PARALLELOGRAMS AND TRIANGLES [ea In a parallelogram Opposite sides are congruent. Opposite angles are congruent, ><) The diagonals bisect each other. Pp In a quadrilateral. «= ABCD, S) ABIDC,BCIAD and the diagonals AC, BD meet each other at point O. @ Gi) Gi) OA: In the figure as shown, we label the angles as 21, 22, 23, £4, 25 and 26. { Statements Reasons @ In AABD © ACDB AeZ1 Alternate angles BD =BD Common Alternate angles “ AS.A.=A.S.A. So, (corresponding sides of congruent triangles) and (corresponding angles of congruent triangles) Gi) | rasaell (a) Proved and 22223000; (b) Proved, . mél+mZ2=m24+mZ3 From (a) and (b) or mZADC = mZABC or ZADand ZBAD= ZBCD Proved in @) (ii) In ABOC «> ADOA Proved in (i) Vertical angles Proved. AASZAAS Corresponding sides of congruent triangles) » c Each diagonal of a parallelogram bisects it into two congruent triangles. E eis ‘The bisectors of two angles on the same side of a paraltelogram cut each other at right angles. ‘ i ‘A parallelogram ABCD, in which ABIIDC, ADI BC The bisectors of ZA and £B cut each other at B. mZE = 90° Name the angles Z1 and 22 as shown in the figure. Statements ‘Reasons ma +mez mZ1=) mZBAD, = 1 ¢nzBAD+mZABC) 3 2 mZ2=5mABC 1 agor mgt) Intangles on thesameside of AB_ 290" Which cuts|} segments AD and BC are supplementary. Hence in AABE, mZE = 90° mZ1+mZ2=90" (proved) |EXERCISE 11.1 (One angle of a parallelogram is ¢ 130°. Find the measures of its remaining angles. ABCD is a parallelogram that 430" mZA = 130° . (Required) To find the measures of 2B, ZC, ZD Statements a ; Reasons - mZc = mZA Opposite angles of parallelogram. m2C |= 130° Given, mZA = 130” mZB+mZA = 180° ADIIBC and AB is transversal, | +. Sum of interior angles. mZB + 130° = 180° GivenmZA = 130° méB = 180° —130" | mZB 50° mZD mZB Opp. angles mZD 50° AsmZB = 50? \ - mZB = 50"mZC = 130%, | mZD = 50° (2) One exterior angle formed on producing one side of a parallelogram is 40°. Find the measures of its interior angles. ABCD is a parallelogram, side AB has been hie produced to p to form exterior angle mZCBP = 40° 7 and name the interior angles as 71, ZC, ZD, ZA. NU To find the degree measures of 21, ZC, 2D, ZA Lantos "Statements — ___ Reasons - mZ1+mZCBP = 180° «| Suppangies. ~ [nztwio? - = 180° mZCBP = 40" givenmZ1 = 180° — 40° mZ1 = 140° (i) mzD mZi Opp.angles of lm mZD = 140°.....4i)_| From (i) mZA+mZ1 = 180° ‘AD 1\ BC and AB is transversal. Interior angles) mZA+140° = 180° From (i) mZA = — 180°— 140" mZA = 40°... méZC = méZA Opp. angles mZC 40° From (iii) Thus m/41 = 140°, mZC = 40" Tf two opposite sides of a In a quadrilateral ABCD, quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, it is a parallelogram. D > ic mAC ‘Thus PQRS is a parallelogram | SRI PQ, mSR=m PQ (proved) EXERCISE 11.3 (1) Prove that the line-segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other. 0 ABCD is a quadrilateral. P,Q, R, S are the mid-points of AB, BC,CD, DA respectively. P- is joined to R, Q is joined to S. SQ.PR intersect at point “O” OP 2OR,0S = OQ Join P, Q, R, $ in order, join A to C. D Statements _ SRIAC w mR =3mAC (ii) Reasons _ In AADC. S, R are mid-points | Of AD,DC‘And (iv) “ wy) mPQ=mSR (wi) Similarly PSIQR mPS=mQR Hence PQRS is a parallelogram Now PR, SQ are the diagonals OF PQRS that intersect at point O. OP=OR OS=0Q In AABC; P, Q are mid-points of AB,BC from (i), and (iii) From (ii) and (iv) Diagonals of a parallelogram Bisect each other. | | Prove