AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH

地球生命概論
GEAE2620

03: Dinosaurs

Prof. Anthony Bain

邊安台老師
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4

What is a dinosaur?
5

Which one is a dinosaur?

6

Which one is a dinosaur?

Seeleyosaurus [絲萊龍屬], Alamosaurus [阿拉摩龍屬],

Plesiosauria [蛇頸龍目] Sauropoda [蜥腳下目]
7

Which one is a dinosaur?

8

Which one is a dinosaur?

Garudimimus [似金翅鳥龍屬],
Ornithomimosauria [似鳥龍類]
Therizinosaurus [鐮刀龍屬],
Therizinosauridae [鐮刀龍科]
9

A more classical picture

Therizinosaurus [鐮刀龍屬],
Therizinosauridae [鐮刀龍科]
10

Which one is a dinosaur?

11
Which one is a dinosaur?

Dimetrodon [異齒龍屬],
Sinapsid [蜥腳下目]

Yi qi [奇翼龍],
Theropoda [獸腳亞目]
12

Which one is a dinosaur?

13

Which one is a dinosaur?

Pteranodon [無齒翼龍屬],
Pterosauria [翼龍目]

Rooster bird, Aves [鳥], Theropoda

[獸腳亞目], Dinosauria [恐龍]
14

What is a dinosaur?
“Dinosaurs are organisms belonging to
the clade [演化支] Dinosauria”

All dinosaurs are

reptiles [爬行動物] but
not all the reptiles are
dinosaurs

Archosauria [主龍類] is
the group of today’s
crocodiles and birds
Important for dinosaur biology studies
15

But what is a dinosaur for everybody?

Dinosaurs have been used by the movie industry for a

long time…
Jurassic world earned 1,672,000,000 US$ in box office
16

What is a dinosaur for everybody?

In Jurassic World
movies, dinosaurs are
monsters attacking
humans

But dinosaurs are animal… Probably behaving like

animals…
Not attacking humans for no reason…
17

Can we clone dinosaurs?

Using DNA from

mosquito fossilized
in amber?
18

Can we clone dinosaurs?

DNA is a very stable molecule
But over time, DNA is degrading slowly
66 millions years (and older) old DNA will be in
very bad conditions…

De-extinction [去滅絕] of the mammoth [猛獁象]

(40,000-20,000 years ago) cannot be
done without using elephant DNA

So no, we cannot clone dinosaurs

19

But do we know something

about dinosaur cells?
20
Cell size and
the genome size
Genome [基因組] is all the DNA of an
individual put together

Genome size (C-value) is strongly

correlated to cell size in
vertebrates [脊椎動物]

Red blood cells of many

organisms
21
Dinosaur bone cell size

Thecodontosaurus [槽齒龍屬],
Sauropodomorpha
[蜥腳形亞目] (A, B)

Barosaurus [重龍屬],
Sauropoda [蜥腳下目] (C, D)
22

Dinosaur biology
We don’t know much about
dinosaur biology, but we can
infer many things from fossils
and their lineage
Crocodiles and birds are archosaurs and their common
ancestors [最近共同祖先] lived probably around 250
million years ago

What kind of dinosaurs lived at the time?

None

History of Earth organisms

23

Geological time scale [地質年代]

Life appeared

Mass extinction of dinosaurs?

24

Geological time scale [地質年代]

Life appeared

Mass extinction
A problem of scale…
of dinosaurs
(65 Myrs ago)
25

Geological time scale [地質年代]

Life appeared

Mass extinction
of dinosaurs

Appearance of hominids [人科]?

