CHAPTER 1
River inundated areas, it left
THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION
- earliest hypothesis about the origin
of life
Supreme Being/Supernatural deities
- brought the universe & all living
organisms into existence
- core belief
- most widely accepted explanation
about the origin of life
THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION
- similar to the creation theory
- states that living things just suddenly
came into existence
- living things can spontaneously arise
from nonliving things
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)
- Greek philosopher & biologist
- one of the firm believers of this
theory
HIS BELIEFS:
- all things are full of soul
- living & nonliving matter could
generate life
- some insects develop from manure
as evidenced by flies appearing in
animal dung
- oysters generate from slime
- barnacles generate rocks
- some insects from morning dew
falling on leaves, animal flesh,
human hair, vegetation, snow, old
wax, dried sweat, fire, or books
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
- also believed in spontaneous
generation
- they observed that after the Nile
nutrient-rich soil to grow crops
- concluded that Nile River could
spontaneously give rise to many
forms of life
ABIOGENESIS
- theory that living things can
spontaneously come from nonliving
or decaying matter
- popular until the Renaissance period
LATE 17th CENTURY
- several scientist disproved the theory
of spontaneous generation through
maggot (uod) observation and
investigation
ACTIVITY 1.2 - maggots do not
spontaneously arise from piece of meat
FRANCESCO REDI (1668)
- an Italian physician
- disproved the theory of spontaneous
through the same experiment
(maggots)
ACTIVITY 1.3 - when broths were exposed
to air, microorganisms appeared
LAZZARO SPALLANZANI
- Italian scientist
- performed the experiment (activity
1.3)
- disproved the theory of spontaneous
LOUIS PASTEUR (1864)
- French chemist who put and end to
the theory of spontaneous generation
- conducted an experiment similar to
that by Spallanzani
FIGURE 1.2 - Pasteur discovered that the
source of microorganisms for fermentation,
such as for milk, sugar, and wine, was the
air.
BIOGENESIS
- experiments proved that living
organisms did not spontaneously
arise from nonliving matter
- theory that life comes only from
pre-existing life
- explains how life began in a
particular place, such as Earth
LATE 18th CENTURY
- scientists thought life on Earth came
from outside of Earth
THEORY OF PANSPERMIA
- life exists in the Universe & that life
on Earth may have been transported
from somewhere in the Universe.
MICROBE-CONTAINING MARTIAN
METEORITE
- found in Antartica in 1984 after
blasted off their home planet about
15 million years ago by cosmic
impacts
- Earthlings were originally Martians
Organic Compounds
- building blocks of life
- compounds that primarily contain carbon
- may be found on the extraterrestrial
objects, but organic matter is not life
SVANTE ARRHENIUS (1903)
- hypothesized that “seed of life” came
in form of bacteria
Panspermia - means “seeds everywhere”
- Seeds of life scattered in the
Universe; life was seeded on Earth
from outer space
THEORY OF CHEMICAL EVOLUTION
- early 20th century
- Scientists thought that life’s from
physical & chemical processes
- idea that life’s from slow & gradual
chemical processes.
- chemical processes gave rise to life
took place on Earth about 3.8 billion
years ago
- between 4.35 to 3.8 billion years
ago, Geologists believe that Earth
was enduring heavy meteor
bombardment
- by 3.8 to 3 billion years ago, first
organisms started to appear
ALEXANDER OPARIN (1920s)
- a Russian biochemist and J.B.S.
HALDANE
- a British-Indian geneticist
- hypothesized the first
microorganisms called “primordial
soup” appeared in the oceans.
OPARIN - HALDANE HYPOTHESIS
- provides a stronger support to
abiogenesis
STANLEY L. MILLER (1953)
- put the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis
into a test under the supervision of
Harold C. Urey (Figure 1.3, page 62)
LOUIS LERMAN (1986)
- suggested bubble hypothesis for the
origin of life on Earth
- chemical processes that led to the
evolution of life took place within
bubbles on oceans’ surface
BUBBLE HYPOTHESIS - explained how
the primordial soup might have been
prepared
TAKE NOTE! CHAPTER 2
All living organisms - made up of one or
more cells 3.5 MILLION YEARS AGO
Cell - basic unit of life, tiny capsules that - cyanobacteria utilized sunlight,
hold biological equipment water, and carbon dioxide
Metabolism - sum of all chemical reactions, PHOTOSYNTHESIS
breaking down of substances - plants & other photosynthetic
Reproduction - process of making new organisms derive energy
individual organisms (offspring) CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Heredity - passing of traits from one - animals & other heterotrophic
generation to the next organisms depend much on plants
Adaptation - life-sustaining process wherein for food & obtain energy
living organisms adjust to environmental
changes * Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are
Evolution - changes over time two vital processes in living organisms.
Abiotic factors - nonliving things (water, air, Failure of one can affect the system of life at
land) a macroscopic level*
Biotic factors - living members of biological
community CELL - basic unit of living organisms,
*Organisms are interdependent on one sustain life as a whole.
another*
2 MAJOR TYPES OF CELLS

