Visible Light Communication

A Technical Seminar-II Report on
VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Academic requirements for the award of the
degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
P. SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
(NAAC Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade & NBA Accredited) (Approved by
AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
KANDLAKOYA, MEDDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD-501401
2021-22
(i)
CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
(NAAC Accredited with ‘A+’ Grade & NBA Accredited) (Approved by
AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
KANDLAKOYA, MEDDCHAL ROAD, HYDERABAD-501401
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar report entitled “VISIBLE LIGHT
COMMUNICATION” is a bonafide work done by P.SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics
& Communication Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, CMR College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad during the Academic Year
2021-22.
Mr. S.ANIL Prof. E.N.V. PURNA CHANDRA RAO

Assistant Professor, Department of ECE HOD, Department of ECE
(ii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are obliged and grateful to thank, Prof. E.N.V. PURNA CHANDRA RAO, HOD, Department
of ECE, CMRCET, for his cooperation in all respects during the course.
We are obliged and grateful to thank Dr. B. LOKESWARA RAO, Dean Academics CMRCET
for his encouragement throughout our course.
We would like to thank Major Dr. V.A. NARAYANA, Principal, CMRCET, for his support in
the technical seminar.
We would like to thank Sri Ch. GOPAL REDDY Garu, Secretary & Correspondent of
CMRCET, for his cooperation in all respects during the course.
It gives immense pleasure in expressing our deep sense of gratitude to Technical Seminar
Supervisor Mr. S. ANIL, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, CMRCET, for his valuable
suggestions for Technical Seminar.
Finally, we would like to thank all teaching & non- teaching staff members of the department,
for their cooperation and support throughout the duration of our course.
Ultimately, we own all our success to our beloved parents, whose vision, love and inspiration has
made us to reach out for these glories.
Signature
P. SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0)
(iii)
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this report of the Technical Seminar report on “VISIBLE LIGHT
COMMUNICATION” are from work carried out by using partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of B.Tech degree. We have not submitted report to any other
university for the award of the other degree.
SIGNATURE
P.SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0)
DATE:
(iv)
Visible Light Communication
ABSTRACT
The Radio Frequency (RF) communication suffers from interference and high latency
issues. Along with this, RF communication requires a separate setup for transmission and
reception of RF waves. Overcoming the above limitations, Visible Light Communication
(VLC) is a preferred communication technique because of its high bandwidth and immunity to
interference from electromagnetic sources. The revolution in the field of solid state lighting
leads to the replacement of florescent lamps by Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which further
motivates the usage of VLC.
Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 5

CHAPTER CHAPTER NAME Page No.
ABSTRACT 5
1 INTRODUCTION 9
2 HISTORY 11
3 ARCHITECTURE OF VLC 14
4 VLC STANDARDIATION 22
5 MODULATION TECHNIQUES 26
6 APPLICATIONS OF VLC 31
CONCLUSION 35
REFERENCES 37
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF TABLES 7

LIST OF FIGURES
S.No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1 Visible Light in Electromagnetic Spectrum 9
1.2 Global mobile data traffic 10
2 PhotoPhone 12
3 Reference model of VLC System 15
3.1 Topologies executed by MAC 16
3.2 Block Diagram of Physical Layer 17
3.3.1 Transmitter Unit 17
3.3.2 White Light source based on LED 18
3.4.1 Receiver Unit 19
3.4.2 Typical VLC Receiver 20
4 Subcarrier Frequency allocation used by JEITA 24
5.3 Chromaticity Diagram 29
LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table Name Page No.

3.3 Comparison of Phosphor based LEDs and RGB LEDs 19
4 Classification of IEEE 802.15.7 devices 23
5.2.1 Pulse position based schemes 27
5.2.2 Comparison of modulation techniques 27
5.3 Centre, Code and Chromaticity Coordinates 28

Chapter- 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Visible light communication (VLC) is a data communications variant which uses visible
light between 400 and 800 THz (780–375 nm). VLC is a subset of optical wireless
communications technologies.
The technology uses fluorescent lamps (ordinary lamps, not special communications
devices) to transmit signals at 10 Kbit/s, or LEDs for up to 500 Mbit/s over short distances.
Specially designed electronic devices generally containing a photodiode receive signals from
light sources, although in some cases a cell phone camera or a digital camera will be sufficient. The
image sensor used in these devices is in fact an array of photodiodes (pixels) and in some
applications its use may be preferred over a single photodiode. Such a sensor may provide either
multi-channel (down to 1 pixel = 1 channel) or a spatial awareness of multiple light sources.
Fig. 1.1: Visible light is only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

