in the range of 13 and 20mm depending on the diameter of the
pipe. The caulking material shall be of 1:2 cement mortar which shall be rammed with caulking
irons. In the flush joint, the flush joint may be an external flush joint or an internal joint. In both

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cases, the end of the pipes shall be specially shaped to form a shelf centring joint with a jointing
space 13mm wide.
The spigot end of the pipes is arranged with the compressed rubber seal whereas at the bell end, the
inner portion of pipes is brushed to remove soil and is lubricated with silicon grease. Further the
joint is covered with a layer of cement mortar in at surface (1:3 cement, sand), to make it watertight.
The pipe shall be so jointed that the bitumen ring of one pipe shall set into the recess of the next
pipe. The ring shall be thoroughly compressed by jacking or by any other suitable method. After
finishing, the joint shall be kept covered and damp for at least 4-days. Once the new section is properly
seated, the workers must ensure the alignment of the pipe using surveying or leveling instruments.

Fig.3.4.2Joining of Pipes
Manhole
A manhole or an inspection chamber is a unit constructed underground to provide access to
the utilities like a sewer system, drainage system. Hence with the help of man hole, underground
utilities are inspected, modified, cleaned and maintained. Manholes are provided for access into
sewer lines where the grade, direction or size of the pipe changes, and also along the straight sewer
line.
Location of the Manhole
The manhole construction is performed under the following circumstances:
1. Where a change of sewer line is necessary
2. There is a change in sewer size and alignment.
3. A junction is formed by two or more sewer lines
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Types of Manhole
Manhole can be classified into the following categories:

Based on the depth of manhole

Depending upon the depth of manhole, they can be classified into the
following:

1. Shallow Manholes

These are the type of manholes whose depth generally ranges from 0.75 to 0.90m. Shallow
manholes are mostly constructed in areas with low traffic or at the beginning of branch sewers.
They are commonly rectangular. The shallow manhole is provided with a light cover called as the
inspection chamber.

Fig.3.5.1 Shallow Manholes

2. Normal Manholes
Normal manholes are the type of manholes with a depth greater than 0.90m but limited to 2m. Such
manholes are usually provided with the thick cover on the top and square in shape.

3. Deep Manhole
Deep manholes are the type of manholes with a depth greater than 2m. These manholes are
commonly circular where the diameter depends upon the depth.

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Based on Construction Materials Used

Depending upon the different material used for the construction of manhole, they can be classified
as:

 Plastic Manholes
 Precast Concrete Manholes
 Fiberglass Manholes
 Mild steel Manholes
 Brick/Stone Masonry Manholes

1. Precast Concrete Manholes

These are the type of manholes that are constructed with precast concrete. It is the traditional type of
construction of the manhole. The precast concrete manholes are directly manufactured and laid on
site. Thus, allows a rapid and quick installation. Such manholes are extensively used worldwide
because of its long life span. The increased durability with a life span of 100 years is one of the
reasons for its continued popularity and widespread use.

Fig.3.5.2 Precast Concrete Manholes

2. Plastic Manholes
Plastic manholes are manufactured using the polyethene material with durable one-piece
construction. That means a plastic manhole is manufactured directly with accessories like cover and

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ladder. Such manholes are designed and manufactured in such a way that doesn’t harm the
environment. Moreover, such manholes do not cause any adverse effect on the soil or groundwater
where it is installed. Plastic manholes require lesser maintenance and have high resistance to
corrosion.

Fig.3.5.3 Plastic Manhole

3. Fiberglass Manholes
Such manholes are manufactured using fiberglass technology. They essentially consist of a manhole
barrel, cover, weirs, flumes, separation units for storm water etc. The lightweight of such manholes
makes its handling and installation relatively easy. Also, fiberglass manholes are durable and
environment-friendly.

