Understanding Life-Span Human Development

Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
Development, 7thEdition,
Fifth Edition, Carol
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Chapter 1
Understanding Life-Span
Human Development
Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
What is Development?
Three broad domains
Physical Systematic
Systematic: order, patterns, steps

Continuities: continuation of who
you are
Development Your personality is the same, but
there is a minimal changes.
Cognitive A person 5 years ago is a reflection
of who he are now
Continuities
What is development
Three broad domains
1- physical : what you can see of the changes, body and
brain growth, changes in motor-abilities. Psychosocial
2- cognitive: thinking, language, solve problems,
intellectual, precipitation, learning, memory.
3- psychosocial: interpersonal skills , emotion,
personality, relationships with family or friends.
Life-Span
Life-Span Human
Human Development,
CarolK.
K. Sigelman
Sigelman and
andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Defining Development
Growth
Physical changes that occur from conception to
maturity
Biological aging
Deterioration of organisms that leads to death
Gain: gaining skills when you are child, like hoe to walk or talk.
Gain-stability-loss Stable: after knowing the skills.
Loss: when you grow old, you will loss some of those physical aspects, like becoming thiner .
Aging
Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes,
positive and
negative, in the mature organism
Life-Span HumanHuman
Life-Span Development, Fifth Edition,
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
Sigelman andElizabeth
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Chapter 2
Theories of
Human Development
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

Father of psychology
Instincts: feeling, like feeling about
Sometimes known as psychosexual theory
• Instincts and unconscious motivation

what will happen.
• Id, Ego, and Superego formed from psychic

Another term Id: the focus is only of yourself you want things done now and you don’t want to wait,
energy (Libido) and selfish. Id usually present in children.
For example, if kids want to go to the mall to play and their parents don’t give them a
permission, they will cry and don’t wait. Id is about fantasy principal.
– Id: Instinctual nature of humans Ego: based on reality.
For example, you want to go to the mall, but you have so
many assignments, so your ego will say that wait until the
– Ego: rational and objective weekend or do the assignments first before going to the
mall. There is thinking, reason, and not being reckless. Also,
ego can wait because it about thinking. Ego is the balance
between the id and superego
– Superego: internalized moral standards
• A dynamic personality system
– Regular conflicts between the three parts
For example, “assignments” you want to finish fast because you
don’t have time anymore and you see the paper of your Dynamic is a good balance in personality system.
classmates and you want to copy her paper, but your superego For example, if the superego is stronger than Id, you
will say that no you should not because it’s not of moral will feel guilt and bad about everything to do.
standards, so it’s wrong and it’s not right. Meaning superego
will determine whether what you are going to do is right or
wrong. Superego can balance the id, but generally the ego
balances the two
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Freud’s Psychosexual Development

• Child moves through 5 stages
It focuses.on
• Libido- the psychic energy of the sex instinct

• Stages result from conflict between Id & Superego
• Conflict creates anxiety
• Ego defends against anxiety with defense
mechanisms If there are many conflicts between Id and superego, the ego will defense by defensive mechanisms to resolve
the conflicts
• Early experiences have long-term effects on

personality Your experience when you are child will affect the development of
your personality or personality if you are old already
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Oral stage: when you see some babies are

crying, they are hungry and then give them
pacifier and this make them stop to cry
because they get gratification using their
mouth.
Some researches said that the babies who
didn’t gratified oral before when they grow
up will be the once who are smoking
because they there is gratification before,
so oral stage has long term effects on the
personality.
phallic stage and genital stage
focus on genital, but the
differences between them:
The phallic stage focuses on Oedipus complex : the boys who love their
sexual relationships mother and identify with their father.
The genital stage focuses on
sexual relationships and the Electric complex : the girls who love their
biological goal of father and identity with their mother, such as
wearing her mother’s shoes
reproduction.
Latent period: focus on the school

and the plays “ boys and boys”
“ girls and girls”.
For the males develop the bigger muscles,

voice, body, and growing fast.
For females develop breast and first
menstrual period. For the both of them,
they will develop production of so much
hormones
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 22
Chapter
Another example, woman can not

remember a sexual assault.
Defense Mechanisms
For example, “rape victim” their memories are very traumatic and make them sad and unacceptable, so their ego will do repression which means this person will not have
memory of what happen, so they will not have any memory about this particular event.
Repression - removing unacceptable thoughts

or traumatic memories from consciousness
Regression - retreating to an earlier, less

traumatic stage of development
Projection - seeing in others the motives we

fear we possess
Reaction formation - expressing motives that

are just the opposite of one’s real motives
Another example, a child starts sucking her thumb when her
new baby brother comes from hospital
Regression
For example, a ten year old child who has a new baby brother because there is a new baby brother, the parents usually focus
their attention on the new baby brother,so this ten year old child will do regression and he will act as baby, such as crying on
the ground and wants more attention. Meaning a ten year old child will act as a younger baby.
Another Example, the mother or father gets angry of the child, so the child will cry as a baby which’s the child did not do this
behavior before because he is big already, meaning will act as younger than usual age.
Another Example, a partner who is jealous of her significant

