Udyojaktecha Mulmantra

efgyk o cky dY;k.
k
iq.ks egkuxjikfydk lferh
CÚmoOH$VoMm _yc_§Ì
iq.ks egkuxjikfydk efgyk o cky dY;k.k
lferh
m|kstdrspk ewyea= gs iqLrd [kkyhy lferhus çdkf'kr dsys-
iq.ks egkuxjikfydsph efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferh
¼ lu 2020&21½
vè;{kk % 1- lkS- ekèkqjh lglzcq)s

mikè;{kk % 2- lkS- o`"kkyh pkSèkjh
lnL;k& 3- lkS- vpZuk ikVhy

4- lkS- #ikyh èkkoMs
5- lkS- J)k çHkq.ks
6- lkS- vfurk dne
7- lkS- Üosrk xykaMs&[kksls
8- lkS- yrk èkk;jdj
9- lkS- iwtk dksæs
10- lkS- lqeu iBkjs
11- lkS- gehnk lqaMds
12- lkS- oS'kkyh ejkBs
13- lkS- çkph vkYgkV
;k iqfLrdsP;k fufeZrh djrk lkFkZd osYQsvj

Q‚maMs'kuP;k lkS- Lokrh uketks'kh] M‚DVj fLerk
lksgksuh] lkS- rÌrh tks'kh o vatyh fiVds ;kaps
lgdk;Z ykHkys vkgs-
efgyk o cky
iq.ks egkuxjikfydk dY;k.k lferh
CÚmoOH$VoMm
lkFkZd osYQsvj QkÅaMs'ku

vuqØef.kdk
çLrkouk
v
euksxr
v
m|kstdrsph rksaMvksG[k
v
m|kstdrsph çsj.kk
v
m|ksxkph iwoZr;kjh
v
efgyk m|kstdrk ns'kkP;k fodklkph xjt
v
efgyk m|kstdkaP;k leL;k
v
O;olk;kpk vkjk[kMk
v
x`g m|ksxkps vFkZdkj.k
v
foØh o foi.ku
v
fMftVy ekdZsfVax
v
cpr xV &la?kfVr fodkl
v
fofoèk 'kkldh; ;kstuk o m|kstdkauk
v
vkfFkZd enr dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk
x`g m|ksx &y?kq m|ksx
v
dtZ ?ks.;kdjrk ykx.kkjh dkxn i=s
v
efgyk m|kstdkaph ;'kksxkFkk
v
efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferh 2020&21P;k varxZr

izdk'kd % iq.ks egkuxjikfydk
eqnzd % ekeklkgsc nkrs eqnz.kky;
eq[ki`"B vkf.k varxZr ekaM.kh % lkxj usus&js"kfo'o vWM-
foukewY; forj.kklkBh QDr
2 CÚmoOH$VoMm _yc_§Ì
m|kstdrspk ewyea= % izLrkouk
iq.ks egkuxjikfydsP;k efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferhph vè;{kk ;k ukR;kus
^m|kstdrspk ewyea=* gs iqLrd çdkf'kr djrkuk eyk euLoh vkuan gksr vkgs-
eh Lor% ,d m|ksftdk vkgs- xsyh 34 o"kZs eh ^ldl r;kj fiBs o [kk|inkFkZ* gk
O;olk; djhr vkgs- R;keqGs m|ksxkps egRo eh tk.krs- efgykaeè;s m|kstdrk
#tkoh ;klkBh ;k iqfLrdsps ç;kstu!
eqGkr vki.k uksdjh fdaok O;olk; dk djrks\ rj iSls feGfo.;klkBh] pfjrkFkZ
pkyfo.;klkBh- vkiY;k dqVqackyk lqfLFkrhr Bso.;klkBh- ;k [ksjht vkiY;k
Kkukpk lektkyk mi;ksx Ogkok] vkiY;k vaxP;k xq.kkauk oko feGkok] lekèkku
feGkos gh ns[khy dkj.ks vlrkr- i.k eq[; dkj.k vFkkZtZu !
vkrk vki.k myVk fopkj d:u c?kw;k- ^vki.k vkiY;k f[k'kkrwu iSls dsOgk
ckgsj dk<rks\ ikfdVkr gkr dsOgk ?kkyrks\ Hkkth] fdjk.kkeky fodr ?ksrkuk]
clyk iSls nsrkuk] okgukr isVªksy Hkjrkuk] diMîkkauk bL=h d:u ?ksrkuk] fxj.khr
nG.k nGrkuk] 'kkGk d‚ystph Qh Hkjrkuk] diMkyÙkk [kjsnh djrkuk] feDlj]
Vh-Ogh-] Ýht ;k lkj[;k xks"Vh ?ksrkuk- ,d uk nksu] Eg.ktsp tsOgk dq.khrjh
ôLrw* fdaok ^lsok* :ikus vkiyh xjt Hkkxors rsOgk-
ex m|ksftdk cuk;ps rj lè;k lektkP;k xjtk dk; vkgsr\ R;kryh dks.krh
xjt vkiY;kyk Hkkxfork ;sbZy\ ;kpk fopkj djk;yk gok- vkiys {ks=
fuoMk;yk gos- R;krY;k laèkh riklwu ikgk;yk gO;kr- ;k –"Vhus vH;kl dsyk
rj vusd laèkh –"Vh{ksikr ;srhy-
lektkr lè;k dk; fp= fnlrs\ ,dw.k 100 O;äh inohèkj gksÅu ckgsj iMY;k
rj R;krY;k 14 t.kkauk uksdjh feGrs- mjysY;k 86 t.kkauk pfjrkFkkZlkBh
O;olk;kdMs oGkosp ykxsy- vkiY;krhy dkS'kY;kapk vankt ?ksÅu O;olk;
fuoMkok ykxsy-
vkrk dksjksuk egkekjhP;k ladVkr] y‚dMkÅuP;k dkGkr vUuklacaèkhP;k
m|ksxkauk ¼food industry½ vuU;lkèkkj.k egRo çkIr >kya- ?kjks?kjh ;sÅ
CÚmoOH$VoMm _yc_§Ì 3
'kd.kkÚ;k enruhl efgyk ;sÅ 'kdY;k ukghr- lkeku vk.kk;ps rj ?kjkckgsj
iMk;ph fHkrh] R;keqGs iksGhHkkth dsaæs] r;kj Mcs] uk'R;kps inkFkZ o R;kph
?kjiksp lsok ;k xks"Vh ekU;rk ikoY;k- ekLd] lWfuVk;>j vkf.k lks'ky
fMLVfUlax ;kcjkscjp îklZy lsok* gk lè;k ^dGhpk 'kCn* ¼key word½ Bjyk-
xysyð ixkjkP;k uksdÚ;k xekoysY;k yksdkauh Hkkthikyk&QGs foØhlkj[ks
O;olk;] mRiUuok<hlkBh dkgh dkGkiqjrs dk gksbZuk ukbZyktkus Lohdkjys-
xkokdMph 'ksrh lksMwu 'kgjkrhy uksdjhr jeysY;kauh xkoh ijr tkÅu 'ksrh
dlk;yk lq#okr dsyh- R;kaP;k xkSjoxkFkk ekè;ekauh vkiY;kleksj myxMY;k-
dksjksukP;k dkGkr txHkjkr 5 dksVh yksdkauh uksdÚ;k xekoY;k vkgsr- R;kauk
uO;kus dkgh uk dkgh m|ksx 'kksèkkos ykx.kkj vkgsr- ;krwu ,d y{kkr vkya dh
;kiq<P;k dkGkr vkiY;kyk ^yofpdrk* Bsokoh ykxsy- cnyR;k ifjfLFkrhpk
vankt ?ksr m|ksx O;olk; djkos ykxrhy- v'kk egkekjhP;k dkGklkBh
mRiUukryk dkgh Hkkx jk[kwu Bsokok ykxsy- rjp vkiÙkhP;k dkGkr vkiyk
fuHkko ykxsy- ikf'pekR;kaP;k èkrÊoj f[kls myVs djsi;Zar [kpZ d:u pky.kkj
ukgh- myV Hkkjrh; laL—rhr lkafxrY;kçek.ks vaFk:.k ikgwu ik; iljkos
ykxrhy-
l| ifjfLFkrhpk fopkj d:u fuoMysyk O;olk;] cnyR;k dkGkps Hkku Bsowu
R;kr dsysys cny vkf.k Hkfo";kpk osèk ?ks.;kps dkS'kY; ;koj vkiY;k
O;olk;kph ;'kLohrk voyacwu vlrs- vkiY;ktoG vlysY;k dkS'kY;kaP;k
vkèkkjs fdaok rh dkS'kY;s vkRelkr d:u lektkP;k dqBY;k xjtk vki.k Hkkxow
'kdw ;kpk efgykauh dsyk ikfgts-
eSf=.khauks] vkiY;kyk vk;q";kr 'kaHkj vk?kkMÓkkaoj y<k;pa vlra] la?k"kZ djk;pk
vlrks- leL;kauk rksaM |k;pa vlr- vki.k gkr ?kkyw R;k xks"Vhr ;'kp ;sbZy
fdaok ;k;ykp goa vlk dkgh fu;e ukgh- rqEgh gkrh ?ksrysyk m|ksx fdrh
^è;kl ?ksÅu* vkf.k fdrh >Vwu djrk; ;koj ;'k voyacwu vlra-
vki.k vktwcktwyk ikgrks dkgh O;äh Qä ^lkaxdkE;k* vlrkr- v'kkauk
O;olk; dj.k tesy dk\ rj dkgh èkkMlh vlrkr- R;k >ksdwu nsÅu ^yxu* us
dke dj.kkÚ;k vlrkr- ;keè;s ;'kkph 'kD;rk dks.kkyk vfèkd vkgs\ ;kpk
rqEghp fopkj djk-
lektkr la[;sus 50% efgyk vkgsr- ek= vFkkZtZukr R;kapk okVk dsoG 15%
brdk deh dk\ R;klkBh m|kstdrsps laLdkj eqyhaoj ygku o;kiklwup dj.ks
xjtsps vkgs- Eg.kwu loZp fodlu'khy ns'kkr L=h m|kstdrspk fodkl
dj.;klkBh ç;Ru dsys tkr vkgsr-
,d L=h m|ksftdk >kyh rj m|e'khyrsps laLdkj ?kjkrhy iq<hy fi<hoj d:
'kdsy- R;klkBh eqyhaph Lor%yk deh ys[k.;kph ekufldrk cnykoh ykxsy-
ygkui.khp eqyhaeè;s vki.k dkghrjh d:u nk[kow 'kdrks gk ^vkRefoÜokl*
#tok;yk gok- NksVs NksVs fu.kZ; ?ksÅu fuHkok;ph laèkh feGk;yk goh-
R;kdfjrk Lor%ph dkS'kY;s riklwu ikgk;yk ykxrhy- ,[kknh vcksy eqyxh
ekdZsfVaxpk O;olk; pkaxyk d: 'kdsy dh cksydh eqyxh\vcksy eqyhis{kk
cksyD;k glreq[k] eufeGkÅ eqyhyk @ efgysyk tulaidkZps dke lgti.ks
pkaxys tesy- Eg.kwu mitr xq.kkauk vftZr dkS'kY;kaph tksM |koh ykxsy- uohu
xks"Vh f'kdwu ?;kO;k ykxrhy- rsOgk eqyhauks ts ts] ftFks ftFks f'kdk;yk feGsy rs
f'kdwu ?;k- f'kdysyh dqByhp xks"V ok;k tkr ukgh- vk;q";kr dqBs uk dqBs
R;kpk mi;ksxp gksrks-
uksdjhr lqjf{krrk tkLr vlrs Eg.kwu yksdkaps uksdjhyk çkèkkU; vlrs- i.k
uksdjh dk; fdaok O;olk; dk; nksUghrgh tks[khe vlrs gs ykWdMkÅu dkGkr
fl) >kya;-
vfèkdkfèkd d"V d:u Lor%yk O;olk;kr >ksdwu nsÅu fl) dj.;kph
ekufldrk T;k Hkfxuhaph vlsy R;kauk ;k iqfLrdsrwu çsj.kk feGks gh 'kqHksPNk ! gh
iqfLrdk lkFkZd QkÅaMs'kuP;k dk;ZdR;kZauh ladfyr dsysY;k ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjs
cufoyh vkgs-
ák iqfLrdsP;k fufeZrhr lgk¸; dj.kkÚ;k lokZauk eu%iwoZd èkU;okn !
uxjlsfodk ekèkqjh lglzcq)s