Fig.3.5.4 Fiberglass Manholes

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Component of Manhole

Fig.3.5.5 Component of Manhole

The following are major manhole parts,

 Access Shaft
 Working Chamber
 Base and Sidewall
 Bottom or Invert
 Ladder or Step
 Cover and Frame

(i) Access Shaft

The upper portion of a deep manhole is known as access shaft. It is a vertical passage which
provides access to the working chamber of the manhole from the manhole cover. The minimum size
of access shaft is about 0.75 m x 0.60 for rectangular manholes and about 0.70 m diameter for
circular manholes.

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For rectangular manholes built of brickwork the access shaft is corbelled inwards on three
sides to reduce its size to that of the opening in the cover frame, and to provide easy access on the
fourth side to step irons or ladder. Alternatively, the access shaft may be covered by a reinforced
cement concrete slab of suitable dimensions with an opening for manhole cover and frame. For
circular manholes the access shaft is usually made slanting inwards so as to narrow down the top
opening equal to internal diameter of manhole cover.

(ii) Working Chamber

The lower portion of a manhole is known as working chamber which provides working
space to carry out cleaning and inspection of sewer line. The minimum size of working chamber for
deep rectangular manholes is 1.2 m x 0.9 m with larger dimension being in the direction of flow.
For deep circular manholes the minimum diameter of the working chamber is 1.2 m. The height of
working chamber should preferably be not less than 1.8 m.

The size of working chamber of a manhole is usually larger than that of its access shaft and
hence the working chamber is constructed by enlarging the access shaft at its bottom by providing
an offset constructed of R.C.C slab or brick arch or by corbelling.

(iii) Base and Side Walls

A bed, generally of plain cement concrete, is provided at the base to support the side walls of
the manhole and to prevent the entry of groundwater. The minimum thickness of concrete bed is 15
cm for manholes of depth up to 0.8 m. 23 cm for manholes of depth above 0.8 m and up to 2.1 m
and 30 cm for manholes of depth more than 2.1 m. The concrete bed may be provided with adequate
reinforcement if necessary to withstand excessive uplift pressure.

The side walls of manholes are made of brick or stone masonry or reinforced cement
concrete. The brick walls are very common. The minimum thickness of brick walls is 20 cm (or one
brick) for manholes of depths up to 1.5 m and 30 cm (or one and a half brick) for manholes of
depths more than 1.5 m.
The following thumb rule may be used for determining the thickness of brick walls-
t = 10 + 4d
Where
t = thickness of wall in cm. and

d = depth of manhole in m.

The inside and outside of brick work is plastered with cement mortar 1:3 (1 cement and 3 coarse
sand) and inside finished smooth with a coat of neat cement.

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The thickness of reinforced cement concrete (R.C.C.) walls will be much less as compared
to that of brick walls and can be designed by the usual methods of structural analysis. However,
R.C.C. walls are costly and hence these are adopted only under special circumstances.

(iv) Bottom or Invert

At the bottom of the manhole a semicircular or U-shaped channel of cement concrete of
diameter equal to that of sewer is constructed. Above the horizontal diameter the sides of this
channel are extended vertically, nearly up to the crown of the sewer and then their top edge is
suitably rounded off and made to slope towards the channel to form benching.

The slope provided for benching varies from 1 in 10 to 1 in 6. The benching enables the
floor of the chamber to be drained of backed up sewage. The bottom of the channel lies in line with
the invert of the sewer line.

When two or more sewers enter a manhole at the same level at the bottom of the manhole, in
addition to main channel branch channels are similarly constructed with respect to the benching. At
the junction with the main channel the branch channels are provided with easy curves.

Where the sewers entering and leaving a manhole are of different diameters, the entering and
leaving sewers are placed with their crowns at the same level and necessary slope is given in the
invert of the manhole chamber. This is done to prevent backflow in the smaller sewer when the
larger sewer is flowing full. In exceptional cases and where unavoidable, the crown of entering
sewer may be fixed at lower level but in such cases to the peak flow- level of the two sewers is kept
the same.

