EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION

P. RAJA
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Utilization of Electrical Energy: Introduction

• Name the utilizers of Electrical Energy

• Name the forms of electrical energy utilization

• Name the forms of the source of electrical energy

• Why Electrical Energy?

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Utilization of Electrical Energy: Introduction

HEAT CONVERTER HEAT

CONVERTER

ELECTRICAL
LIGHT CONVERTER ENERGY CONVERTER LIGHT

MECH CONVERTER
CONVERTER MECH

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Light Energy: Illumination

• All human activities rely on light

• Light : the part of radiant energy from a hot
body that produced the visual sensation in
human eye
• Sources of light
• Natural light source
• Artificial light source: any form of light that is
manufactured/created by human
• Electrical Lamps

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT
EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT
 Artificial light source : Electrical Lamps: Why?

• Cleanliness
• Ease of control
• Easy to handle – convenient fitting
• Steady output

• We use light (lamps)

• Not only in day-to-day life
• Decorative lamps
• Advertising
• Traffic control
• Medical application

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Light Vs Illumination

• Light is the cause and illumination is the light falling on the surface
• Sufficient light – visibility – the ability of reflection

• Properties of good illumination

• Sufficient light on illuminating surface
• Surface and light source installation – to get uniform light
• Surface – suitable shade – reflect light
• Light should not come directly to eye – reflect on surface and come

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT
 A closer look on visible light

7500 Ao to 4000 Ao – become visible light range 1 Angstrom (Ao) = 10-10 m

Wavelength of the radiating energy decreases when temperature increases

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Our eye color sensitivity

• Average human eye – most

sensitive to a wavelength of
5500 Ao
• Relative sensitivity of the eye
– for a wavelength – visual
effect produced by that light –
compared with 5500 Ao
• Relative luminosity factor

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 ILLUMINATION

The luminous flux falling on unit area of a given surface is

called illumination.
• If a flux of F lumens falls on a surface of area A, then
illumination of that surface is
𝐹 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒔
E= or lux
𝐴 𝒎𝟐
Illumination also measured as
• Lux or Metre-Candle
• Foot-Candle
𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏 𝑶𝒏𝒆 𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏
One foot candle = = 𝟏𝒎 𝟐
𝒇𝒕𝟐
𝟑.𝟐𝟖

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Luminous Flux
Luminous flux (F) : The total quantity of light energy emitted per second
from a luminous body.
• It is measured in lumens
• Lumen is the unit of luminous flux. It is defined as amount of luminous flux
given out in a space represented by one unit of solid angle by a source
having an intensity of one candle power in all direction.
Lumens = CP x ω
or total lumens given out by source of one candela is 4π lumens.

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Luminous Intensity
Luminous Intensity (I) : The luminous flux emitted by the source per unit solid
angle(𝜔), measured in the direction in which to intensity is required.
𝐹
I= lumens/steradian or candela (cd)
𝜔
• Candle Power
• The light radiating capacity of a source is called its candle power.
• as the number of lumens given out by the source in a unit solid angle in a given
direction. It is denoted by CP.
CP = Lumens/ ω
The total flux emitted by a source of one candle power = CP x 4π
• Candela or Candle Power is the unit of luminous intensity and is defined as
1/60th of the luminous intensity per 𝑐𝑚2 of a black body radiator at the
temperature of solidification of platinum (2,043 K).

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Solid Angle
• Plane angle is subtended at a point in a plane by two
converging straight lines and its magnitude is given by
𝐴𝑟𝑐
θ= radians
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

The largest angle subtended at a point is 2π radians.

• Solid angle is the angle generated by the surface passing
through the point in space and the periphery of the area.

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Solid Angle
• Solid angle is denoted by ω, expressed in steradians
• the ratio of the area of the surface to the square of the distance between the
area and the point.
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
ω= steradians
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2

• The largest solid angle subtended at a point is that due to a sphere at its
centre. If r is the radius of any sphere, its surface area is 4πr2 and the distance
of its surface area from the centre is r, therefore, solid angle subtended at its
centre by its surface,
𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 4πr2
ω= = = 4π steradians.
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 𝑟2

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Solid Angle
Relationship between plane and solid angle can be obtained as follows.
Consider a curved surface of a spherical segment of height H and radius
r.
Surface area of such a segment = 2πrН

α α
From fig, H=OC-OB = r-r cos = r 1− cos
2 2

α
Surface area of such a segment = 2πrН = 2πr2 1− cos
2

𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 2πr2 1− cos α

2 α
ω= = = 2π 1− cos
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 𝑟2 2

Thus soils angle substended at a point can be defined as the soild angle that substends a surface on the
sphere equivalent to the square of the radius

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT

 Steradian
It is the unit of solid angle and is defined as the solid angle that subtends a
surface on the sphere equivalent to the square of the radius.

EEPE21_UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY MODULE_1_ILLUMINATION P. RAJA/EEE/NITT