MARXIST APPROACH

In Les Misérables, the characters are divided into two distinct groups: the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat. The bourgeoisie are the wealthy and powerful individuals who hold the majority of the
economic and political power in society, while the proletariat are the working-class individuals who
are oppressed and exploited by the bourgeoisie. This class division is illustrated in the novel through
the character of Jean Valjean, who is a member of the proletariat.

Jean Valjean is a former convict who is forced to work for little pay and endure harsh living
conditions, which reflects the oppression and exploitation faced by the working class in society. His
struggle to survive and provide for himself and his adopted daughter, Cosette, is a direct result of the
oppressive nature of the bourgeoisie. This is exemplified in the character of Thénardier, a corrupt
innkeeper who exploits Jean Valjean for his own gain.

The character of Inspector Javert represents the ruling class and the established order of society. He
is obsessed with enforcing the law and maintaining the status quo, regardless of the harm it causes
to the working class. His relentless pursuit of Jean Valjean is symbolic of the ruling class’s fear of the
proletariat rising up against them and overthrowing the established order.