that the line-segments joining the mid-points of the opposite sides of + @ rectangle are the right-bisectors of each other. D R c Given | ABCD js a rectangle. and P, Q, R, § are the mid-points of sides : AB,BC, CD and DA, respectively. t lo Pis joined to R, $ to Q These intersect at “O” 0Q =05,OR = OP and RPLSQ S Bi : Statements Reasons a ABICD ‘opposite sides of rectangle @ mAB=mCD mAP= mDR Gi) APRD is rectangleOR=0P As mZA=mZD =90° Similly OQ: Now Inrectangie APRD mDA=mRP jada = mE mDS=mRO DSIRO, Hence SORD is rectangle. -méSOR=90°, RP.LSQ. Digonals ofa rectangle are congruent] Prove that the line-segment passing through the mid-point of one side and oanother side of a triangle also hisects the third side. In AABC, D_ is mid-point WB,DEIBC which meets AC at E. E is mid-point of Tike EFIAB which meets BC at B. ¥ ¥ © Statements Reasons | |Now BDEF is paraliclogram DEIBF given, EF||DB const. EFsDB @ Opposite sides of parallelogram EP=AD ww Given Als 2h _ Corresponding angles. | 42528 Git) Corresponding angles. 4222 (iv) Form (ii) |Now In AADE > AERC | Forva (iv) | Corresponding angles. |ieece AADE = AEEC ped AAS“The medians of « triangle are concurrent and their point of concurrency is the point of trisection of each median. a AABC ‘The medians concurrent and the point point of tsisection of each median. Draw two medians BE and of the AABC Join A to G and produce it to point H such that ‘AG AH Intersects BC at the poimt D. are of concurrency is the Corresponding sides of congruent triangles. | EE of the AABC which intersect each other at point ¢ Gif. Join H to the points B and C. { Statements _ ‘| in AACH, GENHC, G and B are mid-points of sides AH and AE respectively or BEN HC i) Gis a point of BE Similarly Cll HB ii) BHCG is a parallelogram from (i) and (ii) and = mGD = Ln iii) (iagonals BC and GH oof a AD is a median of AABC Medians AD, BE and CF pass through the point G Now GH SAG iv) parallelogram BHCG intersect each other at point D}. (G is the intersecting point of BE and GF and AD pass through it.) Construction- | and G is the point of trisection of AD (v) similarly it can be proved that G is also the point of trisection of CF and BE. mad +4 mAG from (iif) and Gv) dike (Q The distances of the point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle from its vertices are respectively 1.2cm; 1.4 em and 1.5 cm. Find the lengths of its medians. B P c Let ABC be a triangle with center of gravity at G ~~ where mAG=1.2cm, BG=I4em,mOG=1.5em FREY To find the length of AP, BQ, cR mAP = mCR = 3xtmca) 3 = 2x1s=2.25 A cm Q) Prove that the point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle and the triangle which is made by joining the mid-points of its sides is the same. A P R ° In AABC, AQ,BR,CP are its medians that are concurrent at point G. APQR AB, BC, CA B ce formed by joining mid-points of Point G is point of concurrency of triangle PQR.< PBQRis a parallelogram. T is mid-point PQ, similarly Statements Reasons PR{IBC P, R are mid-points of ABand AC => — PRIBQ @ RQUIAB P, Qare mid-points of ABand BC => RQIIPB Gi) BR, PQ are its diagonals, that bisect each other at T. Sis mid-point of PR and U is mid-point of PQ. acl If three or more parallel lines make ABICDIEE congruent segments on a transversal, they THE transversal LX imersects also intercept congruent segments on any other fine that cuts them. .CDand EF at the points M, N and P respectively, such that