vè;{kk efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferh
m|ksftdk o lkekftd dk;ZdR;kZ
m|kstdrk& euksxr
egkjk"Vªkrhy efgykauk m|kstdrk gk 'kCn tjh uohu vlyk rjh R;kryk
efrrkFkZ vkf.k Lo:i dkgh uohu ukgh- o"kkZuqo"kZs] nkjksnkjh tkÅu Hkkth fod.ks]
diMs f'ko.ks] vH;klkph f'kdo.kh ?ks.ks] iksGh Hkkth dj.ks] v'kk vla[; çdkjs
fL=;k dk;Zjr gksR;kp] ,dVîkk fdaok ,df=r dke djr gksR;k Lor%P;k ik;koj]
esgurhus mH;k jkgkr gksR;k- ák O;frfjä vkikiY;k dkSVqafcd O;olk;kr R;kapk
lgHkkx dk;ep egRoiw.kZ jkfgyk gksrk- ijarq vls vlrkuk lq)k] HkkaMoy]
tkxk] dtZ] O;olk;kyk vuqdwy lq[klks;h ák fryk lgtklgth çkIr >kysY;k
uOgR;k-
1990 P;k lqjokrhyk cpr xVkph¼micro-credit groups½ pGoG lq# >kyh]
vkf.k çkeq[;kus xjhc o xjtw efgykaP;k ,d=hdj.kkyk lq#okr >kyh- R;keqGs]
FkksMîkk HkkaMoykph tqGoktqGo] x`g&m|ksx vkf.k dqVhj&m|ksx v'kk deh
HkkaMoykr lq# gks.kkÚ;k m|ksxkaph ukanh >kyh- osxosxG~;k ;kstuk tkghj >kY;k]
rjh ns[khy] dkgh gkrkP;k cksVkoj ekst.;klkj[kh mnkgj.ks lksMyh rj gs m|ksx
vxnh NksVîkk Lo:ikr dsys xsys- ;kpa çeq[k dkj.k Eg.kts fL=;kaP;k okV.khyk
vkysY;k brj vusd lkalkfjd tckcnkÚ;k vkf.k R;krwu R;kauk feG.kkjk e;kZfnr
osG] m|ksx èka|kdjrk visf{kr vlysyh dkS'kY;kaph okuok] c¡dkadMwu feG.kkjs
dtZ] ljdkjh ;kstuk] R;kdjrk ykx.kkÚ;k dkxn i=kcíy viqjh ekfgrh vkf.k
lokZr egRokps Eg.kts cktkjisBsph miyCèkrk ;k cíyps viw.kZ Kku] ;k djrk
Lor%yk lrr viMsV Bsok;ph o vko';d çf'k{k.k ?ks.;kph mnklhurk-
xzkeh.k vkf.k 'kgjh Hkkxkrhy m|ksxèka|kps Lo:i osxosxGs vlrs- xzkeh.k
Hkkxkais{kk 'kgjh Hkkxkeè;s m|ksxkaP;k laèkh tkLr vlrkr- çkeq[;kus lfOgZl @
lsokaph vko';drk 'kgjh Hkkxkr] yksdkaP;k jkg.khekukeqGs tkLrh çek.kkr
ykxrs- iksGh Hkkth dsaæs] ikG.kk?kj] o`) o vktkjh ;kaph lsok] lkSan;Zçlkèkux`g
¼C;qVh ikyZlZ½v';k vusd m|ksxkaph laèkh feGw 'kdrs- vxnh mnkgj.ks |k;ph
>kyhp rj lquhrk pkyd ;k ykrwjP;k efgysus ,d QWDVjh lq# dsyh R;kr
njjkst 40 ck;dk R;k QWDVjhr CykÅt f'ko.;kps dke djrkr- vR;ar oktoh
njkr R;k xzkgdkauk Cykmt iqjorkr- ,dk eqacbZ eèkhy lqf'kf{kr efgysus rj ,d
osxGkp m|ksx lq# dsyk vkgs- ijns'kh tk.kkÚ;k efgyk] eqys eqyh ;kuk rsFkhy
Hkk"kk] tso.k] rsFkhy jhrhfjokt f'kdo.;kpk- xjt gh 'kksèkkaph tuuh vlrs
r'khp m|ksxkaph i.k- ák eq[; lw=keqGsp rj vkt vksyk] mcsj] Lohxh v';k
daiU;k dke feGor vkgsr- iwohZ xzkeh.k efgykauk rso<îkk çek.kkr laèkh miyCèk
gksr uOgR;k- ,d Eg.kts rsFkhy okrkoj.k vkf.k VsDu‚y‚th vkf.k vkèkqfudrspk
vHkko- xsY;k dkgh o"kkZr ek= gs fp= >ikVîkkus cnyr vkgs- eksckbZy o lks'ky
ehfM;k P;k enrhus vxnh [ksMîkkikMîkkrhy efgyk o R;kaph dyk] txkP;k
dkukdksiÚ;kr iksgkspw 'kdrs gk foÜokl fuekZ.k dsyk vkgs- efgykauh m|kstd
cukos] ;klkBh m|ksxkP;k ladYiusiklwu] R;kph iwoZr;kjh] vkjk[kMk]
O;oLFkkiu] vkfFkZd fu;kstu] ekdZsfVax] foØh vlk laiw.kZ çfØ;spk vkf.k çR;sd
VII;koj ykx.kkÚ;k vko';d ekfgrhpk varHkkZo ;k iqfLrdsr ladfyr dj.;kpk
vkEgh ç;Ru dsyk vkgs- gh iqfLrdk okpwu efgykauk ;ksX; ekxZn'kZu gksbZy v'kh
eh vk'kk ckGxrs- iq.ks egkuxjikfydk efgyk o cky dY;k.k lferh vkf.k
ekuuh; vè;{kk lkS- ekèkqjh lglzcq)s ;kaP;k iq<kdkjkus gh iqfLrdk vkiY;k i;Zar
vkEgkyk iksgkspork vkyh vkgs- R;kaph vkf.k ;k iqfLrdsP;k fufeZrhr T;kapk
gkrHkkj ykxyk R;k çR;sdkph eh eu%iwoZd vkHkkjh vkgs-
&lkS- Lokrh uketks'kh
Mk;jsDVj
lkFkZd osyQsvj QkSaMs'ku
m|kstdrk & rksaMvksG[k
^m|ksx* gk 'kCn bFks O;kikj&mnhe] O;olk;] èkank v'kk vFkkZus okijyk vkgs
vkf.k gk m|ksx pkyo.kkjh O;äh Eg.kts ^m|kstd*- vtwu lksI;k 'kCnkr
lkaxk;pa >kya rj Lo&jkstxkj- dks.kkdMs uksdjhlkBh voyacwu u jkgrk Lor%p
Lor%ph jksth jksVh feGo.kkjh O;äh- gh O;äh Lor%P;k ik;koj mHkh vlrsp
vkf.k m|ksxèkank eksBk gksr tkbZy rlr'kh brjkaukgh uksdjhoj Bsow 'kdrs-
?kjkrwup ikG.kk?kj] ikiM] yks.kps vls NksVs O;olk; dj.kkjh O;äh vlw ns fdaok
VkVk & fcykZ &vackuh vlw nsr] rs lxGs m|kstdp! rsOgk eSf=.khuks] ;k
NksVîkk'kk iqfLrdseèkwu vki.k tk.kwu ?ksÅ ;k dh vkiY;kyk tj m|kstd cuk;pa
vlsy rj dk; dk; djk;yk ykxsy\
m|kstdrk d'kklkBh\
^Lo;ajkstxkj Eg.kts ,d >a>V] R;kis{kk uksdjh cjh! vlk fopkj vusd L=h &
iq#"kkaP;k eukr ;srks- uksdjh feGkyhp ukgh rj iksVklkBh d: dkgh Lo;am|ksx
vlkgh fopkj vusd yksd djrkr- rj d'kklkBh djkok gk m|kstdrspk
[kVkVksi\ ;k ç'ukps mÙkj 'kksèkw;k-
ljdkjh uksdjhph 'kD;rk %
ljdkj ¼dks.kR;kgh i{kkps vlks½ ns'kkrY;k çR;sdkyk uksdjh nsÅ 'kdsy dk\
ljdkjh c¡dk] jsYos] lSU;] egkuxjikfydk rs xzkeiapk;r] ljdkjh nok[kkus]
ljdkjh 'kkGk d‚yst ;kaph uksdjh çR;sdkyk feGsy dk\ f'kok; çR;sdkdMs
ljdkjh uksdjhlkBh ykx.kkjs f'k{k.k] o;kph vV] vuqHko] cnyhph r;kjh v'kk
xks"Vh vlrhyp vlagh ukgh- ,dw.k yksdla[;k ikgrk] R;k uksdjhlkBh LièkkZ i.k
fdrh vlrs! R;keqGs eyk ljdkjh uksdjh feGsyp vlk gê u dsysykp cjk-
[kktxh uksdjhps Qk;ns & rksVs %
[kktxh {ks=kr toGtoG lxGs m|ksxèkans vlw 'kdrkr- ;kr dkj[kkunkjh]
nqdkunkjh] ekyokgrwd] nq:Lrh] lsok&lYyk] f'k{k.k] g‚fLiVy] g‚Vsy] tgkt]
foekuokgrwd] clokgrwd] 'ksrh o 'ksrh fo"k;d m|ksx vls v{kj'k% vxf.kr
i;kZ; vkgsr- i.k ,drj [kktxh uksdjh feG.ks] ftFks uksdjh feGkyh vlsy
R;kapk m|ksxèkank u¶;kr pky.ks] frFks ixkj pkaxyk o osGsoj feG.ks] v'kk
xks"Vhaph [kk=h ulrs- fdR;sd [kktxh daiU;kauk rksVk lgu djkok ykxrks- dèkh
dkexkjkaps ç'u vlrkr- dèkh lai&VkGscanh] f'k¶V can vFkok daiuh can
iMysyh vki.k c?krks- Eg.ktsp v'kk uksdjhrgh FkksMhQkj tks[khe Eg.ktsp fjLd
vlrs- uksdjh mÙke fBdk.kh] Hkjiwj ixkjkph vlsy rjh [kwi VkxZsVoj dke gs
djkosp ykxrs- pkaxY;k] eksBîkk] la?kVhr {ks=krY;k daiU;k HkkjrkP;k
yksdla[;sP;k ekukus dehp vkgsr-
Lo;ajkstxkjkps Qk;ns & rksVs %
vkiY;kyk ekfgr vkgs dh Lor%pk O;olk; Lor%p djk;pk Eg.kts tjk
tks[khep- ;kr [kkyhy xks"Vhapk fopkj djkok ykxrks-
v- ek÷;kdMs O;olk;ktksxh vk;fM;k vkgs dk\
c- lq#okrhyk fdrh iSls èka|kr xqarokos ykxrhy\
d- ek>k èkank pkyyk ukgh rj dk;\
M- eyk uksdjkauk dkekoj Bsokos ykxsy dk\ R;kaP;kdMwu uhV] fcupwd
dke d:u ?;k;yk eyk tesy dk\ R;kapk ixkj osGP;kosGh nsÅ
'kdsu dk\
b- eyk dtZ dk<kos ykxsy dk\
Q- eyk VWDl] fg'kksc] bULisD'ku oxSjs dVdVh djkO;k ykxrhy
dk\ bR;knh-
rj eSf=.khauks ;k lxG~;k ç'ukaph mÙkjs vki.k ;k iqfLrdsrwu feGor vkgksrp
vkf.k vkrk Lo;ajkstxkjkeqGs vkiY;kyk dk; dk; Qk;ns gksÅ 'kdrkr rs i.k
ikgw-
Ø Lor%eè;s dkgh dkS'kY;s vlrkrp R;kapk okij d:u Lor%P;k ik;koj mHks
jkgrk ;srs-
Ø fdrh osG] fdrh deh @ tkLr dke djk;ps ;kps Lokra«;-
çkekf.kd d"V dsY;kl lxG~;k Lo;ajkstxkjkrwu mÙke iSlk feGork ;srks o
Ø
Hkjiwj çxrhP;k laèkhgh feGw 'kdrkr-
Ø brjkalkBh uksdjhP;k laèkh r;kj djrk ;srkr-
Ø bFks dks.kh vkiY;kyk dk<wu Vkdw 'kdr ukgh i.k uksdjhr ek= rh fHkrh
vlrs- vFkkZr vkiY;k xzkgdkaP;k ilarhl mrjsy vls dke ek= djkosp
ykxrs-
Ø T;k efgykauk ?kjxqrh ifjfLFkrheqGs uksdjhyk ckgsj tkrk ;sr ukgh] R;k
efgyk ?k:up Lo;ajkstxkj d: 'kdrkr-
efgyk m|ksftdkalkBh m|ksxèkan;kps f'k{k.k] c¡dsph dtZlqfoèkk oxSjs vlrkr-
R;keqGs vMp.khrwugh oj ;s.;kps ekxZ [kwi vkgsr- tjh Lo;ajkstxkjkr tks[khe
vlyh rjh vxnh ?kkc:u tk.;klkj[ks R;kr dkgh ukgh- T;kaps [kwi fo'ks"k
f'k{k.k >kysys ulrs] tls M‚DVj] odhy] ulZ] baftfu;j] vdkSaVaV] c¡dsP;k
ijh{kk vFkok brj ljdkjh uksdjhP;k flysD'kuP;k ik=rk ijh{kk oxSjs R;kauklq)k
Lor%eèkY;k dkS'kY;] d"V] dykdqlj] Lo;aikd] lsokHkkoh o`Ùkh ;kP;k enrhus
,[kknk Lo;ajkstxkj uDdhp djrk ;sbZy-
Lor%pk m|ksx pkyw djrkuk rks [kkyhy xks"VhalkBh ulkok-
ßeyk dks.kh c‚l ukgh] ehp ek>h ekyd-Þ

