NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH

INQUIRY – BASED LEARNING However, research is different from inquiry

- Inquiry is a learning process that because it carries out various research stages.
motivates you to obtain knowledge or Each stage is not an individual task but may
information about people, things, places, also come from other people which makes it
or events a cooperative learning
- Inquiry is a problem-solving technique
since it involves thinking logically or Importance of Research in Daily Life
systematically to seek evidence Research is what propels humanity forward,
fueled by curiosity
Inquisitive thinking allows a person to shift
from one level of thought to another
Characteristics of Research__________________
1. Accuracy 4. Timeliness
RESEARCH
2. Relevance 5. Clarity
- An investigation done in a systematic
3. Objectiveness 6. Systematic
manner to reveal a particular truth about a
topic, phenomenon, or reality
Purposes of Research________________________
- According to Litchman (2013), it is a
- To foster independence
process of executing various mental acts
- To work systematically/scientifically
for discovering and examining facts and
- To gain in-depth knowledge
information to prove the accuracy or
- To promote higher-order thinking skills
truthfulness of your claims
- To enhance reading and writing skills
- To familiarize with the tools and
Differences between Inquiry and Research techniques of research
INQUIRY RESEARCH
 Encourages the  Encourages
The Research Process
exploration of adherence to a
STEP 1: Identifying a Research Problem
questions formal process
 Emphasizes the  Emphasizes
STEP 2: Exploring existing knowledge
process of efficiency and
about the research problem
discovery focus
 Can become  Tends to remain
STEP 3: Developing the Research Design
broad and focused and
expansive precise STEP 4: Collecting Data
quickly  Allows students
 Allows students to gain skills STEP 5: Analyzing Data
to gain soft skills such as
as cooperation, organization, STEP 6: Forming conclusions, implications,
self-reflection, communication, and recommendation
and problem and attention to
solving detail Ethics in Research____________________________
- Objectivity and integrity
RESEARCH IS ANALOGOUS TO INQUIRY__
 NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
- Respect if the research subjects’ right to
privacy and dignity and protection of
subjects from personal harm
- Presentation of research findings
- Misuse of research role
- Acknowledgement of research
collaboration and assistance
- Distortions of findings by sponsor
 QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE reliable through validity and
- An inquiry process of understanding a verification reliability
social or human problem based on
building a complex, holistic picture Philosophical Perspectives of Qualitative
formed with words, reporting detailed and Quantitative Research___________________
views of informants, and conducted in a Positivist methods
natural setting - Include laboratory experiments and survey
research and usually aims to test a
QUANTITATIVE
hypothesis
- An inquiry into a social or human problem
- Employ a deductive approach
based on testing a theory composed of
- Use predominantly quantitative data, but
variables, measured with numbers, and
can also use qualitative data
analyzed with statistical procedures.
Interpretive methods
Nature of reality - Aimed at theory building, such as action
Qualitative Quantitative research and ethnography
Reality is subjective Reality is objective - Use inductive approach
since the data to be since it involves - Rely heavily on qualitative data, but can
gathered revolves measurement of also benefit from including quantitative
around people’s data through a data as well
experiences, questionnaire or any
thoughts, and instrument.
Qualitative Research
perspectives.
- Investigation of thoughts, feelings,
Relationship to the respondents
views, and beliefs
Researchers interact Researchers are
- Non-numerical, but verbal
with the participants “independent” or
to further gain “separate” from the
Types of Qualitative Research_______________
understanding. researchers to avoid
Respondents should bias Case Study: an in-depth study of one person,
behave in natural group, or event
setting. - Seeks to find answers to why such thing
Role of Values occurs to a subject
Value-laden and Value-free and - Can be used in various fields, including
biased unbiased psychology, medicine, education,
Language of Research anthropology, political science, and social
Informal Formal work
- Data may be collected in case studies
Process of Research through various means such as
- Inductive process - Deductive questionnaires, interviews, observations,
(specific to process or pa accounts by the subjects
general) - Context-free
- Context-bound - Accurate and
- Accurate and reliable through
 QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Ethnographic Research: involve the
collection and analysis of data about cultural
groups
- The systematic process of observing,
detailing, describing, documenting, and
analyzing the lifeways or particular
patterns of a culture in order to grasp the
lifeways or patterns of the people in their
familiar environment
- “Encountering alien worlds and making
sense of them”. Ethnographers try to show
how actions in one world make sense
from the perspective of another world