other accuses the partner being jealous Projection
For example, there are 3 girls, girl number 1 and girl number 2 are friends and they have the girl number 3 in their group, so girl
number 1 doesn’t like girl number 3, but the girl number 1say that the girl number 2 hates girl number 3. Instead of the girl
number 1 says that i hate the girl number 3, the girl number 1 will say the girl number 2 hates you and is not me.
Another example, when you and your friend are walking in the mall and you see someone “ brother’s friend” and you hates him,
you will say my friend hates you “ you will not say it’s you hates him”.
Reaction formation
Another Example,A patients that unconsciously hates
his father continuously says how great his father is.
For example, if you don’t not like a particular person, you going to talk with this person and be
with him as you like him. “ doing opposite of your feeling”
Development, Carol
7th Edition, K. K.
Carol Sigelman and
ElizabethA.
A.Rider
Rider
Chapter 11
Chapter
Human Development
and Relationships
Life-Span Human Development, Fifth Edition, Carol K. Sigelman and Elizabeth A. Rider
Chapter 1
It means that how do you think about yourself and

Internal working Models
Thinking, mental processes
other people, like family
Cognitive representations ofHelpthemselves

and other people that guide their
processing of social information and
behavior in relationships
Chapter 1
The relationship between the caregivers and infants will affect the relationship between husband and wife or future
relationship when the infants are already adult.
Infants construct expectations about relationships
based on their interactions with caregivers Father, mother, or
Type of attachment any person take
Securely attached infants who received responsive good care of the
baby
care will form internal working models suggesting that

they are lovable and other people can be trusted to
It means that an infant develop secure attachment if his caregiver responsive
care for them For example, if a baby is crying and the caregiver will response to the needs of
the baby immediately, so the baby will feel lovable and can trust the caregiver.
Insecurely attached subjected to insensitive, neglectful
Sometimes and abusive care may conclude they are difficult to
check the baby
love and that other people are unreliable.

and sometimes
not
For example, if the baby is crying and caregiver is insensitive, neglectful,

and abusive, so the baby will feel unlovable and the caregiver is unreliable
Chapter 1
For example, the baby will not just want to be with his mother or father when
No discrimination you hold him because there is no a clear preference.
Undiscriminating social responsiveness (birth to

2 or 3 months) They do not yet show a clear
preference for one person over another.
There is discrimination
Discriminating social responsiveness (2 or 3
months to 6 or 7 months). Infants begin to express
preferences for familiar companions. For example, the baby now will prefer
his mother
Near
Active proximity seeking or true attachment (6 or 7
months to about 3 years). An infant will follow her
mother to stay close, protest when her mother leaves,
and greet her mother warmly when she returns.
For example, if the mother go, the baby will want to
go to with his mother and if his mother will come
back, the baby will hug his mother.
Chapter 1
This an improve behaviour because they understand their parents need to go out the house to do something.
Goal-corrected partnership (3 years and ol

der).
taking a parent’s goals and plans into consideration
and adjusting their behavior
lasts a lifetime.
Example: A 4-year-old probably understands where

Dad is going and can control the need for his attention
until Dad returns.
Chapter 1
For example, if the mother leaves her baby to pay something, the baby will cry so much because this is
separation anxiety
Separation anxiety- once attached to a
parent, a baby often becomes wary or fretful
when separated from that parent.
—'
Separation
anxiety normally appears when infants are for
ming their first genuine attachments, peaks
between 14 and 18 months
Stranger anxiety- a wary or fretful reaction
to the approach of an unfamiliar person
If the baby see unfamiliar person, like visitors in the house, the baby will become worry and fretful, such as crying and
hugging their parents or caregiver.

Chapter 1
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Chapter 1
Opposite
Just stay with caregiver
There’s no consistent
Do not care
behaviour for them
You will not

know what
Do not care
the response
of the baby
Comes back
To the needs of the baby
The parents don’t care

Chapter 1
Infants who enjoy secure attachments to their
parents have parents who are sensitive and
responsive to their needs and emotional signals
Babies who show a resistant pattern of
attachment often have parents who are
inconsistent in their caregiving; they react
enthusiastically or indifferently, depending on their
moods, and are frequently unresponsive

Chapter 1
Infants with an avoidant attachment tend to
provide either too little or too much stimulation.
Some are rejecting; they are impatient,
unresponsive, and resentful when the infant
interferes with their plans.
Disorganized–disoriented style of attachment is
evident in as many as 80% of infants who have
been physically abused or maltreated


Chapter 1

Who the baby cry or who the baby is very clam

An infant’s temperament also matters.

.
Attachments tend to be insecure when infants

are temperament, fearful, irritable, or

unresponsive

The caregiver affects the quality of the

attachment that forms more than the infant

does. There is a big impact of the caregiver in the the type attachment that they
will form