(v) Steps or Ladder

In order to facilitate entry and exit of workers steps or rungs are provided in all manholes of
depth more than 0.8 m. The steps are made of cast iron and these are placed staggered at a
horizontal centre to centre distance of 38 cm and a vertical centre to centre distance of 30 cm.
The top step is placed 45 cm below the manhole cover and the lowest step not more than 30
cm above the benching. The width of the step is usually 15 cm. However, if steps are made of
double width staggering is not required. The steps are firmly embedded in the wall so that they do
not overturn.
In very deep manholes it is desirable to provide a ladder instead of steps. The ladder gives a
high sense of security to the workers.

(vi) Cover and Frame

The opening at the top of a manhole is provided with a cover set in a frame. Mostly the
openings are of circular shape and hence the manhole covers of circular shape are most commonly

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used. The size of manhole covers is such that there is a clear opening of at least 56 cm in diameter
for manholes of depth more than 0.9 m.
Both cover and frame are of cast iron. The frame supporting the cover is generally 20 to 25
cm high and its base is 10 to 12 cm wide. The weight of cover and frame varies from 90 to 270 kg.
The light type is adopted where light traffic load is to be borne and heavy type is adopted where
heavy traffic load is to be borne.
The frame is firmly embedded in cement concrete on the top of masonry and the cover rests
in the groove provided inside the frame. The top of manhole cover should be properly adjusted in
relation to the road surface. It should be in the plane of the pavement so that it does not interfere
with the traffic. The top surface of manhole cover is provided with small projections or bosses to
make it rough so that it does not become slippery.

Types of Manhole Cover

The main aim of providing a manhole cover is it serves as a lid to close the manhole also that cover
is removable, generally manhole cover is made of concrete, cast iron, and a combination of two.
These materials are commonly used because it is inexpensive, more durable, and heavy enough to
stay in place properly. Due to modernization manhole covers are available in various materials
like fiberglass, plastic, and composite, etc.

1. Ductile Type Manhole Cover

Ductile type manhole covers are made of ductile iron and nodular iron it is a unique form
of iron. This type of cover is more popular due to its strength, solidness, durability, and resilient
features. A ductile manhole cover will not corrode as quickly as a cast-iron manhole cover.

Fig.3.5.6 Ductile Iron Cover

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2. Recessed Manhole Cover

Fig.3.5.7 Recessed Manhole Cover

Recessed manhole cover as the name suggests is placed in recessed areas suitable for laying
paver block, cement, and a layer of screed for aesthetic appearance in a pedestrian way. These types
of manhole covers are more suitable for internal manholes such as workshop, hospital, domestic,
and garden apartments.

3. Solid Top Manhole Cover

Fig.3.5.8 Solid Top Cover

Solid Top manhole cover is made of lighter galvanized material and is designed to
be prominently visible on the floor. Underground utility systems play a key role in helping cities
function, so there needs to be a safe way for workers to get around when it comes time for repair or
construction projects.

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Construction of manhole at site

Brick masonry manholes are provided during this project at a interval of 25-30m depending
upon the requirement.
Brick soling is provided as a even base where the manhole is to be constructed. Second class
brick with frog upside is provided and the void between bricks is filled with fine sand. Brick soling
is achieved by tamping the brick. It is then levelled in both longitudinal and transverse direction.
Brick soling is placed to provide cushion and stable strong sub base. Over the brick soling, a
150mm PCC bed concrete of ratio (1:3:6) is placed.

Fig. 3.5.9 Brick Soling

A circular manhole of brickwork in cement mortar (1:3) is constructed with diameter 6000mm at
top and 1200 mm at bottom. It is provided at the distance of 25m to 30m depending upon
requirement. Manholes appear in the middle of the roads. Foot rests are provided inside the manhole
in order to get down into it. These are put at the intervals of 50cm and are not in a straight line and
put side by side.

