Lecture 7

Microwave Circuits Design Dr.
Vahid Nayyeri
Microwave Network Analysis

Objective: move from the requirement to solve for all the fields and
waves of a structure to an equivalent circuit that is amenable to all
the tools of the circuit analysis.
Reasons to use network analysis over Maxwell’s equations:
a) A field analysis using Maxwell’s equations is normally difficult
and provide much more information than we need.
b) We are only interested in the signal flow and the voltage and
current at a set of terminals.
c) Many RF/Microwave components/devices have more than 1 port
and present cumbersome problems for complete field analysis
(multiple interfaces).
http://webpages.iust.ac.ir/nayyeri/courses/mcd/
Microwave Circuits Design Dr. Vahid Nayyeri
When is microwave network analysis needed?

Circuit dimensions << wavelength
– Lumped passive and active components.
– Negligible phase change throughout the circuit.–
Circuit theory --- Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law.
Circuit dimensions ~ wavelength

– Distributed passive and active components.–
Phase depends on position. Component‫ش‬s are
characterized by their dimensions, propagation
constants and characteristics impedances.
– Microwave network theory.
Impedance, Voltage and Current

Electric and magnetic field lines for an arbitrary two-conductor
TEM line.
V       E  d l I   H  dl
 c
TEM-type transmission lines have unique V, I, Z0 because:

– The lines have well defined terminal pairs.
– The above integration are independent of path.
Characteristics of non-TEM lines

• Non TEM-type transmission lines such as rectangular
* waveguide do not have unique V, I and Z values because:
0
– The lines DO NOT have well defined terminal pairs.
– The above integrations are path dependent.
• For the dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide, the
* transverse fields can be written as:
ja x
E0 ( x , y , z )  A sin e  j z
 a
 j a x
V A sin e  j  z  dy
 a y
Path-dependent
• The above voltage depends on the position, x, as

* well as the length of the integration contour along
the y-direction.
*• There
unique.
is no “correct” voltage in the sense of being
• A similar problem arises with current and

* impedance.
*• Need certain ways to define voltage, current and
impedances that can be useful for non-TEM lines.
How are the equivalent voltages, currents and

impedances defined?
• Voltages and current are defined only for a particular
waveguide mode, and are defined so that the voltage is
proportional to the transverse electric field, and the current
is proportional to the transverse magnetic field.
• The voltages and currents are defined in such a way that
their products gives the power flow of the mode.
• The ratio of the voltage to the current for a single traveling
wave should be equal to the characteristic impedance of
the line. V V C
Z0    1
I I C2
For TE or TM lines, C1 and C2 can be chosen so that
their ratio is equal to ZTE or ZTM.
The Concept of Impedance

•    /   intrinsic impedance of the medium. This is
equal to the wave impedance for plane wave.
• Zw=Et/Ht=1/Yw= wave impedance. This is characteristic of

the particular type of wave. TEM, TE and TM waves each
have different wave impedances (ZTEM, ZTE, ZTM), which
may depend on the type of line or guide, the material, and
the operating frequency.
• Z0=1/Y0= L / C = characteristic impedance. This is the ratio

of voltage to current for a traveling wave. This is unique
for a TEM wave.
Example (cont.)
Impedance and Admittance Matrices

Voltages and currents can be defined for TEM and non-
TEM waves.
An arbitrary N-port network.
Impedance Matrix
• Two-terminal pair  port
• V and I  equivalent V and I.
– Reference planes are defined to provide a phase reference for the
equivalent V and I phasors.
– At the n-th reference plane, the total voltage and current are
Vn  Vn  Vn I n  I n  I n
• The impedance matrix that relates these voltages and

currents:
V   Z I  Vi
Z ij 
Ij
I k  0 for k  j
Zii: input impedance
Zij: transfer impedance between ports i and j, (i  j)
ELEC4630, Shu Yang, HKUST 12
Some Characteristics of Impedance and