MN=NP. The transversal QY intersects them at points R, S and T respectively. ae From R, draw RUWLX which meets CD at U. From S, draw SVII LX which meets EF at V. as shown in the figure let the angles be labeled as. 21,22, 23 and £4 Statements ‘Reasons MNUR is a parallelogram RUII LX (construction) ABIICD (given) MN= RU (opposite sides of a parallelogram)Similarly, — Given But {from (i), (i) and Gii)} * Each is LX (construction) Also Corresponding angles Corresponding angles | and Proved Proved Proved SAASS.AA. (conesponding sides of a congruent tangles) (RR) «A Line, through the mid-point. <+—- parallel to another side of a triangle, bisects the third side. In AABC, D is the mid-point of AB. DBI BC which cuts AC at E. [eas u Construction ‘Through A, draw LM #1 BC. Statements Reasons Intercepts cut by LM, DE, BC on AC are congruent. {inept by parallelsM, DE, ie, AC= EC BC on AB arecongruent (given) Gi) The parallel line from the mid-point of one non-parallel side of a trapezium to the parallel sides bisects the other non-parallel side. Gii) If one side of a triangle is divided into congruent segments, the line drawn from the point of division parallel to the other side will make congruent segments on third side.DEif mMN =lem then 1 find the length of LN and LQ In given figure AXIIBYNCZIIDU IIEV , AB2 BC = CD=DE, mMN=1om Raia To find mLN and mLQ Statement Given F] lines through A, B, ©, D, E cut £0 in| points L, M, NLP, Q. Given » MN = tom 2, Take a fine segment of length Som and divide it into five congruent parts. [Hint: Draw an acute angle ZBAX. On AX. take AP = PQ = QR = RS = ST. Joint T to B, Draw line parallel to TB from the points P,Q, R and S.] 0a @ Take a line segment AB of Som long. (i) Draw an acute angle ZBAX. (iii) Mark 5 points on AX at equal distance starting from point A. (iv) Join the last point (mark)T to B. (v) Draw SF.RE,QD,PC parallel to TB these line segments meet AB at F,E,D,C points. & €-D E F B3. Fill in the blanks. () In a parallelogram opposite sides re..... (Parallel / Congruent) (i) In a parallelogram opposite angles are ....... (Equal / Congruent) Diagonals of a parallelogram . each other at a point, Gintersect) (iv) Medians of a triangle are * (Concurrent) (v) Diagonal of a parallelogram divides the parallelogram into two . triangles, (Congruent) 4 In parallelogram ABCD @ = ~=smAB. .. mDE (ii) mBC mAD Proof: (iii) (iv) a bs c 5. Find the unknowns in the given figure. Dd, Cc 4 Statement ABCD is a Parallelogram Opposite interior angles supplementary angles supplementary angles 6. If the given figure ABCD is a parallelogram, then find x, m. ABCD is a parallelogram with angles as shown To Find x° and m°was? | m+ 10) + 55°= 180° | (Sm + 109° | 5m°+ 10" = 125° j Sm” = 125° — 79° Sm* = 115° 7 The given figure LMNP ae Find the vatue of m, n, is * The parallelogram LMNP with lengths and angles as shown to find: m° and n° Statement r Reasons Opposite angles of parallelogram Int. supplementary angles = 5 tman Opposite sides of lim ) Opposite side of llgm Multiplying (j) by4 “ 16m + 4n = 40 (iii) Adding (i) and Giiy } fm pA <8 8 In the question 7, sum of the 16m 4-48 Put in (i) 4Q)+n=10 8+n=10 n=10-8 > n=2 Spposite angles of the parallelogram is 110% find the remaining angles, LMNP is a parallelogram with ingles 55°, 55° as shown To Find: All angles Z ms 125° Statement Reasons | ZLPN+55" 180° Interior angles | 4LPN = 125° Also 2m=2P Opposite angles u 2 P= 125°