BIBAT, JASPER EARL S.

BSA-1F

LECTURE ACTIVITY

LADY BIRD BEETLE

A. EGGS
1. DESCRIPTION
SHAPE
Ladybird Beetle (also known as Ladybug or Ladybird) eggs are typically oval or elliptical
in shape.
SIZE
The size of Ladybird Beetle eggs can vary depending on the species, but they are
generally small, ranging from about 1 to 2 millimeters in length.
COLOR
The color of Ladybird Beetle eggs can range from yellow, orange, or white, depending
on the species and stage of development.
NUMBER
Ladybird Beetle species can lay varying numbers of eggs in each cluster, typically ranging
from a few to several dozen eggs. The exact number of eggs in a cluster can depend on factors
such as the size and nutritional condition of the female beetle, the availability of suitable
oviposition sites, and the reproductive strategies of the species.
MANNER HOW EGGS ARE LAID
Ladybird Beetles typically lay their eggs in clusters, often on the undersides of leaves or
in sheltered areas. The exact manner in which Ladybird Beetle eggs are laid can vary depending
on the species and individual behavior of the beetles.
2. DURATION OF THE EGG STAGE (incubation period)
The incubation period of Ladybird Beetle eggs may be shorter in warmer conditions and
longer in cooler conditions. For example, in temperate regions, where Ladybird Beetles are
active during the warm months, the incubation period may be relatively short, typically ranging
from 3 to 7 days. In colder regions or during winter months, when Ladybird Beetles may enter a
state of diapause or dormancy, the incubation period may be longer, ranging from several
weeks to several months.

B. LARVA/NYMPH
1. FIRST INSTAR
SIZE
The size of a first instar larva of a ladybird beetle the larva of the common seven-spotted
ladybird is typically 1-2 millimeters long. The larvae will grow in size as they progress through
the instars until they pupate and emerge as adults.
SHAPE
The larvae of the first instar have a distinct head capsule and a soft, plump body that is
slightly tapered towards the tail. The first instar larva's body is usually covered in small, bristly
hairs and has distinct coloration or markings that vary depending on the species.
COLOR
Ladybird beetle larvae can have a wide range of colors and patterns that often serve as a
form of camouflage or warning to potential predators.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
The first instar larvae of the harlequin ladybird beetle have a black body with orange or
yellow markings that are thought to serve as a warning to potential predators.
2. SECOND INSTAR
SIZE
The second instar larva of the common seven-spotted ladybird beetle can grow to be 4-
5 millimeters long, significantly longer than the first instar larva.
SHAPE
Like the first instar, the body of the second instar larva is segmented and has six legs
near the head. The head capsule remains distinct, but the body is thinner and longer than in the
first instar.
COLOR
The Asian lady beetle's second instar larvae are typically black with orange or yellow
markings. Larvae of ladybird beetles in their second instar may also have markings that change
or become more prominent as they grow and develop through subsequent instars.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
Ladybird beetle larvae have bold, contrasting stripes or spots that serve as a warning to
predators that they are toxic or unpalatable, while others have markings that mimic the
appearance of their prey in order to blend in and avoid detection.

C. PUPA
SIZE
The pupae of the seven-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) are
typically 7-8 millimeters long, while the pupae of the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis) are
slightly larger, measuring 10-11 millimeters.
SHAPE
Ladybird beetle pupae are typically oblong or oval in shape, with a protective layer
called the pupal case covering their bodies.
COLOR
Ladybird beetle pupae may also have a glossy or shiny appearance due to the texture of
the pupal case, which can reflect light and create an iridescent effect.
MARKINGS
Ladybird beetle pupae can also have markings on their pupal cases, which can vary
depending on the species. The pupal case of the two-spotted ladybird beetle (Adalia
bipunctata) is brown with distinct black spots, whereas the pupal case of the seven-spotted
ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) is dark with yellow markings. The pupal case of the
harlequin ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) is usually dark and covered in distinctive spines.
DURATION
The pupal stage of a ladybird beetle lasts for about 5-10 days, although it can be longer
or shorter depending on these factors. Some species of ladybird beetles may have longer or
shorter pupal stages, with some lasting up to several weeks or even months.

D. TOTAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD

FROM THE EGG STAGE TO THE ADULT STAGE
Under ideal conditions, the total developmental period of the seven-spotted ladybird
beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) is around 25-30 days, whereas the total developmental
period of the harlequin ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) is around 30-60 days. The ladybird
beetle goes through several stages of development during this time, including the egg stage,
larval stage, pupal stage, and adult stage. Depending on the species, the egg stage lasts a few
days to a week, while the larval stage can last several weeks. Depending on the species, the
pupal stage lasts 5-10 days, while the adult stage lasts several weeks to several months, during
which the beetle mates and lays eggs, restarting the cycle.

