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LAB REPORT 3
(CHE485)

THERMODYNAMIC EXPERIMENT:
HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION

GROUP 1
MEMBERS’ NAME 1. MUHAMMAD ARIFF HAIQAL BIN MUHAMAD TARMIZI
(2020853792)
2. MUHAMMAD ‘IRFAN KHUMAINI BIN KAMARUHISAM
(2020859312)
3. LUQMAN HAKIM BIN JOHARUDDIN (2020495616)
4. NUR RASHIDAH BINTI AMID (2020819088)
5. NURUL AIN BINTI ABD RAHMAN (2020847334)

CLASS EH2202C
DATE OF 3/5/2021
EXPERIMENT
DATE SUBMITTED 17/5/2021
LECTURER’S
NAME DR. NURUL FADHILAH BINTI KAMALUL ARIFIN
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGES
ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 2-3
OBJECTIVES 4
THEORY 5
APPARATUS 6
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 7
RESULTS 8
SAMPLE CALCULATION 9 - 10
DISCUSSION 11
CONCLUSION 12
RECOMMENDATIONS 13
REFERENCES 14
APPENDICES 15
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this experiment is to determine and evaluate the molar heat of
neutralization of the various acids. In this experiment, coffee cup is used as a calorimeter. To
determine the molar heat of neutralization, it is necessary for an acid and a base to react to form salt
and water. Hydrochloric acid, HCL is used as an acid while sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution as a
base. There are three trials conducted in this experiment. The volume of both HCL and NaOH
solutions mixed are recorded and the change in temperature of the solution is calculated by the
difference of initial and final temperature of the solution. Then , the molar heat of neutralization of
the acid can be calculated. The molar heat of neutralization obtained for trial 1, trial 2 and trial 3 is -
6.966 kJ/mol, -6.3207 kJ/mol and -6.4267 kJ/mol respectively. It is negative because neutralization
reaction involve bond formations, thus releases energy. Hence, the neutralization reaction is
exothermic.

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INTRODUCTION
Differences in energy accompanies the chemical reactions. If energy that is in the form of heat were
to be liberated, the reaction would be exothermic. Though, if the energy is absorbed, the reaction
would be endothermic. The heat of neutralization which is (∆H) is basically the heat that is produced
when an acid and a base reacts together to form a salt with an addition of water.

Equation 1 : HCL(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCL(aq) + H2O(l) + Q

Q based on the equation above is basically -∆H. -∆H is expressed as kJ/mol of water. Reactions that
involve neutralization are often exothermic, hence why it is -∆H.

Measurements for heat are usually performed by proceeding on the reaction using a specific
container just for it. The container would be called a calorimeter. Due to the reaction, the solution
and also the calorimeter will increase in terms of temperature due to the heat being absorbed. Thus,
the increase in temperature can be measured by using a thermometer. The ∆H will be negative if heat
goes to the surrounding and positive if the heat is absorbed to the system.

Equation 2 : - ∆Hneutralization = Qsolution + Qcalorimeter

For us to know the calorimetric constant, a known mass of water would need to be added to a mass
of cold water in the calorimeter. Q will be transferred from hot water to the cold water and the
calorimeter following the equilibrium. Thus, Q calorimeter is equivalent to Q hot water minus Q cold
water.

Equation 3 : QHot Water = QCold Water + QCalorimeter

Equation 4 : Qcalorimeter = QHot Water – QCold Water

We assume that the temperature for the calorimetry would be equivalent to the solution inside it as
well. Therefore, the heat for hot and cold water will be as follows.

Equation 5 : Q = (4.184J/g-C)(Mass in g) (∆t)

Based on equation 5, the delta t can be achieved by plotting temperature against time and also by
extrapolating results to obtain delta t.

Heat that is obtained by the calorimeter is basically the difference between the Q lost by the hot
water and the Q acquired by cold water. Calorimeter constant can be achieved by dividing heat of
calorimeter to the differences of temperature of cold water.

Equation 6 : Calorimeter constant = QCalorimeter/∆tCold Water

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The differences of H for neutralization can be found by mixing an acid and a base in a calorimeter
while also measuring the difference in temperature of the mixture and the relative calorimeter
whereby both acid and base are known quantities in terms of moles and both acid and base are
initially at the same temperature. The heat that is produced from the neutralization reaction which is
delta H is basically the sum of heat absorbed from the solution and the calorimeter.

Equation 7 : -∆H = QSolution + QCalorimeter

Equation 8 : QSolution = Specific Heat x Volume x Density x ∆t

Equation 9 : QCalorimeter = Calometry constant x ∆t

Specific heat and density of solution from the salt can be obtained from the acid and base reaction. In
order to make comparison to the theoretical values, we must calculate the ∆H for a mole of water
formed in the system. This can also be done the same for ∆t of solution and calorimeter.