Phenomenology: examine human

experiences through the descriptions
provided by the people involved
- Experiences are called “lived experience”
- Its goal is to describe the meaning that
experiences hold for each subject. This
type of research is used to study areas in
which there is little knowledge

Content and Discourse Analysis: requires an

analysis or examination of the substance or
content of the mode of communication

Historical Studies: concern the identification,

location, evaluation, and synthesis of data
from the past
- “Without a past, there is no meaning to
the present, nor can we develop a sense of
ourselves as individuals and as members
of groups”
- The examination of primary documents to
make you understand the connection of
past events to the present time

Grounded Theory: develops a theory

surrounding a social issue
- Studies in which data are collected and
analyzed and then a theory is developed
that is grounded in the data
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its
Background
Chapter one serves to introduce the subject
or topic of the research to the reader, it gives
the background against which the research
takes place and justifies the research based
upon an identified problem
I. Intro/Rationale
II. Background of the Study
III. Statement of the Problem and
Research Questions
IV. Significance of the Study
V. Scope and Delimitations
VI. Limitations of the Study
Introduction__________________________________
Provide a 3-paragraph introduction of your
research. Establish definitions of the big
words related to your topic. Include also the
purpose and relevance of your research
project to the entire body of knowledge.
1st paragraph – Intro
2nd paragraph – Purpose
3rd paragraph – Relevance
Background of the Study____________________
You must spend time getting background
knowledge about the problem that triggered
off your research topic
- The background clarifies the importance
of the study in detail
- The background provides a detailed
understanding of the topic
Background of the Study includes the ff:
- The aim of your research
- Previous researches conducted that are
related to your topic; their findings as
well as the strengths and loopholes of
their study
- Reason for choosing your topic
Difference between the Intro and the B.O.S
Intro B.O.S
- Only gives an - Discusses in
overview depth about the
- Contains topic
preliminary data - Clarifies the
about your topic importance of
that the reader the paper
will most likely
read
Research Problem and Questions___________
Qualitative research usually seeks to answer
questions about:
1. Why people behave the way they do
2. How opinions and attitudes are formed
3. How people are affected by the events
that go around them
4. How and why cultures and practices
have developed in the way they have
Guidelines in formulating your research
questions
- There should be a CLEAR relation
between the research questions and the
title/topic
- Base your questions on your RRL
- Questions should arouse your curiosity
and your sense of discovery
- Avoid questions that are answerable by
“yes” or “no”; instead, use open-ended
questions
Qualitative Research Questions:
1. Usually start with ‘what’ or ‘how’ (avoid
beginning qualitative questions with
‘why’ as this implies cause and effect)
2. Identify the central phenomenon you
plan to explore (tell in your question
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: CHAPTER 1
what you are going to describe,
explore, generate, discover,
understand)
3. Avoid the use of quantitative words
such as relate, influence, effect, cause
With qualitative research, you will usually
have one central question and possibly also
some sub-questions to narrow the
phenomenon under study further. The sub-
questions will generally be more specific.
Significance of the Study____________________
You should first describe the importance of
your study to the specific audience that the
research is intended to. Also, you must state
how important your research is to the future
researchers, practitioners and policymakers
This study will be beneficial to the following
people:
1. Students: The results of this study may
encourage students to use digital
media as a tool for stress relieving and
managing their mental health during
their isolation. The results of this study
can also give information to the
students on whether it is effective or
ineffective to use digital media as a
coping mechanism for isolation
2. Teachers: The results of this study can
be a source of information for the
teachers to relate to their students,
such as using digital media as a source
of learning device. It develops more
effective teaching techniques to
enhance the students’ ability to learn
and boost their morale to help and
cope during this pandemic