The limited radio frequency spectrum puts constraints on the increasing demand for
ubiquitous connectivity and high capacity. According to CISCO, there will be an 11-fold increase
in mobile data traffic in 2018 compared to 2013.
Fig. 1.2: Global mobile data traffic
The increase in the number of devices accessing the mobile networks is the primary reason
for the drastic increase in mobile data traffic. Along with this, the development of online social
services (such as Facebook and Twitter) has further increased the mobile data traffic.
Visible light is the form in which electromagnetic radiation with wave lengths in a particular
range is interpreted by the human brain. Visible light is thus, by definition, comprised of visually
perceivable electromagnetic waves. The visible spectrum covers wave lengths from 380 nm to 750
nm.
At the lower end of the spectrum there are violet-bluish tones and light at the other end of the
spectrum is interpreted to be distinctly red. Note that some animals exist whose vision merges into
the ultraviolet (< 380 nm) or the infrared (> 750 nm).

Chapter-2
HISTORY

The history of visible light communications (VLC) dates back to the 1880s in
Washington, D.C., when the Scottish-born scientist Alexander Graham Bell invented
the photophone, which transmitted speech on modulated sunlight over several hundred meters.
This pre-dates the transmission of speech by radio.
Fig. 2: PhotoPhone
More recent work began in 2003 at Nakagawa Laboratory, in Keio University, Japan,
using LEDs to transmit data by visible light. Since then there have been numerous research
activities focussed on VLC.
In 2006, researchers from CICTR at Penn State proposed a combination of power line
communication (PLC) and white light LED to provide broadband access for indoor
applications. This research suggested that VLC could be deployed as a perfect last-mile solution
in the future.
In January 2010 a team of researchers from Siemens and Fraunhofer Institute for
Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute, in Berlin, demonstrated transmission at
500 Mbit/s with a white LED over a distance of 5 metres (16 ft), and 100 Mbit/s over longer
distance using five LEDs. The VLC standardization process is conducted within the IEEE
802.15.7 working group.
In December 2010 St. Cloud, Minnesota, signed a contract with LVX Minnesota and
became the first to commercially deploy this technology.

In July 2011 a presentation at TED Global, gave a live demonstration of high-definition

video being transmitted from a standard LED lamp, and proposed the term Li-Fi to refer to a
subset of VLC technology.
Recently, VLC-based indoor positioning systems have become an attractive topic. ABI
research forecasts that it could be a key solution to unlocking the $5 billion "indoor location
market". Publications have been coming from Nakagawa Laboratory, Byte Light filed a
patent on a light positioning system using LED digital pulse recognition in March 2012. COWA
at Penn State and other researchers around the world.
Another recent application is in the world of toys, thanks to cost-efficient and low-
complexity implementation, which only requires one microcontroller and one LED as optical
front-end. VLCs can be used for providing security. They are especially useful in body sensor
networks and personal area networks. Recently Organic LEDs (OLED) have been used as
optical transceivers to build up VLC communication links up to 10 Mbit/s.
In October 2014, Axrtek launched a commercial bidirectional RGB LED VLC system
called MOMO that transmits down and up at speeds of 300 Mbit/s and with a range of 25 feet.
In May 2015, Philips collaborated with supermarket company Carrefour to deliver VLC
location-based services to shoppers' smartphones in a hypermarket in Lille, France. In June
2015, two Chinese companies, Kuang-Chi and Ping An Bank, partnered to introduce a payment
card that communicates information through a unique visible light.
In March 2017, Philips set up the first VLC location-based services to shoppers'
smartphones in Germany. The installation was presented at EuroShop in Düsseldorf (March 5
– 9th). As first supermarket in Germany an Edeka supermarket in Düsseldorf-Bilk is using the
system, which offers a 30 centimetre positioning accuracy can be achieved, which meets the
special demands in food retail.
There is wireless network that for data transmission uses visible light, and does not use
intensity modulation of optical sources. The idea is to use vibration generator instead of optical
sources for data transmission.