26

Geological time scale [地質年代]

Life appeared

Mass extinction
of dinosaurs

Appearance of
hominids [人科]
(17 Myrs ago)
27
Geological time scale [地質年代]
Mass extinction
of dinosaurs

Hominids and non-bird Appearance of

dinosaurs are separated by hominids [人科]
more than 47 million years
28
Geological time scale [地質年代]

Devonian Carboniferous Triassic Jurassic + Cenozoic

[泥盆紀] + Permian [三疊紀] Cretaceous [新生代]
Age of
Age of Age of Age of Age of
arthropods
amphibians archosaurs dinosaurs mammals
[节肢动物]
[兩棲動物] [主龍類] [恐龍] [哺乳動物]
but also
called the
Age of fishes Changes in land fauna
Major changes triggered by the mass
extinction events [生物集群滅絕]
29

Geological time scale [地質年代]

Life exists for more than 4 billion years
Great diversity changes along Earth life

Often geological periods are mixed and confused

But we won’t have to remember all these periods
Nevertheless, there are important dates
30
What dinosaurs really
look like?
31

What dinosaurs really look like?

Compsognathus
[美頜龍屬]:
feathers or not?
32

What dinosaurs really look like?

Compsognathus
[美頜龍屬]:
feathers or not?

No trace of feather on the

Compsognathus fossils [化石]
But in related dinosaurs

Movie representation of
dinosaurs are often very wrong
33

Dinosaur representation
The hunting/killing
carnivorous dinosaurs
Pictured as
monsters (with the
Dilophosaurus
[雙冠龍屬])

Velociraptor [伶盜龍屬] in the

Jurassic Park movie [侏羅紀公園]

Very wrong picture of a dinosaur

34

Velociraptor mongoliensis

Very different from any movie Velociraptor…

Belonging to the Dromaeosauridae family [馳龍科]

Sister family of the group that will become birds

The Avialae clade [鳥翼類]
35

Tyrannosaurus rex [暴龍]

The famous one!

And also the most studied

dinosaur

Tyrannosaurus rex [暴龍] in

The T. rex was distributed
the Jurassic Park movie
in North America
[侏羅紀公園]

The T. rex was possibly the

Fascinating species to
biggest terrestrial carnivorous
study (“panda effect”)
species that had lived on Earth
36
Tyrannosaurus rex
Not scientifically accurate
[準確] picture of T. rex?

Feathers?
Tyrannosaurus rex [暴龍] in
the Jurassic Park movie
[侏羅紀公園]
37
Tyrannosaurus rex
38
Tyrannosaurus rex
39

T. rex skin
No feather on
important areas
Neck
Hip
Tail

This paper from 2017

is totally on the
opposite trend on
dinosaur feathers!
40

Feathers are very common in

dinosaurs. Why T. rex has none?

Examples of the same phenomenon

in living animals?
41
42

Gigantothermy

Loss of temperature is slowing

down with the increase of the
animal volume
Living animal: Elephant,
hippopotamus [河馬],
rhino [犀牛], …

Many big dinosaurs have not been found with feathers

Not surprising to find similar results on T. rex

So, what a scientifically accurate T. rex looks like?

43
44

This picture has been qualified as the “most accurate

representation of T. rex”
“Fat T. rex”
Named like that on internet…
45
46

Representation of extinct animals

Most of the dinosaurs

reconstruction shows
animals with very little
flesh [肉體] on them
Many soft tissues are
forgotten…
47

Which animal is that?

48

Hippopotamus [河馬]
49

Which animal is that?

50

Baboon [狒狒屬]
51 Which animals are they?
52

Soft tissues

Fossilization of soft tissue is

extremely rare and then we
probably don’t know many of them
53
Soft tissues

The cast of the

cranial crest has
been printed in the
rocks
Totally made of
soft tissues
54
Soft tissues
At the National Museum of Natural
History in New York, there is a
fossil of another Edmontosaurus [埃德蒙頓龍屬]
55
56
Not only soft tissues

Which animal is that?

57

Not only soft

tissues

Hawksbill sea turtle [玳瑁]

58

How will it get fossilized?

