BMEE203L Engineering Thermodynamics

Module 1 :
Lecture 1 & 2 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Outline of the Presentation
• Introduction
• Applications
• Macroscopic & Microscopic Approaches
• Terminologies in Thermodynamics
– System, Surrounding, Boundary, Universe, and
Types of systems.
– State, Change of State, Property, Intensive &
Extensive properties, Path, Process, and Cycle.
 Thermodynamics - Introduction
• It is the science of energy transfer and its effect on the physical properties of
substances.
• The laws of thermodynamics are the laws of energy conversion.
• It deals with transformation of energy by laws governing such conversions.

Antoine Lavoisier Leonard Sadi Carnot James Prescott Joule

Rudolf Clausius J Williard Gibbs

Lord Kelvin
 Thermodynamics - Introduction
• Thermodynamic laws are applicable to
(i) Thermal Power Plants
(ii) Nuclear Power Plants
(iii) I C Engines
(iv) Turbines (Steam & Gas Turbines)
(v) Refrigeration System
(vi) Air Conditioning System
(vii) Gas Dynamics
(viii) Jet Propulsion
(ix) Compressors, Nozzles, Diffusers
(x) Chemical Process Plants
(xi) Solar Thermal Systems
 Thermodynamics - Introduction
The term Thermodynamics is derived from Greek

Thermé - Heat,

and

Dynamis – Power or Work

THERMAL WORK
ENERGY
Thermodynamics
 View points in Thermodynamics
There are two approaches in Thermodynamics

Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach

- A certain quantity of matter - Matter is made up of molecules.
together it is considered
- Each molecule at an instant will be
- Molecular level events present in a position spatially, possess
(processes) are not certain energy, moves with a velocity.
considered.
- The behavior of the system (quantity
- Effects of the action of the
of matter) is the sum of the behavior
entire matter are
perceived/analysed. of each molecule.
- This study is called as - This study is also called as Statistical
Classical Thermodynamics. Thermodynamics.
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
System:
All engineering devices/components are referred as
Systems
It is a quantity of matter or a region upon which the attention is
concentrated for analyzing the problem.
During the analysis (or study) of the system either the mass or
the volume is held constant.
Surrounding:
Everything that is external to the system is called Surrounding.
Boundary:
The system and the surrounding are separated by Boundary.
The boundary can be either fixed or moving.
The boundary can be real (physical) or imaginary.
Universe:
A system and surrounding together comprise an Universe.
Universe = System + Surrounding
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Types of Boundary:
The system and the surrounding are separated by boundary.
Boundary can be
• Fixed boundary or Moving boundary

Mass

Out

• Real Boundary or Imaginary boundary

 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Types of Thermodynamic Systems:

(i) Closed System

(ii) Open System

(iii)Isolated System
 Thermodynamic Terminologies
Types of Systems:
(i) Closed System 0
m in
Has fixed mass, 0
m out
No mass transfer between the system and
surrounding
Energy transfer occurs between the system and Surrounding
surrounding.
Eg:
(i) Gas inside a cylinder piston arrangement.
(ii) Hot water in a container
(iii) Refrigerant in a refrigerator
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Types of Systems:
m in
(ii) Open System
Has fixed volume. m out
Both mass transfer and energy transfer are
witnessed across the boundary.
Eg:
Compressor, Turbine, Boiler, Pump etc.,

WATER STEAM

AIR BOILER FLUE

GAS
FUEL ASH

Note:
The concept of Control Volume is applied for
open systems.
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Control Volume:
If the volume of the system under study remains constant
then it is called CONTROL VOLUME.
Control Surface:
The surface that bounds the control volume is called
CONTROL SURFACE.

(iii) Isolated System

• Has fixed mass.
• Neither energy transfer nor mass transfer
are witnessed across the boundary.
Eg: Our entire Universe

Note: Most of the engineering devices are open systems

 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
RECAP

Thermodynamic
Systems

System with System with

controlled Mass controlled Volume

Closed System Isolated System Open System

Terminologies in Thermodynamics
RECAP
ENERGY MASS
TYPE OF SYSTEM
TRANSFER TRANSFER
CLOSED SYSTEM

OPEN SYSTEM

ISOLATED SYSTEM

IMPOSSIBLE

Energy Transfer
Interaction between
System and Surrounding OR

Mass Transfer and

Energy Transfer
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
STATE OF A SYSTEM:
The condition of a system is referred as its state.
A system is said to exist in definite state, when all the properties of a system
have definite values.
PROPERTY:
The physical condition (or state) of a system is defined (or described) by certain
characteristics. These characteristics are called properties.
Properties are the co-ordinates to describe the state of the system.
TYPES OF PROPERTIES:
Intensive Properties
- These properties are independent of mass
- Eg: Pressure, Temperature, density
1 kg
Extensive Properties
80C
- These properties depends on mass of the system 0.25 m3
- Eg: Volume, K.E, P.E, Enthalpy, Entropy, Internal energy..,

Note:
- Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive properties.
- Specific volume, Sp. heat capacity, Sp. Enthalpy, Sp. Entropy, Sp. Internal
energy etc.,
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
CHANGE OF STATE:
Any operation by which one or more of the properties of a system
changes is called a Change of State.

PATH:
The succession of intermediate states passed through during a change of
state is called the Path followed by the system.
(OR)
It is the loci of intermediate states passed during a change of state.

PROCESS:
When the path followed by the system is completely specified (or
defined) then it is called as a Process.
eg: Isobaric process, Isothermal process, isentropic process etc.,

CYCLE:
It is a series of processes in such a way that the initial and final states of
the system are same (or identical).
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
RECAP
State 1
Successive
Intermediate Process
1 States (i) 1-2 along path A
p1 (ii) 2-1 along path B
Path B
Cycle
Pressure

Path A 1-2-1

State 2

p2
2

V1 Volume V2
 Dr K Karunamurthy
Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai