Coverage:

1.
2.
Matter
Physical and Chemical Change Science
3. Atoms
4. Historical Background of Atoms
5. Isotopes
6. Periodic Table
7. Electron Configuration Physical Properties of Liquids
8. Trends in the Periodic Table PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT IN A LIQUID

Matter
What is Matter?
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
- Liquids are composed of closely packed particles that can
Matter can be in the form of Solid, Liquid and Gas.
move freely.
- There are small empty spaces between these particles.
PHASE CHANGES IN MATTER
- Attractive forces present in liquids are relatively weaker
Freezing – Liquid to Solid
compared of that in solids.
Melting – Solid to Liquid
 Have no Definite shape.
Evaporation – Liquid to Gas
 Have Definite volume.
Condensation – Gas to Liquid
 Cannot be easily compressed.
Ionization – Gas to Plasma
Recombination – Plasma to Gas
Physical Properties of Gases
Sublimation – Transition from Solid state to Gas State.
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT IN A GAS
Deposition – Transition from Gas state to Solid state.

Plasma – Hot Ionized gas that is composed of electrons and

positively charged ions.
EX: STARS

THE PARTICLE NATURE OF MATTER ON PROPERTIES

Physical Properties of Solids
PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT IN A SOLID
- Gases are composed of loose particles that can move
freely.
- There are wide spaces between these particles.
- Gases have the weakest attractive forces among all of
them.
 Have no Definite shape.
 Have no Definite volume.
 Can be compressed appreciably.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGE
PHYSICAL CHANGE A process by which the composition of
- Solids are composed of closely packed particles that are matter remains the same even when attractive forces
fixed in their position due to strong attractive forces. between the particles of a substance are disrupted or
- There are very small empty spaces between these formed.
particles. Phase Change – Transformation from one phase to another
 Have Definite shape. when heat is added or removed.
 Have Definite volume. No Phase Change – Change in size or shape alone.
 Cannot be easily compressed. EXAMPLES
- Melting of Ice caps
- Cutting of paper
- Boiling of water
- Breaking of glass
- Formation of clouds
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PHASE CHANGE
Water can be transformed into different phases such as
solid, liquid, or gas due to the addition or removal of heat.
Melting – A process by which a substance in solid phase is
converted to its liquid phase.
Freezing – A process by which a substance in liquid phase is
converted to its solid phase.
Evaporation – A process by which a substance in liquid
phase is converted to its gas phase.
Condensation – A process by which a substance in gas
phase converted to its liquid phase.
Sublimation – A process by which a substance in solid
phase is converted to its gas phase without passing through
the liquid phase.
Deposition – A process by which a substance in gas phase is
converted to its solid phase without passing through the
liquid phase.
CHEMICAL CHANGE
- The composition is affected or altered thereby forming
new substances.
- Observed when there is a change in some of a physical
and chemical change.
EXAMPLES
- Burning wood - Digestion
- Rotting fruit - Souring Milk
- Baking a cake - Exploding Fireworks
- Rusting Metal - Cooking an Egg
- Using a Battery - Photosynthesis
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- Observed with a change in the composition of matter.
- Includes flammability, acidity, combustion, and rusting.
EXAMPLES
Rusting of Iron
Burning of Gasoline/Combustion
ATOMS
Atom from a Greek word, “atomos” or indivisible.
- Smallest unit of matter
THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Atom is composed of three subatomic particles.
- Electron
- Proton
- Neutron
Electron is a particle with negative charge.
- Has a mass of 9.11X10^-28 g
- Located around the nucleus of atom
- Discovered by Joseph John Thomson in 1897
Joseph John Thomson discovered electron while
conducting an experiment on a cathode ray tube.
OBSERVATIONS
- The mass of the cathode ray was lighter than hydrogen
atom.
- The Cathode ray can be deflected using two metal plates.
- It is attracted to the positively charged plate while it is
repelled by the negatively charged plate.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Proton is a particle with a positive charge.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - Has a mass of 1.673X1^40^-2 g
- Observed without a change in the composition of matter. - Located inside the nucleus of atom.
- Includes color, state, odor, boiling point, and melting - Discovered by Eugen Goldstein in 1886.
point. Eugen Goldstein discovered protons while performing an
CATEGORIES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES experiment on a modified cathode ray tube.
INTENSIVE PROPERTY OBSERVATIONS
- Physical property of matter that is Independent on the - There was a stream of electrons emitted by the cathode.
amount or size of the material present - There was also a positive ray behind the cathode.
EXAMPLES
Melting Point Neutron is a particle with no charge.
Boiling Point - Has a mass of 1.675X10^-24 g
Color - Located inside the nucleus of atom.
Hardness - Discovered by James Chadwick in 1932.
Taste James Chadwick discovered neutrons while performing the
Density experiment of Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie.
Conductivity OBSERVATIONS
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY - The Beryllium emitted particles with no charge.
- Physical property of matter that is dependent on the - The particles have almost the same mass of proton.
amount or size of the material present.
Length HISTORICAL BACKROUND OF ATOMS
Surface Area ANCIENT GREEKS
Volume - First to propose physical examinations for materials.
Mass - Matter is made up of ultimate particles was advanced as
Weight early as the 5th century.
Width
Shape

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LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS
- Greek Philosopher
- Matter may be composed of indivisible particles.
- Coined the term atomos.

DEMOCRITUS
- Greek Philosopher
- Developed and systemized classical atomism.

ARISTOTLE
He believed that all matter consisted of 5 elements:
- Water
- Fire
ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- Earth
- Discovered Becquerel rays have 3 different types:
- Air
1. Alpha
- Aether
2. Beta
3. Gamma
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
- Law of Conservation of Mass states that “matter cannot
be created nor destroyed.

JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST

- Law of Definite Proportions states that “different samples
of the same compound always contain its constituent
elements in the same proportion by mass.”

JOHN DALTON
- Father of Modern Physical Science
- Chose the word Atom.
- Atom as the smallest particle of an element that can enter NIELS BOHR
into chemical combination. - Hypothesized that the electrons are located in specific
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY orbits or energy levels outside the nucleus.
- Matter consists of indivisible particles called atoms. - Introduces the concept of quantum levels which are
- Atoms cannot be created, divided, destroyed, nor allowed orbits of electrons.
converted to other atoms.
- Atoms of the same element have identical sets of
particles, but atoms of different elements will have the
different sets of particles.
- Compounds are composed of atoms of elements that
combine in simple whole number rations.
- A chemical reaction involves the separation, combination,
or rearrangement of atoms and does not involve creation
or destruction of atoms.

SIR. WILLIAM CROOKES

- Indicated that atom is composed of charged particles.
JAMES CHADWICK
- Discovered the cathode ray tube.
- English physicist confirmed the existence of yet another
subatomic particle called neutron.
JOHN JOSEPH THOMSON
- Demonstrated the electrical and magnetic properties of
cathode rays.
- Proposed the “Plum Pudding” model of the atoms.

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