Chapter-3
ARCHITECTURE OF VLC

The two integral parts of the VLC system: the transmitter and receiver generally consist
of three common layers. They are the physical layer, MAC layer and application layer. The
reference model of the VLC communication system is shown in fig.
Fig. 3: Reference model of the VLC communication system
3.1 MAC Layer:
The tasks performed by Medium Access Control (MAC) layer include:

 Mobility support
 Dimming support
 Visibility support
 Security support
 Schemes for mitigation of flickering
 Colour function support
 Network beacons generation if the device is a coordinator
 VPAN disassociation and association support
 Providing a reliable link between peer MAC entities
The topologies supported by the MAC layer are peer-to-peer, broadcast and star as
illustrated. The communication in the star topology is performed using a single centralized
controller. All the nodes communicate with each other through the centralized controller. The
role of the coordinator in the peer-to-peer topology is performed by one of the two nodes
involved in communication with each other as illustrated.

Fig. 3.1: Topologies executed by MAC
3.2 PHYSICAL LAYER:
The Physical layer provides the physical specification of the device and also, the
relationship between the device and the medium. The block diagram of the general physical
layer implementation of the VLC system. First of all, the input bit stream is passed through
the channel encoder (optional). Linear block codes, Convolutional codes and the state of the
art turbo codes can be used to enhance the performance of the VLC system. Then, the channel
encoded bit stream is passed through the line encoder to yield the encoded bit stream. After
line encoding, modulation (such as ON–OFF keying, PPM and PWM, etc.) is performed and
finally, the data is fed to the LED for transmission through the optical channel.
In Demonstration of 575-Mb/s downlink and 225-Mb/s uplink bi-directional SCM-

WDM visible light communication using RGB LED and phosphor-based LED full-duplex bi-
directional VLC system utilizing RGB LEDs and a commercially available phosphor-based
LED in downlink and uplink, are proposed respectively. Wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) and subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) are used to achieve the bi-
directional transmission.

Furthermore, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Quadrature

Amplitude Modulation (QAM) were employed to increase the data rate. The speed of the VLC
system in was increased to 3.75vGb/s as compared to that in which was 575-Mb/s downlink
and 225-Mb/s uplink. At the receiver side, the receiver (such as a silicon photo diode and PIN
photodiode) received the optical signal. After demodulation and line decoding, the bit stream
passed through the channel decoder to yield the output bits.
Fig. 3.2: Block diagram of physical layer
3.3 TRANSMITTER:
The development of LEDs has made the solid state lighting an emerging field. LEDs
have surpassed the incandescent light sources in terms of reliability, power requirements
and luminous efficiency. The efficiency of LEDs is 20 lb/W greater than the incandescent
lamps efficiency. LEDs and Lasers are used as transition sources for VLC.
Fig. 3.3.1: Transmitter Unit

The LED should be used when both communication and illumination have to be
performed using a single device. The white light based on LEDs and wavelength converters is
one of the attractive candidates for being used as the VLC source. There are different possible
spectra in which white light is produced by the LEDs.
The Tetra-chromatic, dichromatic and tri-chromatic modes used for generation of white
light are shown in fig. The most used methods for generation of white light using LEDs are
trichromatic (such as red, green, and blue). The advantage of using an RGB LED for white light
generation is the high bandwidth and thus, high data rates. The downside of the RGB LED is
their high associated complexity and difficulties in modulation.
Fig. 3.3.2: White Light source based on LED
Comparison of the phosphor based LEDs and RGB LEDs are shown in. The appropriate
LED is selected based on the channel model.

Table 3.3: Comparison of phosphor based LEDs and RGB LEDs.
3.4 RECEIVER:
The typical VLC receiver consists of an amplification circuit, optical filter and optical
concentrators. The beam divergence that occurs in LEDs due to illuminating large areas
results in attenuation so the optical concentrator is the device that is used to compensate this
type of attenuation. In the VLC receiver, the light is detected using a photodiode and then
converted to photo current. The parameter specification of the VLC will be different from that
of the infrared communication because of the different wavelengths. The silicon photodiode,
PIN diode and avalanche photodiode are used for VLC. The avalanche photodiode has a
higher gain than a PIN photodiode but at the expense of the excessive cost. The VLC is
vulnerable to interference from other sources such as sunlight and other illumination;
therefore, optical filters should be designed to mitigate the DC noise components present in
the received signal.
Fig. 3.4.1: Receiver Unit

In a VLC receiver, the photodiode is used for reception of the VLC signals. It is better
to use a photodiode in the case of a stationary receiver; however, the imaging sensor is
employed instead of a photodiode because of the larger FOV in the case of mobility. Operating
imaging sensors is energy expensive and slow. Therefore, a trade-off should be made between
the cost, speed and complexity while considering photodiode and imaging sensors.
Fig. 3.4.2: Typical VLC receiver

