idïm%odhsl nqÿiuh ^f:rjdo yd uydhdk b.

ekaùï weiqßka ixj¾Okh jQ

wdldrh&

wd.ï wOHhkh iïnkaOfhka j;auka woyia ie,lSfïoS f,dj we;s ´kEu wd.ula wOHhkh
lrkq ,nk l%u folla ms<sno W.;=kaf.a wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfí' tkï"

1. idïm%odhsl wOHhk l%uh (Traditional Studies)

2. Ydia;%Sh wOHhk l%uh (Academic Studies)

fuhska idïm%odhsl l%ufha mj;sk iq,n ,laIK folla W.;=kaf.a wjOdkhg ,la ù we;'
tkï"

^1& Apologetics - Nla;s ixrlaIKh iy

^2& Polemics - jdoවිjdo hkqfjks'

fuu ,laIK fol ksidu idïm%odhsl wd.ñl wOHhkhka ;=< wka;.%dysS njla olakg we;s nj
W.;=kaf.a woyihs' tneúka fuu ,laIK fol ms<sno fláfhka úu¾Ykh lsÍu jeo.;afõ'
Apologetics – Nla;s ixrlaIKh hkafkka woyia lrkafka ´kEu wd.ul wkq.dñlhska ;u
wd.u idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug W;aidy lsÍuhs' th Tjqkaf.au wd.u idOdrŒlrKh lsÍfï
úoHdj f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu wkq.dñlhska wd.u idOdrŒlrKh lsÍug W;aidy lrhs'
Polemics – jdo újdo hkafkka woyia lrkafka wkq.dñlhska ;u wd.fï Wiia nj
;yjqrelrñka fjk;a wd.ñl u;jdo fkdhsjiñka ;u wd.u i;Hh fiiq tajd wi;Hh hehs
i,ld.ksñka jdo újdo lsÍuhs' ke;fyd;a úfõpkh lrñka jdoújdo ioyd fm<öuhs' fuu
,laIK fol idïm%odhsl wd.ñl wOHhkhka ;=< y÷kd.; yels uQ,sl ,laIK folla jYfhka
fmkajdÈh yelsh' nqÿiuh iïnkaOfhka o fuu j¾.SlrKh meyeÈ,sj y÷kd.; yelsh'
tneúka fuu idïm%odhsl nqÿiuh hkq l=ulao@ tys b;sydih iy ixj¾Okh jgyd.ekSu fuys,d
b;d jeo.;ajk nj fmfka'

idïm%odhsl nqÿiuh - Traditional Buddhism

nqÿiuh ;=< idïm%odhsl nqÿiuh (Traditional Buddhism) hkak wdrïN jkafka nqoaO
mßks¾jdKfhka miq NslaIQka jykafia,d ksldh jYfhka fn§hdfuka miqj úúO ksldhka ìys
ùu;a iu. hehs ms<s.efka' fuys uq,au wjia:dj f,i m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdj y÷kd.efka' th
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka ;=ka uilg miq mj;ajk ,§' tys m%;sM, jYfhka ish¨ nqoaO foaYs;
O¾uh iy mkjk ,o úkh msglj,g we;=<;a lsÍu;a" tajd lgmdvñka mj;ajdf.khdu i|yd
NdKl mrïmrdj,g mejeÍu;a isÿúh' bka wk;=rej m<uq ix.dhkdj mj;ajd jir ishhla
miqjk ;ek fojk O¾u ix.dhkdj mj;ajk ,o w;r tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka wLKavj meje;
wd ix> ixia:dj f:rjdo iy uydix>sl hkqfjka fldgia follg úNckh ù ;sfí' th fuu
idïm%odhsl nqÿiufha iqúfYaIS;u iJêia:dkh f,i ie,fla' f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdj mj;ajk
iuh jkúg fuu fn§u ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh jQ w;r f:rjdo iïm%odh hgf;a ;j;a fiiq
ksldhka fod<yla ^12&la o uydix>slhka hgf;a ;j;a wkqksldhka yhla ^06&la o jYfhka
fn§f.dia ;snQ nj md,s uQ,dY%h jd¾;dlr ;sfí' bka wk;=rej l%udKql+,j j¾;udkfha olakg
,efnk uQ,sl fn!oaO iïm%odhka ;=k olajd úldikh ù ;sfí' tkï"