gh xks"V vkgs rj [kjhp- i.k Qä ekyd gk ,deso c‚l ulrks- vkiys xzkgd]
ljdkj v'kk vusdkapk opd m|kstdkaoj vlrks vkf.k R;kph tk.kho o r'kh
eukph r;kjh vlyhp ikfgts-
ßdkekP;k osGsps caèku eyk vkoMr ukgh-Þ

caèku [kja Eg.kts dks.kkykp vkoMr ukgh- i.k xzkgdkaP;k osGspk lUeku jk[k.ks gs
caèku rj ikGkos ykxrsp- ,[kknh v‚MZj ?ksÅu vki.k Lo;aikd d:u nsr vlw]
rj xzkgdkadMs tsOgk dk;ZØe vkgs rh osG ikGkohp ykxsy- ,[kk|k eksBîkk
QWDVjhus vkiY;kyk lqVs Hkkx tksMwu ¼assemble d:u½ ns.;kps dke fnys
vlsy rj QWDVjhP;k v‚MZjuqlkj osG ikGkohp ykxrs- çlaxh jfookjh] l.kkP;k
fno'kh] jk=h tkxwu vls dke djkos ykxrs- rqEgh ,d gtkj ykMw cuowu ns.kkj
vlky rj rs oGwu gksbZi;Zar jk= gksbZy- i.k rqEgkyk rs iw.kZ dsY;kf'kok; dls
pkysy\i.k T;k fno'kh v‚MZj ulsy rks osG rqEgh rqeP;k oS;fäd xks"VhalkBh
oki: 'kdrk-
ßLor%pk fc>usl Eg.kts fpDdkj iSlk feGrks-Þ

gh xks"V Eg.kts uk.;kph ,dp cktw cf?krY;klkj[kh vkgs- fdrh ç;Ru dsys dh
ex fpDdkj iSlk ;kps xf.kr ekaMkos ykxrs- pqdkapk vankt ckaèkkok ykxrks-d"V o
çkekf.kdi.kk ;keè;s rMtksM d:u uko [kjkc gksÅ ns.ks ijoMr ukgh-
ekdZsVeèkwu dèkhrjh v‚MZj feG.kkj o dèkh feG.kkjgh ukgh gs okLro ipfork
vkys ikfgts-
ßdtkZph ijrQsM dsyh ukgh rjh pkyrs-Þ

gh vxnh pqdhph dYiuk vusdkaph vlrs- dtZ ?ksrys rj rs osGP;kosGh ijr
dj.ks gh vkiyh tckcnkjh vkgs- dtZ ns.kkjh laLFkk] R;kaps Bsohnkj] xqaro.kwdnkj
;kaP;kdMwu xksGk dsysY;k iS'kkrwu dtZ nsrs- dtZ cqMO;k yksdkaeqGs tsOgk
irlaLFkk fdaok c¡d cqMrs rsOgk xqaro.kwdnkjkpk iSlk rh c¡d ijr nsÅ 'kdr ukgh-
R;keqGs dtkZph ijrQsM u dj.ks gh xks"V uhfreÙksP;k rRokr clrp ukgh-
f'kok; ,dnk ekdZsVeè;s vkiys uko dtZcqMO;kaP;k ;knhr xsys dh iqUgk iq<P;k
fc>usl v‚MZjyk dks.kh dtZ nsr ukgh- vkiys jsd‚MZ [kjkc gksrs- vkiyk èkank
ok<r ukgh-
ßèkank uksdjkP;k gkrkr lksiowu ekyd vkjke d: 'kdrks-Þ

[kjs rj êkydkps y{k ukgh* gh ckc Qkj ?kkrd vlrs- vls èkans cjsp o"kZ fVdw
'kdr ukghr- fdrhgh ek.kls dkekoj Bsoyh rjh R;kaP;koj ckjdkbZus fu;a=.k
Bsokos ykxrs- R;kaP;k pqdkaeè;s lkaHkkGwu ?;kos ykxrs o rjhgh R;kaP;koj opd
fuekZ.k djkok ykxrks- dsoG èkank lq# d:u uksdjkaP;k gkrkr lksio.ks o vkjke
dj.ks ;klkBh m|kstdrk ulrs- uksdjkadMwu mÙke dke djowu ?ks.ks] R;kauk
jkstxkjkph laèkh feGowu ns.ks] R;kauk osGP;kosGh ixkj&cksul ns.ks gs dke
m|kstdkyk djk;ps vlrs-
rj eSf=.khuks ;k çdj.kkrwu vki.k Lo;ajkstxkj] m|kstdrk ;kph FkksMD;kr
vksG[k d:u ?ksryh- uksdjh o Lor%pk m|ksx ;k nksUgheèkys Qk;ns&rksVs lq)k
cf?krys- vkrk vkiyh eukph tM.k?kM.k] vkiys fopkj ;kauk uksdjh tkLr
feGrhtqGrh vkgs\ dk Lo;ajkstxkj\ ;kpk fopkj çR;sdhus djk;pk vkgs-
tckcnkjh ?;k;ph r;kjh] d"V o çkekf.kdi.kk vl.kkÚ;k L=hyk çxrhps vusd
ekxZ lkiMrhy ;kr dks.krhp 'kadk ukgh-
vxnh NksVîkk ?kjxqrh O;olk;kiklwu çpaM eksBîkk dkj[kkunkjhi;Zar vusd çdkjps
m|ksx vki.k vktwcktwyk c?krks- ,[kk|k O;ähyk dls dk; ter vlsy
m|kstd cuk;yk\ m|kstdkaps çdkj dk; vlw 'kdrhy ;kpk fopkj bFks d:;k-
m|kstdkaps çdkj osxosG~;k fud"kkaoj Bjrkr- mnk- m|ksxèka|kpk vkdkj] m|ksx
dks.k djr vkgs] m|ksx dk pkyw dsyk] dqBs djr vkgsr b-
m|ksxkpk çdkj %
O;kikj % ;kr eky dkj[kkU;krwu fdaok 'ksrdÚ;kadMwu fdaok eksBîkk gksylsy