59

Hawksbill sea turtle [玳瑁]

Stegosaurus [劍龍屬]

We tend to forget that

these animals may have
shapes that we don’t know
Dinosaur diversity…
60

Representation of extinct animals

It is complicated to represent animals from only their
fossil bones
Missing soft tissues and some bones
And even with all the bones… We could do big
mistakes (look at the hippo [河馬] skeleton)

Dinosaurs are archosaurs so their

morphology [生物形態學] ranges
from crocodiles [鱷] to birds
So there are a lot of possibilities
for their body shapes
62
Dinosaur diversity
“Dinosaurs are organisms belonging to
the clade [演化支] Dinosauria”

Archosauria [主龍類]
is the group of today’s
crocodiles and birds

What are the

dinosaur ancestors?

They evolved in a world

dominated by archosaurs
63

Luperosuchus [惱鱷]

The length of Luperosuchus

reached about 4 meters
Living 235 Myrs ago

Luperosuchus was a terrestrial archosaur

Probably the top predator in the area it lived in
Not a dinosaur
And what these
During this period, dinosaurs were first dinosaurs
small animals looked like?
64

Eoraptor
[始盜龍屬]
Eoraptor seems to be the
ancestor of all dinosaurs
~230 Myrs ago

Eoraptor was bipedal and a

small predator [捕食]

Early dinosaurs stayed mostly

with this form until the end of
the Triassic [三疊紀] period
Because something happened
65
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
Fourth mass extinction
(201.3 Ma)
About half the Earth species died

One cause: Many volcanoes

Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP)
Releasing enormous quantities of CO2
Greenhouse effect: Warmer climate
Marine biocalcification crisis

What is the CAMP?

66
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
The fourth mass extinction
(201.3 Ma)
About half the Earth species died

One cause
Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP)
Releasing enormous quantities of CO2
Greenhouse effect: Warmer climate
Marine biocalcification crisis

What is the CAMP?

67
The Jurassic [侏羅紀] and Cretaceous
[白堊紀] periods
A very stable period of 135 Myr

Marine life biodiversity

Dinosaurs enjoyed a very long

period without massive events
even if the climate changed
68
Dinosaur
diversity

In an open world without the other

big archosaurs, dinosaurs started
to diversify
69
Two main groups of dinosaurs

鳥臀目 蜥臀目
70
Two main groups of dinosaurs

Ischium

Head
Head

The direction of the pubic bone (Ischium [坐骨]) is the

main difference between the two main groups of dinosaurs
Ornithischia [鳥臀目] are named because the
ischium bone is backward like birds
How ironic…
71

Saurischia
[蜥臀目]
Sauropods [蜥腳下目]
and Theropods
[獸腳亞目]
Probably the two 蜥臀目
most famous
groups of dinosaurs
Head

Today, we don’t know for sure which animals were the oldest
saurischian dinosaurs
Few fossils [化石] can be considered
72
First saurischians [蜥臀目]
Eodromaeus
[曙奔龍屬]

Herrerasaurus
[艾雷拉龍屬]

Plateosaurus is the ancestor of sauropods

Becoming heavier, they became quadrupedal [四足步行]
The other ones are closer to theropods
Plateosaurus [板龍屬]
73
First saurischians [蜥臀目]

Herrerasaurus
[艾雷拉龍屬]

Eodromaeus
Plateosaurus [板龍屬] 蜥臀目 [曙奔龍屬]

Dinosaurs have been mostly small animals

We just know the biggest ones more…
74

Theropod [獸腳亞目]
diversity
From the theropod order, few 蜥臀目
famous dinosaurs are known from most people
T-rex, Velociraptor, Spinosaurus, and the ones are similar to
them in shape (mostly predatory species)
But they are perhaps the most diverse group of
dinosaurs

Ornithomimosauria and therizinosauroidae are quite special

Do you know them?

75

Which one is a dinosaur?