Environment, where live

The broader social context surrounding

caregiver and infant can affect how they react to

each other. So the family’s situation also impact on the type attachment

Example, the stresses associated with living in poverty or experie

in marriages ncing marital difficulties may make it difficult for parents to provid
Problems

e sensitive care and may contribute to insecure attachments

So they will focus their attention on the children’s needs

Not
Chapter 1
Influence other people “ they play with themselves first then with their peers”
Doing nothing, just standing, not really playing just observing and looking around, and not talk with other players.
Unoccupied play. Children stand idly, look around,

or engage in apparently aimless activities such as
pacing.
Solitary play. Children play alone, typically with
objects, and appear to be highly involved in what
they are doing.
Onlooker play. Children watch others play, taking
an active interest in and perhaps even talking to
the players but not directly participating.
Just talk without plying “ instruct other players”
For example, for kids who doing like basketball sometimes those who are acting usually say defence or to
the left pass the ball.
Chapter 1
For example, for parallel play, they just draw for themselves, using their own crayons and they don’t mind
other people even if they staying next each other. “ Own drawing, without caring each other” there is no
interaction
Parallel play. Children play next to one another,
doing much the same thing, but they interact little
Associative play. Children interact by swapping
materials, or following each other’s lead, but they
For example, two children who are drawing,
are not united by the same goal staying each other, but this time they are going
to swapping materials from each other, such as
crayons, there is interaction, different goal
Cooperative play. Children join forces to achieve a
common goal; they act as a pair or group, dividing
their labor and coordinating their activities in a
meaningful way
For example, a group of five children and each one of them say this part i will do it, and
this part will be you. One of them will do the background and the other house “ All of
them work together to have one drawing. “ There is helping to finish their drawing “ one
drawing, common goal” “Not jut for drawing also for other activities”
Chapter 1
“ prepare for adulthood”
means that as early as a child,
you will able to know how to
relate to other people and how
If you are going to observe the children when they do pretend play “ they actually practicing themselves towards adulthood” for to mange those situation when
example, feeding the dolls and in reality when you are an adult will feed your baby. you have problems
Play is an evolved behavior that helps the young
adapt during childhood and prepare for adulthood
Play allows children to experiment with new
behaviors, it may also help humans learn to
respond creatively to new challenges in theirSometimes the kids want to accomplish or do the things by their own selves.
environments As an adult the process fo doing something is different from the child. The children want to discover the environment, so
instead of doing what you tell them, they will try to do other things, but they have the same goal, they finish the activity
however not doing what you are telling them what to do, but they are going to do what they want to do “ in their way” they
try to accomplish things differently.
Play fosters cognitive, motor, and social skills and
helps children cope with emotional problems
Play contributes to healthy emotional development
by providing opportunities to express bothersome
feelings, regulate emotions, resolve emotional
conflicts, and master challenges
If they lose or win especially in losing they will develop own sportsmanship because they will understand that there are losing and
wining “ not the all the times they will win and not all the time they will lose.
Foster cognitive means children is that being
creative in using what they know to solve Play fosters cognitive, motor, and social skills and
their problems or to win in the play.
Foster motor means especially for those play helps children cope with emotional problems
which needs running, walking, and
balancing.
Foster social skills mean if a child is not
playing with someone else or his child is
staying just in the house, the child will have
poor social skills compared to the child who
is always playing with other children, so this ’Just like in losing and gaining games’ it’s normal if a child who loses in the game,
child will develop the fosters social skills. is going to cry and angry, but this is part of the game, experience, and experiment.
For this child who is always alone in the And so, if they experience these things, they will able later on to cope up with those
house and in front of the television, youtube, emotions and once they become adults will also be able to apply what they learn
internet, or games, he will have poor social when they were children to solve these kinds of problems when they are already
skills. For that's over important for children adults.
to have friends and go out so they will have
social skills.
Chapter 5
Chapter 5
The Physical Self
Chapter 5
Menopause and Andropause

Menopause: estrogen production declines
– age range 45-54 “sudden increase in the temperature and then they feel cool”
– Symptoms: hot flashes, vaginal dryness
– Little anxiety, irritability, depression, or
other stereotypes All because“ decrease production of estrogen”
– Exercise & adequate sleep helpful to decrease the symptoms
Andropause: decreasing testosterone
– Symptoms: Libido, fatigue, erection, and
memory problems -Symptoms: libido “decrease”, fatigue”easily tired”, erection but
“sometimes the men who have andropause, they still become
fathers” , and memory problems
Life Span Development: A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 4
Health and
Wellness
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2010, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved
When Malnutrition Is Severe
Marasmus
• Malnutrition during first year “during infancy”
• Infants stop growing
• Attributable to severe deficiency in
proteins and calories “looks like skin and bones only”
• Causes the body to waste away and

ultimately results in death
Kwashiorkor
• Found in older children
• Child’s stomach, limbs, and face swell “ the body become bigger”
• Body struggles to make use of few

available nutrients
Nutritional Problems in
Adolescence
Poor eating habits
• High consumption of junk food/sugar/fats
• Large portion sizes
• Lack of variety Eating the same food every day
Related health concerns
• Obesity
• Osteoporosis Low bones density, bones easily broken
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
SIDS: The Unanticipated Killer “ you don’t know” unknown
reason
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a