O;kikÚ;kadMwu ?ksrkr vkf.k xzkgdkauk gok rso<k fodrkr- ;k [kjsnh&foØheè;s
O;kikjh Lor%pk uQk dekorks- ;klkBh eky Hk:u Bso.;kph tkxk] iWfdax
lqfoèkk] rjktw] fcfyaxph lks;] Qksu] xjtsuqlkj eky ?kjiksp ikBo.;kph lks;]
[kjkc eky cnywu ns.ks oxSjsph lks; djkoh ykxrs- mnk- nqdkunkj] HkkthfoØh]
QGfoØh b-
c½ O;kolkf;d m|kstd % M‚DVj]odhy]xk;d b- çdkjps yksd ts R;kaP;k
f'k{k.k o vaxHkwrdkS'kY; ;kaP;k cGkoj osxosxG~;k O;kolkf;d lsoklqfoèkk
iqjorkr- mnk- diMs f'kowu ns.ks] f'kdo.;k ?ks.ks] C;wVhikyZj] Hkkth fuoMwu ns.ks]
eqys lkaHkkG.ks] EgkrkÚ;k ek.klkaph ns[kHkky dj.ks] ?kjdke] LoPNrk bR;knh
O;olk; FkksMD;k f'k{k.kkrwugh djrk ;srkr- rj ofdyh] esfMdy] dyk] iS'kkph
xqaro.kwd v'kk O;olk;kalkBh [kkl f'k{k.k ?;kos ykxrs- lq#okrhyk tkLr
iS'kkph lks; ulsy] i.k vkiY;kdMs ,[kkns [kkl dkS'kY; vlsy rjhgh vki.k
O;kolkf;d cuw 'kdrks- mnk- LoPNrk o esaVsuUlP;k dkekrwu lq# >kysyk Hkkjr
fodkl xzqi vkt HkkjrHkj eksBîkk çek.kkoj iljyk vkgs-
d½ mRiknu {ks= % ?kjkrwup cuork ;s.kkÚ;k NksVîk oLrwaiklwu vxnh foekukP;k
QWDVjhi;Zar vusd xks"Vhaps mRiknu dsys tkrs- NksVîkk mRiknukeè;s ikiM] elkys]
[kk.;kps inkFkZ] dkxnh&dkiMh fi'kO;k] LosVj] [kMw] lkc.k] 'kkEiw] mncÙ;k]
es.kcÙ;k] vÙkj] nkfxus v'kk fdR;sd jkst okijk;P;k oLrw ;srkr- vusd eksBs
dkj[kkunkj R;kaP;kdMs cu.kkÚ;k oLrwaps lqVs Hkkx NksVîkk mRikndkadMwu cuowu
?ksrkr- vki.k okijrks rh çR;sd oLrw dks.kh rjh cuoyh vkgs- v'khp ,[kknh
oLrw vki.k cuow 'kdrks dk\ ;k fopkjkrwup dkj[kkunkj @ mRiknd r;kj gksrks-
M½ 'ksrhlacaèkh m|ksx % ;kr 'ksrhekykoj dsysyh çfØ;k o foØh ;k xks"Vh ;srkr-
Eg.ktsp VkseWVksps l‚l] ikoMj cuo.ks] QGkaps xj] jl] ljcr] eqjkack] b-èkkU;kaps
ihB cuowu fod.ks] mlkP;k fpikMkps æks.k cuo.ks] rsyfc;kiklwu [kk|rsy
cuo.ks v'kk xks"Vh ;srkr- ^[kk.ks* gk lxG~;kaP;k ftOgkG~;kpk fo"k; vlY;keqGs
'ksrhP;k ekykph LoPNrk] oxÊdj.k]iWfdax o çfd;k ;k m|ksxèka|kyk Qkj eksBk
oko vkgs- ;kr ekykpk ntkZ o LoPNrk gs lkaHkkGys rj uQkgh Hkjiwj dekork
;srks-
m|kstdrsph çsj.kk
m|kstdkaP;k çdkjpk gk nqljk fud"k- vki.k Lor%pk m|ksx pkyw djkok vls
yksdkauk dk okVrs\] R;k ekxph var%çsj.kk] fopkj] bPNk] ifjfLFkrh ;k xks"Vhaph
ppkZ bFks d:-
ifjfLFkrh % dèkh vkiys ekrkfirkp m|kstd vlrkr o vki.k R;kapk okjlk iq<s
pkyorks- vFkkZr ifjfLFkrh ;kpk vFkZ bFks okbZV ifjfLFkrh fdaok xfjch vlk
?;k;pk ukgh- i.k vuqdwy vFkok çfrdwy v'kk ?kVuseqGs vusdt.k m|ksxèka|kr
mrjrkr-
dèkh ,[kknh x`fg.kh gh uoÚ;kP;k vpkud fu/kukeqGs R;kpk O;olk; lkaHkkGw
ykxrs- dèkh ,[kknh vf'kf{kr L=h nqlÚ;kdMs iksGh&Hkkth d:u nsrknsrk Lor%pk
dsVfjaxpk O;olk; pkyw djrs- dèkh ,[kk|k vMp.khrwu Lor%yk fl) dj.;kpk
jLrk lkiMrks- rj dèkh ,[kk|k viekukpk cnyk ?ks.;kpk ldkjkRed ekxZ
Eg.kwugh dks.kkyk m|kstdh; çsj.kk ;srs- fganh flusek ^lqbZèkkxk* ;kr v'kkp çdkjs
f'ko.kdke o QW'ku fM>k;fuaxeè;s mrjysY;k tksMI;kph xks"V vkgs-
c½ Lor%P;k cGkoj mHks jkg.;kph ftí % vusd yksdkauk nqlÚ;kph pkdjh
djk;ph bPNk ulrs- myV ßeh brjkauk uksdjhoj Bsosu] jkstxkj feGowu nsbZu]Þ
v'kh R;kaph rhoz bPNk vlrs- ;k bPNsrwu m|kstd r;kj gksrkr-
d½ iS'kklkBh m|ksxèkank dj.kkjs % ,[kknk ek.kwl uksdjhr dekowu dekowu fdrh
iSlk dekosy\ rks dkgh R;k èka|kP;k ekydkbrdk iSlk feGosy dk\ i.k vki.k
Lor%p m|ksxèkank dk<yk rj lxGk uQk vkiykp! v'kh ;kaph fopkjlj.kh
vlrs- d"V tj djk;psp vkgsr rj ekydkalkBh dk\ Lor%lkBh dk udks\ ;k
fopkjkrwu m|kstd r;kj gksrks- mnk- ekxP;k fi<hr fdykZsLdjkauh nqlÚ;kps ikVZ
fodrk fodrk] Lor%p mRiknukyk lq#okr dsyh o Hkjiwj eksBk O;olk; vkf.k
jkstxkjP;k laèkh miyCèk d:u fnY;k- iS'kkph vR;ar xjt gh i.k ukbZyktkus dk
gksbZuk] m|kstdh; çsj.kk nsrs-
M½ nqlÚ;kdMwu fdaok è;s;klkBh çsfjr >kysys % vki.k T;kauk [kwi ekurks fdaok
R;kaP;keqGs çHkkfor >kyks vkgksr R;kaP;klkj[ks cu.;kph bPNk vlysys gs yksd-
mnk- ukjk;.k o lqèkk ewrÊ ;kaP;k bUQksfll o:u çHkkfor gksÅu vusd r#.kkauh
?kjkrwup NksVh l‚¶Vosvj daiuh lq: dsyh- rlsp ^Lons'kh* ;k è;s;klkBh ,[kknk
Hkkjrh; czW¡M mHkk jkgrks- vk;qoZsnkpk çlkj ;k è;s;klkBh VwFkisLV] 'kkEiw o lkc.k