Admittance Matrices
• Reciprocal Networks (no active devices, ferrites, or

plasmas --- no electrical or magnetic sources)
Both Z and Y matrices are symmetric.
Z ij  Z ji Yij  Y ji
• Lossless Networks
All the Z and Y elements are imaginary.
The Scattering Matrix (S-parameter Matrix)
• The exact value of voltages and currents are difficult to define for
non-TEM lines.
• It is not practical to measure voltages and currents at the ports at
microwave frequencies.
• It is natural to deal with power in incident and reflected waves for
microwave transmission lines.
• Active devices may not operate with short or open terminations
due to oscillation.
• The Scattering matrix relates the voltage waves incident on the
ports to those reflected from the ports.
• Most importantly, scattering matrix elements can be
measured without shorting any ports, just terminating the
ports with matched load.
The scattering matrix of N-port networks with the same

characteristic impedance at all ports is defined as
V1   S11 S12  S1N  V1 

     
V2    S 21  V2 

      
    
VN   S N 1  S NN  VN 

S-matrix element Vi
(S-parameter): Sij   Vk  0 fork  j
Vj
• Sij is found by driving port j with V j , and measuring the reflected
wave amplitude,Vi  , coming out of port i. The incident waves on all
ports except the jth port are set to zero, which means that all ports are
connected to matched loads.
• The matched load has advantages in terms of its insensitivity to the
transmission line length.
Example: S parameters of the 3 dB attenuator circuit
S11 S12  0 0.707

S21 S22   0.707 0
   
Example 4.3 Evaluation of Impedance parameters, p. 173
V V ZC V2
Z12  1  2  ZC Z 22   Z B  ZC
I2 I1  0
I 2 Z B  ZC I2 I1 0
Power Waves & Generalized Scattering Matrix

The scattering matrix of N-port networks with characteristic
impedance Z0n at n-th port is defined as
 b1   S11 S12  S1N   a1  Vn

an 
b  S    a2  Z0n
 2    21  
      Vn
     bn 
bN   S N 1  S NN  a N  Z0n
Z 0n : Z 0 of the nth port
Power Waves
• an and bn can be expressed in terms of Vn and In.
Vn Vn
an   Z on I n bn   Z on I n
Z on Z on
Vn
an  bn  an  bn  Z on I n
Z on
1 1
an  (Vn  Z on I n ) bn  (Vn  Z on I n )
2 Z on 2 Z on
Power Waves
For complex reference impedance
[bn] = [Sp] [an]
Average Power Delivered
Pn  Pn  Pn  (Incident Power) - (Refleced power)
Properties of Scattering Matrix

• A specific element of the scattering matrix can be determined as:
bi Vi  Z 0 j
Sij  
aj
ak  0,k  j
V j Z 0i
ak  0 ,k  j
• Sii is the reflection coefficient of the ith port with all other ports
connected to matched loads.
• The transmission coefficient from port i to port j is not equal to
Sij, unless all other ports are connected to matched loads.
The S parameters are properties of the network (and

reference impedance), and are defined under the condition
that all ports are connected to match loads
S-parameters for Reciprocal Networks and

Lossless Networks
• Reciprocal Networks
– [S] is symmetric. For a 2x2 [S], S12=S21.
• Lossless Networks
– [S] is a unitary matrix.
S  S   U 
t *
where [U] is the unit matrix.
 N
  ki ki  1
*
N S S for i=j
 ki kj   ij
S S *
N
k 1
k 1
 S ki S kj*  0 for i j
 k 1
the dot product of any column of [S] with the conjugate of that same column
gives unity
Phase-shift Properties
• Scattering parameters relate the phasor amplitudes of incident
and reflected waves, phase reference must be specified for each
port of the network.
Z o,    [S] Z o,   
• If the reference plane at port n is shifted  n   n ln electrical

length outward, then the resulting phase shift at port i due to
change of electrical length at port i and j is  i   j , The
corresponding matrix representation is:
 e  j 1 0   e  j 1 0 
  j 2    j 2 
 e   e 
S' S
     
  j N    j N 
 0 e   0 e 
• For a 2-port network,

b1  S11 S12  a1  b1 = S11a1 + S12a2
b2   S21 S22  a2 
     b2 = S21a1 + S22a2
• It is not uncommon to consider microwave networks

of three and four ports, as in power dividers and
directional couplers.
b1  S11 S12 S13 a1  b1 = S11a1 + S12a2 + S13a3

b2   S21 S22 S23 a2  b2 = S21a1 + S22a2 + S23a3
     b3 = S31a1 + S32a2 + S33a3
b3  S31 S32 S33 a3 
In Our Antenna Lab