disorder in which seemingly healthy infants die
in their sleep
• SIDS strikes about 1 in 2,500 infants in the
United States each year
• Although it seems to occur when normal
patterns of breathing during sleep are “ the baby is normal then die”
interrupted, researchers have been unable to
discover why that might happen
“ put babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomach to avoid the unanticipated killer”
Figure 4-7 Declining Rates of SIDS
In the United States, SIDS rates have dropped dramatically as parents have become more informed
and now put babies to sleep on their backs instead of their stomachs. SUID: Sudden Unexplained
Infant Death.
Type A and B Behavior Pattern
Type A behavior: Type B behavior:
• Competitiveness,
“ they do not
• Non-competitiveness,
impatience, and a
want wait, they
want things to be patience, and a lack
done
tendency toward
immediately”
of aggression
frustration and
• Evidence that Type B
hostility
people have less than
• Evidence is
half the risk of
correlational, so
coronary disease
cannot conclude
that Type A behavior than Type A people
causes heart disease have
Type B have less percentage than Type
“ that doesn’t mean if a person has type A A” so means The Type A have higher
behavior, this person has heart disease” percentage of coronary disease
Third Edition
Chapter 2
Genetics, Prenatal Development,
and Birth
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Genes and Chromosomes:
The Code of Life
Humans begin life simply
Gametes from male and female join
Ovum and sperm “inside them over 2
ovum and sperm billion of genetic” and “ the process called
fertilization”
Fused gametes create a zygote
Resulting combination of their genetic
instructions - over 2 billion chemically
coded messages - is sufficient to begin
creation of a human
Figure 2.1 - Contents of a Single Human
Cell
Genes
Specific DNA sequences
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped DNA portions
in 23 pairs
Contain genetic blueprint
for individuals
Replicate through mitosis
25,000 genes, 46 chromosomes, 23
chromosomes pairs = one Human cells
Life Span Development: A Topical
Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 12
Gender and
Sexuality
Gender Differences
• Gender refers to our sense of being male or female
Ex:If your reproductive system is male or female
• Sex typically refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior
Is more about sexual anatomy
Adults view the behavior of children through the
It means that adults like a sign of view the behavior. If you are a
lens of gender female
adults”
or a male, you should be this your behavior. “ thinking of
• For
Allexample,
cultures prescribe gender roles for males and females
some cultures usually said for males that males should be the one go out of the home and work of the family, and females
should stay in the house and organize and clean the house. Not all cultures the same
• These roles differ greatly across cultures
• Considerable amount of disagreement over extent and
causes of gender differences
Gender Differences
• Differences between male and female infants are
Not
generally minor You can see really a lot of differences
Quiet-less
• Male infants tend to be more active and fussier
than female infants. More clam
• Boys’ sleep tends to be more disturbed than
Means Frown / scowl/ glower
that of girls. Boys grimace more, although no

gender difference exists in the overall amount of
crying. There is no differences between the boys and girls in crying
• There is also some evidence that male newborns
are more irritable than female newborns,
although the findings are inconsistent. Not true all the time, maybe
some boys newborns are quite
Means the females newborns are more quiet than males newborns
Gender and Play
Differences noted in play of male
and female preschoolers
• Males Means like jumping, walking around, and more active
– More rough and tumble play

– Same-sex playmate preference
around age three years
Means that will actually play with sex, boys with boys
• Females
– Organized games and role
playing Remembering as early as one or two years old, you are already plays with dolls.
At this point, they play with same sex, meaning girls with girls and then do role playing with their
dolls , For example, feed or change the clothes of “their dolls”
– Same-sex playmate preference
around age two years
Preschoolers’ Gender Expectations
These expectations can demonstrate it also if you are already an adult because usually in our society that males who or the adult males who the ones should have the skills because they who go out of the
house and make the money for the family, so should be the competitiveness, decision making and know how to decide, forceful.
• Preschoolers expect boys to demonstrate:

• Competence Master of the skills. It means they are perfect in the skills already
• Independence They decide on their own
‫ﻗﺪرة ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﯿﺔ‬
• Forcefulness
• Competitiveness
• Preschoolers expect girls to demonstrate:
• WarmthSomething
moderately
have to do with Nurtural because it expected the females are warm and in relation to be
• Expressiveness Express the emotion, telling their problems

• Nurturance Related to your being warm because nurturance this is the quality of being a mother, being
compassionate, For caring of the child
• Submissiveness Submit yourself and obey yourself

•
•
•
•
Bisexuality
Homosexuality
Transsexualism
Heterosexuality
Sexual orientation relates to sexual interests
Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation questions occur during adolescence
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The normal attraction of the opposite sex between the males and
females
• Heterosexuality (sexual attraction and behavior directed at
someone of the opposite sex). Means attraction between males and males, females
• Homosexual (attracted to same sex) and females
• Bisexual (attracted to both).For example males or females who attract to males and females “ both”
• Transsexual -make or desire to make a transition from their
birth sex to that of the opposite sex, with some type of
medical alteration (gender reassignment therapy) to their
body. For example, the male who do operate to have vagina instead of penis
Also, females who take hormones
Change their sex by medical alteration
• Sexual orientation relates to sexual interests, while gender

identity refers to ones psychological orientation, of feeling,
behaving, like assigned sex.
Dating: Close Relationships in the 21st
Century
Functions of Dating
If you’re going in date, you going to learn, to know, or being
• Learning to establish intimacy close to the person.
• Learning to engage in entertainment You are not only going in date, also like go to
cinema, eating together, and movies.
• Shaping identity
If you are going with person, you will know
yourself better. You will know what do you
like to do and what do not you like to do ,
and will help you to develop your identity
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory: The
Three Faces of Love
• Intimacy
• Passion
• Decision/Commitment
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Sternberg’s Triangular Theory:
The Three Faces of Love
• Intimacy More about psychological, emotions
• Feelings of closeness, affection, connection.
• Passion
• Motivational drives relating to sex, physical
closeness, and romance, physiological;
• Decision/Commitment
• Thoughts of love and determination to
maintain that love.
Figure 12-5 The Shape of Love
Meaning it will change in the relationship develops, at the beginning of the relationship that level of intimacy from the start
of the relationship “ feeling close to the person will increase and increase over the time because these emotions ”, level of the
passion will increase in the start of relationship then it will decrease “ because there are kids already in the middle in the
relationship, so the focus now will be the children” and then will be level off, and commitment or decision will increase and
then go straight “ will not go down ” “ stable”.
Over the course of a relationship, the three aspects of love—intimacy, passion, and
decision/commitment—vary in strength. How do these change as a relationship develops?
Table 12-2 The Combinations of Love (1 of 2)
Type of Intimacy Passion Component: Example