1' ySkhdk nqÿiuh

2' uydhdk nqÿiuh

3' jc%hdk nqÿiuh hkqhs'

idïm%odhsl nqÿiuh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka fuu iïm%odhkays wka;¾.; nqÿiuh wOHhkh
iïnkaOfhka Ndú; lrk ,o l%ufõo iy l%uYs,amhkah' ta ms<sn| fuys,d úu¾Ykh lsÍu
jeo.;a fõ'

ySkhdk nqqÿiuh

wo úYd, wdishd uydoaùmfha úúO N+f.da,Sh m%foaY ;=kl uyd fn!oaO iïm%odhka ;=kla wmg
fidhd.; yelsh' ol=Kq wdishdfõ m<uq tl ol=Kq nqoaOd.u f,io ye¢kafõ' f:rjd§ nqoaOd.fï
;%smsgl idys;Hh md,s NdIdfjka mj;sk neúka th md,s nqoaOd.u f,io ye¢kafõ' f:rjdo’ hk
fhÿu ngysr f,aLlhka úiska zf:rjrekaf.a O¾uhZ (Doctrine of the elders) f,i mßj¾;kh
lr we;' flfia fj;;a" uydpd¾h jhs lreKdodi uy;d fuu woyig tlÕ fkdjk w;r Tyq
mjikafka th f;rjrekaf.a b.ekaùula fkdj f:rjd§ka úiska wjfndaO lr" w¾:l:kh lr
iïfma%IKh lrk ,o nqoaO O¾uh njhs'

flfia fj;;a" ySkhdk hk moh uq,skau f:rjd§ka y÷kd .ekSug uydhdkjd§ka úiska
Tjqkaf.a m%d:ñl uQ,dY%j, Ndú;d lrhs( ioaO¾umqKavÍliQ;%fha wka;¾.; zySkhdkZ hkafkka
woyia jkafka zl=vd hdkhZ (lesser vehicle) hkakhs' Tjqkag wkqj ksjk w;aú|sh yelafla
nqoaO;ajh ,eîfuka muKs' Tjqka mÉfÉl nqoaO;ajh fyda w¾y;a Ndjh ksjka oelSu f,i úYajdi
fkdlrhs' tneúka f:rjdÈkaf.ka fjka jQ wfkl=;a ish¨u ksldhka tlgf.k ySkhdk zl=vd
r:hZ f,i ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldj" nqreuh ^ñhkaudrh&" ;dhs,ka;h" ,d´ih iy ldïfndach jeks
rgj,a ySkhdk fn!oaOhkaf.a rgj,a f,i ie,fla' fojk ix.dhkdfõ mgka f;jk
ix.dhkdj olajd jQ w;r ld,iSudj ;=< ia:úrjdoSkaf.ka ì|S .sh ish¨u ksldhka iy tajd
hgf;a ì|s.sh wkqksldhka o ySkhdkhg wh;a fõ' ksoiqka f,i" i¾jdia;sjdo" mqoa.,jdo"
fi!;%dka;sl jeks iïm%odhka fuu ySkhdk fn!oaO iïm%odhg wh;afõ'

ySkhdk fn!oaO iïm%odfha uq,au ksldh jkafka f:rjdo fyj;a ia:úrjdohhs' tu ksldh
nqÿrÿka O¾u foaYkd lsÍfï§ Ndú; l< úNÊc jHdlrKh fhdod.ksñka f;jk O¾u
ix.dhkdj meje;aùu fya;=fjka úNÊcjdoh f,io ye|skafõ' f;jk O¾u ix.S;sfha§ rÑ;
l:djF:QmlrKh kï lD;sh;a iu. fuu ksldfhys ;%smsglh iïmQ¾K ù ;sfí' ud.ë NdIdj
muKla Tjqkaf.a NdId udOHh f,i Ndú;lrk ,o w;r tu ;%smsgl .%J: uqLmrïmrd.;j
mj;ajdf.k tau úfYaI ,laIKhls' th NdKl iïm%odh u.s ka mj;ajdf.k tk ,o w;r
f;jk ix.S;s wjia:dfõ§ tu ;%smsglh iy wgqjd o we;=<;a ia:úrjd§ iïm%odh ,laÈjg /f.k
tk ,oafoa ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia úiskehs ms<s.ekfka' miqj th ,xldjdisSkaf.a iqLdjfndaOh
i|yd isxy,g ke.+ nj;a tajd iSy,ÜGl:d kñka m%lg ù ;sfí' bkamiqj f:rjdo iïm%odfha
flaJøia:dkh njg m;ajkafka wkqrdOmqrfha uydúydrhhs' l%s' mQ' m<uqjk ishjfia§ muK
jÜg.dñKS wNh fyj;a j<.ïnd rcoji we;s jQ neñKs;shd id.;h fya;=fjka
uqLmrïmrd.;j mj;ajdf.k meñKs fuu O¾uh mqiafld< fmd;aj, ,shd;nk ,§' miqj fuu
iS,ÜGl:d keje; md,s NdIdjg ke.Sula l%s' j' miajk ishjfia § isÿ jQfha nqoaOf>daI ysñhkaf.a
jevuùu;a iu. nj ms<s.efka' flfia kuq;a fuu iSy,ÜGl:d md,s NdIdjg ke.Sfuka miqj
.sKsn;a l< nj nqreufha rÑ; nqoaOf>dai-Wmam;a;sl:d kï lD;sfha i|ykafõ'

