Untitled Prevent Hot

07 Lifting with Cranes
Lifting is an essential part

of the work we do. The
various types of lifting
will be discussed and you
will learn how to select a
crane suitable for the
job.
You will also learn:
– how to select your
equipment.
– about the stability of a
load,
– how to design a lifting
plan,
– the use of spreader
bars and,
– how to organize a lift.
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Module Summary
– Lifting of Loads – What should be in the lifting plan. – Spreader beam configurations
– How to select your crane(s)? – Type of lifts – The Stability of a load to be lifted
– Comparison; Crawler versus Tyre – Setting up of a Lift Plan – The Stability Range
– Comparison; Telescopic versus Lattice (1) – Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor – The Stability Moment of the load to be lifted (1)
– Comparison; Telescopic versus Lattice (2) – Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor (details) – The Stability of the load to be lifted
– Pros and cons of the various crane types – Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor – How to rig a Trafo to a Lifting Beam
– Lift versus Heavy duty – Show what is needed, not what you can. – The Stability of the load with 3 lift points below CoG
– Comparison; Lift versus Heavy duty – Working in the vicinity of a slope. – Lifting if a container crane
– FROM THE SITE. Crane selected for Dolwin gamma – Lift data sheet (Singapore) – Examples of Stability of the Load
– Rated Crane capacity and Load moment – Video: Lifting of 950Tons reactor – The Stability of the load to be lifted, okay or not?
– Quick Reference capacity Chart for Hydraulic cranes – Organizing the lift – Lifting beams versus and Spreader beams
– The Stability criteria of a crane – Lift planning process – 2 types of spreader beams
– Super lift – The 10 Golden Rules for Lifting a load – Spreader beam
– Upending a vessel with 2 cranes, one crane moving – Checklist for lifting (Subsea 7) – Various spreader beam designs (1)
– Upending a vessel with 3 cranes – Mobile Crane Hand Signals – Various spreader beam designs (2)
– Upending a vessel while slewing the tail crane – Radio Communication – Use of various Lifting beams
– Upending a vessel using a tailing frame – Lifting of a Load with 2 cranes (position of Cranes) – Rigging arrangement
– Upending using a lift System – The lifting of two large columns with 3 cranes – Use of shackles and pad-eyes
– Lifting points – The Inclino meter – 52% FAILED The Basic Rigging Quiz?
– Tailing lugs – The lifting of two large columns with 3 cranes – Work factors (Safety Factor)
– Tailing lugs – Drawing the lifting plan using CAD blocks. – OS-H205_2014-04 Nominal safety factor
– The equation of moment equilibrium for dual crane – Sling plan and forces in lifting slings – Certification (Europe).
operations. – Calculate the forces in slings – Sling capacities in various applications
– The load in each crane depends on the location of CoG and– Define the forces in each sling and spreader beam. – Efficiency ratings for D/d and end terminations
the angle with the horizon – Sling plan and forces in lifting slings (2) – Grommet Capacities in various applications
– Location of CoG in relation to the lift and support points – Calculate the forces in the spreader beam – Applying (round-) slings to a load
– Tail crane and distribution of load between tail crane and – The CoG is always suspended straight under the hook – Calculate the loads in this example
main lift crane
– Forces in slings of unequal lengths – Lifting with more than 2 cranes
– Distribution of Tail load and Main lift crane (In Excel
program) – Define the sling length and force with the graphical – Quiz
method
– Do we need a Lift Plan?
– Play time!
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Lifting of Loads
DIFFERENCES IN LIFTING
– Horizontal movement
– Move from Horizontal into Vertical position
• Often done with more then one crane
– Lifting points above the CoG
– Lifting points below the CoG
How to select your crane(s)?

Many types of cranes are available and each type Lifting Height
has its own characteristics. The selection for what
crane to select depends on the type of job.
Selection criteria to be considered for the selection
include:
• characteristics of the load(s) like masses, Long reach
dimensions, cog, location of lifting points or
internal strength. Include the weight of the hook, Flexibility
spreaders, slings etc.
• Required hook height
• Flexibility of the boom (telescope cranes)
• operational speeds, radii, heights of lifts and Limited working height for crane
areas of movement;
• Speed (number and frequency lifting
operations;
• Temporarily or permanently installed crane;
• Soil conditions and other environmental
conditions restrictions ;
• Space available for crane access, erection,
travelling, operation and dismantling;
• Entering and leaving the work site
• counterweight when swinging.

Comparison; Crawler versus Tyre
CRAWLER CRANE CRANE ON TYRES

STABILITY High Stability Outriggers required
TRAVEL SPEED Low (max 1.5 km/h) High (up to 90 km/h)
BEARING Large bearing surface Small bearing surface

Fast
Slow
SET UP Big crane needs partial
Disassembled for transport
assembly
Can be driven on public
OTHER Can travel with load
roads
Comparison; Telescopic versus Lattice (1)
BOX (TELESCOPIC) BOOM LATTICE BOOM

Tube sections Lattice (High tensile steel)
CONSTRUCTION
Heavy construction Lighter construction
ASSEMBLY Fast Slow
TRANSPORT Easy road transport Complex road transport
EXTENSIONS Hydraulic extension By sections (3, 6, 9 or 12 m)
BOOM LENGTH Fly jibs for longer reaches Very long
LOADS SIZES Medium to heavy loads Heavy loads

Comparison; Telescopic versus Lattice (2)
1. The boom of a telescopic crane is based on bending 2. The boom of a lattice boom crane is based on
forces compression forces
Pros and cons of the various crane types
Mobile Hydraulic RT (Rough Terrain) Crawler Hydraulic

Crane Hydraulic Crane Crane Lattice Crawler Crane
Not allowed on public Not allowed on public
TRANSPORT Driven on public roads road but easy road but easy Heavy transport
transport transport
Fast
Fast Fast
ASSEMBLY Counterweights Slow
No assembly No assembly
transported separately
CAPACITY Up to 900 t Up to 100 t Up to 100 t Up to 3,000 t
Low
MANOEUVRABILITY Limited High Low
Can move with load
Very long (up to 245 m)
BOOM LENGTH Telescopic + fly jib Telescopic + fly jib Telescopic
Various combinations
STABILITY Need outriggers Need outriggers High Very High
TRAVEL SPEED Fast (up to 90 km/h) Fast (up to 35 km/h) Fast (up to 35 km/h) Slow (up to 1.5 km/h)
HOIST WINCHES 1 or 2 1 1 8