cuo.kkjs jkensockck ;kp çdkjkr ;srkr-
b½ osxGsi.kkpk è;kl ?ksrysys % dkgh yksdkauk osxGsi.kkus xks"Vh dj.;kP;k
è;klkiksVh m|kstdh; çsj.kk ;srs- mnk- ekrhpk çs'kj dqdj] f'koysys èkksrj o
ukMhph uÅokjh lkMh] myVh m?kM.kkjh N=h] fBcd flapu] VpfLØups Qksu v'kk
vusd xks"Vh ^buksOgs'ku* Eg.ktsp osxGsi.kkus xks"Vh dj.;krwu tUekyk vkY;k-
;k lkBh eksBhp çfrHkk fdaok rh ^[kkl* n`"Vh vlkoh ykxrs- buksOgs'kuyk
dks.kR;kgh e;kZnk ukghr- [kwi oko vkgs-
3- O;olk;kP;k vkdkjkuqlkj oxÊdj.k %
NksVk ?kjxqrh O;olk; rs txHkj pky.kkjh eYVhuW'kuy daiuh vls vusd vkdkj
o èka|kph myk<ky fdrh ;kojgh èka|kps oxÊdj.k djrk ;srs-
?kjxqrh m|ksx o dqfVjks|ksx % ;kyk osxGs nqdku] dkj[kkuk vlsyp vls ukgh-
'kD;rks e'khupk okij ulrks fdaok vxnh deh okij vlrks- gLrO;olk;
dykdkS'kY;] dkxnh oLrw] ijaijsus f'kdysys Hkjrdke] dykdqlj b-
ek;Øks ,aVjçkbt % iapohl yk[kkgwu deh xqaro.kqdhph ef'kujh oki:u dsysyk
ek;Øks fc>usl Eg.kwu vksG[kyk tkrks- tj lsok {ks=kr vlsy rj ngk yk[kkgwu
deh xqaro.kqdhph ef'kujh@midj.ks vlY;kl R;kyk ek;Øks ,aVjçkbt Eg.krkr-
NksVk O;olk; % ;kr mRikndkalkBh 25 yk[k rs 5 dksVh #i;kaph ef'kujh vkf.k
lsok iqjo.;klkBh 10 yk[k rs 2 dksVh #i;kaph ef'kujh@midj.ks vls oxÊdj.k
dsys tkrs-
eè;e O;olk; % ;kr 5 dksVh rs 10 dksVhaph ef'kujh mRikndkalkBh rlsp 2 rs
5 dksVhaph e'khu@midj.ks lsok {ks=krhy O;kolkf;dkalkBh vls oxÊdj.k
vlrs-
eksBk m|ksx % oj fnysY;k vkdMîkkais{kk eksBk O;olk; gk yktZ Ldsy Eg.kwu
cf?kryk tkrks- NksVk o eksBk O;olk; ;kaps dkgh fu;e lkj[ks rj cjsp fu;e
osxosxGs vlrkr- i.k lè;k ;k iqfLrdsP;k n`"Vhdksukrwu eksBs m|ksx vkEgh tkLr
fopkjkr ?ksrysys ukghr-
[kknh & xzkeks|ksx % [ksMîkkr] xkokr pky.kkjs O;olk; tls xwG cuo.ks]
pkeMîkkP;k oLrw] eèkek'khikyu] ekrhdke] [kknhph oL= o diMs] ouLirh]
pquk v'kk xks"Vh ;kr ;srkr-
O;kolkf;dkaps brj çdkj % m|kstd dks.krk m|ksx djrks R;ko:u fdrh ygku @
eksBk m|ksx djrks o m|kstd cukos vls R;kyk dk okVrs ;ko:u m|kstdkps ts
çdkj iMrkr rs vki.k ojhy oxÊdj.kkr ifgys- vkrk [kkyhy çdkjgh c?kw ;k-
ts"B @ o`èn m|kstd % isU'ku ulY;keqGs vusd o`èn yksd NksVk] iksVkiqjrk
O;olk; djrkr- ;kr Lo;aikdik.kh] xkMîkk èkq.ks] diMs bL=h d:u ns.ks]
vktkÚ;kaph lsok] ?kjks?kjh tkÅu mncÙ;k @ HksVoLrw @ Qqys b- fod.ks v'kk
xks"Vh ;srkr- eksdG~;k osGspk lnqi;ksx o FkksMh'kh dekbZ ;klkBh xjtw o ts"B
yksd NksVs O;olk; djrkr- i.k dèkh dèkh vlsgh fnlrs dh vkiY;k vuqHkokpk
Qk;nk brjkauk Ogkok ;klkBh ts"B ukxfjd O;olk;kr mrjrkr- mnk- Dyklsl
dk<.ks] lSfudh 'kkGsph r;kjh d:u ?ks.ks] ulZsl C;qjks pkyo.ks] xHkZorh fL=;kaP;k
vkgkjkph dkGth ?ks.ks o Mcs ns.ks v'kk xks"Vh o;Ldj yksdkauk [kwi pkaxY;k
çdkjs terkr-
efgyk L=h m|ksftdk % [kjs rj vls dks.krs {ks= vkgs ftFks efgykauh vkiY;k
{kerkauk vktekowu cf?krysys ukgh o fl) dsys ukgh- i.k fL=;kauk T;k
vkOgkukapk lkeuk djkok ykxrks rh vkOgkus osxGh vkgsr gs gh [kjsp- Eg.kwu
m|kstdkapk vH;kl djrkuk efgyk m|ksftdkauk [kkl ntkZ fnyk tkrks- R;kaP;k
vMp.kh y{kkr ?ksÅu [kkl ;kstukgh jkcfoY;k tkrkr-
'kgjh oLR;kaeèkhy m|kstd % dkekP;k 'kksèkkr xkokdMwu eksBîkk 'kgjkdMs yksd
;srkr- dqVqackrhy ,[kk|kyk 'kgjkr uksdjhgh feGrs- rsOgk rs oLrhr fcÚgkM
d:u ,d= jkgw ykxrkr- ;k dqVqach;kauk vkikiY;k {kersuqlkj dkgh Lo;ajkstxkj
dj.;kph bPNk vlrs- deh HkkaMoykps vusd O;olk; gs yksd d: 'kdrkr-
mnk- toGiklP;k lkslk;Vhr ckxdke d:u ns.ks] ?kjiksp pikrh&Hkkth
ikspfo.ks] ?kjiksp fuoMysyh Hkkth ikspo.ks] eqys o o`èn ek.klkaph ns[kHkky b- ;k
lsok ns.;klkBh lpksVh] d"Vkph r;kjh o vxnh çkFkfed Lo#ikph dkS'kY;s
ykxrkr o oko [kwi vkgs-
rj v'kk çdkjs vki.k cf?krys dh m|kstdkaps [kwi çdkj vkgsr- lxG~;k
çdkjP;k oLrw cufo.ks] fod.ks] nq#Lrh] rlsp lxG~;k çdkjP;k lsok iqjfo.ks
;kyk Hkjiwj laèkh vlrs- çR;sd m|ksxkyk [kwi iSls xqarkokosp ykxrkr vls ukgh-
çR;sd m|ksxkyk [kwi osxGs f'k{k.k] fMxzh ykxrsp vlsgh ukgh- i.k çkekf.kdi.ks
d"V dj.;kph r;kjh vlysyk dks.kR;kgh o;kpk iq#"k @ L=h] 'kgjh ok xzkeh.k
gk Lor%P;k ik;koj mHkk jkgw 'kdrksp-
m|ksxkph iwoZr;kjh
vkiyh cyLFkkus vksG[kk