Garudimimus [似金翅鳥龍屬],
Ornithomimosauria [似鳥龍類]
Therizinosaurus [鐮刀龍屬],
Therizinosauridae [鐮刀龍科]
76
Theropod [獸腳亞目] diversity
Ornithomimosauria [似鳥龍類] are showing characters
that became bird characters: feathers and beak
But they went extinct with most of the dinosaurs

Ornithomimosauria group is the sister group of the group

that gave the birds
77
Theropod [獸腳亞目]
diversity
Therizinosauridae [鐮刀龍科] is a
group of dinosaurs that became plant-
eaters and developed impressive
forelimb claws (max 1m long)
Probably the size of their digestive
system increased also because they
Nothronychus [懶爪龍屬]
started to feed on plants

Covered with fluffy

feathers
78

The Paraves group [近鳥類] is the most known

Because we got living animals from this group
Birds did not appear after most of dinosaurs
disappeared but long time before
79

All the Paraves [近鳥類] dinosaurs are bipedal

All the Paravians generally have long, winged forelimbs

All early Paravians also have feathered legs

Changyuraptor
[⾧羽盜龍屬]
80
The Paraves [近鳥類] clade
and the bird hypothesis
Archaeopteryx is known to
science since 1861
Recognized as a
bird by Richard
Owen (The father
of paleontology
[古生物學])

Archeopteryx: “The
ancestor of birds”
But with claws
Richard Owen
[理查·歐文]
and a bony tail Archaeopteryx [始祖鳥]
81
The Paraves [近鳥類] clade
and the bird hypothesis
Thomas Huxley argued in 1870 that
birds were evolved dinosaurs
But nobody believed him

The bird hypothesis

has been revived in
1970 by John Ostrom

Thomas Henry Huxley

They have all hollowed
[托馬斯·亨利·赫胥黎] bones, fused clavicle [鎖骨]
also known as the (also called wishbone), and
“bulldog of Darwin”
semilunate carpal bones
82

Some of the Paraves [近鳥類] dinosaurs became birds

But it was not the only evolutionary road

The dinosaurs from movies

were in the Changyuraptor
Dromaeosauridae family [⾧羽盜龍屬]
[馳龍科]
83

Cuspirostris houi
Enantiornithes [反鳥類]
120 Million years
84

So when the feathers appeared?

85
Feathers

They were different

Today, we associate feathers

with flying
But the feathers that
permit birds to fly are only
one kind of feathers
86
Feather evolution

All the feather types in living birds

Many more than we usually think of feathers

87
Feather evolution

All the feather types known in dinosaurs

Five types are still known in living birds

First feathers were like hair

88
Feather evolution
89

Feather evolution
Feathers have evolved first for
temperature insulation [熱絕緣]
Modified by gigantothermy

Then, feathers diversified in shape

and so in function to be used to flight [飛行],
to camouflage [偽裝] or for sexual selection [
性選擇]
Birds had 65 millions years of evolution
after non-avian dinosaurs disappeared
Greater at flight + high diversity
90

What about feather colors?

91
Colors of the past
Colors in animals are made of pigment cells
The molecule family of the melanin [黑色素]
Cells containing melanin are melanosomes [黑色素體]
Melanin survives fossilization
Lignin [木質素] and chitin [甲殼素] also survive
fossilization

Black-brown color is made by sausage-shaped melanosomes

Reddish color is made by ball-shaped melanosomes

Colors are made by combining these melanosomes

92
Microraptor [小盜龍屬] colors
93

Microraptor [小盜龍屬] colors

Comparing the fossilized melanosomes to the cells of

living birds
94

Microraptor [小盜龍屬] colors

The Microraptor samples
are the numbered samples
Between black and
purples samples

Brazilian teal
(purple samples)

Which color is
Palm cockatoo Microraptor?
[棕樹鳳頭鸚鵡]
(black samples)
95

Microraptor
[小盜龍屬]
colors
Iridescent [彩虹]
feathers
All the
feathers =
plumage [換羽]

Why is it important
to know the color
of this dinosaur?
96

Ecology [生態學]

We saw in the two first classes how

important the color can be
For survival and/or reproduction

What is the ecological function of the color of Microraptor?