fuys§ úfYaIfhka u f:rjdo iïm%odfha l%shdl,dmh b;d jeo.;a fõ' Tjqkaf.a ú.%yh wkqj
;%súO Ydikfhka mßh;a;s idikh hkq nqÿrÿkaf.a O¾uh we;=<;a ;%smsglh yeoEÍuhs' mám;a;s
iy máfõO hkq ms<sfj;a mqrñka ksjka wjfndaOlsÍuhs' ta wkqj mßh;a;s Ydikfha uQ,sl
keUqre;djh m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdj;a iu. isÿjk wdldrh y÷kd.; yels w;r NdKl mrïmrd
yryd tu nqoaO NdIs;h mj;ajdf.k meñKSu;a ;=kajk ix.dhkdfõ§ ;%smsglh iïmQ¾Kùu;a
isÿúh' fuu ;%súO idikh u f:rjdo wgqjdjkays .J:Oqr iy úmiaikdOqr hkqfjka o ±lafõ'
.J:Oqr hkq ;%smsglh yeoEÍu jk w;r úmiaikdOqr hkq mám;a;s iy máfõO idikhhs'
fuhska meyeÈ,sju f:rjdo iïm%odfha Ydia;%Sh keUqre;djh y÷kd.; yelsh'

ySkhdk iïm%odhg wh;a ;j;a ksldhla jYfhka ie,flkafka i¾jdia;sjdo fn!oaO ksldhhs'
fuu ksldh f:rjdo ksldfhka fn§ fjkaù .sh ksldhla jYfhka m%isoaOjk w;r Tjqka
ixialD; NdIdj ish udOHh f,i Ndú;fldg ;sfí' bkaÈhdfõ ÈhqKqjg m;a jQ fuu iïm%odh
ldYaór iy .dkaOdr hkqfjka ksldhka folla N+f.da,Sh jYfhka ÈhqKqjg m;aù ;sfí'
bkaÈhdfõ ld,dfYdal rcqf.a rdcH wkq.%yh we;sj meje;a jQ isõjk O¾u ix.S;sh
i¾jdia;sjd§ka úiska fufyhjd ;sfí' tys§ Tjqkaf.a ;%smsgl .%J: i|yd úNdId .%J: rpkdfldg
;sfí' tkï" iQ;% úNdId" úkh úNdId iy wNsO¾u úNdId hkqfjks' f:rjdo iïm%odh fuka u
fuu iïm%odh ;=< o wkkH;djh iys; ;%smsglhla o mßjdr úNdId" NdIH" jHdLHd jeks .%J:
idys;Hhla o wka;¾.; fõ' i¾jdia;sjdo iïm%odfha úYsIag lD;shla f,i m%lg wNsO¾ufldaIh
jiqnkaOqmdohkaf.a lD;shla f,i ie,fla' Wkajykafia úiska th rpkd fldg we;af;a
uydhdkh je<|.ekSug u;af;ka ySkhdk iïm%odfha isák wjêfha§ nj ie,fla' fuu lD;sh
i|yd wNsO¾ufldaYNdIH kï lD;sh o Wkajykafia úiska u rpkdfldg we;' ;j o tu lD;sh
i|yd àldjla fyj;a iaMqgd¾:dNsO¾ufldaYjHdLHdj rpkd lrk ,oafoa hfYdañ;% kï
wdpd¾hjrhd úisks' fuu lD;s wo mjd úYajúoHd,j, wOHhkhkag md;%fõ'