Chapter-4
VLC STANDARDIZATION

VLC is one of the promising candidates for communication because of the rapid
development of the solid state lighting. However, certain challenges that exist and must be
addressed are listed as follows:
 Integration of the VLC with the already existing communication standards such as
Wi-Fi etc.
 The issue of interference with ambient light sources.
 The mobility issues such as handover should be properly considered in VLC.
 To improve the communication system performance by specifying Forward Error
Correction schemes.
 Interference between the different devices using VLC is expected in the future
because of an increase in the number of VLC devices.
To tackle the above problems, a standardization of VLC is imperative. The

standardization of VLC has been performed by the Visible Light Communication Consortium
(VLCC) in Japan and IEEE. The Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries
Association (JEITA) CP-1221, JEITA Cp-1222 and JEITA Cp-1223 are published by the
VLCC. The 802.15.7 is the standard completed by the IEEE for physical and MAC layers.
This standard is aimed at:
(1) Providing access to several hundred THz bands.

(2) Providing immunity against the electromagnetic interference.
(3) Communication that complements extra services to the existing visible light
infrastructure.
(4) Specifying the FEC schemes, modulation techniques and data rates for VLC
communication.
(5) The channel access mechanisms such as Contention Access Period (CAP), Contention
Free Period (CFP) and visibility support when channel access are also described.
(6) The PHY layer specifications, such as optical mapping, TX-RX turnaround time, RX-
TX turnaround time and flicker and dimming mitigation, are also explained.

The IEEE 802.15.7 provides a minimum benchmark for the development of new products.
The three different classes of devices considered for VLC are vehicle, mobile and
infrastructure as indicated in Table 4. The JEITA CP-1221 standard is aimed at presenting
necessary requirements and the indication level that is required to avoid the interference
between different VLC devices.
The wavelength range for VLC assumed by JEITA CP-1221 is 380–750 nm. JEITA uses the
frequency range 1 for implementing visible light ID system as shown in Fig. 4. The inverter
fluorescent lamp radiates in the frequency range 2, therefore this range is not suited for VLC
communication. The frequency range 3 is used for high speed communication. In JEITA CP-
1222, the subcarrier frequency 28.8 KHz with a transmission rate of 4.8 Kbps is used. For
error correction, cyclic redundancy check was employed.
Table 4: Classification of IEEE 802.15.7 devices

Fig. 4. Subcarrier Frequency Allocation used by JEITA

Chapter-5
MODULATION
TECHNIQUES

5.1 On–Off Keying (OOK)
In OOK, the LEDs are turned off and on according to the bits in the stream. For example,
a 1 is represented by the on state and 0 is represented by the off state. In OOK, the LED is not
turned completely off in the off state, but the reduction in the level of intensity is performed.
The main advantage of using OOK is its easy implementation. In earlier work, the VLC
employing on-off keying was done using white LEDs (a combination of blue emitter and yellow
phosphor); however, this suffered from the limitation of low bandwidth because of the slow
time response of the yellow phosphor. A data rate of 10Mbps was demonstrated in [2] using
NRZ (Non Return-to-Zero) OOK with a white LED. The combination of analogue equalization
with blue filtering was done to increase the data rates up to 125 Mbps and 100 Mbps
respectively.
5.2 Pulse modulation techniques
The limitation of OOK is the low data rates, which motivated researchers to develop
new modulation techniques with higher data rates. The width of the pulses (Pulse Width
Modulation, PWM) varies according to dimming levels. Using the high PWM frequency, the
different dimming levels can be achieved between 0% and 100%. The limitation of PWM of
[3] is the low data rate which was up to 4.8 Kbps. In [4], PWM was combined with Discrete
Multi-Tone (DMT) for joint communication and dimming control to achieve a data rate greater
than that of. A Pulse position modulation (PPM) was based on the position of the pulse. The
division of the symbol duration into equal intervals, t slots was done in PPM and the
transmission of the pulse is done in any of the slots. As only a single pulse in each symbol
period is present in the case of PPM, it suffers from the problem of low data rate; other variants
of PPM were developed over time as shown in Table 5.2.1.