Ø
vkiyh vkoM o djko;kpk m|ksx
Ø
vkiY;k O;olk;kps Lo:i
Ø
vkiyk xzkgd
Ø
euq";cG
Ø
cktkjisB o miyCèkrk
Ø
[kpZ @ HkkaMoy
Ø
vkiY;k O;olk;kps uko
Ø
vkiY;k xzkgdkadMwu feGkysyh ekfgrh o loZs
Ø
vkiyh LièkkZ fol: udk
Ø
lrr Lor%yk miMsV Bsok
Ø
uouohu ra=Kku o R;krhy cny ;kaph ph ekfgrh d:u ?;k o okij djk
Ø
O;olk;klkBh vkiY;kyk dkgh egÙoiw.kZ ijokus t#jh vkgsr rs tk.kwu ?ksÅ ;k %
y?kq m|ksx uksan.kh çek.ki= Mh-th-Vh uksan.kh

Ø
ØVªsMekdZlkBh oL=ks|ksx vk;qä@vUu vkf.k vkS"kèk
fu;a=d@egkjk"Vª çnw"k.k fu;a=.k eaMG ;kadMwu uk gjdr çek.ki=-
Ø
m|ksxèka|kP;k uksan.khlkBh % ftYgk m|ksx dsaækr y?kq m|ksxkph uksan.kh
Ø dsyh
tkrs-
;a=lkexzhlkBh % y?kqm|ksx lsok laLFkk lkdhukdk] dqykZ ;kaP;kdMs
Ø
;a=lkexzh o midj.kkph ekfgrh feGrs-
ØdPP;k ekyklkBh % m|ksx lglapkyd èkekZnk; vk;qä Hkou] ojGh
;kaP;kekQZr eqacbZrY;k m|ksxklkBh ekxZn'kZu feGra
Øtkxk fdaok 'ksMlkBh % egkjk"Vª vkS|ksfxd fodkl egkeaMG] egkdkyh
dsOgt jksM] vaèksjh- ;kaP;kekQZr vkS|ksfxd olkgrh mHkkj.;kr vkysY;k
vkgsr R;kaP;kekQZr Iy‚V fdaok r;kj xkGs dkgh vVhaoj m|kstdkauk ns.;kr
;srkr-
Øy?kqm|kstdkaP;k mRiknukph [kjsnh % m|ksx lglapkyd] lsaVªy LVksvlZ
ijpsl v‚xZuk;>s'ku-
Øuk gjdr nk[kyk % xzkeiapk;r] uxjikfydk] egkikfydk-
ØfcLdhV] f'kris;] vkS"kèks] lkSan;Z] çlkèkus b- % dfe'kuj v‚Q QwM vW.M
MªXt vWMfefuLVªs'ku] x`gfuekZ.k Hkou] okaæs ¼iwoZ½
Øcsdjh] Hkktds iksgs o fxj.khlkBh % ftYgk vUuèkkU; iqjoBk vfèkdkjh]
ftYgkfèkdkjh-
ØLQksVd oLrwaps mRiknu % phQ daVªksyj vW.M ,DlD;qf>Og vksYM gk;dksVZ
fcfYMax] ukxiwj
ØdaiuhP;k jftLVªs'kulkBh % jftLVªkj v‚Q daiuht] 100] usrkth lqHkk"kpaæ
jksM] eqacbZ
QWDVjhP;k jftLVªs'kulkBh % phQ bULisDVj v‚Q QWDVjht
Ø
egkjk"Vª 'kklu] ,vj dafM'ku ekdZsV] rkMnso] eqacbZ
Ø
isVaV uksan.khlkBh
Ø % jftLVªj v‚Q isVaVl~ v‚fQl] 21 lD;Zqyj jksM]
dksydkrk&17
xq.keqæk uksan.kh % baMLVªh;y fjlpZ yWcksjsVjh] lk;u pqukHkêh jksM]
Ø
eqacbZ&70
;'kLoh m|kstdkaph leku oSf'k"Vîsk!
cÚ;kp t.kkauk R;kaps Lor%ps O;olk; ns[khy lq: djk;ps vlrkr] ijarq rs
vlqjf{kr okVY;kus rs O;olk;kP;k ifgY;k ik;jhi;Zarns[khy iksgkspr ukghr-
ikjaikfjd fjrhus ,[kknk ekxZ 'kksèk.;kpk ç;Ru djrkuk] cjsp xSjlet fdaok 'kadk
mn~Hkorkr- v'kk osGsl rKkapk lYyk uk ?ksrk vèkZoV ekfgrhP;k vkèkkjkoj
fu.kZ; ?ksrkr vkf.k uarj rksVk >kyk fd ik; ekxs ?ksrkr- O;olk; lq: dj.ks gs
lksis ukgh] ijarq gs v'kD; vftckr ukgh-
vki.k m|kstd efgyk vlky vkf.k vki.k ?kjkiklwu vkiyk O;olk; lq: d:
bfPNr vlky rj dkgh xks"Vh vkgsr T;k vki.k çkjaHk dj.;kiwoÊ lksMw u;sr-
tjh nqlÚ;k dq.kh dsysyk ,[kknk O;olk; ;'kLoh vFkok v;'kLoh >kyk
rjhgh ;kpk vFkZ vlk ukgh dh vkiY;kykgh rlsp ;'k feGsy fdaok vi;'k
izkIr gksbZy-
R;keqGsp] loZçFke vkiY;kyk gs ekfgr vl.ks vko';d vkgs dh vkiY;kyk
useds dk; djk;ps vkgs- gs vkiY;kyk ekfgr ulY;kl] vki.k Lor% yk vusd
ç'u fopkjk- mnkgj.kkFkZ % vkiY;k fjä osGsr vkiY;kyk dk; djk;yk
vkoMrs] vkiys fe= fdaok ifjfpr vki.kkl dk; lYyk nsrkr vkf.k vkiY;kyk
dks.kR;k xks"Vh dBh.k tkrkr\
mnkgj.kkFkZ] tj vki.kkl Lo;aikd djk;yk vkoMr vlsy vkf.k vki.k mÙke
lqxj.k vlky rj vki.k Hkkstu lsok gk O;olk; d: 'kdrk- vki.k fopkj
djkok vki.k xzkgd Eg.kwu ;k tkxh vlY;kl vki.kkl dk; dk; vkoMys
vlrs vkf.k vki.k dls ilar dsys vlrs-
1- Lor%P;k dkekr vl.kkjh mRdVrk ¼Passion½& ;'kLoh m|kstd