Lift versus Heavy duty
Cranes look similar from the outside but are really different inside.
Liebherr HS 885 HD
Liebherr LR 1100
Comparison; Lift versus Heavy duty
LIFT CRANE HEAVY DUTY CRANE

Liebherr LR 1130 Liebherr HS 885 HD
MAX DUTY CYCLES +/- 100,000 > 1,000,000
MAX LIFTING CAPACITY 137,2 t @ 4.0 m 120,0 t @ 3,8 m
LINE PULL 12-15 t 20-30 t
ENGINE POWER 240 kW 400-605 kW
ROPE DIAMETER 26 mm 30-34-36 mm
ROPE SPEED 0-136 m/min 0-85, 0-69, 0-55 m/min
TOTAL WEIGHT 138,5 t 106,8 t
COUNTERWEIGHT 65,5 t 32,5 t
GROUND BEARING
1.03 kg/cm² 0.98 kg/cm²
PRESSURE
MAX MAIN BOOM LENGTH 80 m 74 m
6 M BOOM SECTION
1,040 kg 1,240 kg
WEIGHT
MAIN BODY Strong / NO fatigue Very Robust / fatigue

FROM THE SITE. Crane selected for Dolwin gamma
For the float-over of the Dolwin gamma topside, The fender removal was done with a second
fenders were installed to the jacket legs. Once the (smaller barge) on which a project dedicated crane
float-over was completed, the fenders of about 25 was installed.
tonne each had to be removed.
Float-over
Installing the fenders
Under the topside with Fender

the barge and crane removal Fender removal
Rated Crane capacity and Load moment

Rated capacity: Maximum permitted load that can be
lifted by the crane under conditions
specified by the manufacturer.
Load Moment: Radius x capacity.
For example. A crane that has a lift capacity
of 3 tons at 10 m radius has a load moment
of 3 x 10 m = 30 ton meter
With this knowledge we can quickly estimate the crane,
needed to lift a load of 1,5 tons at 20 m radius
1. Be aware that this is just a rule of thumb and not accurate
at all. The theoretical load moment needed is 1,5 x 20 = 30
ton meter. Always consult the capacity chart of the crane. own weight
2. This means we need at least a crane that can lift 10 tons at of boom
3 m radius, which normally would be a 10 tons crane, but
this is not correct!
1.5 ton
3. We have not taken into account, the own weight of the
boom and this significantly decreases the load moment! 20 m
4. The crane that can actually do the job could well be approx. own weight
30-70% bigger. With the quick reference capacity chart, you of crane
will get an estimate of the crane needed NOTE: For the final lift plan always use the actual
lifting capacity chart of the crane!
Quick Reference capacity Chart for Hydraulic cranes
1. With these rough Lift capacity charts one can quickly establish what crane type is needed for a certain
load at a certain radius
2. Be careful, these are only average values.
3. Always consult the actual lift capacity chart of the crane before making the lift.
The Stability criteria of a crane

1. The load moment of a crane is load (ton) >5°
x radius (m) measured to the center of
the crane and is defined in Ton meter.
2. The tipping moment of a crane is the
moment of the load around the tipping
line. (A x (Load)
3. The stabilizing moment is the moment
of the weight of the fixed parts of the
crane around tipping line
(B x total crane weight)
4. Many standards are struggling with how
to address this issue in their standards. Load
The margin of stability is specific for the
various types of crane mountings.
As guidance for cranes with outriggers:
The Capacity of a lift crane is based on
75% of the tipping moment.
In other words, the tipping moment must
Centre
be at least: 1/0,75 = 1,33 x as big as the

stabilizing load moment. Radius F
Check the applicable standard
5. With an unloaded crane the angle
between the vertical line through the
tipping line and the line through the CoG
must be at least 5°
b a
Super lift
Various definitions are used: L1 ´ F1 = L2 ´ F2
– Lifting with a crane rated at 1000-Ton Capacity or F1 + F2 = F3
higher
– Any lift that presents a risk of catastrophic damage to
F3=… F2=…
human life or the facility
– Lifting with a crane equipped with capacity enhancing F1=…
attachments. like an SL counterweight. A weight
often connected to the superstructure by a
telescoping rod which extends essentially horizontally
Soil Analysis L1=… L2=…
The allowable ground bearing capacity has to be
investigated and confirmed by an experienced soils
engineering firm.
superlift system
CC 3800-1 with
Upending a vessel with 2 cranes, one crane moving
Main crane
4
3
Tail crane
2
During the upending, the load in the main
crane will increase end the load in the tail
crane will decrease.
1
Upending a vessel with 3 cranes
In stead of 1 big crane with a spreader
bar, 2 smaller cranes can be used.
Advantage:
• The big lead crane is replaced by 2
smaller cranes.
Disadvantage:
• More space required.
Upending a vessel while slewing the tail crane

Variations can be made by slewing both the lead cranes and
the tail crane.
During the first phase (1), load on the tail crane will reduce.
This allows the crane to luff the boom down in the second
phase (2).

Upending a vessel using a tailing frame
The CoG must always be
kept between the support
points.
4
3
2
Source: http://www.ajhl.com
1
Upending using a lift System
Lift System with Crawler

Crane Strand Jack with Trailer
Lift System with Trailer Lift System with Cross

Slide
In combination with
cranes, alternative lifting
methods can be used.
Any combination is
possible.
Gantry with a strand jack a
tailing gantry

Lifting points
Both pad-eyes and
trunnions can be used for
lifting.
Trunnions can take in
general bigger loads then
pad eyes.
Insertion of
Top lug Trunnion lifting pipe Welded lifting plates
Tailing lugs
Tailing lug welded to skirt Tailing frame bolted to the skirt