ySkhdkslhka w;r b;d m%lg ;j;a ksldhla jYfhka iïñ;Sh kï wdpd¾hjrhd wdrïNlrk
,o iïñ;Sh ksldh fmkajdÈh yelsh' tys uQ,sl b.ekaùu f,i mqoa.,jdoh fmkajdÈh yelsh'
fuu mqoa.,jdoh f.dvke.Sfï§ uQ,sl iQ;% foaYkdjkays i|yka ldrKd mokï ù we;s wdldrh
fmkajdÈh yelsh' ksoiqkla f,i ix'ks' Ndrydr iQ;%h fuka u wÉPßhwíN+; jeks iQ;%d.;
mqoa.,hd ms<sn| ixl,am fï i|yd Ndú;fldg we;' mqoa.,fhl= jYfhka fndaêi;a;ajrhd iy
nqoaO;a;ajhg m;a ;eke;a;d w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaOhla meje;sh hq;= nj;a th
fkdms<s.;fyd;a nqoaO;ajhg m;ajkafka;a fmreïmqrkafka;a fofofkl= nj ms<s.ekSug isÿjk
nj;a ksjka olakd ;=re Njfhka Njhg .uka.kakd mqoa.,fhl= isák nj Tjqka wjOdrKh
lrhs' ta i|yd Tjqka úiska rÑ; lD;shla f,i iïñ;Shksldh Ydia;% kï lD;sh ie,fla'

;j;a m%lg ySkhdk fn!oaO ksldhla jYfhka fi!;%dka;sl ksldh ie,fla' fuu ksldh
wNsO¾u ±kqu m%;sfCIamlrk ,o w;r nqÿrÿka úiska foaYs; iQ;%foaYkd muKla m%dudKsl
jYfhka i,ld we;s neúka iQ;% m%dudKslhka fyj;a fi!;%dka;sl f,i m%lg ù ;sfí' fuu
iïm%odfha b.ekaùï we;=<;aj Ydia;% lD;s 900 la muK rpkd lrñka l=udr; kï wdpd¾hjrhd
úiska fuu iïm%odh wdrïNfldg we;' tu lD;s w;r .%J:Ydia;% iy wjodk lD;s jeo.;afõ'
fuf,i ySkhdk ksldhka w;r b;d jeo.;a jk ksldhka lsysmhla muKla wjOdkhg
fhduqlsÍu ;=<ska ySkhdk idïm%odhsl nqÿiufha iajrEmh y÷kd.; yelsh'

uydhdk nqÿiuh

b;sydih ;=< uydhdk nqoaOd.u ol=Kq wdishdj" uOHu wdishdj" kef.kysr wdishdj iy
w.aksÈ. wdishdj mqrd jHdma; úh' Ökh" fudxf.da,shdj" fydxfldx" fldßhdj" cmdkh"
isx.mamQrej" úhÜkduh" fkamd,h" uef,aishdj" ;dhsjdkh iy N+;dkh hk rgj, th wog;a
n,.;= f,i mj;S' uydhdk nqÿoyfï kshu moku Ök ;%smsglhhs' cmka fn!oaO ;%smsglh o
Ök ;%smsglfha mßj¾;khls' tneúka fldßhdkq fn!oaO ;%smsglh o tfiauh' uydhdk fn!oaO
iïm%odh fojk O¾u ix.dhkdfõoS ì|S.sh NsCIQkaf.a tluq;=fjka f.dvk.k ,o uydix>sl
ksldfha wdNdIfhka miqld,Skj ks¾udKh jQ nj ms<s.efka' nqÿrÿkaf.a f,daflda;a;r iajNdjh"
fndaêi;a;aj ixl,amh" wu,ú{dkh jeks ixl,amhka miqld,Skj uydhdk nqÿiuhg uQ,îc
imhd we;' fuu kj m%jK;djh nqÿiuh ;=< we;sùug n, mE fya;= idol uydhdk ffjMq,H
iQ;% fyj;a uydhdk iQ;%j,ska fy<sjk nj W.;=ka fmkajd§ ;sfí' ySkhdkslhskaf.a ry;a Ndjh
flfrys l,lsÍfuka isá nqoaOld,fha mgka meje; tk NslaIQ lKavdhula úiska b;d ishqï
f,i uydhdk iQ;% rpkdlrk ,o nj ms<s.ekfka' tf,i rÑ; uydhdk iQ;%j, NdId udOHh
jkafka ixialD;hs' fuu uydhdk iQ;% .Kkska kjhls' tneúka tajdg kjO¾u hehs o lshkq
,efí' fuu kjO¾u fyj;a uydhdk iQ;%j, wka;¾.; jkafka nqoaO" fndaêiFj" mdrñ;d"
Y+kH;djh" wIagú{dk" ffkrd;au ixl,amh jeks ySkhdkg b÷rd m%;m
s CIj f.dvke.=Kq
u;jdohkah' fuu b.ekaùï u; mokï j uydhdkh ìysjkafka l%s' mQ' m<uq ishji;a l%s' j'
m<uq ishji;a w;r ld,fha§ nj ms<s.efka' ta uydhdk iïm%odfha ksldh foflka m<uq ksldh
jk udOHñl ksldfha wdrïNh;a iu.sks' ta wkqj uydhdk fn!oaO iïm%odfha fojk ksldh
jk fhda.dpdr ú{dkjd§ .=rel=,h wdrïNjkafka l%s'j' fojk fyda ;=kajk ishjia muK§ h'
tys wdrïNlhd f,i ie,flkafka ffu;%Skd: kï wdpd¾hjrhd jqj;a" th b;d úYsIag f,i
ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd iqúfYaI odhl;ajhla imhkafka wix. iy jiqnkaOq hk
fofidfydhqrka úisks' Tjqka úiska th ú{dkjdohla olajd ixj¾Okh lrk ,§' wk;=rej
Èkakd. iy O¾ulS¾;s hk wdpd¾hjreka úiska fuu ksldh ;=< {dkúNd.d;aul miqìu
f.dvk.kñka fn!oaO ;¾lkHdh y÷kajd§ ;sfí' ta i|yd úYsIag .%J: rdYshla rpkdlrk ,§'