Table 5.2.1: Pulse position based schemes with Q time slots and N levels
Multi-pulse PPM (MPPM) was introduced making the PPM more spectrally efficient
using the transmission of multiple pulses in each symbol-time. Expurgated PPM (EPPM) is the
modified version of the PPM that was introduced to improve the performance of peak-power
limited M-ary communication systems. Multilevel EPPM (MEPPM) was introduced in for the
spectral effectiveness of the PPM because the spectral efficiency of the MPPM and EPPM was
less than 1. Table 5.2.2 illustrates the comparison of different pulse modulation techniques.
Table 5.2.2 Comparison of modulation techniques

5.3 Color Shift Keying (CSK)
CSK was proposed in IEEE 802.15.7 to enhance the data rate which was low in other
modulation schemes. The switching ability slows down by producing white light utilizing
yellow phosphor and blue LEDs. Therefore, an alternate way to produce the white light is the
utilization of three separate LEDS such Green, Blue and Red. Modulation in CSK is performed
using the intensity of the three colours in an RGB LED source. CSK depends on the colour
space chromaticity diagram. It maps all colors perceivable by eye to two chromaticity
parameters such as x and y Table 5.3, illustrates the human visible wavelength seven bands
with their centres marked in Fig. 5.3.
Table 5.3: The centre, code and chromaticity coordinates used by the
seven bands used in CSK

Fig. 5.3: Chromaticity diagram

Chapter-6
APPLICATIONS OF VLC

6.1 Li-Fi
In 2011, Harald Haas was the first to coin the term Light Fidelity (Li-Fi). Li-Fi is a high speed
bi-directional fully connected, visible light wireless communication system and is analogous to
Wi-Fi, which uses radio frequency for communication. The Wi-Fi signals have the problem of
interference with other RF signals such as its interference with pilot navigational equipment
signals in aircraft. Therefore, in the areas that are sensitive to electromagnetic radiation (such
as aircrafts) Li-Fi can be a better solution. A Li-Fi also lends support to the Internet of Things
(IoT). A speed up to 10Gbits/s is obtained using Li-Fi, which is 250 times more than the speed
of super-fast broadband.
6.2 Vehicle to vehicle communication
VLC can be used for vehicular communication due to the presence of the vehicle lights and the
existing traffic light infrastructure. The high priority applications indicated by the Vehicle
Safety Communications Project include cooperative forward collision warning, pre-crash
sensing, emergency electronic brake lights, lane change warning, and stop sign movement
assistant, left turn assistant, traffic signal violation warning and curve speed warning. All of the
high priority applications require reliable reachability with extremely low latency. Due to the
extremely low allowable latency in the vehicle safety communication, a high speed visible light
communication system like Li-Fi can be used.
6.3 A Sound communication system
Red, green and blue LEDs are used for the transmission of music signals.
6.4 Underwater communication
RF waves do not travel well in sea water because of its good conductivity. Therefore, VLC
communication should be used in underwater communication networks. The Un Tethered
Remotely Operated Vehicle (UTROV) is another application of the VLC in underwater
communication. The different jobs that can be performed using UTROV include observatory
maintenance of the oceans and deployment opportunity from the ships. The right pane shows

the communication of the UTROV using the optical channel to a fixed infrastructure on the sea
floor. In the centre, the communication is achieved by UTROV using an optical channel with a
ship based relay infrastructure. The left most pane shows the communication of the UTROV
using low bandwidth underwater communications.
6.5 Hospitals
In hospitals, electromagnetic wave sensitive areas (such as MRI scanners) are likely to switch
to VLC because it will not interfere with radio waves of the other machines. A robot called
HOSPI was proposed that was used for transportation in hospitals. The control system
enhancements in HOSPI were made using VLC installed in a building and navigational sensors
of the robot.
6.6 Information displaying signboards
Signboards are often made from an array of LEDs which in turn are modulated to convey
information in airports, bus stops and other places where the broadcasting of data is necessary.
The sign board used for transmitting data was described. This type of sign board can be used
for indications in various locations such as airports, museums and hospitals.
6.7 Wireless local area networks (WLANs)
LED based visible light communication can be used in setting up LANs. An ultra-high speed
full duplex, LAN based on star topology architecture using LED visible light communication
is proposed to provide a speed of more than 10-Gb/s and tested for massive users. The reason
for the design of the network using a star topology is to provide support for massive users. Fibre
is used in connection with each lamp directly. The hybrid access protocol is used in the proposed
LAN such as time division multiplexing (TDM) for bidirectional VLC transmission and
frequency division multiplexing (FDM) for uplink and downlink fibre transmission. The results
of the proposed LAN revealed its potential power of offering high speed access for massive
users.