3. Parents: The results of this study can
provide information about the well-
being of the students during their
isolation, social, or emotional. Their
parents can take further actions to
help, cope, and take care of their
mental health during this pandemic
4. School Administrators: The results of
this study may provide the school
administrators information about how
students use digital media in this
pandemic to improve the school’s
quality of education, such as using
digital media as a platform for
students to cope
5. Future Researchers: The results of this
study can guide future researchers on
doing their research that involves
digital media as a coping mechanism
for students. This can be considered
another source that could be useful
and create a more in depth analysis
with the results of this study
Scope and Limitations_______________________
Scope refers to the problem or subject that
you plan to study. It is the “extent” to which
the research area will be explored in the work.
This means that it will have to be narrowed
down to a certain section of the target
population
Delimitation is the “characteristics” that limit
the scope and describe the boundaries of the
study, such as: target size; geographic
location; setting in which the study takes
place; population traits; research
tools/instruments. This part also explains why
specific choices were made while others were
excluded, and how this might affect the
outcome of the research.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: CHAPTER 1
Delimitation vs Limitation
Delimitation Limitation
- Used to address - Used to identify
how the study potential
will be narrowed weakness of the
in scope study
- “Initially, the - “The purposive
study will sampling
confine itself to procedure
interviewing and decreases the
observing the generalizability
psychiatric staff of the findings.
nurse in a private This study will
psychiatric not be
hospital” generalizable to
all areas of
nursing”
 CITATION
A citation is a reference to the source of
information used in an academic text
Information citation provides:
• Author’s name
• Publication date
• Publisher name
• Year of publication
• Page number
• In case of journals, books, and
anthologies (Poems)
- Journal name
- Edition
• Online sources from where the
information is taken
A “citation” is the way you tell your readers
that certain material in your work came from
another source
End-of-paper citation________________________
- Contains the information a reader needs
to be able to identify and retrieve works
cited in a text
- Formatted list of all your sources cited
within your paper
Americal Psychological Association (APA) _
- APA format was first applied in 1929 to
help writers in doing their work in a
proper structure
- Its main aim is not to confuse a reader but
to give broad information with
appropriate captions, referencing list, and
avoid cheating in work
- APA is used for scientific papers,
documents, lab reports
In-text Citation_____________________________ _
Basic Format: (Author’s Last Name(s) or
Organization, Year)
- Referencing the source in the body of
your paper
Parenthetical Citations
Include the author(s) and the date of
publication within parentheses
Example:
There are risks inherent in drinking tap
water (Lee, 2016).
Narrative Citations
Intertwine the author as part of the
sentence with the date of publication (in
parentheses) following
Example:
Lee (2016) investigated the risks inherent in
drinking tap water
REFERENCES__________________________________
Basic Format: Author, A.A., & Author, B. B.
(Date). Title of the work. Source where you
can retrieve the work. URL or DOI if available
- Including the complete citation at the end
of your paper
Author(s)
List each author’s last name and initial as:
Author, A.A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
Example:
Peligrino, C. J.
Peligrino, C. J., Andam, L., & Rosales, A. A.
Use an ampersand (&) before the final
author’s name.
(Year)
Title of the article
Note: For works that are part of a greater
whole (e.g. articles, chapter) use sentence
case. Only the first word of the title and
subtitle and proper nouns are capitalized
Title of the Journal,
Volume
(issue)
Page range
 CITATION
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) McAllister, J. (2017, July 5). Beaver Stadium
prepares for inaugural concert. Centre Daily
Each item in your references list requires Times.
general publication information, including but http://www.centredaily.com/entertainment/th
not limited to: isweekend/article159672269.html
- Author’s name
- Year of publication Printed Book__________________________________
- Title Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication
- Source Year). Title of the book (Edition). Publisher.