Love Decision /
Commitment
Nonlove Absent Absent Absent The way you might feel
Everything is about the person who
absent, just takes your ticket at the
like a friend movies
Good friends who have
Liking Present Absent Absent lunch together at least
There is no running heart
There is connection, feeling
close to the person or breathing fast once or twice a week
A “fling” or short-term
Infatuated
Absent Present Absent relationship based only on
love
sexual attraction
There is physical response, like pulse
There is no closeness, affection rate, heart rate, and breathing are
increasing when you see the person
Empty Absent Absent Present An arranged marriage or a

There is decision and
love commitment to be in the couple who have decided
relationship.
Usually there is no to stay married “for the
emotional, physical, maybe
like traditional marriage sake of the children”
Table 12-2 The Combinations of Love (2 of 2)
Type of Intimacy Passion Component: Example
Love Decision /
Commitmen
t
Romantic love Present Present Absent A couple who have been
There is feeling connected to
happily dating a few
the person, affectation, physical
response, but there is no
months, but have not made
decision or commitment any plans for a future
together
Usually old people, just want
someone to be with them Present Absent Present A couple who enjoy each
other’s company and their
Companionat
relationship, although they
e love
There is connection, but the passion is no longer feel much sexual
absent “ there is no increase in heartbeat
or breathing” interest in each other
Fatuous love Absent Present Present A couple who decides to
Because they decide to
move in together after
move in together knowing each other for only
two weeks
Consummate A loving, sexually vibrant,

Opposite to non-love Present Present Present
loveincreasing
There is connection, affection,
heartbeats, breathing,
long-term relationship
and commitment
Marriage Gradient
They “ women and men”opposite
- Tendency for men to marry women who are slightly

younger, smaller and lower in status and women to
marry men who are slightly older, larger and higher
in status Because for the women want someone who is older,so if the women will become older the potential husband will decrease
“ it becomes more limited” which means if the women are 20 years old, they will have more potential husbands than the
women are 30 years old
- Limits the potential mates for women as they age

For example, if the males are 20 years old,
- Wider choices for males as they age they will have potential wife less than 20
years old. But if these males become 30
years old, they will have more choices
because all females below 30 years old
- “Bottom of the Barrel” men those females who are their potential
wife’s
- “Cream of the Crop” women

Marriage Gradient
- Bottom of the Barrel men- men don’t marry
because they cannot find women of lower status
that meet the demand of the gradient and
cannot find women of same of higher status that
accepts them as mates
Excellent people
- Cream of the Crop women- women cannot
marry because they are higher in status or seek
someone of higher status than anyone available
in the pool of men includes who are higher education than them, for
example, for women who have a doctoral degree want
someone who is higher than them. And for that’s they
can not marry
Figure 12.11 The Phases of Marital Satisfaction
So it will decrease when the birth of the children and increase when the children go out of the home and start their own family
For many couples, marital satisfaction falls and rises in a U –shaped configuration. It begins to
decline after the birth of children but increases when the youngest child leaves home and
The satisfaction Will have family
eventually returns to a level of satisfaction
similar to that at the start of marriage. Why do you think this pattern of satisfaction occurs?
Struggling Marriages
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Struggling Marriages
They focus themselves, they don’t mind their husband or wife anymore
• People become more individualistic, spending less

time together
• Many feel concerned with their own personal
happiness and leave an unhappy marriage
• Divorce is more socially acceptable
• Feelings of romantic, passionate love subside over
time The romantic and passionate between the wife and the
husband goes down as become together or once the
marriage becomes too long
Second Time Around Getting married again
Because they know already

being married has problems and
not just about romantic
• Older couples are more mature and realistic
• Roles are more flexible
• Couple looks at marriage less romantically and is
Because they have experience
more cautious
Because they are not idealistic, but they are realistic
• Divorce rate is higher for second marriages
Wife’s kids,
• More stress, especially with blended families husband’s kids
• After divorce has been experienced once, it is
easier to walk away a second time
If there is already problems in the second marriage, so it
easier fo them to get discover again because they did it
before
Life Span Development - A Topical Approach
Third Edition
Chapter 10
Development of
the Self
Cultural Influence
• View of self is culturally bound
Usually for
Collectivist Orientation: Asian
• View of self is family tied Record themselves as part as their family
• notion of interdependence
Usually for
Individualistic Orientation: Western/ US
Anatomy, they are going to decide for
• View of self is individually directed themselves
Usually by 18 years old
• emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the
individual.
If they will talk, they will talk about their personality
unique and won’t talk about their family
Burnout
Dissatisfaction, They think
everything
disillusionment, negative
frustration, and Means that don’t
enjoy anymore
weariness from jobs
• Occurs most often in
jobs that involve
helping others and
strikes those who are
most idealistic and
driven Like this is the standard
that puts, but show up
different
Unemployment
Money problems Think lower of themselves
Causes economic and psychological consequences