E. ADULT
LONGEVITY (LIFE SPAN): FRORM ADULT EMERGE TO DEATH
Ladybird beetles can live for several weeks to several months as adults. In some cases,
the seven-spotted ladybird beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) can live for up to a year, while
the harlequin ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) can live for up to three years. A ladybird
beetle's lifespan can be reduced in harsh environmental conditions, or if the beetle is exposed
to predators or disease. Similarly, the amount of time spent mating and laying eggs can
influence the lifespan of a female ladybird beetle, as this can place additional stress on the
beetle's body.
COLOR
The red elytra of the two-spotted ladybird beetle (Adalia bipunctata) has two black
spots, whereas the Asian ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) can have variable color patterns
ranging from yellow to orange to red, with or without black spots. Some ladybird beetle species
can change color over time or in response to environmental cues.
SIZE
In general, most species are relatively small, measuring between 1-10 mm in length.
However, some species can be larger, with body lengths up to 15 mm or more.
SHAPE
In general, most species have a rounded or oval shape, with a domed body and short
legs. The head is usually tucked underneath the pronotum, the first section of the thorax.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
The most commonly known species of ladybird beetles have bright red or orange elytra
(wing covers) with black spots or markings,
BEHAVIOUR
These friendly beetles are self-sufficient animals. That is, they are solitary creatures who
spend their days alone in search of food.

FECUNDITY
Ladybird beetles are thought to have a high fecundity. Females can lay hundreds of eggs
during their lifetime, with some species capable of laying up to 1000 eggs. The eggs are typically
laid in clusters on leaves or stems, and after a few days, they hatch into larvae.
 BUTTTERFLY
A. EGGS
1. DESCRIPTION
SHAPE
Butterflies do not have the shape of an egg. Instead, they go through a metamorphosis
process in which they go through four distinct life stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa
(chrysalis), and adult (butterfly).
SIZE
Some butterfly eggs are the size of a pinhead, while others are the size of a pea. The size
of the egg is usually proportional to the size of the adult butterfly that emerges from it.
COLOR
Butterfly eggs come in a variety of colors, including white, yellow, green, brown, and
even black. The pigments in the female butterfly's reproductive system that are deposited on
the surface of the egg as it is laid usually determine the color of the egg. The color of the egg
can serve several functions, including camouflage to protect the egg from predators and
attracting potential mates.
NUMBER
Some butterfly species lay only a few eggs during their entire lifetime, while others can
lay hundreds or even thousands of eggs.
MANNER HOW EGGS ARE LAID
To deposit the eggs on the appropriate surface, the female butterfly employs specialized
structures known as ovipositors. The ovipositor is a tube-like structure at the female's abdomen
that is used to penetrate the plant's or substrate's surface and deposit the egg. Some butterfly
species lay their eggs singly, while others lay them in clusters or rows. The female butterfly may
inspect the host plant before laying the eggs to ensure that it is suitable for her offspring. Once
the eggs are laid, the female butterfly may brush them with a powdery coating using specialized
scales on her wings. This coating can help keep predators and disease away from the eggs.
2. DURATION OF THE EGG STAGE (incubation period)
On average, the egg stage lasts from a few days to a few weeks, but some species can
have much longer incubation periods. Environmental factors such as temperature and humidity
can also influence the duration of the egg stage. For example, in warmer temperatures, the
eggs may hatch more quickly, while in cooler temperatures, the incubation period may be
longer.

B. LARVA/NYMPH
1. FIRST INSTAR

SIZE
The size of a first instar larva (caterpillar) of a butterfly can vary depending on the
species of butterfly. However, in general, first instar larvae are quite small, usually less than 1/4
inch (6mm) in length. They are often described as being very tiny and delicate, with soft bodies
and tiny legs. As the larva grows and progresses through its instars, it will molt and shed its skin
several times, eventually growing into a fully developed butterfly.
SHAPE
It generally has a cylindrical or elongated body shape, with a small head capsule and
short legs. The body is typically smooth and segmented, with a series of prolegs along the
abdomen.
COLOR
The color of first instar larva of a butterfly is a slightly yellow or greenish tint, but overall
they tend to be very light in color.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
They are often quite simple and may be difficult to distinguish. Some species may have
very faint or indistinct stripes or spots on the body, while others may have no markings at all.
2. SECOND INSTAR
SIZE
Second instar larvae are larger than first instar larvae but still relatively small, typically
ranging from a few millimeters up to a centimeter in length.
SHAPE
They have a cylindrical body shape with a distinct head capsule at one end and prolegs
(or small leg-like appendages) running the length of the body. Their body shape and features
will change as they molt and develop until they reach the pupa or chrysalis stage, where they
will undergo a dramatic transformation into the adult butterfly form.
COLOR
Some butterfly larvae are brightly colored, while others are more subdued or even
camouflaged to blend in. Green, brown, black, or a combination of these colors can be used.
Some larvae have stripes or spots on their bodies, while others have distinct patterns or
markings.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
Some larvae may have distinct stripes, spots, or bands of color, while others may have
more intricate patterns or markings on their body.