Example:
APA FORMAT (REFERENCE LIST)
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2017).
Online Journal Article________________________
Evidencebased practice for nurses: Appraisal
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication
and application of research (4th ed.). Jones &
Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
Bartlett Learning, LLC.
volume # (issue #), pp-pp.
https://doi.org/xx.xxxxxxx
What if there are missing information?
Example: NO author
Collins, M. E., Garlington, S., & Cooney, K. An author/creator won’t necessarily be a
(2015). Relieving human suffering: person’s name. It may be an organization
Compassion in social policy. Journal of or corporation or a username on a site
Sociology & Social Welfare, 42(1), 95–120. such as YouTube
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcont Example: Catholic Bishop Conference of
ent.cgi?article=3889&context=jssw the Philippines (2022)

Shortened title in quotation marks

Magazine Article Retrieved Online__________
Example: (“A few words,” 2020)
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year,
(A few words, 2020)
Month Day). Title of article. Name of
Magazine, volume #(issue), pp-pp. http:// Anonymous
Example: Example: Anonymous (2020)
Clay, R. A. (2014, December). Taking action
against Ebola. Monitor on Psychology, 45(11), NO date
14. Use n.d. which stands for no date
https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/12/ebola
NO page number
Newspaper Article Retrieved Online________ Skip the page # in the reference list
Author’s Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year, Use paragraph # instead in in-text citation
Month Day). Title of article. Name of or omit the page number if there is only
Newspaper. http:// one paragraph to cite

Example:
 CITATION
NO title For every in-text citation in your paper,
In square brackets, describe the work that there must be a corresponding entry in
you are citing your reference list

Vividata. (2018). [Potato chips - personally
ate in the past 6 months for all
respondents 14+ in Ontario].
http://library.senecacollege.ca/res/vividata.
html
- You do not have to cite your own ideas,
unless they have been published
- You do not have to cite common
knowledge, or information that most
people in your audience would know
without having to look it up

Properly citing the works of others is

important because:
- Proper citation allows others to locate the
materials you used
- Citing other people’s words and ideas
indicates that you have conducted
thorough review of the literature on your
topic
- Other researcher’s ideas can be used to
reinforce your arguments, or, if you
disagree with them, can act as positions
from which to argue an alternative
viewpoint
- Just as other researcher’s ideas can bolster
your arguments and act as evidence for
you ideas, they can also detract from your
credibility if they are found to be
mistaken/fabricated
- Outside academe, ideas are considered
intellectual property and there can serious
repercussions if you fail to cite where you
got an idea from
 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND TOPIC
RESEARCH PROBLEM
- A statement about an area of concern, a
condition to be improved, a difficulty to
be eliminated, or a troubling question that
exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or in
practice that points to the need for
meaningful understanding and deliberate
investigation

RESEARCH TOPIC
- A subject or issue that a researcher is
interested in when conducting research

- Research Problem: Students nowadays

spend more money and find it difficult
to save
- Research Topic: Budgeting Strategies
of Parents and Students
- Research Title: Budgeting Strategies of
Parents and Students of Pateros
Catholic School

Drafting your Research Problem & Topic__

- You should be interested to the subject
matter of your research
- The topic is available and/or
“researchable”
- Your topic should be timely and relevant
to the preset time and society