Vector Network Analyzer
A photograph of the Hewlett-
Packard HP8720B Network
Analyzer. This test instrument is
used to measure the scattering
parameters (magnitude and
phase) of a one- or two-port
microwave network from 130
MHz to 20 GHz.
Signal Flow Graph

Components in a signal flow graph
• Nodes: each port, i, of a microwave network has two nodes, a,
and b. Node ai has a wave entering port i, while node bi has a
wave reflected from node i.
• Branches: a path connecting a-node and b-node. Signal flows
from node a to node b.
Examples
A one-port network and its flow graph
A source and its flow graph
Rules for simplifying flow graphs

• Rule 1: series rule --- V3  S32V2  S32 S21V1
• Rule 2: parallel rule --- V2  SaV1  SbV1  ( Sa  Sb )V1
S32 S21V1
• Rule 3: self-loop rule --- V3  S32V2 
1  S22
• Rule 4: splitting rule --- V4  S42V2  S21S42V1
Decomposition of signal flow graph

• Example 4.7 on Page 216 of Pozar
Derive the expression for in for the terminated two-port network
ΓS Γout
Γin ΓL
The signal flow path
Decomposition Procedures:
Mason's gain formula

•  A few useful terminologies in Mason's gain formula
have to be defined related to an SFG
–  Forward path: a path that connects a source node to a sink
node in which no node is traversed more than once.
–  Loop: a closed path without crossing the same point more
than once.
–  Loop gain: the product of all the transfer funcTons in the
loop.
–  Non-‐touching or non-‐interacTng loops: two loops are non-‐
touching or non-‐interacTng if they have no nodes in
common.
Mason's gain formula
M = transfer funcTon or gain of the system

Y = output node
X = input node
N = total number of forward paths between X and Y
Δ = determinant of the graph = 1-‐∑ loop gains + ∑ non-‐touching loop gains
taken two at a Tme -‐ ∑ non-‐touching loop gains taken three at a Tme + …
Mj = gain of the jth forward path between X and Y
Δj = 1-‐loops remaining aèr eliminaTng the jth forward path i.e. eliminate
the loops touching the jth forward path from the graph. If none of the
loops remains, Δj = 1.
SFG example
1) Find the forward paths and their corresponding gains

Two forward paths exist in this SFG:
M1 = G1G2G3 and M2 = G4
2) Find the loops and their corresponding gains

There are four loops in this example:
Loop1 = -‐G1H1
Loop2 = -‐G3H2
Loop3 = -‐G1G2G3H3
Loop4 = -‐G4H3
SFG example (Cont’d)
3) Find the Δj

If we eliminate the path M1 =G1G2G3 from the SFG, no complete
loops remain, so Δ1 = 1. Similarly, if the path M2 =G4 is eliminated
from the SFG, no complete loops remain neither, so Δ2 = 1 as well.
4) Find the determinant Δ

Only one pair of non-‐touching loops is in this SFG, i.e. Loop1 and
Loop2, thus ∑ non-‐touching loop gains taken two at a Tme
= (-‐G1H1)(-‐G3H2). Therefore,
SFG example (Cont’d)
Δ = 1-‐ ∑ loop gains + ∑ non-‐touching loop gains taken 2 at a Tme

= 1 -‐ (-‐ G1H1 -‐ G3H2 -‐ G1G2G3H3 -‐ G4H3) + (-‐G1H1)(-‐G3H2)
= 1 + G1H1 + G3H2 + G1G2G3H3 + G4H3 + G1G3H1H2
5) The final step is to apply the Mason's gain formula
11
The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix

• The Z, Y and S parameters cannot be used to cascade the
connection of two or more two-port elements.
• ABCD matrix is defined for this purpose:
V1 = A V2 + B I2 V1   A B  V2 
I1 = C V2 + D I2  I   C D   I 
 1   2 
A two-port network:
A cascade connection:
• For the cascade connection of two-port networks, we

have
V1   A1 B1   A2 B2  V3 
 I   C D  C D   I 
 1  1 1 2 2  3 
ABCD Example: Quarter- and Half-Wave Transmission

Lines I2
l
V1 Zo ZL
The ABCD matrix of a length of transmission line l of Zo and ß is
A = cos ßl B = j Zo sin ßl
C = j Yo sin ßl D = cos ßl
• Note that, for cos βl = 0 (that is, for βl =/2, a quarter

wavelength or odd multiple) the ABCD matrix becomes simply
A=0 B = j Zo
C = j Yo D=0
which implies that I2 = V1/j Zo independent of V2 or I1.