fuu iïm%odfha m<uq ksldh jk udOHñl iïm%odh ;=< ±lafjk Y+kH;d ixl,amh
y÷kajdfoñka f:rjdo iy i¾jdia;sjdo we;=`M ish¨ ySkhdksl ksldhkays wd;aujd§ ia:djrh
ì|ouñka kd.d¾cqkmdohka úiska rÑ; uQ,udOHñlldßldj merKs Ydia;%Sh nqÿiufha
úYsIagFjh lshdmdkq ,efí' fhda.dpdr ú{dkjdo iïm%odfha o fujeks úYsIag lD;s úYd,
m%udKhla rpkd jQ w;r tajd ú{dkh ms<sn| f,dal b;sydih mqrd isÿlrk ,o .eUqre;u
Ydia;%Sh m¾fhaIK jYfhka tu ú.%yhka we.hSug ,lal< yelsh' ksoiqka f,i wix. ysñhka
úiska rÑ; wNsO¾uiuqÉph" jiqnkaOq ysñhkaf.a mxpialJOm%lrKh" l¾uisoaêm%lrKh"
ú{ma;sud;%;disoaê úxY;sld iy ;%sxY;sld ldßld jeks .%J: ksoiqka fõ' bkamiqj fn!oaO
;¾lkHdh f.dvke.+ Èkakd. ysñhka úiska rÑ; úYd, .%J: idys;H w;r kHdhm%fõY"
wd,ïnk mÍCId" kHdhuqL" m%udKiuqÉph" ;%sld,mÍCId jeks lD;Skao Wkajykafiaf.ka miqj
fn!oaO ;¾lkHdh Wmßu ;,hg ixj¾Okh lrkq ,nk O¾ulS¾;s ysñhka úiska rÑ;
kHdhìJÿ" m%udKjd¾;sl hk lD;s b;d úYsIag lD;s f,i ie,fla' Wkajykafia úiska rÑ;
àld .%J: folla y÷kdf.k we;' uQ, .%J: y;la rpkdfldg we;' tajd kï" m%udKjd¾;sl"
m%udKúksYaph" kHdhìJÿ" fya;=ìJÿ" iïnJOmÍCId" jdokHdh" ika;dkka;risoaê hkqfjks' óg
wu;rj merKs Ydia;%Sh nqÿiufha úYsIagFjh lshdmdkq ,nk m%n, idOl f,i Ndr;Sh fn!oaO
úYajúoHd, ms<sn| úu¾Ykh l< yelsh' tajd w;r kd,kaod" c.oao,d" úl%uYS,d" j,Ns"
´oka;mQÍ jeks úYajúoHd, b;d m%lgj meje;sS we;' kQ;k f,dalfha mj;sk m%lg úYajúoHd,
uÜgug m%isoaêhla fuka u mq`M,a wOHhk mrdihla olajd úys§ meje;s fuu úYajúoHd,j,
b.ekaùï isÿlrk ,o wdpd¾hjreka w;r by; i|yka l< kd.d¾cqkmdohka" wix.mdohka"
jiqnkaOqmdohka" Èkakd.mdohka" O¾ulS¾;smdohka jeks úYsIag h;sjrekaf.ka msÍ ;snqKq njg
idCIH iq,nh' j,Ns úYajúoHd,h ;kslru jc%hdkh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK isÿl< úYajúoHd,hla
f,i m%lg ù ;sfn' fuf,i idïm%odhsl fn!oaO wOHhkfha b;sydih iy úldih y÷kd.;
yelsh'