• Feeling anxious, depressed, and irritable Easily get angry
• Self-confidence and concentration may plummet
• Sometimes depression
and/or suicide
Age Discrimination
Often done to
• Encourage older workers to

leave their jobs in order to
replace them with younger
employees whose salaries
will be considerably lower
• Believe older workers are
not up to demands of the
job or are less willing to
adapt to a changing
workplace Like technically
Third Edition
Chapter 15
The Family
Understanding the Family
• The Family as a System within
Systems- family systems theory It means members of
the family, father,
• a whole consisting of interrelated parts mother, children,
maybe grandparents,
uncles, aunts.
• The family is a dynamic system- It’s about changes
system—a self organizing system that

adapts itself to changes in its
members and to changes in its
environment
Family as a dynamic system means that a family can adapt to the changes inside the family or even inside of environment. For
example, addition of members of the family or maybe one of your siblings will marry “ dynamic, adapts, fixable to changes”
Understanding the Family
Coordination
• Nuclear family- typically consists of father, between two parents.
For example, the
father and mother are
mother, and at least one child Or children in relation in decision
making, example “ if
• Coparenting- or the ways in which two parents you want to Dmmam
to study and going to
tell your father,
coordinate their parenting and function well (or maybe your father
also as the decision
poorly) as a team in relation to their children of your mother, so
your mother and
father deciding as
• Extended family household- in which parents team and they
coordinating as team
and their children live with other kin some
combination of grandparents, siblings, aunts,
uncles, nieces, and nephews.
Nuclear family + other “kin”grandparents, siblings, aunts,
uncles, nieces, and nephews staying just in one house.
Nuclear family Extended family
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Family life cycle
“Reborn” in some cultures believe being reborn
Using term “cycle “ just to demonstrate that

there are differences of stages of their family
Two people
Stage 1 • a sequence of
Engaging
changes in family
composition, Father, mother, children
Stage 2
roles, and
Marriage
relationships from
the time people
Stage 3 marry until they
Family Three people Finally, two people again die
These roles changed because they had children
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These roles changed because they had children
Only two
Family life cycle
Same roles
The children are now also adults , so they
bullied their own family
So there is no other roles

anymore, just grandfather
and grandmother , no
more aunt and uncle
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A woman who
is her husband
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011, Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. died
A Changing System in a
Changing World
• More single adults. Because there is postponed marriages and they want to marry at in older age like 30, 35 old.
Related to each other
• More postponed marriages.

• More unmarried parents. Because in the general society now, sometimes they just together “ the boy and the girls” without
marriage and have their children “ they still unmarried”
• Fewer children. Depends on the parents” for example, they want to give the best for their child, like financially”, and the government
• More working mothers. Because these women want to work and educate
• More divorce. Because more accepted now in the society
• More single-parent families Related to divorce because if there is more divorce the mother and kids and the father and
the kids “ more single family”
• More children living in poverty.

It could be related to divorce because usually if the mother has the children and doesn’t work
and “ is not financial stable”, so the children will live in poverty because the mother doesn’t
have enough money to support her children. And also if the father doesn’t give financial
support, such as for the food or education.
A Changing System in a
Changing World
• More remarriages Second time around , they marry again
• Reconstituted families, also called

blended families The father and mother have their own family.
For example, the father was a divorce and the
mother also a divorce, so the father-has his kids and
the mother has her kids and if they live together
• More years without children. Because they postpone having children because
they focus in their career
• More multigenerational families Your parents + uncles+ aunts = one generation

You + your siblings = another generation
Your grandparents = another generation
Multigenerational
• Fewer caregivers for aging adults.

Because if they gets sick, there is less people who
take care of these aging adults because there are less
children.
Four basic patterns of child rearing
• Authoritarian parenting- Parents impose many
rules, expect strict obedience, rarely explain why
the child should comply with rules, and often rely
on power tactics such as physical punishment to
gain compliance. It means they expect you follow what they want without explanation why
The
• Authoritative parenting- They set clear rules and
difference
between the
consistently enforce them, but they also explain
two is the
first one is
the rationales for their rules and restrictions, are
“ they rarely responsive to their children’s needs and points of
explain or do
not explain at view, and involve their children in family decision
all
And the
second one is
making. They are reasonable and democratic in
they explain their approach; although it is clear that they are in
because there
are rules and charge, they communicate respect for their
restrictions.
children. Which means the parents are democratic and reasonable, they explain, communicate, and respect their children and what they want
Four basic patterns of child rearing
They let you do what you want to do
• Permissive parents are indulgent; they have relatively

few rules and make relatively few demands, encourage
children to express their feelings and impulses, and
rarely exert control over their behavior.
They don’t care of their children, involve themselves, and reject them
And they only focus in themselves and own problems
• Neglectful parenting.. Relatively uninvolved in their
children’s upbringing. They seem not to care much
about their children and may even reject them—or else
they are so overwhelmed by their own problems that
they cannot devote sufficient energy to expressing love
and setting and enforcing rules
They want you to obey without
supporting
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Four basic patterns of child
rearing
Models of Influence in the Family
• Parent Effects Model

