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Lo Week 1-1
Lo Week 1-1
PRIMARY HEADACHES
Primary headache muncul bukan karena tubuh kita sedang mengalami penyakit atau alergi tertentu, primary
headache bisa berupa :
1. Tension headache
- Dull, aching sensation all over your head
- NOT THROBING
- Often triggered by stress
- Tenderness or sensitivity around your neck, forehead, scalp, or shoulder muscles also might occur.
- Treatment : over the counter (OTC)
o Aspirin
o Ibuprofen
o Naproxen
o Acetaminophen and caffeine
2. Cluster headache
- More common in men
- Burning or piercing pain behind one eye, or one side of the face
- Sometimes swelling, redness, flushing, and sweating can occur on the side that’s affected by the
headache
- Nasal congestion and eye tearing also often occur on the same side as the headache.
- TYPE INI MUNCUL SECARA SERIES, dan bisa bervariasi lamanya dari 15 menit sampai 3 jam
- Treatment :
o Oxygen therapy : sumatriptan
o Local anesthetic : lidocaine
- Prevention :
o Corticosteroid
o Melatonin
o Topiramate
o Calcium channel blocker
3. Migraine
- Women 3x men
- Intense pulse inside your head
- Sakitnya throbbing dan biasanya one sided
- BIASANYA sensitive to light and sound, bisa mual dan muntah
- Migraine with aura : Migraine dengan gangguan penglihatan
o flashing lights
o shimmering lights
o zigzag lines
o stars
o blind spots
- Auras can also include tingling on one side of your face or in one arm and trouble speaking.
- Environmental trigger factors :
o sleep disruption,
o dehydration,
o skipped meals,
o some foods,
o hormone fluctuations, and
o exposure to chemicals
- Treatments :
o OTC
o Kalau otc tidak mempan, diberi triptans (serotonin receptor agonist)
sumatriptan (Imitrex)
rizatriptan (Maxalt)
rizatriptan (Axert)
o Propyphenazone + caffeine
- Cara kerja triptans
o vasoconstriction of pain producing intra cranial extracerebral vessels by a direct effect on
vascular smooth muscle
o inhibition of vasoactive neuropeptide release by trigeminal terminals innervating intracranial
vessels and the dura mater.
o inhibition of nociceptive neurotransmission within the trigeminocervical complex in the
brainstem and upper cervical spinal column
SECONDARY HEADACHE
- Anterior regions : lamina terminalis sampai sisi caudal dari optic chiasm
- Tuberal regions : anterior region sampai tuber cinereum
- Posterior regions : tuberal region sampai mammillary bodies
Nucleus
Ada 10 nuclei :
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Arcuate nucleus
- Supraoptic nucleus
- Preoptic nucleus
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Dorsomedial nucleus
- Ventromedial nucleus
- Posterior nucleus
- Mammillary nucleus
- Lateral tuberal complex
Blood supply
- Superior hypophyseal artery kirim blood ke primary capillary plexus di median eminence
- Darah dari primary capillary plexus akan ngalir melalui hypophyseal portal veins melewati infundibulum
dan mencapai secondary capillary plexus di adenohypophysis
- Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) mendapat supply dari inferior hypophyseal artery
PINEAL GLAND
- Small endocrine gland untuk sekresi melatonin yang meregulasi circadian rhythm of the body (melatonin
itu hormone tidur yang mengatur kapan seseorang awake dan asleep)
- Terdiri dari 2 jenis cell
o Pinealocytes (hormone secreting cells)
o Glial cells (supporting cells)
- Pada usia tua, biasanya calcified dan bisa ditemukan pada CT scan di kepala
- Vasculature :
o Posterior choroidal arteries
o Internal cerebral veins
PITUITARY HORMONES AND HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROL (hypothalamo-pituitary axis)
PITUITARY
- Ada 6 hormone yang disekresi di anterior pituitary, dan 2 hormone yang disekresi di posterior pituitary
- Anterior
o Growth hormone (GH) : promotes growth of entire body by protein formation, cell
multiplication, cell differentiation
o Adrenocorticotropin (Corticotropin) (ACTH) : control secretion of some of adrenocortical
hormones efek ke glucose, protein, fats
o Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin) (TSH) : control secretion rate of thyroxine dan
triiodothyronine dari thyroid gland hormones ini mengontrol intracellular chemical reaction
di tubuh
o Prolactin : mammary gland development and milk production
o Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) : control the growth of ovaries and testes, plus mengatur
hormonalnya dan reproductive activity
o Luteinizing Hormone (LH) : causes ovulation, stimulates production of estrogen and
progesterone in ovary, and stimulates production of testosterone in testes
- Posterior
o Antidiuretic Hormone (vasopressin) (ADH) : Mengatur reabsorpsi Na di nephron, mengatur
jumlah urine yang keluar
o Oxytocin : helps express milk (membuat susu keluar) dari payudara untuk menyusui
- Pada anterior pituitary, terdapat beberapa jenis sel yang memiliki major role untuk sekresi hormone
tertentu, biasanya satu hormone memiliki 1 major cell
- 30-40 persen dari pituitary adalah somatotropes, 20 persen corticotropes sisanya 5 persen
- SOMATOTROPES diwarnai paling baik dengan acid dye (makanya disebut acidophilic) tumour acidophilic
merupakan tumour yg produksi GH berlebih
- Hormone dari posterior pituitary bukan berasal dari pituitary gland, melainkan large neurons yang
disebut magnocellular neurons (terletak di supraoptic dan paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus)
HYPOTHALAMUS
GIGANTISM
- Berlebihnya GH pada saat epiphyseal plate seseorang belum menutup, sehingga seseorang tumbuh
tinggi dan besar
- Bisa dipengaruhi dari berlebihnya Somatomedin nama lainnya Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 yang
diproduksi dari liver. Somatomedin aktifasi GH
- Symptoms:
o very large hands and feet
o thick toes and fingers
o a prominent jaw and forehead
o coarse facial features
o Headache
o Vision problem
o Nausea, vomit
o Sleep disorders
o Delayed puberty
o Irregular menstrual periods
ACROMEGALY
- Berlebihnya GH pada saat epiphyseal plate sudah menutup
- Biasa terjadi middle aged in adulthood
- Symptoms :
o Gradual change in the shape of face
Protruding lower jaw and brow
Enlarged nose
Thickened lips
o Enlarged hands and feet
o Coarse, oily, thickened skin
o Excessive sweating and body odor
o Small outgrowths of skin tissue (skin tags)
o Fatigue and muscle weakness
o A deepened, husky voice due to enlarged vocal cords and sinuses
o Severe snoring due to obstruction of the upper airway
o Impaired vision
o Headaches
o Enlarged tongue
o Pain and limited joint mobility
o Menstrual cycle irregularities in women
o Erectile dysfunction in men
o Enlarged liver, heart, kidneys, spleen and other organs
o Increased chest size (barrel chest)