Identifying and Narrowing down ___________

1. Look into your own personal
experience
2. Reading Related Literature
3. Should be related to your strand
 RRL: CHAPTER 2
A literature review is a survey of scholarly
sources on a specific topic
- It provides an overview of current
knowledge, allowing you to identify
relevant theories, methods, and gaps in
the existing research.
- To situate your research within existing
knowledge
5 Key Steps in RRL
1. Search for Relevant Literature
2. Evaluate Sources
3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
4. Outline the structure
5. Write your Literature Review
1. Search for Relevant Literature
- Make a list of keywords: Start by
creating a list of keywords related to your
research question. Include each of the key
concepts or variables you’re interested in
and list any synonyms and related terms.
You can add to this list if you discover new
keywords in the process of your literature
search.
RRL Life Hack 1: Read the abstract to find out
whether an article is relevant to your question.
When you find a useful book or article, you can
check the bibliography to find other relevant
sources.
RRL Life Hack 2: To identify the most
important publications on your topic, take note
of recurring citations. If the same authors,
books or articles keep appearing in your
reading, make sure to seek them out.
2. Evaluate and Select Literature
- You probably won’t be able to read
absolutely everything that has been
written on the topic – you’ll have to
evaluate which sources are most relevant
to your research topic and questions.
- Make sure the sources you use
are credible, and make sure you read any
landmark studies and major theories in
your field of research.
- You can find out how many times an
article has been cited on Google Scholar –
a high citation count means the article has
been influential in the field and should
certainly be included in your literature
review.
- Take notes and cite your sources.
3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- To begin organizing your literature
review’s argument and structure, you need
to understand the connections and
relationships between the sources you’ve
read.
Trends and patterns (in theory, method
or results): do certain approaches become
more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur
across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and
contradictions: where do sources
disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any
influential theories or studies that changed
the direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature?
Are there weaknesses that need to be
addressed?
4. Outline your literature review’s
structure
1. Chronological
2. Thematic
3. Methodological
4. Theoretical
Thematic
If you have found some recurring central
themes, you can organize your literature
review into subsections that address
different aspects of the topic.
 RRL: CHAPTER 2
5. Writing the Review of Related
Literature
- Like any other academic text, your
literature review should have:
a. Introduction
b. Main Body
c. Conclusion
Introduction__________________________________
The introduction should clearly establish the
focus and purpose of the literature review
In the conclusion, you should summarize the
key findings you have taken from the
literature and emphasize their significance.
If the literature review is part of your research,
show how your research addresses gaps and
contributes new knowledge, or discuss how
you have drawn on existing theories and
methods to build a framework for your
research.

If you are writing the literature review as part

of your research, reiterate your central
problem or research topic and give a brief
summary of the scholarly context. You can
emphasize the timeliness of the topic
(“many recent studies have focused on the
problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the
literature (“while there has been much
research on x, few researchers have taken y
into consideration”).

Main Body____________________________________
Depending on the length of your literature
review, you might want to divide the body
into subsections. You can use a subheading
for each theme, since we’re using thematic
structure.

Steps in writing the Main Body

Summarize and Synthesize – Give an
overview of the main points
Analyze and Interpret – Add your own
interpretations
Critically Evaluate – Mention strengths
and weaknesses of sources
Write well-structured paragraphs – Use
transition words and topic sentences to
draw connections, Comparisons and
contrasts.

Conclusion____________________________________
 RESEARCH METHOD & DESIGN: CHAPTER 3
The chapter outlines the research design off
the study which includes the philosophical
assumption, interpretive frameworks, research
design, participants and sampling, ethical
consideration, role of the researcher, data
collection, data analysis and trustworthiness
of the study
Qualitative Research – Design Approaches_
Researchers must choose at least one
research design approach that fits the topic.
They may employ more than one approach
throughout their study
A typical research design is a detailed
methodology or a roadmap for the
successful completion of any research work
A well-planned research design helps ensure
that your methods match your research aims,
that you collect high quality data, and that
you use the right kind of analysis to answer
your questions, utilizing credible sources. This
allows you to draw valid, trustworthy
conclusions.
Qualitative Research Methods_______________
This pertains to the discussion of the research
methodology to be used in the research
Data collection is a systematic process of
gathering observations or measurements
INTERVIEW
This allow to gain insights from the
participants to best understand their
experience
1. Unstructured
2. Semi structured
3. Structured
Unstructured Interview
- a.k.a. non-directive interview
- an interview concept without any set
format and questions are not
predetermined
- used to establish rapport and comfort
with the participant
Weaknesses:
- Conversations may be out of the topic
- Dead air may occur
Semi Structured Interview
- Questions are not predetermined but a
help guide is used
- Incorporates conversational aspects but
is mostly a guided conversation
between the researcher and participant
- Gives the ability to probe the
participant for additional details as
researcher may ask follow-up questions
Structured Interview
- Strictly adhere to the use of interview
protocol
- Helps gather the correct information so
follow-up questions are not needed
- Advantageous if researcher has a
comprehensive list of interview
questions
Weaknesses:
- Follow-up questions could not be
answered in case new idea/s arose
during the interview
FOCUS GROUP
• Similar to interviews, but involve multiple
participants at once
• These interviews can be as small as four
participants and sometimes as large as ten
• Focus groups can come with several
disadvantages, including difficulty in
engaging a large group of people, time-
consuming analysis, and shy participants
OBSERVATION
 RESEARCH METHOD & DESIGN: CHAPTER 3
A less direct method than interviews or focus
groups