Tailing lugs
Tailing lug bolted to the bottom flange Thoroughly checked using FEA
The equation of moment equilibrium for dual crane operations.
When the CoG of a Load which is not spaced at equal distances from the crane hooks, we can calculate
the load in each crane with the moment equation as shown below:
Looking from F1
G ´ L1
L1 ´ G = L2 ´ F2 Þ F2 =
L2 147,7 Ton 52,3 Ton
Looking from F2
G ´ ( L2 - L1 )
F1 ´ L2 = G ´ ( L2 - L1 ) Þ F1 =
L2
Or easier
F1 = G - F2
F1 G=200 T F2
What is the load in S1 and S2?
2 0 0 ´ (8 .8 - 2 .3 )
F1 = = 1 4 7 .7 to n L1=2300 L2=8800
8 .8
2 0 0 ´ 2 .3
F2 = = 5 2 .3 to n
8 .8

The load in each crane depends on the location of CoG and the angle with the horizon
1. When we lift a load with two cranes and do not lift at equal speed, the load in each crane can vary
significantly. This strongly depends on the height of the CoG above or below the lift points.
2. Depending on where the CoG is located, the load difference will increase (when the CoG is higher
above lift points) or decrease (when the CoG lower is below the lift points)
#Q11: What will happen when A is lowered?
20285
11566 8719
125.44 T
FB FB
FA FB 110 T 110 T
94.56 T
FA 10500 10500
500 Ton FA
8660
FA FB
15o
220 T
13320 16220
15o
10805 29540 17761
25567
#Q12: What is the load in FA and FB? What is the load in FA and FB?
1. FA = 16.220/29.540x500 = 274.54 ton 1. FA = 8.719/20.285x220 = 94.56 ton
2. FB = 13.320/29.540x500 = 225.46 ton 2. FB = 11.566/20.285x220 = 125.44 ton
Location of CoG in relation to the lift and support points

#Q13: Calculate the load for the following situations. The saddles are attached to the column.
1. Calculate the load in the lift points F1 and F2 (lifted by both cranes)
2. Also calculate the loads in transport saddles S1 and S2 (both cranes are released)
3. What is the load on saddle S2 when and crane 1 when crane 2 lifts and saddle S1 in the air?
4. What is the load on saddle S1 when and crane 2 when crane 2 lifts and saddle S2 in the air?
1. Load in F1 = 150x 20.1 /36.6 = 82.38 Ton 3. Load in S2 = 150x16.5/42.825 = 57.78 Ton
Load in F2 = 150-82.38 = 67.62 Ton Load in F1 = 150-42.825 = 107.17 Ton
2. Load in S1 = 150x 26.4 /38.2 = 103.66 Ton 4. Load in S1 = 150x20.1/(36.7-4.625) = 94.00 Ton
Load in S2 = 150-87.23 = 46.34 Ton Load in F2 = 150-94.51 = 56.00 Ton
F1 36600 F2
16500 20100
150 Ton S2
S1
4625 11800 26400
42825
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Tail crane and distribution of load between tail crane and main lift crane (1)
1. Due to the offset of the tail lift point of the

load, the tail load gradually decreases when the
load reaches its vertical position
2. We can make use of this when we calculate the
decrease of the tail
load and define the optimal B
location of the A
tail crane
1. Due to the offset of the tail lift point of the 3. When the offset is bigger, the tail
load, the tail load gradually decreases when the load decreases faster
2. We can make use of this when we calculate the B
decrease of the tail
load and define the optimal AA
location of the
tail crane

B
1. Due to the offset of the tail lift point of the B 3. The bigger the offset of the tail point is, the
load, the tail load gradually decreases when the quicker the tail load decreases
4. This is caused by the fact that the distances
2. We can make use of this when we calculate the from the CoG (A and B) to the lift points will
decrease of the tail vary more when the column reaches its vertical
load and define the optimal AA position
location of the
tail crane 5. Distance A will decrease less than distance B
which will decrease more when reaching the
vertical
This change of tail load can be calculated by means of an Excel spread sheet at a certain offset
• The formula to calculate the force in the tail crane at C is done by calculating the load in C and A by using the moment equation.
• Moment equation:
• Load in C = a/(a+b) * 200 = 10000/22000 * 200 = 90.91 ton;
• Load in A= b/(a+b) * 200 = 12000/22000 * 200 =109.09 ton ( in horizontal position)
• or when the column is being erected and changes from horizontal into vertical position, the perpendicular distances to the CoG
changes into: b = b.cos+c.sin⍺ and a = a.cos⍺
• or in formula: Load in C = 200 * (a.cos⍺ )/ (b.cos⍺ + c.sin⍺ + a.cos⍺) = 200 * (a.cos⍺)/(c.sin⍺+ (b+a) * cos⍺)
As in the excel sheet the Formula is: the load in C = C$5 * (cos($B8)/(C$4 * sin($B8)+(C$3+C$2) * Cos($B8))

Distribution of Tail load and Main lift crane (In Excel program)
Do we need a Lift Plan?
YES, no exceptions.
Why we make a lift plan:
– Feasibility study
– Work plan
– Capture information
– Basis of TRA / RA /
Permits
– Communication to
parties involved
Is this a proper lift plan?

What should be in the lifting plan.
1. Classifications of Lift 7. Crane(s) Set-up & Lifting Study
• Routine Lifts / Non-Routine Lifts 1. Boom Height & Angle
2. Applicable rules and legislation 2. Pick Up & Place Down Radius
3. Roles & Responsibilities 8. Rigging Plan (Drawings)
• Directors, Operation Managers, Project 1. Weights and CoG’s
Managers, Supervisors, Operators, Riggers, 2. Lifting Lugs/Pad-Eyes
Signalmen 3. Type of Rigging and Lifting Capacity
4. Description of Load to be Lifted. 4. Sling Angles/lengths/SWL
• Details of load to be lifted 5. Shackles/Beams/Links/SWL
• Load Crucial Information. (protrusion) 9. Method Statement (procedure)
• Weight(s) and CoG’s including lifting gear 10. Operational Requirements and limitation
• Centre of Gravity (CG) of the load 11. Customer Provision
5. Crane Selection 12. Weather Conditions
• Details of the Crane 1. Wind, waves, visibility
• Bearing Capacity 13. Communications
• Used Crane Capacity 14. Risk assessment
6. Ground and Surrounding Conditions. 15. Checklist
• Ground & Outriggers 16. Mobilization and demobilization,
• Access & Lifting Location 17. Rigging and De-Rigging
• Clearances
Type of lifts
We distinguish 2 types of lifts. This to be decided by the competent
person.
– Routine lift and
– non-routine lift (or engineered lift)
The routine lift.
Generally, these are lifts that are carried out on a regular basis that
require no detailed engineering planning and which have been
previously subject to a generic risk assessment and can be done with a
generic lift-plan
– Repetitive nature (at least once every 4 weeks)
– Users of the equipment are trained in its use and aware of its
limitations
– Significant elements involved are assessed as unlikely to change
– The identified Competent Personnel can execute it in its entirety
– The personnel involved are familiar with the Risk Assessment and
the Lifting Plan
– Lifting Plan is verified as the current issue and has been reviewed
Non-routine lift are all other lifts. A modified lift plan can sometimes
be used but often a new lift-plan is to be made for an engineered lift.

