Project File

of

Engineering Physics
(PYF105)

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

COMPUTER SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY
DIT
IMAGINE ASPIRE ACHIEVE
Session 2022-23
Submitted to: - Submitted by: -
Dr. Nisha Gupta Name:
Assistant Professor 1.Shivansh Kashyap
School of Physics 2.Aadi Sharma
3.Ishan Rajvanshi
4.Tanisha Negi
5.Anushka Chauhan
6.Gaurav Raj

SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
DIT UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN
(State Private University through State Legislature Act No. 10 of 2013 ofUttarakhand and approved by UGC)
Mussoorie Diversion Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand - 248009, India.
 INTRODUCTION
The minimum energy to remove an electron from the atomic
orbital of an atom is known as lonization Energy. Afilament
that is put under the cathode plate glows and provides the
thermal heat to the Cathode.

As a result, the cathode plate starts to eject the electrons

from theirsurface. These electrons willapproach the anode
plate if we connect it with the positive terminal of the
battery. Initially, when the potential difference between
cathode and anode is smallvery few electrons reach up to
the plate.And youobserve very small current.

Working of the ionization Tube:

But slowly when you increase the potential difference in
between the anode and cathode plate some more electrons
attract towards the anode plate. The current increases every
time because a number of electrons attract towards the
anode plate.
You can also conclude that when you are increasing the
potential between the plates the kinetic energy of emitted
electrons is also increasing. At acertain amount of kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons, it reaches that level where
they are capable of aknockout the electron from mercury
atoms.
Here, the ejected electrons from the mercury atom are
known as secondary electrons. Now secondary electrons are
also contributed in the current along with the primary
electrons.
When asufficient voltage is applied all the electrons emitted
from the cathode reach at the plate along with the secondary
electrons. This is the reason that the current suddenly
increases at a certain applied voltage. That value of the
of
applied voltage known as the ionization potential
mercury.

Space Charge and its Neutralization:

accelerated
When we increase the potential electrons get
we observe the
and ionize the mercury atoms. As aresult,
plate. This ion
remaining positive ions near the anode
we increase the
charges block the current. So further when
neutralizes
potentialit moves towards the cathode plate and
the space charge.
 HISTORY

Franck and Gustav Hertz in 1914 was aimed at verification of

Bohr Hypothesis on the quantum character of absorption
and emission of energy by atoms. Their experiment was
cleverly designed to provide the unquestionable proof for
the discrete character of energy absorption by atoms,
although the emission of mercury atoms was invisible. For
their experiment Franck and Hertz were awarded with the
NobelPrize in 1925.

Mercury ionization potential can be measured by adding

mercury vapours in an evacuated tube fitted with a cathode
and anode at a low pressure of 10 mm to 50 mm of the
mercury. The gas diode cathode can be aGordon Duff
heated directly or indirectly.
 EXPERIMENT
AIM:
To find the ionization potential of mercury using a gas-filled
diode.

APPARATUS:
Agas-filled (mercury vapor) diode, a D.C. power supply, a
voltmeter, a millimeter, and connecting wires.

THEORY/EXPLANATION:
The atom ormolecule's term ionization energy is the energy
needed to remove electrons out of an atom or molecule.
Large atoms require low energy for ionization, however,
small elements require high energy for ionization. This
amount was simply referred to as the potential for ionization,
i.e. the energy required to remove electrons from an atom
and expressed in volt (V).
The ionization potential of mercury: Mercury ionization
potential can be measured by adding mercury vapor
evacuated tube fitted with acathode and anode at a low
pressure of 10 mm to 50 mm of the mercury. The gas diode
cathode can be heated directly or indirectly.
A
diode filled with gas is called a phantom (or thyratron). Th
e mark in the pipe indicates the gas or vapor presence.
When you connect the thyratron with the battery as per the
circuit diagram. Then first youconnect filament with it, so it
starts to glow. Then after you provide the positive potential
to the plate respective to the cathode.
Now the electrons that emit from the cathode starts to move
towards the plate. As a result. you observe the current. These
electrons emit from the cathode that is in the vaccum tube
(this thyratron bulb) and moves inside the diode gas valve
towards the plate. Remember, this flow of charges in space.
When it reaches the plate it completes the circuit and you
observe the current.
This electronic current depends on these factors:
. The number of electrons emitted per unit area
from the cathode.
The temperature of the cathode that you are
providing by the filament.
The effect of the space charge region, i.e., the
negatively charged region containing the eled
cloud due to the accumulation of electrons emitted
by the cathode.
You may have seen when you increase the plate potential
current also increases. Do you know why? The answer to it
you have to understand with proper basic concepts. See, the
temperature is fixed, the number of electrons is emitting
from the cathode. But not all electrons are reaching on the
plate, so the number is less. But when you increase the
potential number of electrons increases, as a result, current
increases.
When the potential is increased beyond a critical value,
where all the electrons attracted toward the plate than that
time do you know what happens? See, when potential
increases the attraction willincrease, and simultaneously, it
will enhance the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons.
 Now,these high-speedelectrons strike on the mercury atom.
That results, ionization of the mercury atoms.
This electroniccurrent depends on these factors:
unit area
. The number of electrons emitted per
from the cathode.
cathode that you are
" The temperature of the
providing bythe filament. region, i.e., the
The effect of the space charge
charged region containing the electron
negatively electrons emitted
accumulation of
cloud due to the
by the cathode.
when you increase the plate potential
You may have seen why? The answer to it
increases. Do you know
current also
understand with proper basic concepts. See, the
you have to of electrons is emitting
temperature is fixed, the number
cathode. But not all electrons are reaching on the
from the when you increase the
number is less. But
plate, so the
number of electrons increases, as a result, current
potential
increases.
potential is increased beyond a critical value,
When the
the electrons attracted toward the plate than that
where all
See, when potential
time do you know what happens? and simultaneously, it
increases the attraction will increase, emitted electrons.
of the
will enhance the kinetic energy
the mercury atom.
Now,these high-speed electrons strike on
atoms.
That results, ionization of the mercury
OBSERVATION TABLE ANDGRAPH:
Plate Plate
Sr.
No. voltage current
in volts in mA
1 2.5 0.2

2 5.0 0.4
B
3 7.5 0.6
Ip
4 10 1.5 (mA)

5 11.5 2.0

6 12.0 3.0 A
Vg, (V)
7 14.5 5.0

8 17.0 7.0

19.0 11.0

RESULT:

The ionization potential of Mercury is found out to be 10.5V

with a Percentage Error of 10.48%.
 REFERENCES

1.www.wctmgurgaon.com
2.www.scribd.com
3. www.apniphysics,com
4.www.byjus.com