Requires careful attention to participants

activities and behaviors in order to gather
data
1. Controlled Observation
2. Naturalistic Observation
3. Participant Observation

Controlled Observation
- A structured observation that takes
place in a psych lab
- The researcher has a question in mind
and controls many of the variables (e.g.
participants, observation location, time
of the study, etc.)

Naturalistic Observation
- Researchers study the behaviors of
participants in a natural surrounding
- No predetermined behavioral codes.
Instead, the researcher will take
rigorous notes and code the data later

Participation Observation
- Researchers observe participants in
their natural habitat
- They insert themselves into the
environment

Qualitative data can be collected using a

variety of methods, and multiple methods
may be used throughout the data collection
phase of a single qualitative study
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING
The method or process of selecting
respondents or people to answer questions
meant to yield data for a research study
1. Probability Sampling
2. Non-Probability Sampling
Population – the bigger group where you
choose the sample
Sampling Frame – the list of members of
such population from where you will get
the sample
Sample – the chosen subjects
(respondents)
Probability Sampling (Unbiased Sampling)
- This involves all members listed in the
sampling frame representing a population
- An equal chance of participation in the
selection process is given to every
member listed in the sampling frame
Simple Random Sampling
- This uses a pure-chance selection, where
every member has the opportunity to be
in the sample. The only basis of including
or excluding a member is by chance or
opportunity.
You may …
1. Have a list of all members of the
population; write each name on a card,
and choose cards through a pure-
chance selection. or;
2. Have a list of all members; assign a
number to each member and then use
randomized or unordered numbers in
selecting named from the list.
Systematic Sampling
- This uses chance and system to determine
who should compose the sample
Example: Taking every 15th name on the
list of 2,000 students
Stratified Sampling
- In this sampling, the researcher divides the
population into separate groups, called
strata. The strata are formed based on
some common characteristics in the
population data. After dividing the
population into strata, the researcher
randomly selects the sample
proportionally.
Cluster Sampling
- This sampling isolates a set of individuals
to serve as sample.
Example:
Population = 1,000 students
Sample needed = 120
Cluster sampling = randomly selecting 3
sections with 40 students
Non-Probability Sampling___________________
This type of sampling disregards random
selection of subjects. The subjects are chosen
based on their availability or the purpose of
the study, and in some cases, on the sole
discretion of the researcher.
Quota Sampling
- This sampling involves knowing the
characteristics of the target population.
Thus, you choose sample members that
possess characteristics to be involved in
your study.
Voluntary Sampling
- There is no need to do any selection
process since the subjects volunteer
themselves to be your sample
Purposive or Judgmental Sampling
- You choose people whom you are sure
could correspond to the objectives of your
study, like selecting those with rich
experience or interest in your study
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Availability Sampling
- If during the data collection time, you
encounter people in the streets, or in the
school corridors, along the park, and these
people are willing to be your samples then
you automatically consider them your
respondents.

Snowball Sampling
- Similar to snow expanding widely or
rolling rapidly at a certain place, you tend
to increase the number of people you
want to be the sample of your study.