Setting up of a Lift Plan
1. To set up a proper lift plan one needs following information:
– Details of the loads to be lifted
– Drawings or details of the job site
– Obstacles on the job site
2. Before a lift plan will be made THINK OF the LAY-OUT:
– Logo in the right hand bottom corner
– Side- and Top view in case possible on one and the same
sheet
– Which scale are you going to use
– Where is the lift information placed
– Use if possible a Computer Aided Design, i.e. Autocad
drawing program or special lifting software.
3. A LIFT PLAN should be made so that the lift supervisor, who has
to do the job, can easily find all relevant information to execute
the project safely.
Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor

The following information must be stated in
the drawing:
1. Radius and lift capacity at which the cranes
are picking up the load.
This also applies for the tail crane
2. This also applies for the setting down
position
3. Outrigger base or footprint (Crawler crane)
of cranes
4. Radius of the counter weight
5. Position of each crane in relation to the
foundation
6. Type and outfitting of the used cranes 10. Dimensions and details of load spreading mats
(Super lift, span lift or fly-jib)
11. Clearance between jib and load
7. Offset of the top sheave, jib length and jib
width 12. Used lifting gear, such as but not limited to slings,
shackles, lift beams, spreaders etc.
8. Centre lines of load, foundations, cranes
etc. 13. Job site requirements, such as mats, compacted
9. Dimensions and locations of possible areas, steel plates etc.
obstacles 14. If applicable check wind loads
Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor (details)
Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor

Show what is needed, not what you can.
More details do
not make a plan
more clear.
They distract the

reader from what
is important.
Making a simple
drawing takes
more time.
"the expert
reveals himself
in simplicity”
Working in the vicinity of a slope.

Special attention should be give
to the location when working in
the vicinity of a slope.
Check site regulations.
If no support is available, the trench

must be sloped at no less than a 1:1
(45°) angle for cohesive soil and 1:1½
(34°) angle for granular soils including
gravel, sand, and loamy sand or
submerged soil or soil from which
water is freely seeping.
https://www.osha.gov

Lift data sheet (Singapore)
https://www.tal.sg/wshc/-
/media/TAL/Wshc/Resources/Publications/Codes-of-
Practice/Files/Code_of_Practice_Safe_Lifting_Opera
tions_Revised_2014.pdf
Video: Lifting of 950Tons reactor
Source: https://www.integrated-me.com

Organizing the lift
Responsible Person – The responsible person has the
overall responsibility for work activities. overall responsibility for the work
(project manager, (offshore ) construction manager, – The lift is prepared by the
Master, base manager or project engineer.) competent person.
Resp.
Person The competent person (Appointed person / (person – A lifting team exist minimum out
in charge) is designated by their company as having of 3 persons . They have the
the required level of competency to plan and competence and experience to
supervise the specific lifting operation. perform the job and an equal
Can be same person as ‘Lifting supervisor’, responsibility to ensure that the lift
(engineer, master, officer, foreman rigger, (assistant) is carried out safely.
offshore manager.)
Lifting supervisor, Lifting team

supervises the lift and the
lifting team
Lift Load Crane driver

supervisor handler/Rigger •Ensures the crane is fully operational;
Banksman / slinger •He understands the procedure;
/ signalman. •He has a full view and/or radio contact
with the Banksman and the transfer area;
•He stops the work when not confident
Lift planning process

Responsible Person.
Identifies need for lifting operation.
The competent person to plan the lift
Routine Lift Non-Routine Lift

Responsible Carry out risk assessment Carry out risk assessment (New or modified)
Person (Generic)
Lift plan (New or modified) Lift plan (New)
Lift plan
(Generic)
Technical review by competent person
Appoint team appropriate for the lift
Toolbox talk. Review risk assessment and lift

plan, include all personnel involved in the lift
Perform lifting operation with appropriate supervision

Toolbox talk for the Lifting
team Post-job debrief and lessons learned
The 10 Golden Rules for Lifting a load
1. Communicate. Inform all personnel about the planned
lift operation and check the communication equipment
Super lift with counter weight on

2. Lifting Gear. Always check the lifting gear before lifting,
if it is applied in the correct way and not damaged.
3. Location of personnel. Make sure all personnel is
standing in the right place and cannot be hit by the
load.
4. Stability. Check that the crane is set-up correctly and
that the outriggers cannot give away.
5. Super lift. Check the location of the Super lift ballast
SPMT’s
and that there are no obstacles which interfere during
slewing and setting down of the load.
6. Condition of the load. Make sure all lashings of the load are released from the transport mode and
that the lift points are in a good condition, located in the right position and not damaged.
7. PPE = Personnel Protection Equipment. During work always use the right PPE, such as but not
limited to: safety helmet, safety goggles, safety boots, gloves etc.
8. Release the brakes. When lifting a load from a trailer, release the brakes of the trailer in case this can
be done safely.
9. Mooring lines. When lifting a load from a floating body (i.e. barge of vessel) make sure there is
sufficient slack in the mooring lines to allow the vessel to adjust itself under the load.
10. Verticality of the lifting tackle. When lifting: Gradually tighten the lift tackle and make sure that
the jib head is always precisely above the CoG of the load. Check this from different angles and
adjust this when the jib is bending.
Checklist for lifting (Subsea 7)