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OBJECTIVES
- To determine the molar heat of neutralization of strong acid
- To evaluate the molar heat of neutralization of strong acid

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THEORY

Energy change will be observed in chemical reactions. The energy changes are in the form of heat at
a constant pressure. It is known as enthalpy change ΔH. For 1 mol of compound to prevail from its
element, a sum amount of ΔH would occur and this change will be identified as the enthalpy of
formation. As heat is being released, it will be -ΔH and it will be called exothermic reaction. In
contrast, it will be a +ΔH and the reaction will be called endothermic reaction. Indirect methods to
measure the enthalpy of formation are used because measurement of enthalpy of formation are
experimentally difficult to measure. According to hess’s law, changes in thermodynamic of a
property for example, enthalpy, would depend on the initials and the finals state and is actually
independent of path followed. Hess’s law example would be as below.

½ N2(g) + 3/2(H2) → NH3(g) ΔHformation (NH3()) = ΔH1

NH3(g) → NH3(aq) ΔHdissolving = ΔH2

Let’s say if ΔH1 and ΔH2 were to be known, and the first and also the second reactions were to be
added as well, the net reaction would be as follows,

½ N2(g) + 3/2 H2 → NH3(g) ΔHformation(NH3(aq)) = ΔH1 + ΔH2

From there we can already calculate ΔH formation of NH3

The q is experimentally measured through allowing the reaction to proceed in an insulated vessel. If
the calorimeter is insulated perfectly, then, no heat change would occur in between system and the
surrounding. It would also be called as adiabatic system if it were to occur. Adiabatic system is q = 0.
Also, if pressure is constant, ΔHsystem would be equivalent to zero. The formation of changes on
enthalpy would be shown below.

Equation 10 : ΔHsystem = ΔT

Other than that, endothermic reaction in adiabatic system based on equation 10 would be written as
follows.

ΔHsystem = nΔHreaction + CpΔT

0 = nΔHreaction + CpΔT

nΔHreaction = - CpΔT

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APPARATUS

APPARATUS

- 250 ml beaker
- 100 ml measuring cylinder
- Coffee-cup
- Digital thermometer
- Funnel
-Glass rod

MATERIALS

- Sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH (100 g NaOH in 100 g water)

- 0.500 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid, HCL

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PROCEDURE
1. Coffee-cup were used as calorimeter.

2. 49 ml of 0.500 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, HCL and 50 ml of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH
were prepared. The solutions were prepared each in a beaker and measured using 100 ml
measuring cylinder.

3. The lid of the calorimeter was lifted and 0.500 mol dm-3 HCL was transferred in the calorimeter.
The solution was allowed for couple of minutes in the calorimeter and the initial temperature was
recorded.

4. Then, NaOH solution was poured into the HCL calorimeter without opening the lid by using a
funnel. The mixture was stirred gently by swirling using a glass rod.

5. The final temperature was recorded when it has reached maximum using digital temperature.

6. Step 2 to 5 were repeated with trial 2 and trial 3. The volume of NaOH solution and HCL used for
each trials were based on Table 1.

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Molarity of HCL (M) 3 3 3
Molarity of NaOH (M) 3 3 3
Volume of HCL (ml) 49 50 50
Volume of NaOH (ml) 50 50 49

(Table 1: Volume of NaOH solution and HCL in each trial)

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RESULTS

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Molarity of HCL (M) 3 3 3

Molarity of NaOH (M) 3 3 3

Volume of HCL (ml) 49 50 50

Volume of NaOH (ml) 50 50 49

Initial temperature (℃) 31.7 33.2 31.9

Final temperature (℃) 53.3 52.9 52.2

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SAMPLE CALCULATION

TRIAL 1

1. Number of moles,n = Molarity × Volume

Number of moles in HCl

n= 3.0 mol/L x 0.049 L

n=0.147 mol (As limiting reactant)

Number of moles in NaOH

n= 3.0 mol/L x 0.050 L

n= 0.150 mol

Trial 1 2 3

Number of moles in HCL (mol) 0.147 0.150 0.150

Number of moles in NaOH (mol) 0.150 0.150 0.147

2. Mass of Solution

Mass,m = Number of Moles × Molecular mass

Mass of HCL

m= 0.147 mol x 36.458 g/mol

m= 5.36g

Mass of NaOH

m= 0.150 mol x 39.997 g/mol

m= 6.00 g

3. Total Mass of Solution

Mass of HCl + Mass of NaOH

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5.36 g + 6.00 g = 11.36 g

Trial 1 2 3

Mass of HCL (g) 5.36 5.47 5.47

Mass of NaOH (g) 6.00 6.00 5.88

Total Mass (HCL + NaOH) (g) 11.36 11.47 11.35

4. Heat of Neutralization

Heat of Neutralization,Q = m × Cp × ∆T

m= mass, Cp=specific heat, ∆T= changes of temperature.