PROKARYOTIC CELL
- absence of nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles
- cell’s DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
is suspended in cytoplasm
- simpler & adapt very quickly
- bacterium is an example of a
prokaryote (figure 2.1, page 67)

EUKARYOTIC CELL
- has a nucleus & other
membrane-bound organelles
- nucleus encloses the DNA
- chemical reaction takes place in a
compartmentalized manner
 - may come in different sizes, shapes,
& appearance depending on their
type & functions
- animal & plant cell are both
eukaryotic
THREE MAJOR PARTS OF A CELL
1. Cell Membrane
- made up of lipid bilayer w/ large
protein molecules
- selectively permeable, some
materials can pass through it & some
cannot
2. Cytoplasm
- 90% of the cell & houses the
organelles
- a jelly-like clear substance
- composed primarily of water
- contains proteins, amino acids,
glucose, & salts
- site for many chemical reactions in
the cell
3. Nucleus
- structure is enveloped by a nuclear
membrane & contains the DNA and
nucleolus
- nuclear membrane has pores
allowing molecules to pass between
nucleus & cytoplasm
- nucleolus is a site for the
assembling of ribosomes
ORGANELLES
● Mitochondrion
- shaped like a bean
- made up of 2 membranes
- Inner membrane (folded & these
infoldings are called cristae)
- mitochondria supply cell’s energy
● Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- made up of interconnected thin
folded membranes found through the
cytoplasm
TWO TYPES OF ER
a. Rough ER - name from the
appearance of its surface,
studded with tiny organelles
called ribosomes
b. Smooth ER - has no presence
or ribosomes on its surface,
makes lipids & break down
drugs & alcohol
● Golgi apparatus
- consists of layered stacks of flattened
membranes that process, sort,
deliver, and packages protein
● Ribosome
- small round structure found in the
cell
- consists of large small sub-units
made up of RNA & protein
- site of protein synthesis
● Vacuole
- fluid-filled sac
- stores substances needed by the cell
- small vacuoles in animal cell
- vacuole in plant cell is filled with
watery fluid
● Peroxisomes
- contains enzymes involved in
digesting fatty acids
 ● Vesicle
- small membrane-bound sac
- transport materials from one place to
another inside the cell

ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN

ANIMAL CELLS

1. Centriole
- cylinder-shaped organelle
- Made up of microtubules arranged in
a circle
- there are nine group of microtubules
that help the cell to divide during
mitosis & meiosis

2. Lysosome
- membrane-bound organelle
- specialized vesicle that contains a
variety of enzymes
- used to digest food or break down
cell when the cell dies
- defends cell from bacteria & viruses

ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT

CELLS

1. Cell Wall
- rigid layer found not only in plant
cells but also in algae, fungi, and
most bacteria
- made up of cellulose (complex
sugar)
- allow plants to grow

2. Chloroplast
- made up if outer & inner membranes
- have closed compartments of stacked
membranes called grana (singular;
granum)