For the lift supervisor. For everybody involved.
qIs there a new or existing lifting plan that is suitable for qIs there a risk assessment, lift plan and
the operation authorization/PTW for the operation and do they fully
qHas a risk assessment been undertaken by a competent cover the actual task(s) to be conducted?
person and the risks managed through the control qIf there is a generic lift plan for a routine lift, are there
measures of the lifting plan any changes for this lift compared to the generic plan?
qIs the equipment selected fit for purpose, certified for qHave you considered the weight, CoG, wind, visibility,
use, and identified in the plan? load path, vessel motions, tag lines and communications?
qDo the personnel selected to undertake the lift job qAre the steps in the lift plan and individual
have the correct level of experience and knowledge? responsibilities clearly understood by all those affected
qHave the steps of the lift plan been communicated and and/or involved.
understood by all personnel involved? qAre personnel in the vicinity aware of the lift?
qHas there been a toolbox talk qIs adequate supervision present and is it clear who will
qHave all potentially affected parties bee informed of be in control of the lifting operation?
the lifting activities qHave the necessary pre-lift inspections and preparations
qWhat could go wrong? Has the information fed into the been carried out?
risk assessment and lift plan. qHas the lift been checked for loose items?
qAre there contingency measures? qHas the lifting equipment been checked, is it certified, is
it fit for purpose and appropriate for use?
qHave you reviewed all the safety measures from the
lifting plan?

Mobile Crane Hand Signals
Wallet-sized cards can be ordered
everywhere and illustrate the correct crane
hand signals as required by OSHA and
ANSI/ASME when directing the operation of
overhead cranes. These ones were taken
from http://www.acratech.com
However, there are no universally agreed set
of hand signals.
Most important is to make sure the rigging

crew is aware of the hand signals you all have
agreed to.
Radio Communication
• Who has the lead Do you have Four
four volt, two what? No, two
• Have a pre job talk
watt bulbs?
• Introduce yourself
• Give short instructions
• Use clear reference points
• No coffee talk
Two
• acknowledge the receipt
what?
• If you do not comprehend the Yes !
message, do not confirm it.
Use
• “SAY AGAIN”
• “REPEAT”,
• “STAND BY” No
*!%#$^!

Lifting of a Load with 2 cranes (position of Cranes) (1)
Position 1
1. Select the right position of each

crane
Tail Crane „A” Main Lift Crane „B”
Position 2
2. By placing both cranes next to

the column, a smaller tail crane
can be selected
3. Make use of the decrease of tail load

(at a certain offset) when reaching the Tail Crane „A” Main Lift Crane „B”
vertical position
Lifting of a Load with 2 cranes (position of Cranes) (2)
1. Now the lift points are placed

at the diameter decrease of
the column and the main lift
crane B will be loaded more at
the start of the lift
2. Position 1 is not a good

position as we are far from the
lift points, which requires
larger cranes
3. A much better location is

Position 2

The lifting of two large columns with 3 cranes (1)
1. Two large Refinery columns, each with a weight of 520

tons must be erected into vertical position onto
foundations which are situated on ground level next to
each other.
2. By selecting the right location of lifting bollards in C
relation to the COG, we can erect both columns with A
relative small cranes. Two Demag TC-3000 cranes as main
lift cranes and one Demag CC-2000 as tail crane were
used
3. Both foundations are approx. 20 m apart B
4. Crane B is set up in a fixed position and crane A will be
relocated to the location C after erection of the first
column
1. By selecting the position of lifting bollards close to the CoG, one can limit the tail load to approx. 76 ton
2. We could even tail this column in with a 400 Tons Telescopic crane
3. For practical reasons we selected a crawler crane at the end

1. The Demag CC-2000 (300 tons crawler crane)

only needs to keep a max. load of 76 ton off the
ground

1. The lifting bollards protruded ca. 700 mm outside the shell of the
column, hereby enabling the column to swing in between both jib heads
when reaching the vertical
2. To monitor the load in each crane accurately, an inclinometer was
installed at the skirt end of the column in a swiveling mode.

The Inclino meter
1. With an inclinometer one accurately measures the angle between both lifting bollards with the horizon.
2. The inclinometer is fixed with some clamps to the skirt ring
3. Before start lifting, the inclinometer must be calibrated. Ensure that both lift bollards are set at an
horizontal level (we check this with a level instrument by slightly lifting with either crane) and set the
inclinometer to zero
4. As back-up a standard bubble spirit level is used, which is also suspended in a swiveling mode.

1. We lift with a constant speed (e.g. 50% of max.
speed) with crane B
2. With crane A we control the lift, i.o.w. depending
on the angle of the inclinometer we know whether
we should lift faster or to slower with crane A
3. The tail crane (S) does nothing more then just keep
the column off the ground at the skirt end and
follow the erection path.
B
S

1. By setting both cranes in slightly inclined pulling mode, Lifting a 480 tons heavy column with 3 cranes
we will keep both jib heads free from the column’s
shell.
2. On the tail crane use enough boom length and a long
tail sling, in order to limit horizontal forces due to
inaccuracy of keeping the tackle vertical during tailing
3. When the column has almost reached 80o , lift the column
high enough so that the tail crane can lower the column and
will swing in between both jib heads without lifting anymore
with both main lift cranes
Drawing the lifting plan using CAD blocks.

The first impression most clients have of their vendors is
the paperwork they receive.
With the right set-up, a professional lift plan can be
completed in minutes by using CAD blocks to compose
your crane setup.
Do not forget and

underestimate the
effect of bending!