Q= 11.36 g x 4.184 �/�℃ x (53.3-31.7) ℃

Q= -1026.65 J / -1.027 kJ

Trial 1 2 3

Heat of neutralization (kJ) -1.0270 -0.9454 -0.9640

5. Molar Heat of Neutralization

Molar Heat of Neutralization,∆H= Q/n

∆H= -1.027 kJ / 0.147 mol

∆H= -6.9864 kJ/mol (Exothermic)

Trial 1 2 3

Molar Heat of Neutralization (kJ/mol) -6.9864 -6.3027 -6.5578

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DISCUSSION
The purpose of this experiment is to determine molar heat of neutralization of strong acid.
To obtain the calorimeter capacity and heat of neutralization, the basic principle is applied when heat
is evolved because there will be exothermic. The reaction is endothermic when heat is absorbed
while if the reaction released heat, it is exothermic. Enthalpy change produced when an acid and base
react to form a water is a basic principle for the heat of neutralization.

The solution was allowed for couple of minutes in the calorimeter so that it could mixed
well and reach their equilibrium and heat transfer takes place at this time. The heat transfer cause the
temperature to get the average calorimeter temperature which describes a stable calorimeter balance.
The experimental data must be compared to the theoretical data in order to get the accuracy in this
experiment. The value gain in this experiment is the same as the theoretical value which explain our
experiment is succeed.

A few suggestions for the appropriate apparatus should be used to get more accurate result
is pipette. Pipette should be used compared to measuring cylinder for a maximum accuracy.
Measuring cylinder can cause an error in volume determination which can lead to the error in
determination of mass and other derivative formula. Thermometer and calorimeter should be used in
a dry condition, so we need to wipe them first until it completely dry to improve the accuracy. Lastly,
the experiment should be run in closed area to prevent the heat lost to the surrounding.

There are two exothermic reaction will be observed in this reaction and each of them will
be found. Based on trial 1 the molar of heat neutralization between HCl and NaOH is -6.9864 kJ/mol.
While for trial 2 and 3 are -6.3027 kJ/mol and -6.5578 kJ/mol. The negative sign indicates that the
reaction is exothermic where the heat is released from the system which the mixture to the
surrounding. The limiting reactant for the trial 1 is HCl since number of moles for HCl is less
compared to NaOH, 0.147 mol. For trial 2 there is no limiting since the number of moles for both
reactants are the same. This indicates that the product will results in neutral salt. While for trial 3
NaOH is the limiting reactant with 0.147 mol which results an excess of H+ ion that makes the salt is
acidic.

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CONCLUSION

The number of mole, mass and total mass for NaCL and HCL for each trial is calculated.
The total mass of NaOH and HCL solution obtained for trial 1,2 and 3 are 11.34 g, 11.47 g and 11.35
g respectively. Heat of neutralization obtained fo trial 1, 2 and 3 are -1.024 kJ, -0.9454 kJ and -0.964
kJ respectively. The molar heat of neutralization for HCL obtained for trial 1, 2 and 3 are -6.966
kJ/mol, -6.3207 kJ/mol and -6.4267 kJ/mol respectively. It is negative because neutralization
reaction involve bond formations, thus releases energy. Hence, the neutralization reaction is
exothermic. The objectives is accomplished therefore the experiment is successfully done.

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RECOMMENDATIONS

Students should research and read more about the theory of the experiment before conducting
the experiment in the laboratory to fully understand it. This is to make sure the experiment is
conducted smoothly and finished within the allocated time without facing any problem or confusion
about the next step of procedure during the experiment. Preparation for the data table should be
prepared before conducting the experiment to avoid from wasting time so that all data for the
experiment can be recorded efficiently.

The students should know well how to handle the instruments and apparatus in the laboratory.
The students often forget to close the lid when mixing HCL with NaOH solution. This can lead to
inaccurate data taken. Therefore, the lid of the calorimeter must be closed when mixing HCL with
NaOH solution.

Distilled water can be used to rinse off any spilled solutions because both NaOH and HCL
solutions are both contact hazards.

Students must ensure that their eyes are parallel to the meniscus of the both sodium hydroxide,
NaOH and hydrochloric acid, HCL solutions when taking the reading of measuring cylinder in order
to avoid parallax error from happening as this could lead to inaccuracy in data obtained from the
experiment.

The students must wear complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as goggles,
gloves, covered shoes, face mask and lab coat during the experiment to guarantee the safety of the
students. Students also must wash their hands before leaving the lab. The students should be careful
in calculating the data so the mistake in calculation can be avoided.

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REFERENCES
1. EXPERIMENT: CALORIMETRY AND HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION. (2015). Chem 1101 Lab.
Retrieved May 12, 2021 from HEAT CAPACITY OF A CALORIMETER (cbu.ca).

2. J. Kotz, P. Treichel, J. Townsend. ( 2009). Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity 7th ed. Instructors
Edition; Brooks/Cole.

3. Greenbowe, T.J. and Meltzer, D.E. (2003). “Student Learning of Thermochemical Concepts in the
Context of Solution Calorimetry.”. International Journal of Science Education, 25(7), 779-
800.

4. Thermochemistry: The Heat of Neutralization. (2008). GCC. Retrieved, May 5 2021 from

Microsoft Word - Thermo_Report_S09 (gccaz.edu).

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APPENDICES

(Figure 1: Determining Heat of Neutralization)

(Figure 2 : Heat Capacities Table)

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