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    Secularism Recent Issues and Court Judgements With Anno

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    y ho Peete Recent Issues and Court Judgements eeu rer! Lee} se on Indian Society and Social Justice, UPSC CSE ee eee INDIAN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR UPSC 2023-2024 © DEEPANSHU SINGH 2022 + Poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon in which a person or community lacks the cial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living, + According to World Bank, Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and n, poor access to clean water and adequate physical security, jent capacity and opportunity to better one's life. + Each nation may have its own threshold that determines how many of its people are living in poverty. In India, 21.9% of the population lives below the national poverty line in 2011. In 2018, almost 8% of the world’s workers and their families lived on less than USS1.90 per person per day (international poverty line). According to the World Bank, the COVID-19 crisis has pushed between 88 and 115 million people into poverty, with the majority of the new extreme poor being found in South Asian and Sub-Saharan countries. It is important to note that the poverty rates in such regions are already high. The number of people being pushed into poverty is expected to have risen to between 143. and 163 million, joining the ranks of the 1.3 billion people who are already living in multidimensional and persistent poverty. According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), at the growth rate of 11.5%, India was going to be the fastest-growing economy in 2021. The growth is a clear indication that the poverty rate in the country is on the decline, which is remarkable for a country aim! become the next superpower. The real-time data from the World Poverty Clock, 6 per cent or 86,799,498 (86.8 mil the Indian population are living in extreme poverty and 30 Indians are escaping extreme poverty every minute. The Global MPI Reports 2019 and 2020 states that 21.9 per cent of the population was poor in the country. Relative poverty When households receive 50% less income than average median incomes. Cu icoee Momeni Me Coote aetd It refers to a condition where a person does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum requirements for one or more basic living needs over an extended period of time. It may be calculated in monetary terms, nutrition attainment or calories For example: Homeless people living on the streets, families that cannot afford to buy food to feed themselves and their children are also examples of absolute te poverty. Absolute poverty It occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by government (and enjoyed by the bulk of population) that vary from country to country, which is said to be increasing and may possibly never be eradicated. Relative poverty For example: For example, in the UK relative poverty is defined as income 50% less than average incomes or someone living in a rich society may have a steady income and all the necessities for living, but because they do not have as many luxuries as others living in the society, they are said to be in relative poverty. + POVERTY ESTIMATES- PRE-INDEPENDENCE + Dadabhai Naoroji through his book, “Poverty and Unbritish Rule in India” made the earliest estimation of poverty line (%16 to %35 per capita per year). + The poverty ine proposed by him was based on the cost of a subsistence or Injnimum baste diet (rice orficun dal, mutton;vegetebles, chee; wagereble oil ane salt) . National Planning Committee’s (1938) povelty: line (ranging from 215 to %20 per capita per month) was also based on a minimum standard of living perspective in which hutritional requirements were implicit + In 1938, the National Planning Committee was set yp by Subhash Chandra Bose under the chairmanship of Jawaharlal Nehru for tl if purpose of drawing up an oe plan with the fundamental aim to ensure an adequate standard of fiving for the masse: + The Bombay Plan (1944) proponents had suggested a poverty line of 875 per capita peryear + The Bombay Plan was a set of a proposal.of a small group of influential business feadersin Bombay for the development of the post-independence economy of inalan Post-Independence Poverty Estimation Planning Commission Expert Group (1962), working group constituted by the Planning Commission formulated the separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas (220 and 225 per capita per year respectively) VM Dandekar and N Rath (1971), made the first systematic assessment of poverty in India, based on National Sample Survey (NSS) data Alagh Committee (1979): Task force constituted by the Planning Commission under the chairmanship of YK Alagh, constructed a poverty line for rural and urban areas on the basis of nutritional requirements and related consumption expenditure. Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by adjusting the price level for inflation. Lakdawala Committee (1993): Task Force chaired by DT Lakdawala, based on the assumption that the. basket of goods and services used to calculate Consumer Price Index-Industrial Workers (CPI-IW) and Consumer Price Index- Tendulkar Committee (2009) Expert group constituted by the Planning Commission and, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to review methodology for poverty estimation and to address the following shortcomings of the previous methods Shift from Calorie Consumption based Poverty Estimation: It based its calculations on the consumption of the items like cereal, pulses, milk, edible oil, non-vegetarian items, vegetables, fresh fruits, dry fruits, sugar, 446.68 per capita per month in rural areas %578.80 per capita per month in urban areas Private Expenditure: Incorporation of private expenditure on health and education while estimating