• Similarly, if sin βl = 0 (that is, for βl =, a half wavelength or
multiple) the ABCD matrix becomes simply
A = -1 B=0
C=0 D = -1
which implies that V2 = -V1 and I2 = -I1 independent of the

terminating impedance at end 2.
ELEC4630, Shu Yang, HKUST
Matrix Conversion
ELEC344, Kevin Chen, HKUST 14

Discontinuities in Transmission Lines
• Discontinuities in transmission lines cannot be avoided in

practical implementation.
• Mechanical or electrical transitions from one medium to another
(e.g., a junction between two waveguides, or a coax-to-
microstrip transition).
• Sometimes, discontinuities are deliberately introduced to
perform a certain function.
• Usually, a transmission line discontinuity can be represented as
an equivalent circuit at some point on the transmission line.
• Analysis of discontinuities requires complicated field solution,
which is usually performed by sophisticated CAD tools.
Equivalent Circuits for Microstrip Line Discontinuities
Microstrip Discontinuities
90o bend or corner
(1) Capacitance arises through additional charge accumulation at the corners ---
particularly around the outer point of the bend where electric fields
concentrate.
(2) Inductance arise because of current flow interruption.
(3) The impedances of these additional components can be comparable to the
line characteristic impedance at microwave frequencies.
Matched microstrip bends: compensation techniques

Using curved and mitered bends to reduce the effect of the additional
capacitance --- mitered bends are as good as, or better than curved
bends at frequencies up to 10 GHz.
Typical value for the mitering fraction is

b
1  0.6 b  0.57 w
2w
Compensation schemes
Two Port Network Synthesis
T equivalent
 equivalent

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Microwave Circuits Design Dr.

Microwave Network Analysis

When is microwave network analysis needed?

Circuit dimensions ~ wavelength

Impedance, Voltage and Current

TEM-type transmission lines have unique V, I, Z0 because:

Characteristics of non-TEM lines

• The above voltage depends on the position, x, as

• A similar problem arises with current and

How are the equivalent voltages, currents and

The Concept of Impedance

• Zw=Et/Ht=1/Yw= wave impedance. This is characteristic of

• Z0=1/Y0= L / C = characteristic impedance. This is the ratio

Impedance and Admittance Matrices

An arbitrary N-port network.

• The impedance matrix that relates these voltages and

ELEC4630, Shu Yang, HKUST 12

Some Characteristics of Impedance and

• Reciprocal Networks (no active devices, ferrites, or

The Scattering Matrix (S-parameter Matrix)

The scattering matrix of N-port networks with the same

V1   S11 S12  S1N  V1 

S11 S12  0 0.707

Example 4.3 Evaluation of Impedance parameters, p. 173

Power Waves & Generalized Scattering Matrix

 b1   S11 S12  S1N   a1  Vn

Z 0n : Z 0 of the nth port

For complex reference impedance

[bn] = [Sp] [an]

Average Power Delivered

Pn  Pn  Pn  (Incident Power) - (Refleced power)

Properties of Scattering Matrix

The S parameters are properties of the network (and

S-parameters for Reciprocal Networks and

• If the reference plane at port n is shifted  n   n ln electrical

• For a 2-port network,

• It is not uncommon to consider microwave networks

b1  S11 S12 S13 a1  b1 = S11a1 + S12a2 + S13a3

In Our Antenna Lab

Signal Flow Graph

A source and its flow graph

Rules for simplifying flow graphs

• Rule 2: parallel rule --- V2  SaV1  SbV1  ( Sa  Sb )V1

• Rule 4: splitting rule --- V4  S42V2  S21S42V1

Decomposition of signal flow graph

The signal flow path

Mason's gain formula

Mason's gain formula

M = transfer funcTon or gain of the system

1) Find the forward paths and their corresponding gains

2) Find the loops and their corresponding gains

SFG example (Cont’d)

3) Find the Δj

4) Find the determinant Δ

SFG example (Cont’d)

Δ = 1-­‐ ∑ loop gains + ∑ non-­‐touching loop gains taken 2 at a Tme

The Transmission (ABCD) Matrix

Δ = 1-‐ ∑ loop gains + ∑ non-‐touching loop gains taken 2 at a Tme