Conduction and Radiation

MED 546

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Ajay Bhandari
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
826004 (Jharkhand) INDIA
 Conduction and radiation
MED 546
Radiative heat transfer (Module 7)

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 Conduction and radiation (MED 546)
Books to be Referred for Radiation:
• Yunus A. Cengel and Afshin J. Ghajar: Heat and Mass Transfer, Mc Graw Hill,6e (For undergraduate concepts)
• M.F. Modest, Radiative Heat Transfer, Academic Press, 3/e 2013.
• P.S. Ghoshdastidar, Heat Transfer Oxford Higher education
• F. Incropera, D. J. Dewitt, T. Bergman and A. Lavine, Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, Wiley & Sons Inc., 7th
Edition, 2011.
 Radiation Heat Transfer

Introduction to radiative heat transfer

Basic review of radiation heat transfer concepts
View factors
❑The crossed strings method
❑The inside sphere method
❑The unit sphere method,
 Radiation in participating media
❖Radiant energy transfer through absorbing, emitting and scattering media.
❖Radiative transfer equation (RTE),
❖Beer-Lambert’s Law, Solution for the straight path,
❖Radiative heat flux
❖Equivalent beam length
Enclosure analysis in the presence of an absorbing or emitting gas.
 Importance of thermal radiation
 Radiation is energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves, which does not require the presence of
intervening medium.

Mostly people say that thermal radiation is important only if temperatures are high. If temperatures are low it can be
neglected.

Importance of thermal radiation:

 Importance of radiation varies non-linearly with increasing temperature.

 Radiation requires no material medium to propagate

 Even at low temperatures radiation may be significant.

We cannot say that radiation is not significant at low temperatures we can only say that it may be neglected only in those
cases where other modes of heat transfer are dominant.
 Nature of radiation
 To explain radiation we generally have two models
(i) Wave model
(ii) Quantum model
 Nature of radiation
Types: Two phenomenon are associated with radiation such as volumetric phenomenon and surface phenomenon

 volumetric phenomenon: The electrons, atoms and molecules of all solids, liquids and gases above absolute zero
temperature are constantly in motion and thus radiation is constantly emitted, absorbed and transmitted throughout the
entire volume of matter.

 Surface phenomenon: In most opaque (non transparent) solids, radiation emitted from interior molecules is strongly
absorbed by adjoining molecules and is never able to reach the surface. Also radiation incident on such bodies is usually
absorbed within a few microns from the surface. It is for this reason that emission from such solids such as metals, woods
and rocks into an adjoining gas or a vacuum can be viewed as a surface phenomenon.
 Black body and its characteristics
 A black body is one that allows all incident radiations and internally absorbs all of it for all wavelengths and all incident
radiations.

Why we study black body?

Why the name black body?

A Radiatively black body will be visually black but a visually black need not necessarily be radiatively black

 Key attributes of a black body

• Perfect emitter in every direction and wavelength

• Radiation Isotropy

• Radiation is function of temperature alone

Solid angle

7
Solid angle
 Solid angle
 Why we need to know solid angle?
Radiation has a tendency to spread in all the directions. Therefore it is important for us to know the directional orientation of
one surface with respect to another surface. Additionally, we want to know how the receiving surface is oriented
directionally with regard to the emitting surface.
 Mathematical Definitions: differential solid angle dω
𝐝𝐀𝐧
𝐝𝛚 = 𝐫𝟐

