The major findings of this study reveal that socioeconomic and physical

factors of human vulnerability have significant role to determine the household's level

of vulnerability to the disaster induced by cyclones and storm surges. The study found

that the level of vulnerability of household’s changes with the change of its physical

and socioeconomic conditions. The households having susceptible physical condition

and lower level of education or income have less access to weather forecast, disaster

training and resilience to cope with future hazards and mostly these groups are

vulnerable to further hazards. Similarly, the households have quick access to cyclone

shelter, find cyclone forecast regularly and undertaken disaster preparedness measures

are comparatively less vulnerable to cyclone impacts. The study concludes that

household's intrinsic vulnerable conditions are responsible for its susceptibility to

hazards. Therefore, the study advocates that reduction of vulnerability is the first

measure for effective and fruitful disaster management. (Md. Nazir Hossain,2015)

This study examines the coping mechanisms of typhoon victims in the

Philippines and how these mechanisms relate to their physical health outcomes. The

study found that coping mechanisms such as social support, emotional regulation, and

religious coping had a positive effect on physical health outcomes. However, coping

mechanisms such as avoidance and substance use had a negative effect on physical

health outcomes. The study highlights the importance of promoting positive coping

mechanisms among typhoon victims to improve their physical health outcomes.

(Rocha, et al., 2021)

Beyond their immediate effects on mortality, disasters have widespread,

indirect impacts on mental and physical well-being by exposing survivors to stress

and potential trauma. Identifying the disaster-related stressors that predict health
adversity will help officials prepare for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

pandemic. Using data from a prospective study of young, low-income mothers who

survived Hurricane Katrina, we find that bereavement, fearing for loved ones’ well-

being, and lacking access to medical care and medications predict adverse mental and

physical health 1 y post disaster, and some effects persist 12 y later. (Racker, Zacker

and Lowe,2020)

Climate change is acknowledged as being a crucial determinant of public

health. The United States is experiencing an increase in the frequency and intensity of

natural disasters as a result of climate change activity, influencing the ways federal,

state, and local governments are addressing the growing issue. Individuals who are

vulnerable to the effects of extreme weather, namely the poor, the elderly/disabled,

children, prisoners, and substance abusers have experienced heightened levels of

mental, emotional, and bodily stress due to natural disaster exposure. Researchers

from a variety of disciplines, public health, social science, and environmental studies,

in particular, are examining how natural disasters are impacting mental and physical

health functioning while noting the demographic factors leaving certain groups more

susceptible to harm.

A systematic literature review was conducted on the past 12 years of research

that examined natural disaster-related experiences and psychological and

physiological health outcomes on populations who are more vulnerable to adverse

weather impacts. It was found that the mental and physical health of marginalized

populations during and after a natural disaster were elevated and/or exacerbated by

circumstances pertaining to the weather event and the lack of disaster-response

actions. It was also found that fostering social capital is a way to combat stressors in

disadvantaged communities. It is imperative that clinicians and policy makers

confront the issue of climate change and natural disasters, developing relief efforts

and preventative measures to secure the well-being of underserved groups who may

not have many resources at their disposal. (Benevolenza and DeRigne, 2018)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212420915300054

https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2006706117

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8220016/

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10911359.2018.1527739?

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