Sling plan and forces in lifting slings
NOTE: With a load (G) in a crane we must include everything i.e. lift block, lifting slings,
shackles, lifting beams, spreaders and auxiliary frames etc.
1. Most cranes can be equipped with a variety of lift blocks
2. This does not apply to ship’s canes, where the weight of the lift block is included in the net
lifting capacity of the crane. Shackles, slings, lifting beams etc. must be added to the load,
as with mobile cranes
Calculate the forces in slings

Question:
1. Calculate the forces in S1 and S2 100 Ton
2. Calculate the forces in F1H and F2H
Answer: F1 = F2 = 50t
V V
50 t
S1 = S 2 = = 5 3 .2 1 t
co s 2 0 °
F1H = F2 H = 50 t ´ tan 20° = 18.19 t
S1 70o S2
F1v F2v
a F1H F2H
b
a
c
Sin a = b/a
Cos a = c/a
Tan a = b/c 100 Ton

Define the forces in each sling and spreader beam.
1. #Q14:Caluating sling and compressions
forces. The weight of the column is 100t
2. Calculate the forces in slings S1, S2 and S3
3. Calculate the pressure forces FH1, FH2 en FH3
Answer:
1. S1 = 71 Ton; S2 = 58 Ton; S3 = 100 Ton
2. FH1 = 50 ton; FH2 = 29 ton, FH3 = 87 Ton
S1
F H1
S3 S2
F H3 F H2
Sling plan and forces in lifting slings (2)
100 Ton
Load per sling at
60o
different top
58% angles
58 Ton 60o 58 Ton

The bigger the
100 Ton spread the more
pain!
90o
71%
71 Ton 45o 71 Ton
100 Ton
100%
100 Ton 100 Ton
120o30o

Calculate the forces in the spreader beam
Calculate the forces in S1 , S2 , S2 and S4. NOTE: The Red Slings are
Calculate the forces D1 en D2 continues slings and guided
Answer: around the spreader beam
• The forces in S1 and S2 are 50 ton each, as the
slings are only spread by the spreader beam and S1 S2
not connected to it with shackles. 60°
• In case the slings S1 = S2 were connected to the S3 S4
spreader beam, the forces in each sling would D1 D2
be:
50 m Ton
S1 = S 2 = = 57 .7 3 m Ton
cos 3 0 °
• So the force in the spreader supporting sling is
now S3 =7.73 ton, as the main lift slings in our
case were not connected to the spreader but
spread only. (own weight of spreader ignored)
• The force D1 and D2
D1 = D 2 = 50 m Ton ´ tan 30 ° = 28 .86 m Ton 100 Ton
NOTE: own weight of spreader is hereby ignored

The CoG is always suspended straight under the hook
When lifting a freely suspended load, the CoG of the load will always be on the vertical line
through the hook block

Forces in slings of unequal lengths
1. One can calculate the forces in slings
of unequal lengths with the
formulas: F=100T
F x × sin b 2
S1 =
sin (180 - b 1 - b 2 )
or S2
F x × sin b 1
S2 =
s in (1 8 0 - b 1 - b 2 ) b1 b2
S1
2. An example:
β1 = 25°and β2 = 45°
100 m T × sin 45 °
S1 =
sin(180 ° - 25 ° - 45 ° )
Weight =100T
= 70.71 m T A B
100 m T × sin 25 °
S2 =
sin(180 ° - 25 ° - 45 ° )
= 42.26 m T
A more simpler method is the so
called graphical method
Define the sling length and force with the graphical method
Example:
1. Position the hook on the vertical
line through the CoG and draw
the slings from the lift points to
one point in the hook
2. Draw the force diagram on scale
starting at the top of the lift slings
3. Use e.g. a scale of 1:100, so that
1 cm = 1 Ton
4. First draw 20 cm straight down,
this represents the weight of 20
Ton
5. Then from the point of that force
one completes a parallelogram
and can draw the other forces
6. By measuring these forces, and
use the scale factor, one can 20 Ton
define the magnitude of each
force.

Play time!
Lifting a train
JR Line
•2 small spreader beams
Senseki Line
JR Senseki
Picture Picture
•1 large spreader beam
•Slings
The crane has a limited

hook height!
Sling angles about 45°.
Spreader beam configurations

Due to inaccuracies in sling lengths, not Floating spreader bar systems
all slings get the same load 60% distribution to any 55% distribution to any
diagonal diagonal
HMC-SC201-single crane lift systems-rev3.

The Stability of a load to be lifted (1)
1. A load with lifting 2. The load is stable 3. The load is unstable
points above the CoG when the CoG is when the CoG is
is always a stable load inside the lift triangle outside the lift triangle
The Stability of a load to be lifted (2)

One differentiates: 1. The load is unstable when the CoG is outside the
1. The initial stability lifting triangle
2. The stability moment
2. WATCH OUT when the lift points are at the
3. The stability range underside of the load below the CoG
The STABIL.MOM.
At an angle α is G x a
With a disturbing
moment from outside

COG inside the triangle
We can draw the force in the lifting slings AB and
AC as vectors for a rotated condition. These
vectors we can decompose into a vertical and a
horizontal component. For the sling AB, these
components are
FS1v
We can draw the force in the lifting slings AB and

AC as vectors for a rotated condition. These
vectors we can decompose into a vertical and a
horizontal component. For the sling AB, these
components are FS1h and FS1v , and for the sling
AC, these components are FS2h and FS2v.
COG outside the triangle

We draw an object again with the hook in A and
the lift points in B and C. The difference is that the
cog is not the lifting triangle ABC, but outside the
triangle. The consequence is that when we now
rotate the arrangement around the hook A, the
cog moves downward. When an object can move
downwards without being restrained, it will go
down. Initially, the force vectors are at the same
line of action, but you only need a little push
(wind) to start the rotation and the overturning
moment is created, and it increases rapidly.

The Stability Range
Large stability Small Stability Only a small force is needed to disturb
range range the stability of a load when the stability
range is small.
The Stability Moment of the load to be lifted (1)

The stability moment can be
calculated as below:
Stab.mom:
M st = G ´ h sin a - G ´ v sin a
= G ´ ( h - v ) sin a
(this is valid up to angle β)
Conclusion:
The stability moment is positive
and so is the initial stability in
case : h > v
or i.o.w. in case the CoG of the
load remains within the lift
triangle AHB.
For angles > β :

M st = G ´ b cos a - G ´ v sin a
= G ´ ( b cos a - v sin a )

The Stability of the load to be lifted (1)
1. This load is unstable as the projected lift

triangle is below the CoG
2. The load will tip over
The Stability of the load to be lifted (2)
In this plane the load IS stable In this plane the load IS NOT stable

How to rig a Trafo to a Lifting Beam
When lifting the load, the CoG of the load When lifting the load the CoG of the load
will shift directly under the load will shift directly under the hook
If the rigging is applied as single slings Now the rigging is made up of individual
going over the lift beam, they could slip as slings and cannot slip
shown below
The Stability of the load with 3 lift points below CoG

