d. Economic Impact. Curtailed business operations, economic activities. €. Global Environment Change. More hazards, long. range consequences. f. Social and Political impact. inequities are usually exposed. LESSON 2: HAZARDS THAT CAN LEAD TO. DISASTERS 1. HAZARD > any phenomenon that has the potential to cause disruption or damage to people and their environment. > Ahazard is natural event while the disaster is its consequence. A hazard is perceived natural event which threatens both life and property. A disaster is a realization of this hazard, (John Whittow) CAPACITIES (CAPABILITY) - combination of al strengths and resources available within a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk or effects ofa disaster. THIS MAY INCLUDE: a. Infrastructure and physical means b. Institutions © Societal Coping Abilities d. Human Knowledge, Skills @. Societal Relationship, Leadership, Management Il, CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER A. NATURAL DISASTER - disasters which are caused because of natural phenomena. 1. GEOPHYSICAL DISASTER- Events originating from solid earth. 2. METEOROLOGICAL DISASTER - Events caused by short-lived/small to meso scale atmospheric processes (in the spectrum from minutes to days). 3. HYDROLOGICAL DISASTER - Events caused by deviations in the normal water cycle and/or overflow of bodies of water caused by wind set-up. 4, CLIMATOLOGICAL DISASTER - Events caused by ong-lived/meso to macro scale processes (in the spectrum from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal climate variability). 5. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER - Disaster caused by the ‘exposure of living organisms to germs and toxic substances. B. MANMADE DISASTER - disaster which are due to human negligence. 1. TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER - A catastrophic event that is caused by either human error in controlling. technology or a malfunction of a technology system. 2. INDUSTRIAL DISASTER - Severe mishaps that result in injuries to people and damage to property or the environment. 3. WARFARE - A conflict between to large groups of population, which involves physical force, violence and the use of weapons. A conflict can result from economic measures such as boycotts and sanctions. LESSON 3: EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY > Exposure and vulnerability are part and parcel of the disaster equation. EXPOSURE- the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of different magnitude. Itis the quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed, either physically or emotionally. VULNERABILITY - a condition or sets of conditions that reduces people’s ability to prepare for, withstand or respond toa hazard. Itis the inability to resist a hazard or to respond when a disaster has occurred. CAPACITY - a combination of all strength and resources available within the community, society, organization that can reduce level of risk or effects of disaster. I, COMPONENTS OF EXPOSURE. 1. PEOPLE, PROPERTY, SYSTEMS, AND OTHER ELEMENTS- Exposure involves specific elements which we must be able to identify and give a name to. Elements may be tangible or intangible. 2. PRESENT IN HAZARD ZONES- Elements should be located within an area and duration of time during which a specific hazard event or set of hazard events can occur. 3. THAT ARE THEREBY SUBJECT TO POTENTIAL LOSS - Elements should have value or importance assigned to them for it to be subject to potential loss. VARIOUS ELEMENTS THAT MAY BE EXPOSED TO HAZARDS > Lack of awareness about the range of consequences of a hazard event is the big awareness why many take natural hazards for granted. > Elements at risk are the people, properties, economic activities and private and public services threatened by a harmful event, I, EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY Social, Environmental, and Economic Dimensions of Exposure and Vulnerability