Fig.3.5.10 Construction of Manhole

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Fig.3.5.11 Manhole

Purpose of Manhole
The main purpose of a manhole is:
1. To perform inspection, cleaning, and removal of any obstruction present in the sewage line.

2. The joining of sewers, the change of direction or the alignment of sewers can be performed
with the help of manhole.

3. These have a perforated cover which helps the foul gases to escape. Hence it is a good
means of ventilation for the underground sewage system.

4. Manholes help to lay the sewer line in the conventional lengths.

Features of Manhole
The main parts of a manhole are the chamber or ring and the Vertical Circular Pipe. The vertical
circular pipe is available in varying depth and sizes. These pipes are used to access the inspection
joints in the system. Manholes are mainly positioned 0.5m away from the curb lines of the road.
Mostly it is constructed such that it is away from the wheel line of the traffic. The cover of a
manhole is a plug that protects the manhole from any unauthorized access. The covers used for
manholes can be either rectangular, square or circular in shape. The material of cover can be precast
concrete, composite material or any glass-reinforced plastic material. The provision for access
through the manhole is performed through steps. If the depth of the manhole is less than 1 m, a step
ladder is constructed. If the depth of the manhole is greater than 2.5m, a regular ladder is fitted.
Now modern manholes do not demand physical entry.
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6. Back Filling
The backfilling of the trenches shall be carried out immediately after the pipes are placed, and the
jointing material has hardened. Proper pneumatic or light mechanical tamping equipment must be
used for compaction. The filling of the trench on both sides of the pipes shall be carried out
simultaneously so that unequal pressures do not occur. The backfilling up to 300mm above the top
of the pipes shall be carried out carefully and the soil shall be rammed, tamped, or vibrated in layers
not exceeding 150mm, particular care being taken to consolidate the materials under the launches of
the pipe thoroughly.
In case of the high embankment, after filling the trench up to the top of the pipe in the above
said manner, a loose fill shall be placed over the pipe to a depth equal to the external diameter of the
pipe and compacted.

Fig.3.6.1 Back Filling

Backfilling is the process of putting the soil back into a trench or foundation once
excavation, and the related work has been completed. The backfilling process requires skills and
heavy equipment as well as knowledge of the specifications, contract requirements, and soil
conditions. Every area of soil has unique characteristics, requiring different construction techniques
to ensure optimum performance. Backfilling is the final process after reinforced Concrete Pipe
(RCP) installation. The backfill material is initially placed on either side of the pipe. The backfill
must be free from roots or any organic matter. After backfilling and compacting, the trench is filled
to the required grade as per the project specifications. Ensure that the pipe is deep below the ground
before driving any heavy construction equipment over it.

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CHAPTER 4

PIPE CULVERT
Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway. A culvert may act as a bridge
for traffic to pass on it. They are typically found in a natural flow of water and serves the purpose of
a bridge or a current flow controller.
Culverts are available in many and shape like round, elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped,
and box-like constructions. Culverts are by their load and water flow capacities, lifespan and
installation of bedding and backfill. The type is based on a number of factors including hydraulic,
upstream elevation, and roadway height and other conditions.

Following are the different types of Culvert:

 RCC Pipe culvert (single or multiple)

 Pipe-Arch culvert (single or multiple)
 Box culvert (single or multiple)
 Arch culvert
 Bridge culvert
 Metal box culvert

RCC PIPE CULVERT

Pipe culverts are the most common types of culverts due to competitive price and easy installation.
They are found in different shapes such as circular, elliptical and pipe arch. Generally, their shapes
depend on site conditions and constraints. Pipe culverts on a small scale represent normal pipes like
concrete pipes.
A culvert is a conduit constructed under the road surface that delivers runoff from a ditch on
the upper hill slope side of a road. A culvert consists of three parts: the intake also called inlet or
fan, the barrel or throat and the diffuser also called outlet or expansion fan.
When a pipe is placed in an excavated trench to move water away, it is known as pipe culvert. It is
the most commonly used for drainage feature. Pipe culverts are found in different shapes such as
circular, elliptical, pipe arch etc. the design of culvert is based on hydraulic, water surface elevation
and roadways height and other conditions. Culverts are like pipes but large in size. They are made
of many materials like concrete, steel, plastic, aluminum and high-density polyethylene in most of
the cases concrete culverts are preferred. The culvert pipes are easy to install and economical.