C. PUPA
SIZE
A Monarch butterfly pupa is typically 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length and 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) in
width. A Painted Lady butterfly pupa is smaller, measuring about 0.6 inch (1.5 cm) in length and
0.3 inch (0.8 cm) in width. A Giant Swallowtail butterfly pupa can grow to be much larger,
measuring up to 2 inches (5 cm) in length and 0.8 inch (2 cm) in width.
SHAPE
A Monarch butterfly pupa is typically oval-shaped with a distinct, smooth surface. A
Swallowtail butterfly pupa is more angular in shape, with a pointed head and a curved body. A
Mourning Cloak butterfly pupa is longer, almost cylindrical in shape, and covered in spiny
projections.

COLOR
The pupa of a Monarch butterfly, for example, is usually a beautiful jade green color
with gold dots. The pupa of a Painted Lady butterfly is a pale greenish-yellow with black spots.
MARKINGS
A Gulf Fritillary butterfly pupa has a unique pattern of gold spots and silver streaks on a
brownish background. Black Swallowtail butterfly pupae have a pale greenish-yellow
background with black and gold markings. A Blue Morpho butterfly pupa is a shiny metallic
silver with black spots.
DURATION
The pupa stage lasts about 1-2 weeks, but some species may take longer or shorter. A
Monarch butterfly pupa, for example, takes about 10-14 days to develop, whereas a Black
Swallowtail butterfly pupa takes about 10-12 days.

D. TOTAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD

FROM THE EGG STAGE TO THE ADULT STAGE
The life cycle of a butterfly has four stages: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult.
The life cycle of a butterfly begins when a female butterfly lays her eggs on a host plant.
The eggs are typically small, round or oval in shape, with a sticky surface that aids in their
attachment to the plant. The time it takes for the egg to hatch varies by species, but it typically
takes a few days to a week. Larva (caterpillar) stage, A caterpillar emerges from the egg after it
hatches. The caterpillar will then spend the next few weeks or months feeding on the host plant
while growing and shedding its skin several times. The caterpillar will go through several molts,
or stages of growth, during this stage before reaching full size. Pupa (chrysalis) stage, The
caterpillar will enter the pupa stage once it has reached full size. During this stage, the
caterpillar metamorphoses and becomes an adult butterfly. Pupas are usually stationary and do
not feed. Depending on the species, this stage can last anywhere from a few days to several
weeks. When the butterfly has finished developing inside the pupa, it emerges as an adult
butterfly. To complete the life cycle, the butterfly will spend the next few weeks or months
mating, laying eggs, and feeding on nectar.

E. ADULT
LONGEVITY (LIFE SPAN): FRORM ADULT EMERGE TO DEATH
Most butterfly species live for only a few weeks to a few months in their adult stage.
However, some species can live for up to several months. For example, the Mourning Cloak
butterfly can live up to 10 months in its adult stage, while the Monarch butterfly can live up to 9
months in its adult stage if it emerges in the fall and enters a state of diapause to survive the
winter.
COLOR
Adult butterflies can be found in a variety of colors, including bright and bold hues like
orange, blue, yellow, and red, as well as more subdued hues like brown, gray, and white. Some
species' wings have distinct patterns and designs, while others are more solid in color.

SIZE
Adult butterfly sizes can range from as small as half an inch to as large as eight inches in
wingspan.
SHAPE
Their wings can be long and narrow or wide and rounded, and depending on the
species, they can have a variety of distinct shapes.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
Butterflies have a distinct body shape, with a head, thorax, and abdomen. Their eyes are
typically large and prominent. Some species may have distinctive markings on their bodies, such
as spots or stripes.
BEHAVIOUR
Adult butterflies are most active during the day, flitting from flower to flower in search
of nectar. Sunbathing, mating, and migration are all behaviors that some species may engage
in.
FECUNDITY
Adult butterflies' fecundity, or reproductive capacity, varies greatly depending on the
species. Female butterflies usually lay their eggs on specific host plants, which their caterpillars
eat later. Some species lay a few eggs, whereas others lay hundreds. Adult butterflies have a life
span that can range from a few weeks to several months, depending on the species and
environmental conditions.
 GRASSHOPPER
A. EGGS
1. DESCRIPTION
SHAPE
Grasshopper eggs are elongated or oval in shape, with a slightly flattened base and
rounded or pointed tip.
SIZE
The size of grasshopper eggs varies depending on the species and individual, but they
are typically 2-4 mm long.
COLOR
Grasshopper eggs vary in color depending on the species, but they are typically brown
or tan. Some species' eggs may be brightly colored or patterned.
NUMBER
Over the course of their lives, adult female grasshoppers can lay dozens to hundreds of
eggs. The eggs are typically laid in soil, plant debris, or on vegetation. Some species lay their
eggs in large groups or pods, whereas others lay individual eggs.
MANNER HOW EGGS ARE LAID
Depending on the species, the female may lay her eggs individually or in clusters. The
eggs are left to develop and hatch on their own after they are laid. Grasshopper eggs are
typically laid in soil or plant debris, where they are safe from environmental stressors like
temperature fluctuations and predation. Some grasshopper species lay their eggs on the
vegetation's surface, while others bury their eggs in the soil.
2. DURATION OF THE EGG STAGE (incubation period)
A grasshopper egg can be incubated for 2 weeks to several months. Some grasshopper
eggs hatch in as little as two weeks at optimal temperatures and humidity, while others can
take up to several months.