1. In case a load is lifted by
two cranes E and D from 3
lift points at the bottom of
the load as shown at right,
than the lifting slings must
be so long that the CoG of
the load is enclosed by the
red and blue planes (ACD
and BCD).
2. The perpendicular distance
to these planes is a
measure for the stability of Lifting a 2400 Tons Drill Tower with
the load (the larger the 2 Floating Cranes
distance, the bigger the
stability).
3. In these kind of cases, it is
very important to know the
exact location of the CoG. CoG
The two lift points A and B
at the right side should be
closer to the CoG then the
single lift point C at the left
Asymmetric suspension
side.
Lifting if a container crane
To lift the container crane, a special lifting

frame was made.
Can you indentify the lifting triangle?
Examples of Stability of the Load
Dangerous type of lift beams, when lifting

a load from bottom lift points
Stability of the load is never at risk when lifting from lift points
above the CoG
Stability of the load is never at risk when

lifting from lift points above the CoG

The Stability of the load to be lifted, okay or not?
The CoG can be outside

Found on internet the physical structure
Lifting beams versus and Spreader beams

Lifting beams Spreaders
Lift Beams
Spreader Beam

2 types of spreader beams
These support pad
50 T 50 T eyes must be as
58 T 58 T close as possible to
8T 8T the main lift slings
= 60o = 60o
50 T 50 T
50 T 50 T
When lifting a load of 100 Ton, the force in the When lifting a load of 100 Ton, the force in the grey
vertical slings below the spreader will be 50 T sling above and below the spreader beam remain the
same, as it is one continuous sling.
Due to the angle with the horizon, the force in the Due to the angle with the horizon, you would expect
diagonal slings at: a higher force in the sling above the spreader beam.
x = 60o will be 58 T This extra force component is now absorbed by the
red slings (At x = 60o, the force in the blue sling will
be 8 T;
In a lift beam the forces go through the lift points
The spreader the beam is only loaded by
compression.
Spreader beam
Example of lifting a 250 mt casing on the deck of a semi submersible heavy lift vessel. As the condition of
the pad eyes was unclear, they were cut off and new ones were welded.

Various spreader beam designs (1)
Any
angle
possible
In this way the lift

beam is always loaded
correctly, independent
of the lift angle of the
slings
An extra bending
moment could cause
buckling of the lift beam
Adjustable spreader beam
Various spreader beam designs (2)

1. When a lift beam is designed correctly, it
This lift beam is outfitted
will only be loaded with compression forces
with swivel eyes, which
2. This is only correct when the lines of action Neutral axle turn in the neutral axle
of forces cross each other in the so-called of the lift beam.
neutral axle of the lift beam
3. In case this is not so, a bending moment will
be added to the compression force as well
4. Due to a relatively small bending moment Neutral axle Wrong design
the lift beam could buckle.
5. Before use, always check the design criteria
of the lift beam on following points:
6. The max. allowable tension in the lift points
7. The allowable angle under which the lift
slings lead from the lift beam to the hook
8. The max. allowable compression force in
the lift beam itself.

Use of various Lifting beams
1. This lift beam are subject to
bending
A combination of 2 Lift beams to This universal lift beam can be used in various applications: single
accommodate 3 lift points crane lift or dual crane lift for long loads as well as concentrated loads
Rigging arrangement
All details are in the

drawing but is it
good?
This spreader bar
left makes it worse.

Use of shackles and pad-eyes
Side loads should be avoided, a The pin
goes
as the products are not
through
designed for this purpose. If
the eye.
side loads cannot be avoided,
the WLL of the shackle must
be reduced:
Avoid
sliding
This graph is valid for all Green Pin® Only allowed with
reduced load
shackles, except P-6033 (Sling shackles)
http://www.vanbeest.nl
52% FAILED The Basic Rigging Quiz?

1. When installing a shackle pin into a screw pin c) Chocker hitch with eye pulled down
shackle, you first hand tighten the pin and then: d) Double wrap choker hitch
a) Leave the pin hand tight 4. What is the stress per sling leg when 2 slings are
b) Back the pin off one quarter tern placed under a 30 degree horizontal sling angle for a
c) Back the pin off one half tern 100 ton lift?
d) Back the pin off one whole tern a) 50 ton 100Ton
2. What sling material shall not be used when acid b) 75 ton
conditions are present? c) 100 to 30o
a) Nylon d) 200 ton
a) Chain 5.What can happen if you attach the slings to a point
b) Wire rope below the centre of gravity of the load?
c) Polypropylene a) You gain mechanical advantage
3.For improved load security, which hitch would be b) The load is well balanced
best? c) The load may topple
a) Single wrap choker hitch d) The load sits down in the slings bridle
b) Single wrap basket hitch
a b c d http://www.cranetech.com/blog/rigging-quiz

Work factors (Safety Factor)
1. For lifting grommets and Slings the WLL or SWL the is 5
Min. Break load divided by a factor of Safety 4.8
For cranes with: 4.6
SWL < 10 t, SF = 5 4.4
SWL > 160 t, SF = 3 4.2
4
Code for Lifting Appliances in a Marine Environment( 3.8
CLAME; Lloyd Register) 3.6
The SWL should never be < 3 3.4
3.2
2. For Polyester lifting slings a safety factor of
3
7 applies in relation to the min. Break load (In the
2.8
USA : 5)
2.6
3. Lifting beams and spreaders from 10-160 ton WLL 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160
need to be tested after fabrication with a test load of
10 -100% extra according to the following formula: Rope safety factor
Ltest = 1.04 x WLL + 9.6 Spreaders with a WLL<10 ton versus crane SWL
need a proof load of 200% Lloyds Register Code for Lifting
Appliances in a Marine
(AS 4991 - 2004: Lifting Devices) Environment 2016, Figure 4.2.13
4. Shackles and turnbuckles are all being tested with a
factor 2 after fabrication.
5. The min. breaking strength is in most cases 4-6 times
the SWL.
Well known fabricators like “Greenpin” and “Crosby”
do not use the standard safety factors
OS-H205_2014-04 Nominal safety factor

LRFD approach. Not a factor on the MBL but on the “loads”
g sf = g f g cg rg wg m g tw
g sf = 2 .3 g r g w g tw
γ sf : Nominal safety factor for slings.