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Ideally, a culvert installation is done when a road is built, either by the home highway authority or a
property owner, only in case if the culvert is on private land. Generally, if a section of a road lies in

Fig.3.6.2 RCC Pipe Culvert

a dejected area a ground or an area subject to flooding, a culvert need to be installed to facilitate
drainage problems, especially in the winter. The culvert pipes are laid into the road bed as it is being
built and is kept apparent by maintenance crews during everyday checks of the roadway throughout
the year. Generally, culverts serve to chief functions.
The first is that a culvert permits water to drain under the road, rather than pooling it on top,
making the surface secure for drivers. Pooled water on a road could cause cars to hydroplane, cover
of hazards on the road way, and would eventually eat away at the road way, causing it to smash
down quickly. If a road floods in excess of, it might have to be closed until the water level recedes
that is tying for drivers, but necessary for safety.
The second function of a culvert is to hold of water from gathering along the margins of the
highways and grasping away at the base of the road bed. This expands the life of the road and put of
the edges of the road way from gradually crumbling away, posing a security hazards to drivers. In
addition, if the water level next to the road rises in excess of, it could start to flood on to the
roadway, forcing road closure until the water level falls again.

Advantages of Pipe Culvert

The main features of pipe culverts are:
 It can be constructed of any desired strength by proper mix design, thickness, and
reinforcement.
 They are economical.

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 These pipes can withhold any tensile stresses and compressive stresses.
 The crossing of water is under the structure.

Disadvantages of Pipe Culvert

The main disadvantage of pipe culvert is that it can be easily corroded at the crown because of
bacteria’s organic matter and release of harmful gas, which is known as crown corrosion.

Construction of RCC pipe Culvert:

A culvert is an open/close drain structure that allows water to flow below a road. It’s like a
tunnel carrying a stream of water flow. Pipe culvert are widely used and rounded in shape. They are
suitable for large flows very well. The place where the culvert exists shall be located and the centre
line shall be marked with the help of electronic theodolite. The located culvert must be
either perpendicular or with some skew to the road alignment according to the direction of the flow.
for example, 30 degrees to the road alignment. Reference points have to fix on both sides of the
culvert in both traffic and normal to the traffic direction. A temporary benchmark shall be located
near the culvert. After that, it should be checked regularly with respect to the permanent benchmark.
The limits of excavation shall be marked on the original ground to the line and length as per
drawing. The original ground level (hereinafter called the “OGL”) shall be taken on the centerline
and either side of the centerline of the culvert location to the required width and length as per the
drawing. However, the number of rows to be taken is depending on the width of the culvert.
OGL’s shall be taken throughout the length of the culvert including a flexible apron. The length of
the culvert varies from the culvert to the culvert depending on proposed road levels and bed levels
of the channels. The diameter of pipe culvert ranges from 1m to 6m, these are made of steel and
concrete.

Procedure for Construction of a RCC pipe Culvert (Road junction Culvert):

1. The Surveyor marked out the alignment for the trench to be dug.
2. The surveyor marked out the depth of culvert to be excavated with an excavating machine. For a
1m culvert, the mathematical process of obtaining the required depth is to sum together the total
width of the pipe + base + blinding. For a depth: A pipe of width 1000mm, base of 150mm and
blinding of 50mm. Hence 1000mm+150mm+50mm =1200mm.So an excavation of 1200mm is
required for the level of the natural ground surface.
For Width: A minimum of 2.5m width is advisable. For 1m pipe drainage, since the drainage
internal width is 1m,

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Using 2.5m width

2.5*1=2.5m
2.5m width excavation is acceptable to create space for construction work area.