• Child Effects Model
• Transactional Model
• Parent Effects Model

Meaning the mother , the father, or both influence their child
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• Child Effects Model The child influences the parents
• One good example of a child effect is the

influence of a child’s age and competence
on the style of parenting used with that
child.
• example, infants in their first year of life
require and elicit sensitive care, whereas
older infants who are asserting their wills
and toddling here and there force Moving around
parents to provide more instruction

and set more limits. Depends on the age of the child. If the child is younger “ more
care”, but if the toddler going around and trying to do a new
thing “ they need more instruction”
• Transactional Model Bothe affecting each other
• parent and child are seen as

influencing one another reciprocally.
parents are not solely responsible
for whether their children turn out
“good” or “bad,” So not only the parents who are the reason why
a child turn good or turn bad, also depends on
the child himself or herself
Three major styles of
grandparenting They are not ver much connected with grandchildren
• Remote grandparents (29% of the sample) were

symbolic figures seen only occasionally by their
grandchildren; geographically distant, they were
emotionally distant as well.
• Companionate grandparents saw their grandchildren
frequently and enjoyed sharing activities with them. Such as, going the mall and party together, more often than remote grandparents.
• Involved. They saw their grandchildren frequently and

were playful with them, but unlike companionate
grandparents, they often helped with child care, gave
advice, and played other practical roles in their
For example, if the father and mother are going to
grandchildren’s lives.work, who will take a good care of the children, so it
could be the grandparents.
Grandparents - “the family national guard” Helping, advising, and guiding the family
The
Problem of
Family
Violence
• Child abuse
• Mistreating or harming a child physically,
emotionally, or sexually, is perhaps the most
visible form of family violence.
The child abuse is under the child maltreatment
• Child maltreatment Do not take care of the needs of the children, for
example, if the children are hungry, the parents don’t
care and don’t cook the food for them, crying, or
feeling cold
• Term that includes both abuse and neglect of the

child’s basic needs Includes food, shelter, clothes
Why Does Family Violence
Occur? Because sometimes of the history of the mother or father
The Abuser
• The abusive parent is most often a young mother
who tends to have many children, to live in
poverty, to be unemployed, and to have no
partner to share her load
Meaning they
separated
History of abuse
• Child abusers tend to have been abused as
children.
• Abusive mothers are often battered by their
partners
Occur?
• Abusers are often insecure individuals with low self-
esteem. For example, the expected from the children to get
100% in all subjects
• Abusive parents often have unrealistic expectations
about what children can do at different ages and have
twisted perceptions of the normal behavior of infants
and young children
Because they learn
Related to the history by roles modelling
Intergenerational transmission of parenting- the passing
down from generation to generation of parenting styles,
abusive or otherwise
Occur?
The Abused
• An abusive parent sometimes singles out
only one child in the family as a target
For example, the children who have medical problems because maybe they have negative feelings
towards them or difficult impediments who are always crying, shouting, and behaving not good or
• Children who have medical problems or

badly
who have difficult temperaments are more

likely to be abused
Occur?
The Context
• Abuse is most likely to occur when a parent is
They could be divorce,
under great stress and has little social support separated already, and not have
the family and friends who
gives them social social support
• Life changes such as the loss of a job or a move

can disrupt family functioning and contribute to
abuse or neglect
• Abuse rates are highest in deteriorating
neighborhoods where families are poor,
They don’t know one of their family is far
No social economic
transient, socially isolated, and lacking in

community services and informal social support
What Are the Effects of Family
Violence?
Having lower IQ score 8 points lower who did not suffer abuse
• Intellectual deficits and academic difficulties

Could be laying, cheating , vandalism, or stealing.
They can control their emotions, they
Problems with other people “antisocial” tend to get angry very fast
• Social, emotional, and behavioral problems

• One of the most disturbing consequences of physical
abuse is a lack of normal empathy in response to the
distress of others They don’t understand other people. For example, if they see someone sick, they don’t care
It doesn’t mean if they are maltreated, they will turn out
• Many maltreated children are resilient and turn out fine.

bad
• There is evidence that they have genes that protect them

from the negative psychological effects of abuse and
possibly other negative life events
• Environmental factors such as a close relationship with at
least one non-abusive adult contribute to resilience too
Could be friends and relatives in good relationships with them
Life Span Development: A Topical
Third Edition
Approach
Chapter 8
Intelligence
Binet’s Pioneering Efforts
• Alfred Binet developed diagnostic tests for the French
school system
How to improve the performing in test
• Binet’s pioneering efforts in intelligence testing left

three (3) important legacies:
1. His pragmatic approach to construction of
intelligence tests;
2. His focus on linking intelligence and school
success; Looked on the relationships
3. He invented the concept of IQ or INTELLIGENT
QUOTIENT, a measure of intelligence that takes
into account a student’s mental and chronological
age ((MA / CA) x 100 = IQ)
Binet’s Pioneering Efforts
• Mental age (MA) The way that you are thinking, for example, your thinking age is 40
• Age of children taking the test who, on average, received a
certain score
• Chronological age (CA) For example, your age is 20, but your thinking age 40.
• Actual age of the child taking the test

• Intelligence quotient (IQ)- a score that takes account a
student’s mental and chronological age.
• (MA / CA) x 100
• Example: A 15 year old who scores at a 17 year old mental
age
Learning Disorders
• Difficulties in acquisition and use of listening,
speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or
mathematical abilities
Over active Only for kids
• Attention deficit hyperactivity