𝐝𝐀 𝐧 = 𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅∅𝒓𝒅𝜽

𝒓𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅∅𝒅𝜽
𝐝𝛚 =
𝐫𝟐

𝟐𝝅 𝝅/𝟐
 The solid angle associated with the entire hemisphere may be obtained by 𝝎 = ‫𝟎׬ 𝟎׬ = 𝝎𝒅 ׬‬ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅
 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅 sr
 The unit of the solid angle is the steradian (sr), analogous to radians for plane angles.
 Therefore the total solid angle associated with hemisphere is 𝟐𝝅 sr. The solid angle associated with sphere will be 4𝝅 sr.
 Spectral Radiation Intensity 𝑰𝜆,𝒆
𝒅𝑸
9 𝑰𝜆,𝒆 𝜆, 𝜽, ∅ =
𝒅𝑨𝟏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽. 𝒅𝝎. 𝒅𝜆
Iλ,e as the rate at which radiant energy is emitted by the surface per unit area normal to the surface in the direction θ per
unit solid angle 𝒅𝝎 about (𝜽, ∅) in unit wavelength interval dλ about λ. The spectral intensity, which has units of W/m2srµm

The projection of dA1 normal to the direction of radiation.

8
 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Emission
Spectral hemispherical emissive power
10
If the spectral and directional distributions of 𝑰𝛌,𝒆 are known, spectral hemispherical emissive power 𝐸λ can be given as,
𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝑬𝝀 =‫𝛌𝑰 𝟐𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬,𝒆 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝛉 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝛉 𝐝𝛉𝐝∅

If I take my surface to be diffuse emitter for which emitted radiation is independent of direction then

𝑰𝛌,𝒆 𝝀, 𝜽, ∅ = 𝑰𝛌,𝒆 (𝝀)

Therefore, the total, hemispherical emissive power, E (W/m2), is the rate at which radiation is emitted per unit area at all
possible wave lengths and in all possible directions. Accordingly,
∞
E=‫𝝀 𝒅 𝝀 𝝀𝑬 𝟎׬‬
𝝅
∞ 𝟐𝝅
𝟐
𝑬=න න න 𝑰𝛌,𝒆 ( 𝝀) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅ 𝐝𝝀
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT (ISM) Dhanbad

So total emissive power will be 𝐄 = 𝛑𝐈𝐞

9
 Radiation Intensity and Its Relation to Irradiation
 𝑰𝝀,𝒊 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅)This quantity is defined as the rate at which radiant energy of wavelength λ is incident from the (θ, φ)
direction, per unit area of the intercepting surface normal to this direction, per unit solid angle about this direction, and per
unit wavelength interval dλ about λ.

 The intensity of the incident radiation may be related to an important radiative flux, termed the irradiation, which
encompasses radiation incident from all directions.

The spectral irradiation Gλ (W/m2.µm) is defined as the rate at which radiation of wavelength λ is incident on
surface, per unit area of the surface and per unit wavelength interval dλ about λ. Accordingly,
𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝑮𝝀 (𝝀)=‫𝝀𝑰 𝟐𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬,𝒊 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅,

∞
The total irradiation 𝑮 = ‫𝝀𝒅 𝝀 𝝀𝑮 𝟎׬‬

𝝅
∞ 𝟐𝝅
𝑮= ‫𝝀𝑰 𝟐𝟎׬ 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬,𝒊 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅𝒅𝝀
 Relation to Radiosity
 Radiosity, accounts for all the radiant energy leaving a surface.

 Since this radiation includes the reflected portion of the irradiation, as well as direct emission (Figure), the radiosity is
generally different from the emissive power.

 The spectral radiosity Jλ (W/m2.µm) represents

 The rate at which radiation of wavelength λ leaves a unit area of the surface, per unit wavelength interval dλ about λ.

 Since it accounts for radiation leaving in all directions, it is related to the intensity associated with emission and reflection,
𝐼 λ,𝑒+𝑟 ( λ, 𝜃 , 𝜑 ) , by the expression
𝝅
𝟐𝝅
𝑱𝝀 (𝝀)=‫𝝀𝑰 𝟐𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬,𝒆+𝒓 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅

∞
The total irradiation 𝐉 = ‫𝝀𝒅 𝝀 𝝀𝑱 𝟎׬‬

𝝅
∞ 𝟐𝝅
J= ‫𝝀𝑰 𝟐𝟎׬ 𝟎׬ 𝟎׬‬,𝒆+𝒓 (𝝀, 𝜽, ∅) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝒅𝜽𝒅∅𝒅𝝀
 The Planck Distribution
 The blackbody spectral intensity is first been determined by Planck and is of form
𝟐𝒉𝒄𝟐𝟎
𝑰𝝀,𝒃 (λ,T)= 𝒉𝒄 𝟎 −𝟏 ]
--------------1
𝝀𝟓 [𝐞𝐱𝐩 𝝀𝑲𝑻

Where h =6.626 × 1034 J.s and k= 1.381 × 1023 J/K are the universal Planck and Boltzmann constants, respectively, co= 2.998×
108 m/s is the speed of light in vacuum, T is the absolute temperature of the blackbody (K). Since the blackbody is a

𝑪𝟏
diffuse emitter, it follows that its spectral emissive power is 𝑬𝝀,𝒃 (λ,T)= 𝝅𝑰𝝀,𝒃 (λ,T)= 𝑪 --------------2
𝝀𝟓 [𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝟐 −𝟏
𝝀𝑻
Where the first and second radiation constants are C 1 = 2 𝝅 h 𝑐 0 2 = 3.742 × 1 0 8 W. 𝝁𝒎4 / m 2 and C2 = hc 0 / K =
1.439 × 1 0 4 𝝁𝑚 . K

 Several important features should be noted.

1. The emitted radiation varies continuously with wavelength.

2. At any wavelength, the magnitude of the emitted radiation increases

with increasing temperature.

 Wien’s Displacement Law
 The spectral region in which the radiation is concentrated depends on temperature, with comparatively more radiation
appearing at shorter wavelengths as the temperature increases.
 A significant fraction of the radiation emitted by the sun, which may be approximated as a blackbody at 5800 K, is in the
visible region of the spectrum. In contrast, for T = 800 K, emission is predominantly in the infrared region of the
spectrum and is not visible to the eye.
 From Figure we see that the blackbody spectral distribution has a maximum and that the corresponding
wavelength λmax depends on temperature.
 The nature of this dependence may be obtained by differentiating Equation 2 with respect to λ and setting the result
equal to zero. In so doing, we obtain 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑻 = 𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖𝝁𝒎. 𝑲 -------3
 The Stefan–Boltzmann Law
 The total emissive power of a blackbody Eb can be expressed as
∞ 𝑪𝟏
Eb =‫𝟎׬‬ 𝑪 𝒅λ -------4
𝝀𝟓 [𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝟐 −𝟏
𝝀𝑻

By doing this integration it can be shown that Eb = 𝝈𝑻𝟒 ----------5

Where 𝝈= Stefan – Boltzman constant and its numerical value is 𝟓. 𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 𝑲𝟒
This is known as Stefan-Boltzman law .
Some other properties of radiation
For properties that are averaged over the entire spectrum
𝝆+𝜶+𝝉=𝟏
𝝆=Reflectivity
𝜶= Absorptivity, 𝝉= Transmissivity
For a opaque medium 𝝉=0
For black body 𝝆=0 and 𝝉=0
 Black body radiation function
The dimensionless quantity f𝝀 called the BB radiation function is defined as
𝝀
‫𝝀 𝝀𝒃𝑬 𝟎׬‬, 𝑻 𝒅𝝀
f𝝀(𝑻) =
𝝈𝑻𝟒
The function f𝝀 represents the fraction of radiation emitted from a BB at temperature T in the wavelength band
from 𝝀 = 0 to 𝝀
The fraction of radiation energy emitted by a BB at temperature T over a finite wavelength band from 𝝀𝟏 to 𝝀2
Is determined as
f𝝀𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐 𝑻 = f𝝀𝟐(𝑻) - f𝝀𝟏(𝑻)

Where f𝝀𝟐(𝑻) and f𝝀𝟏(𝑻) are the BB radiation functions

corresponding to 𝜆𝟐 ∗ 𝑻 and 𝜆𝟏 ∗ 𝑻, respectively.
Blackbody radiation functions