B. LARVA/NYMPH
1. FIRST INSTAR
SIZE
The first instar of a grasshopper larva is relatively small and ranges from a few
millimeters to about 1 centimeter in length.
SHAPE
The body of the first instar larva is cylindrical and elongated, with a small head and a
series of body segments. The thorax and abdomen are not yet well-defined.
COLOR
The color of the first instar larva is typically pale or light green or yellowish-white, with
darker patches on the head and legs. The body is translucent, allowing the internal organs to be
seen.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
The body of the first instar larva is usually unmarked, although some species may have
small spots or stripes on the thorax or abdomen.
2. SECOND INSTAR
SIZE
The second instar of a grasshopper larva is larger than the first instar and ranges from
about 1 to 2 centimeters in length.
SHAPE
The body of the second instar larva is still cylindrical and elongated but is now more
defined, with a distinct thorax and abdomen. The head is still relatively small.
COLOR
The color of the second instar larva is usually darker than the first instar, ranging from
light green to brownish-green or grayish-brown. The body is less translucent than in the first
instar, and the internal organs are less visible.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
The body of the second instar larva may have more distinct markings than the first
instar, such as stripes or spots on the thorax or abdomen. These markings can vary in color,
from darker to lighter than the base color of the body.

C. PUPA
Grasshoppers do not have a pupal stage, they go through an incomplete
metamorphosis, which means they do not have a true resting stage. They develop from an egg
into a nymph, which looks like an adult grasshopper but lacks wings and reproductive organs.

D. TOTAL DEVELOPMENTAL PERIOD

FROM THE EGG STAGE TO THE ADULT STAGE
Egg stage: The grasshopper life cycle begins with the female grasshopper laying eggs.
The eggs are typically laid in soil or plant debris and can survive winter or adverse
environmental conditions until hatching in spring. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which look like
miniature versions of adult grasshoppers but lack wings and reproductive organs. Adult stage:
Nymphs in their final instar develop wings, reproductive organs, and a more adult-like
appearance. They are larger than previous instars, with a more defined body shape and distinct
markings. Adult grasshoppers can mate and lay eggs, resuming the life cycle.

E. ADULT
LONGEVITY (LIFE SPAN): FRORM ADULT EMERGE TO DEATH
Some species of grasshoppers have a relatively short lifespan, with adults living for only
a few weeks or months. Other species have a longer lifespan, with adults living for up to a year.
However, most grasshoppers do not survive through the winter and die off before the next
spring.
COLOR
Adult grasshoppers can be green, brown, or gray in color. Some species' wings or legs
may be brightly colored, such as red or yellow. The coloration can be used for camouflage,
blending in with grass or other vegetation, or warning predators of toxicity.
SIZE
The size of adult grasshoppers can vary depending on the species. Some species are
relatively small, measuring only a few centimeters in length, while others can be quite large,
measuring up to 10 centimeters in length.
SHAPE
Adult grasshoppers have a distinctive body shape, with a large head, long legs, and a
tapered abdomen. Their body shape is designed for jumping and rapid movement.
MARKINGS ON THE BODY
Many species of grasshoppers have distinctive markings on their body, such as stripes or
spots. These markings can be used for species identification, camouflage, or warning predators
of their toxicity.
BEHAVIOUR
Adult grasshoppers are most active during the day and in warm weather. They are
herbivores that eat a wide variety of plant material. They can jump up to 20 times their body
length, allowing them to flee predators.
FECUNDITY
Over the course of their lives, female grasshoppers can lay hundreds of eggs. The
number of eggs laid varies according to the species, environmental conditions, and food
availability. Grasshoppers that live in warmer climates with plenty of food and water have
higher fecundity than those that live in colder or drier environments.