Fig.3.6.3 Pipe culvert

3. Blinding is done on the surface area in order to correct any irregularities in level of bed of the
excavated surface, and to prove a smooth, level and regular surface to receive the concrete base.
It’s usually 50mm depending on the rate of regularity of the surface area. Concrete grading M15
is acceptable. A concrete base of 150mm is to be laid or cast on the blinded floor, a concrete
grade M15 of ratio (1:2:4) is allowed. A guiding panel is placed into position to guild in the
laying of the concrete base in order to achieve uniformly alignment base edge, thickness and
width, also to manage concrete pouring. The base is cast with the U shape reinforcement in
between the concrete base achieving concrete cover below and above.
4. After setting, curing and drying of the concrete base, next is to arrange the pre-cast culvert/rings
into the align position.
5. After arranging the pre-cast pipe culvert/rings into the align position, arranging the form work
panel and then casting of concrete. Taking the pipe/rings dimension to be 1000mm, the
thickness of concrete from the form work panel to the pre-cast rings/pipe is 200mm more or less
on both sides depending on design.
Hence, total width thickness of drain would be i.e. 1000mm+200mm+200mm=1400mm.
The total height of drain would be; taking the pipe dimensions to be 1000mm, the thickness of
top slab concrete from top of the per-cast rings/pipe is between 200mm-300mm more or less
depending on design.

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Hence, the total height of drain would be i.e. 1000mm+300mm=1300mm.

Also, the reinforcement for the head wall is placed into position the concrete then cast. After
casting, and setting, the panel is then removed and concrete cured.
6. Back filling and compaction is then carried out in order to avoid future settlement.
For this project, OPC 53 grade cement, river sand, 20mm down coarse aggregates and Fe-500
reinforcement bars were used.

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CONCLUSIONS
During my internship that took place from 20th of Aug. to 20th of Sep. 2021there were number of
things I achieved working with various people I got to associate with. Internship develops new skills
and developed many already existing skills including innovativeness and creativity in design,
working in a team-based environment, dealing with management, presentation and communication
skills. It was found that they could easily be applied at college. My ability to absorb and learn has
drastically improved, as well as my time management ability. The main non-technical outcomes of
the internship are as follows:
 Situational awareness: Attention to detail, Overall awareness, maintain concentration,
Anticipation of risk.
 Conscientiousness: Systematic and thorough approach, Checking, Positive attitude towards
rules and procedures.
 Communication: Clarity, Assertiveness, Sharing information.
 Decision making and action: Effective decisions, Timely decisions, Diagnosing and solving,
Problems.
 Cooperation and working with others: Considering other’s needs, supporting others, treating
others with respect, dealing with conflict aggressive behaviour.
 Workload management: Multi-tasking and selective, attention, Prioritizing, Calm under
pressure.
 Self-management: Motivation, Confidence and initiative, Maintain and develop skills and
knowledge. Prepared and organized. The main Technical Outcomes of the internship are as
follows: For any structure it is very much important to provide quality to meet the structural
requirements and also to plan for economical and good quality materials.
 Delay and Labor strike and also uncertainties in site like (delay in procuring materials) will
increase the project cost, hence proper planning is to be done prior to the execution.
 Proper safety precautions at the working site should be adopted. Necessary workshop should
be conducted.

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REFRENCES
1. IRC:SP 50-1999, “Guidelines for Urban Drainage”.
2. IRC:SP 50-2013, “Guidelines for Urban Drainage (first revision)”.
3. “Georgia Storm Water Management Manual”, Volume 2, Technical handbook, Chapter-5.
4. “Design and Construction of Sewers”, Chapter 3, Part A; Engineering

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