γf: Load factor (=1.3)
γc: Consequence factor. 1.3 for lifting points and equipment
(1.3 for Lifting equipment not subjected to load testing (e.g. spreader frames or beams,
plate shackles).
1.15 for Main elements supporting the lift point
1.0 Other elements of lifted object)
γr: Resulting reduction factor due to splicing or bending.
γw: Wear factor (=1 - 1.1)
γm: Material factor (=1.5 for steel)
γ tw : Twist reduction factor.
γs: Reduction factor due to the end termination. (Hand spliced according to EN 13411-2: γs = 1.25
γb: Reduction factor due to bending
= 1/(1-0.5/(D/d)0.5) for steel
=1 sometimes for fiber ropes
Multiplication of all RED values = Total 3.5

Certification (Europe).
The European CE marking applies to products related to
health, safety and environment and which are placed in
the market or put into service in the European Economic
Area. All lifting equipment must have marking. The
equipment must have a certificate and use should be
clear. The certificate should show at least:
• Application
• Capacity
• date of manufacturing or last certification
• Details of manufacturer or certification company
• serial number
The end user is responsible to manage their own
equipment.
This can be simplified by giving each item its own unique
ID and certificate for ease of tracking, maintenance,
inspections etc. (RFID: Radio Frequency Identification)
The IMO colour indicates the year of inspection.
Brown 2016 2022 2028
Blue 2017 2023 2029
Yellow 2018 2024 2030
Red 2019 2025 2031
Black 2020 2026 2032
Green 2021 2027 etc http://www.lift-tex.nl/
Sling capacities in various applications

max. 100 Ts max. 100 Ts max. 200 Ts max. 120 Ts max. 150 Ts
Eye Length must If the shackle or object If the object with a 6- If the shackle or object It is better to uses a larger
NOT be smaller has 2 times the strand wire rope sling in a has 2 times the shackle or Wide Body shackle
than twice the diameter of a 6 strand basket hitch is at least 25 x diameter of a 6 strand type. If the shackle or object
object (e.g. a wire rope sling (D/d larger than the sling wire rope sling (D/d 2:1) has at least 5 x the sling
hook) diameter 1:1) the basket sling diameter (D/d 25:1) the the basket sling capacity diameter (D/d 5:1) the basket
capacity must be basket capacity need not must be reduced by 40% sling capacity must still be
reduced by 50% to be adjusted reduced by 25%
Safety factors of slings and grommets are all in relation to the Minimum Break Load (MBL).
The Minimum Break Load is the calculated break load of a wire rope. SWL= WLL = MBL / Safety factor
http://unirope.com
Efficiency ratings for D/d and end terminations
End terminations
Strength Efficiency Compared to

Catalog Strength in %
Determining D/d
ratio
Occupational Safety and Health Tønsberg Link (Mooring)

Administration
Grommet Capacities in various applications

max. 200 Ton max. 100 Ton < 100 ton depending on < 200 ton depending on the D/d ratio
angle and D/d ratio
max. 100
Ton
Use large enough If possible use Wide Proper D/d ratio for the Small diameter shackles reduce the sling
hooks and large Body shackles. They sling capacity. If the sling is strength and, most likely, that small diameter
diameter shackles increase the D/d too short you may have to shackle also has insufficient capacity for that
to avoid crushing ratio and you gain adjust the capacity because job. Shackle or not, objects to be lifted and all
and kinking of the sling strength. of sling angle. hook up points MUST at least ensure a D/d
sling ratio of 5:1
http://unirope.com
Safety factors of slings and grommets are all in relation to the Minimum Break Load (MBL).
The Minimum Break Load is the calculated break load of a wire rope. SWL = WWL = MBL / Safety factor
Check with manufacturer. Values also depend on capacity and type of the wire!

Applying (round-) slings to a load
Always apply use the
strong points of a
structure.
Wrong. This
bracing can easily
be overloaded
and will bend
Right Wrong
Better. Always
check for the
strong points in a
load to connect
the lift slings
Offshore Grommet made of 300
August 7, 2021 www.seacamel.com mm diam. wire rope 97
Calculate the loads in this example

Question:
1. What is the max. load which we can lift with the tip of a crow bar
when we push at one end with 80 kg?
80 kg
Steel plate
40 mm 1m
A. 320 kg Answer :
80 kg ´ 1 m
= 2000 kg
B. 2000 kg 0 , 04 m
C. 200 kg
D. 500 kg

Lifting with more than 2 cranes
Construction of the Gina Krog jacket for Statoil 2015

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07 Lifting with Cranes

Lifting is an essential part

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How to select your crane(s)?

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CRAWLER CRANE CRANE ON TYRES

TRAVEL SPEED Low (max 1.5 km/h) High (up to 90 km/h)

BEARING Large bearing surface Small bearing surface

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Comparison; Telescopic versus Lattice (1)

BOX (TELESCOPIC) BOOM LATTICE BOOM

LOADS SIZES Medium to heavy loads Heavy loads

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Pros and cons of the various crane types

Mobile Hydraulic RT (Rough Terrain) Crawler Hydraulic

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Comparison; Lift versus Heavy duty

LIFT CRANE HEAVY DUTY CRANE

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Under the topside with Fender

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Rated Crane capacity and Load moment

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The Stability criteria of a crane

be at least: 1/0,75 = 1,33 x as big as the

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Upending a vessel with 2 cranes, one crane moving

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Upending a vessel while slewing the tail crane

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Upending using a lift System

Lift System with Crawler

Lift System with Trailer Lift System with Cross

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Tailing lug welded to skirt Tailing frame bolted to the skirt

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The equation of moment equilibrium for dual crane operations.

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Location of CoG in relation to the lift and support points

4625 11800 26400

1. Due to the offset of the tail lift point of the

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Do we need a Lift Plan?

Is this a proper lift plan?

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Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor

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Drawing of a lift plan for the erection of a reactor

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They distract the

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Working in the vicinity of a slope.

If no support is available, the trench