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Heat Radiation
Heat Radiation
Heat Radiation
Heat Radiation
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Thermofluids 3
Objectives
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Thermofluids 3
Introduction
• Unlike conduction and convection, radiation does not
require the presence of a material medium to take place.
• Electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiation
─ represent the energy emitted by matter as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
• Electromagnetic waves are characterized by their frequency
or wavelength
c
=
• c ─ the speed of propagation of a wave in that medium.
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Thermofluids 3
Thermal Radiation
• Engineering application concerning
electromagnetic radiation covers a wide range of
wavelengths.
• Of particular interest in the study of heat transfer
is the thermal radiation emitted as a result of
energy transitions of molecules, atoms, and
electrons of a substance.
• Temperature is a measure of the strength of these
activities at the microscopic level.
• Thermal radiation is defined as the spectrum that
extends from about 0.1 to 100 mm.
• Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon.
However, frequently it is more convenient to treat
it as a surface phenomenon.
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Thermofluids 3
Blackbody Radiation
• A body at a thermodynamic (or absolute)
temperature above zero emits radiation in
all directions over a wide range of
wavelengths.
• The amount of radiation energy emitted
from a surface at a given wavelength
depends on:
– the material of the body and the condition of its surface,
– the surface temperature.
A blackbody:
• emits the maximum amount of radiation by a surface at a given
temperature and wavelength.
• absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and direction.
• emits radiation energy uniformly in all directions per unit area normal
to direction of emission.
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Thermofluids 3
• The radiation energy emitted by a blackbody per unit time and per unit
surface area (Stefan–Boltzmann law)
Eb (T ) = T 4 ( W/m 2 )
=5.67 X 10-8 W/m2·K4.
• Examples of approximate blackbody:
– snow,
– white paint,
– a large cavity with a small opening.
• The spectral blackbody emissive power
Eb ( , T ) =
C1
5 exp ( C2 T ) − 1
( W/m 2
μm )
C1 = 2 hc02 = 3.74177 108 ( W μm 4 m 2 )
C2 = hc0 / k = 1.43878 104 ( μm K )
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
Radiative Properties
• Many materials encountered in practice, such as metals,
wood, and bricks, are opaque to thermal radiation, and
radiation is considered to be a surface phenomenon for such
materials.
• In these materials thermal radiation is emitted or absorbed
within the first few microns of the surface.
• Some materials like glass and water exhibit different behavior
at different wavelengths:
– Visible spectrum ─ semi-transparent,
– Infrared spectrum ─ opaque.
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Thermofluids 3
Emissivity
• Emissivity of a surface ─ the ratio of the radiation
emitted by the surface at a given temperature to the
radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same
temperature.
• The emissivity of a surface is denoted by , and it varies
between zero and one, 0≤ ≤1.
• The emissivity of real surfaces varies with:
– the temperature of the surface,
– the wavelength, and
– the direction of the emitted radiation.
• Spectral directional emissivity ─ the most elemental
emissivity of a surface at a given temperature.
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
+ + = 1
• For opaque surfaces, τ =0, and thus
+ =1
Kirchhoff’s Law
G=Eb(T)=T4
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Thermofluids 3
Eemit = T 4
• The derivation above can also be repeated to obtain the spectral form
of Kirchhoff’s law:
• This relation is valid when the irradiation or the emitted radiation is
independent of direction.
(T ) = (T )
• The form of Kirchhoff’s law that involves no restrictions is the spectral
directional form
, (T ) = , (T )
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Thermofluids 3
• When j=i:
Fi→i=the fraction of radiation leaving surface i
that strikes itself directly.
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Thermofluids 3
View Factors
Tables for Selected Geometries (analytical form)
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Thermofluids 3
View Factors
Figures for Selected Geometries (graphical form)
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
Ai Fi→ j = Aj Fj →i
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Thermofluids 3
F
j =1
i→ j =1
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Thermofluids 3
1 1
N − N + N ( N − 1) = N ( N − 1)
2
2 2
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 1
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 1
𝐹12 = 1
𝐴1 × 𝐹12 = 𝐴2 × 𝐹21
𝐹21 + 𝐹22 = 1
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 2
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 2
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 2
𝐿
=
𝑟1
𝑟2
=
𝐿
𝑟3
=
𝐿
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 2
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 2
𝐹1→2 =
𝐹1→3 =
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Thermofluids 3
Fj →i = Fk →i
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 3
Determine the view factors from the base of the pyramid shown in
Figure to each of its four side surfaces. The base of the pyramid is a
square, and its side surfaces are isosceles triangles.
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 3
𝐹11 =
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Thermofluids 3
F1→2 =
( L5 + L6 ) − ( L3 + L4 )
2 L1
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Thermofluids 3
(
Q1→2 = A1 F1→2 T14 − T24 ) (W)
• For enclosure consisting of N black surfaces
( )
N N
Qi = Qi → j = Ai Fi → j Ti 4 − T j4 (W)
j =1 j =1
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 4
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 4
𝐹1→3 = ?
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 4
𝐹1→1 =
𝐹1→2 =
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 4
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 4
𝐹1→1 =
𝐹1→2 =
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
J i = i Ebi + i Gi
= i Ebi + (1 − i ) Gi (W/m 2 )
where:
Ebi = Ti 4
• For a surface that can be approximated as a blackbody
(i=1), the radiosity relation reduces to:
J i = Ebi = Ti 4 (blackbody)
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Thermofluids 3
= Ai ( J i − Gi ) (W)
• Which yields
J i − i Ebi Ai i
Qi = Ai J i − = ( Ebi − J i ) (W)
1- i 1- i
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Thermofluids 3
Ebi − J i
Qi = (W)
Ri
where surface resistance to
radiation is
1- i
Ri =
Ai i
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Thermofluids 3
J i = Ebi = Ti 4 (W/m2 )
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Thermofluids 3
= Ai J i Fi → j − Aj J j Fj →i (W)
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Thermofluids 3
Qi → j = Ai Fi → j ( J i − J j ) (W)
Ji − J j
Qi → j = (W)
Ri → j
where space resistance to radiation is
1
Ri → j =
Ai Fi → j
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Thermofluids 3
N J −J
Ebi − J i
=
i j
(W)
Ri j =1 Ri → j
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
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Thermofluids 3
• Once the radiosities J1, J2, and J3 are available, the net
rate of radiation heat transfers at each surface can be
determined.
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Thermofluids 3
Q12,no shield =
(
A T14 − T24 )
1 1
+ −1
1 2
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Thermofluids 3
Radiation
network:
Q12,one shield =
(
A T14 − T24 )
1 1 1 1
+ − 1 + + − 1
1 2 3,1 3,2
No shield resistance shield resistance
Q12,N shield =
(
A T14 − T24 )
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ − 1 + + − 1 + + + − 1
1 2 3,1 3,2 N ,1 N ,2
No shield resistance shield 1 resistance shield N resistance
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 5
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Thermofluids 3
Worked example 5
𝐴𝜎 𝑇14 − 𝑇24
𝑄ሶ 12,one shield = =
1 1 1 1
+ −1 + + −1
𝜀1 𝜀2 𝜀3,1 𝜀3,2
The net rate of radiation heat transfer between these two plates
without the shield is 3625 W/m2.
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Thermofluids 3
Paragraphs
12-1: Introduction
12-2: Thermal radiation
12-3: Blackbody radiation
12-5: Radiative properties
13-1: The view factor
13-2: View factor relations
13-3: Radiation heat transfer: black surfaces
13-4: Radiation heat transfer: diffuse, gray surfaces
13-5: Radiation shields and the radiation effects
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