gks.;klkBh Lo;açsj.kk vl.ks vfr'k; vko';d vkgs- var%çsj.kk Eg.kts
n`<fu'p;] gk mRlkg dk;e jk[krks- mRlkgkus xks"Vh dsY;keqGs lekèkku rj
feGrsp ] dsoG O;kolkf;dp uOgs rj oS;fäd ns[khy-
2- vkpkj¼uhfrewY;a½ % O;olk;krhy lpksVh] ikjn'kZdrk vkf.k O;kolkf;d

uhfrewY;a ák xks"Vhauh] R;kP;k lHkksorkyh vlysY;k lokZapk lUeku o
foÜoluh;rk çkIr djrks-O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk çkekf.kdi.kk gs O;kolkf;dk
cíy vuqdwy okrkoj.k r;kj djrs] lUeku ok<o.kkjs vlrsp vkf.k R;keqGs
mRiknukr ok< gksrs o O;olk; o`f)axr gksrks
3- yofpdrk ¼Flexibility½ % ladVs fdaok vpkud cny ?kMrkuk vkiY;k

O;olk;kyk fdaok O;ähyk fVdowu Bso.;klkBh fdaok iquçkZIr dj.;kph {kerk
Eg.ktsp yofpdrk- dkekP;k {ks=kr] yofpdrk Eg.kts O;olk;kRedi.kk]
ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkrhr uodYiuk fufeZrhph {kerk- v'kk çdkjs m|kstd loZ
ifjfLFkrhaps ewY;kadu d: 'kdrkr] dfB.k le;h yofpd vlw 'kdrkr ijarq
R;kgwu vfèkd] vMFkG~;kuarj etcwr gks.;klkBh uohu ekxZ 'kksèk.;kl l{ke
vlrkr- ;'kLoh m|kstd gks.;klkBh yofpdrk gk xq.k egRokpk vlwu]
vkiY;k vktwcktwyk >kysys cny Lohdkj.;kph ekufldrk fg ns[khy ,d
;'kLoh gks.;kph xq#fdYyh vkgs-
4- dk;Z{kerk& ;'kLoh gks.;kph vis{kk dj.kkÚ;k çR;sdkykp ;'k feGr ukgh-

m|kstd vl.ks Eg.kts iq<kdkj ?ks.ks vkf.k fu;kstu dj.ks] ;ksX; osGsr dkjokbZ
dj.ks] vkf.k fu.kZ;kaph vaeyctko.kh dj.ksgh ,d lo; vkgs th vki.k
fodflr d: 'kdrk vkf.k vki.k vkiY;k O;olk;kr ;'kLoh gksÅ bfPNr
vlY;kl vki.k Lor%yk fodflr dj.ks vko';d vkgs- ;kO;frfjä] lfØ;
yksd xzkgdkaP;k dk; vis{kk vkgsr gs tk.kwu ?ksrkr vkf.k R;kaps dk;Z vf/kd
dkS'kY;iw.kZ dj.;kpk usgeh ç;Ru djrkr-
5- usr`Ro& ,d pkaxyk O;kolkf;d tks Lor%P;k vaxh usr`Roxq.k Bsorks rks

brjkaukgh çsj.kk nsrksp-usr`Ro Eg.kts vkiY;k lgdk;kZauk] gkrk[kkyP;k yksdkauk]
R;kaP;k dkekcíy çsj.kk ns.;kph {kerk vl.ks- xq.kh vkf.k dk;Z{ke yksdkauk
,df=r dj.ks] dkekaph okV.kh dj.ks] dsysY;k dkekph ç'kalk dj.ks] yksdkauk
çsfjr dj.ks] vkf.k mÙke dke d:u ?ks.ks fg pkaxY;k usr`Rokph y{k.ks vkgsr
6- èkS;Z& ;'kLoh m|kstdkP;k vaxh èkS;Z gk ,d egÙokpk xq.k vkgs- O;olk;kr

;'k vi;'k ;sr vlrs- v';kosGh u ?kkcjrk dBh.k ifjfLFkrhr vkiys ekufld
larqyu fVdo.ks] dk;e vk'kkoknh vl.ks vkf.k ;s.kkÚ;k ifjfLFkrhrwu ekxZ dk<r
jkg.ks gs ;'kLoh m|kstdkps ,d oSf'k"Bîk vkgs-
7- egRokdka{kk& cjsp yksd uQk feGfo.;kP;k o`Ùkhph vkf.k egRokdka{kk ;k

xks"Vhph xYyr djrkr- vkiY;k bPNsuqlkj LoIu c?kk;ph vkf.k rh çR;{kkr
mrjok;ph {kerk Eg.kts egRokdka{kk- egRokdka{kh O;Drh Eg.kts dh R;kP;kdMs
y{; vkf.k mís'k vkgsr- ,d m|kstd vkiyh egRokdka{kk çsj.kk Eg.kwu okijrks
vkiY;k è;s;kapk vkf.k —rhapk foLrkj Eg.kwu vfèkd dk;Z dj.;klkBh
egRokdka{kk usgehp mi;ksxh iMrs- vkiY;kyk dqBs iksgkspk;ps vkgs ;koj
vkiY;kyk y{k dsafær djk;ps vkf.k R;kdjrk vko';d —rh djk;ph gs v';k
O;ähauk pkaxysp BkÅd vlrs-
8- vkRefoÜokl % vki.k vkiyk Lor%pk O;olk; d: bfPNr vlY;kl

vkiY;kyk Lor%oj [kwi foÜokl Bso.;kph vko';drk vkgs- vkiY;k {kerk
etcwr dj.;klkBh vkRefoÜokl vko';d vkgs- R;k}kjs vkiY;kyk fu.kZ;
?ks.;kps vkf.k çdYi iw.kZ dj.;kl lkeF;Z feGrs- Lor%pk vfHkeku ckGx.ks
vkf.k vkiY;k {kerscíy tkx:d vl.ks] osxosxG~;k laèkhaps ifjorZu dj.;kl
enr djrs-
9- ifjJekaps lkrR; vkf.k mR—"Vrspk è;kl % dsoG LoIu c?kwu pkyr ukgh- rh
lR;kr mrjok;yk ijkdksVhph esgsur] vkf.k ç;Rukaps lkrR; ykxrs- ;'kLoh
m|kstd gs lkrR; dk;e jk[krkr- vki.k xzkgdkyk ts nsrks R;kph mR—"Vrk
dk;e jk[k.ka vkf.k R;kr dqBsyhgh dkj.ks u nsrk vkiY;k'kh ckaèkwu Bso.ka gs
;'kLoh m|ksxkps vkf.k m|kstdkaps lokZr egRokps vax vkgs-
10- fu;kstu dkS'kY;% fu;kstu {kerk gk ,d egRokpk xq.k vkiY;kyk loZ