,
disorder (ADHD) a
learning disability marked by inattention,
impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, have IQ
scores in the normal or above-normal range
• Others suffer from dyslexia, a reading disability that
can result in the reversal of letters during reading and
writing, confusion between left and right, and
difficulties in spelling.
Alternative Conceptions of
Intelligence
• Catell: fluid and crystallized intelligence

• Howard Gardner: 8 intelligences
• Lev Vygotsky: dynamic assessment It hasintelligence
3 components of
• Robert Sternberg: triarchic theory of

intelligence
Kinds of Intelligence
FLUID INTELLIGENCE
- is the ability to deal with new problems and
situations. From specific information or data to general reasoning
- is inductive reasoning, spatial orientation,

perceptual speed, and verbal memory How you receive thing
and how to process it.
- decline with age
Decrease
Kinds of Intelligence
Bigger scope than fluid intelligence
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
What you learned before
- is the store of information, skills, and strategies
that people have acquired through education
and prior experiences, and through their
previous use of fluid intelligence.
- includes numerical and verbal abilities, such as
solving a crossword puzzle or a mathematical
problem.
- holds steady or increases with age.
Howard Gardner: 8
Intelligences
• Musical Intelligence: skills in task involving music
• Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence: skills in using the
whole body or various portions of it in the
solution of problems or in the construction of
products or displays, exemplified by dancers,
athletes, actors and surgeons
• Logical Mathematical Intelligence- skills in
problem solving and scientific thinking
Involves the research, Step by step process in
how going to processed certain research
Howard Gardner: 8
Intelligences More languages
• Linguistic Intelligence- skills involved in the
production and use of language
• Spatial Intelligence- skills involving spatial
configurations such as those used by artists and
Drew house architects Visualize thing
Communicating with other
• Interpersonal Intelligence- skills in interacting

with others such as sensitivity in the mood,
temperaments, motivations and intention of
others How you deal with other people, like your family, friends, and classmates
Howard Gardner: 8
Intelligences
• Intrapersonal Intelligence- knowledge of
the internal aspects of oneself; access to
one’s own feelings and emotions
• Naturalistic Intelligence- ability to identify
and classify patterns in nature
Animal and plant
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Intelligence is made up of three major components:
• Componential (relates to the mental components
involved in analyzing data, and in solving problems,
especially problems involving rational behavior.)
Related to fluid intelligence
• Experiential (refers to the relationship between

intelligence, people's prior experience, and their
ability to cope with new situations)
Specific situation
• Contextual (involves the degree of success people

demonstrate in facing the demands of their
everyday, real-world environments)
Contextual
- Sternberg contends that success in a career necessitates
this type of intelligence, also called PRACTICAL
INTELLIGENCE (intelligence that is learned primarily by
observing others and modeling their behavior.
Imitate
- People with practical intelligence have good “social radar.”

* handle new situations effectively Because the observe other
people and copy their
* read people and circumstances insightfully behaviours, so they learn from
observing and apply it
* readily apply previous experiences to new ones

Modeling
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
For example, if you wan to talk with someone and this person is angry,
you have to step back first and you don’t want to talk or postpone to
talking with person at this time because he is angry.
- The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,

evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
- Allows us to get along well w/ others, understand what

others are feeling and experiencing and enables us to
respond appropriately in situations.

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Life-Span

Systematic: order, patterns, steps

Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory

• Instincts and unconscious motivation

• Id, Ego, and Superego formed from psychic

Freud’s Psychosexual Development

• Libido- the psychic energy of the sex instinct

• Early experiences have long-term effects on

Oral stage: when you see some babies are

Latent period: focus on the school

For the males develop the bigger muscles,

Another example, woman can not

Repression - removing unacceptable thoughts

Regression - retreating to an earlier, less

Projection - seeing in others the motives we

Reaction formation - expressing motives that

Another Example, a partner who is jealous of her significant

It means that how do you think about yourself and

Cognitive representations ofHelpthemselves

care will form internal working models suggesting that

love and that other people are unreliable.

For example, if the baby is crying and caregiver is insensitive, neglectful,

Undiscriminating social responsiveness (birth to

Goal-corrected partnership (3 years and ol

Example: A 4-year-old probably understands where

Just stay with caregiver

behaviour for them

You will not

To the needs of the baby

The parents don’t care

Infants who enjoy secure attachments to their

parents have parents who are sensitive and

responsive to their needs and emotional signals

Babies who show a resistant pattern of

attachment often have parents who are

inconsistent in their caregiving; they react

enthusiastically or indifferently, depending on their

moods, and are frequently unresponsive

Infants with an avoidant attachment tend to

provide either too little or too much stimulation.

Some are rejecting; they are impatient,

unresponsive, and resentful when the infant

interferes with their plans.

Disorganized–disoriented style of attachment is

evident in as many as 80% of infants who have

been physically abused or maltreated

An infant’s temperament also matters.

Attachments tend to be insecure when infants

are temperament, fearful, irritable, or

The caregiver affects the quality of the

The broader social context surrounding

So they will focus their attention on the children’s needs

Unoccupied play. Children stand idly, look around,

Menopause and Andropause

• Causes the body to waste away and

• Body struggles to make use of few

• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a

that of girls. Boys grimace more, although no