6.8 Visible light ID system
Visible light can be used as an ID system in different places such as buildings and subways.
For example, if we are standing in room 12 in a certain building. A visible light ID system can
be employed for identifying the room number and its building. Similarly a visible light ID
system can be employed in subways, hospitals and airports.

CONCLUSION

The features of high bandwidth, non-interference with the radio waves in electromagnetic
sensitive areas and non-hazardous to health has made visible light communication an
attractive technique for future communication. Li-Fi is 250 times faster than its analogous Wi-
Fi, which uses radio frequency for communication. Potential applications of VLC include Li-
Fi, visible light ID system, Hospital robots and underwater communication and traffic
communication systems. All of these applications have made VLC an attractive area of
research.
An ever-growing interest in VLC throughout the world can be expected to lead to real-world
applications in the future. In some fields of application it poses a favorable alternative to
conventional solutions (infrared, WLAN etc.). The main goals for the future are increasing
the transmission rate and improving standardization.
It is possible to improve the transmission rate through parallelizing communication by using

multiple emitters and receivers, i.e. implementing the well-known MIMO principle (multi
input, multi output).

REFERENCES

[1] L.U. Khan, Visible light communication: Applications, architecture, standardization and
research challenges, Digital Communications and Networks (2016).
[2] S.-B. Park, D. K. Jung, H.S. Shin, D.J. Shin, Y.-J. Hyun, K. Lee and Y.J. Oh, In-formation
broadcasting system based on visible light signboard, Presented at Wireless and Optical
Communications 2007, Montreal, Canada, 2007.
[3] D.-R. Kim, S.-H. Yang, H.-S Kim, Y.-H Son, S.-K Han, Outdoor visible light
communication for inter-vehicle communication using controller area network, in:
Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on the Communications and Electronics
(ICCE), 2012, pp.31-34.
[4] H. Sugiyama, S. Haruyama, and M. Nakagawa, Brightness Control Methods for

Illumination and Visible-Light Communication Systems, in: Proceedings of Third
International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, 2007.
[5] G. Ntogari, T. Kamalakis, J. Walewski, T. Sphicopoulos, Combining illumination dimming

based on pulse-width modulation with visible-light communications based on discrete
multitone, IEEE/OSA J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 3 (1) (2011) 56–65.
[6] M.G. Craford, Visible light emitting diode technology: High performance, more colors,
and moving into incandescent lamp applications, in: Proceedings of the Quantum
Electronics and Laser Science Conference, 1996.

Visible Light Communication

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Visible Light Communication

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Technical Seminar-II Report on

VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CMR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Mr. S.ANIL Prof. E.N.V. PURNA CHANDRA RAO

P. SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0)

P.SAI KHOSHIKA (18H51A04E0)

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 5

CHAPTER CHAPTER NAME Page No.

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 6

S.No. Figure Name Page No.

S.No. Table Name Page No.

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 7

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 8

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 9

Fig. 1.2: Global mobile data traffic

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 10

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 11

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 12

In July 2011 a presentation at TED Global, gave a live demonstration of high-definition

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 13

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 14

Fig. 3: Reference model of the VLC communication system

3.1 MAC Layer:

The tasks performed by Medium Access Control (MAC) layer include:

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 15

Fig. 3.1: Topologies executed by MAC

3.2 PHYSICAL LAYER:

In Demonstration of 575-Mb/s downlink and 225-Mb/s uplink bi-directional SCM-

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 16

Furthermore, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Quadrature

Fig. 3.2: Block diagram of physical layer

Fig. 3.3.1: Transmitter Unit

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 17

Fig. 3.3.2: White Light source based on LED

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 18

Table 3.3: Comparison of phosphor based LEDs and RGB LEDs.

Fig. 3.4.1: Receiver Unit

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 19

Fig. 3.4.2: Typical VLC receiver

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 20

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 21

To tackle the above problems, a standardization of VLC is imperative. The

(1) Providing access to several hundred THz bands.

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 22

Table 4: Classiﬁcation of IEEE 802.15.7 devices

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 23

Fig. 4. Subcarrier Frequency Allocation used by JEITA

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 24

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 25

5.1 On–Off Keying (OOK)

5.2 Pulse modulation techniques

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 26

Table 5.2.2 Comparison of modulation techniques

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 27

5.3 Color Shift Keying (CSK)

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 28

Fig. 5.3: Chromaticity diagram

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 29

Department of ECE CMR College of Engineering & Technology Page 30

6.2 Vehicle to vehicle communication

6.3 A Sound communication system

6.4 Underwater communication