97

Iridescent [彩虹] plumage

Tree swallow
Tachycineta bicolor

Indian peafowl [藍孔雀], Pavo cristatus

For these two species of birds, iridescence of their feathers

is linked to their reproductive success / fitness
So far, no ecological role
Behavioral function
98
Dinosaur diversity

鳥臀目 蜥臀目

Ornithischia also got a lot of diversity…

99

Ankylosauria
[甲龍亞目]

Gastonia [加斯頓龍屬]

Two families in this group

Ankylosauridae [甲龍科]:
Ankylosaurs with tail bone

Nodosauridae [結節龍科]:
without tail bone
100
Borealopelta [北方盾龍屬]
101
Borealopelta
[北方盾龍屬]
One of the best preserved
dinosaur fossil ever found
Skin
Melanosomes [黑色素體]
Keratin [角蛋白] sheaths
Stomach content

The dead animal fell into the sea

on his back
102
Borealopelta
103

Countershading
104
Countershading
Today’s preys do not have
countershading
camouflage when
they reach a
certain size
105

Countershading
Today’s preys do not have
countershading camouflage when
they reach a certain size

Borealopelta is bigger than most

of today’s herbivores
Predators are also extremely
of great size

Strong predation pressure Acrocanthosaurus [高棘龍屬]

106

Many more…
I cannot show all the
Jurassic and
Cretaceous diversity in
three hours
Wulong bohaiensis

In 2022, already 25 new species of dinosaur have been

discovered and described
107
Bisticeratops from US

Iberospinus
from Portugal

Sierraceratops
Meraxes from Argentina from US
108

Many more…
I cannot show all the
Jurassic and
Cretaceous diversity in
three hours
Wulong bohaiensis

I show that in another

specific class
109

Conclusion
This dinosaur class is just an example of the past
biodiversity of Life
Dinosaurs are also the most studied extinct animals

Still, many are poorly known

This semester, we are going to see many organisms and

their uncommon lifestyles
We need to imagine this species richness through time
AN INTRODUCTION TO LIFE ON EARTH
地球生命概論
GEAE2620

Insects and friends

 Emails
and oral presentations
I will send you an email about oral presentations at the
end of the week
If you didn’t receive any email from me yet, please fill
the form with your email address

The presentations will be done by three-person groups

Topics about any living things
Find a group then choose a topic then reply to my oral
presentation email
 Picture references
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 Picture references
https://twitter.com/Extinct_AnimaIs/status/1193991536708608002/photo/1
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https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eOu85Vc418M/XzLf9XXLIqI/AAAAAAAAnQA/Rjxw_yEUet805ICrCmGQ_-90fy-
ckhY2ACLcBGAsYHQ/s0/FluidUnpleasantAfricanhornbill-small.gif
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https://archive.ph/6h9RM/bcc39448b91f040be6cb24c000771d755dcdc992.jpg
https://archive.ph/6h9RM/233dab8f669c76230fb4bcc400bb7cbb43990562.jpg
http://earthporm.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Humming-Bird-8.gif
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dinosauria_phylogeny_and_integument.png
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c2/61/0f/c2610fc752d3c3b652255a7d8a6021aa.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acheroraptor_reconstruction.jpg
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https://media.tenor.co/images/231e2f67bc42bbfcff592d58f0e9517e/raw
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https://twitter.com/BrianEngh_Art/status/1503899392490803204/photo/2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle#/media/File:Hawksbill_turtle_doeppne-081.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eretmochelys-imbricata-K%C3%A9lonia-2.JPG
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therizinosauridae#/media/File:Therizinosauridae_Diversity.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Therizinosauridae_size_comparison.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meraxes_gigas_ilustraci%C3%B3n_cient%C3%ADfica_realizada_por_Carlos_Papolio.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iberospinus.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sierraceratops.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bisticeratops.png

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