poverty. Tendulkar committee computed poverty lines for 2004-05 at a level that was equivalent, in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) terms to Rs 33 per day. Rangarajan Com The committee was set up in the backdrop of national outrage over the Planning Commission's suggested poverty line of €22 a day for rural areas. Calories: 2090 kcal in urban areas and 2155 Kcal in rural areas. Protein: For rural areas 48 gm and for urban areas 50 gm. Fat: For urban areas 28 gm and for rural areas 26 gm. Poverty Threshold: Persons spending below €47 a day in cities and €32 in villages be considered poor. Based on this methodology, Rangarajan committee estimated that the number of poor were 19% higher in rural areas and 41% more in urban areas than what was estimated using Tendulkar committee formula, Arvind Panagariya Task Force (2015) The task force suggested setting up of committee to identify people “Below Poverty Line (BPL)" It also suggested participation of states. The paper talks of considering four options for tracking the poor. First, continue with the Tendulkar poverty line. Second, switch to the Rangarajan or other higher rural and urban poverty lines. Third, bottom 30% of the population tracking over time Fourth, tracking the bottom 30% on specific components, such as housing, sanitation, electricity, nutritional intake, etc NITI Aayog favoured the Tendulkar line (21.9%) To remove any criticism that many poor would be left behind if poverty line as per Tendulkar committee is adopted, NITI Aayog has underlined that it will only be used to track progress in combating poverty rather than identifying the poor for entitlements. ‘SECC data as suggested by Saxena and Hashim committee will be used for entitlements. Dr. N.C. Saxena Committee was set up by the Ministry of Rural Development to advise it on the suitable methodology for BPL Census and not for estimation of poverty. The Planning Commission constituted an Expert Group under the Chairmanship of Professor S. R. Hashim to recommend the detailed methodology for identification of families living Below Poverty Line in urban areas. Challenges REASONS POVERTY er porary Pa eo / Growth \ tt aiiariens Low levels fey Low of human cd Iu Cro \ Ro Maule} EFFECTS OF POVERTY + Feminization of poverty: + Poverty affects greater number of women than men. Feminization of poverty is the phenomenon in which total of poor women outnumbers the total population of poor men. + Women are segregated, have very limited access to education {for political, religious or social reasons) and are sometimes forbidden to work or restricted to tedious ones. + Being the cornerstone of the family, women can have a great impact not only on the household income, but also on the education of children (including sanitation), and avoiding early child deaths due to bad habits, sanitation or improper food or water. + The feminization of poverty may be caused by changes in Family composition, Family organization, Inequality in the access to public services or in social protection. + Inequality has ‘female face’ in India, women’s unpaid work worth 3.1% of GDP. + Women spend 312 minutes per day in urban areas and 291 minutes per day in rural areas on such unpaid care + work, itadded. In comparison, men spend only 29 minutes in urban and 32 minutes in rural areas on unpaid care + worl 10 indicators Global Multidimensional Poverty Index : 2020 was released by the United Nations yg Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI). ree) 3 Dimensions of Poverty “Indian Scenario: +India lifted as many as 270 million people out of multidimensional poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16. Neighbourhood Scenario: In China, 70 million people left multidimensional poverty between 2010 and 2014, while in Bangladesh, the numbers declined by 19 million between 2014 and 2019. «Impact of Covid-19: Covid-19 is having a profound impact on the development landscape. “The study finds that on average, poverty levels will be set back 3 to 10 years due to Covid-19. +Sustainable Development Goals: The index emphasises on measuring and monitoring progress under the goals to reach ‘zero poverty by 2030-Goal 1 of the SDGs SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUES RELATED TO POVERTY AND HUNGER CONFLICTS Conflict is a struggle, between individuals o claims to status, powep-art scarce resourcesin, which the aims of the conflicting parties are GF claims over those of othe Bee _(Goodhand and Hulme 1999; 14),.§ ——————___ pee Case Study- Bihar- poverty of the lower castes provided fertile Zhronic Poverty and Social ground for the growth and expansion of Naxal groups, increasing Conflict in Bihar pauperisation of the upper castes has created the br for Senas of different hues. It is a classic example of poverty causing reer social conflicts and social conflicts engendering poverty. ennemewacttelcnn Hebe As far as the lowest castes (extreme backward castes and Scheduled Xv a’ el Castes) - who are also the lowest class - are concerned, ina certain D uw sense, their situation has improved over a period of time. Their 4 wages have increased and physical and sexuata declined. eel fel TTy Privatised ora ed Mass [Unemployment reality ‘of mostly youths (The cause of the problem not solved) (Buy back of jolent conflicts Militia groups, cult gangs etc.) story we ‘The Supreme Court of india has delivered its judgment in tHe «On an average of 5-6 million ii Aceess ‘migrant labourer’ case. annually between 2001 and 2011, leading to ‘The apex court took suo motu cognisance of the plight of | _ an inter-state migrant population of “about 60 the migrant workers at the height of the exodus last year | _ million” and an inter-district migrant population “as and continued hearing the case through the second wave | _high as 80 million” (The Economic Survey, 2017). and gave following directions-

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