;'kLoh yksdkaeè;s vk<Gsy- m|ksx ;'kLoh gks.;klkBh ykxra] osGspa] dkekpa]
iS'kkps vkf.k euq";cGkpa mR—"B fu;kstu vkf.k okij- gkrkr vlysY;k loZ
xks"Vhaps dkVsdksj fu;kstu d:u dsysyk okij vkf.k R;krwu tkLrhr tkLr
ijrkok] ák djrk fufeZrh çfØ;spk lrr vH;kl dj.ka xjtspa vlra
efgyk m|kstdrk & ns'kkP;k fodklkph xjt
fo|eku vkèkqfud o [kqY;k

vFkZO;oLFksP;k ;qxkr vkS|ksfxd
{ks=kr vusd fL=;k m|kstd o
dkexkj Eg.kwu egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
ctkor vkgsr- ,[kk|k m|ksxkph
LFkkiuk d:u R;kps lapyu
dj.kkjh ok R;k m|ksxkyk
;'kLoh dj.;klkBh fofoèk
dk;kZaph tckcnkjh ikj ikM.kkjh
L=h Eg.kts L=h&m|kstd- folkO;k 'krdkP;k iwokZèkkZr m|ksxèka|kaeè;s fL=;kapk
okVk vR;ar vYi gksrk rFkkfi folkO;k 'krdkP;k mÙkjkèkkZr o ,dfolkO;k
'krdkP;k çkjaHkh fL=;kapk vkS|ksfxd {ks=krhy lgHkkx vR;ar osxkus ok<Y;kps
fnlrs- lè;k loZp {ks=kar iq#"kkaP;k cjkscjhus R;k dke djhr vlwu vkS|ksfxd
{ks=krgh R;k ekxs ukghr- fodflr o fodlu'khy ns'kkar o lektkr fL=;k Lor%
iq<kdkj ?ksÅu m|kstdkph Hkwfedk ikj ikMhr vkgsr- ewyr% efgyk m|kstd gh
ladYiuk m|kstd ;k ladYiusgwu osxGh ukgh- m|kstdkph O;k[;k o dk;Zs
efgyk vxj L=h m|kstdkaukgh ykxw gksrkr- m|kstdkP;k çeq[k dk;kZaeè;s
uouohu dYiukapk 'kksèk ?ks.ks] R;krwu O;kolkf;d laèkh 'kksèk.ks] laèkhph u¶;kP;k
n`"Vhus vuqdwyrk rikl.ks] fuoM dj.ks] èkksdk iRdj.ks] m|ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.ks]
m|ksxkl vko';d v'kk loZ ?kVdkaph teokteo dj.ks] m|ksxkps O;oLFkkiu]
fu;a=.k o usr`Ro dj.ks ;k ckchapk lekos'k gksrks- T;k m|ksx&O;olk;kr gh loZ
fdaok cgqla[; dk;Zs L=hdMwu fdaok fL=;kaP;k lewgkdMwu ikj ikMyh tkrkr]
R;kl efgyk m|ksx vls lacksèkys tkrs- L=h m|ksx gs çkeq[;kus y?kqm|ksx]
m|ksxka'kh lacafèkr lsok fdaok O;kolkf;d miØe] Hkkxhnkjh] lgdkjh laLFkk fdaok
[kktxh ¼e;kZfnr½ çeaMG ákaiSdh dks.kR;kgh la?kVus}kjk dsys tkrkr- L=h
m|ksxkpk dkjHkkj çR;{kkr ,dk fdaok tkLr fL=;kadMwup lkaHkkG.;kr ;srks o
m|ksx&O;olk;kP;k HkkaMoykeè;s fL=;kaps O;fäxr fdaok la;qä HkkaMoy fdeku
51% vl.ks xjtsps vlrs-
L=h m|kstdrk cÚ;kp va'kh iq#"kkaP;k ikfBaC;koj voyacwu vlrs- vusdnk
R;kaph ekydh vlysY;k m|ksxkaeè;s fL=;kaps vfLrRo ukeek= vlrs- dkgh
ekstD;k m|ksxkaeè;s L=h m|kstd lfØ; vlrkr- Hkkjrkr cgqla[; L=h m|kstd
ák eè;eoxÊ;] mPpoxÊ; fdaok Jhear dqVqackarwu vkysY;k vlrkr- mPp
lkekftd LFkku o vkfFkZd laiUurk gh R;kaph dkSVqafcd ikÜoZHkweh vlrs-
R;kaP;kiSdh vusd L=h m|kstdkaP;k ckcrhar ekgsjh o lkljh v'kk nksUgh fBdk.kh
O;kikj&O;olk; o m|ksxkaph ijaijk vkf.k vkfFkZd le`)h vlrs- iq#"k
m|kstdkaP;k rqyusr L=h m|kstdkaP;k çsj.kk dkgh'kk osxG~;k vlrkr- foèkk;d
dk;kZeè;s Lor%yk O;Lr Bso.ks] Lor%ph vkoM tksikl.ks] vkfFkZd Lokra«;]
lUeku o çfr"Bk feGfo.ks ák L=h m|kstdkaP;k çeq[k çsj.kk vlrkr- R;kaP;k
vfèkçsj.kkaoj vusd ?kVdkapk çHkko iMrks- R;kaps O;fäxr thou] lkljph
eaMGh] oSokfgd o dkSVqafcd thou ák loZ ckchapk R;kaP;k m|kstd cu.;kP;k
fu.kZ;koj] m|kstd Eg.kwu dkedkt dj.;koj] R;kauk vuqHkokO;k ykx.kkÚ;k
vMp.khaoj] rlsp R;kaP;k O;kolkf;d ;'k fdaok vi;'kkoj fuf'pr vlk
ifj.kke gksrks-
lè;k 'kklukP;k fofoèk ;kstuk o loyrhaeqGs L=h m|kstdkaP;k la[;sr cÚ;kiSdh
ok< gksr vkgs- fL=;kaph lkekftd ikÜoZHkweh] lk{kjrk] f'k{k.k] vkfFkZd Lokra«;]
jktdh; o cktkjisBkaps vkdyu] 'kkldh; èkksj.k ;k loZ ?kVdkapk R;kaP;k
m|kstdrsoj çHkko iMrks- vkiY;k cq)hpk] {kerspk] dkS'kY;kpk] osGspk o
lacaèkkapk ;ksX; mi;ksx d:u ?ks.ks] vkiyh egÙokdka{kk iw.kZ dj.ks] uouohu
vkOgkus Lohdkj.ks] lektkr Lora= LFkku fuekZ.k dj.ks o vkiY;k vkfFkZd o
lkekftd fLFkrheè;s lqèkkj.kk dj.ks ;k fopkjkauh çsfjr gksÅu vusd fL=;k
m|kstd curkr- R;kpcjkscj dqVqackph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh lqèkkjkoh] jkstxkj
miyCèk Ogkok] miftfodslkBh iSls feGokosr o dkSVqafcd thou lkojkos ;kalkBh
fL=;k ,d rj O;olk; lq: djrkr fdaok O;olk;kr uksdjh Lohdkjrkr-
vyhdMs loZp fodlu'khy ns'kkar L=h m|kstdrspk fodkl dj.;klkBh ljdkjh
ikrGho:u fo'ks"k ç;Ru dsys tkr vkgsr- lkekU;i.ks v'kk ç;RukaP;k rhu
ikrGÓkk laHkorkr- R;kaeè;s T;k fL=;kaeè;s m|kstd gks.;klkBh vko';d
vlysY;k ço`Ùkh] ik=rk o egÙokdka{kk vkgsr] v'kk fL=;kapk 'kksèk ?ks.ks eqyk[krh
o fofoèk pkp.;kaP;k ekè;ekrwu m|kstdh; ;ksX;rk vlysY;k fL=;kaph fuoM
dsY;kuarj] v'kk fL=;kauk m|kstdrk fodkl dk;ZØekeè;s jhrlj lgHkkxh d:u
?ksÅu R;kauk i)r'khj çf'k{k.k ns.ks vkf.k m|kstdrsps çf'k{k.k ?ksrysY;k fL=;kauk
m|ksx&O;olk;kph mHkkj.kh dj.;klkBh loZrksijh lkgk¸; dj.ks] R;kauk fofoèk
;a=.kkadMwu foÙkh; o brj enr feGowu ns.ks- rlsp R;kaP;k vMp.khaps fujkdj.k
dj.;klkBh ekxZn'kZu dj.ks ;k ckchapk lekos'k gksrks- çlaxh iq#"k m|kstdkpk
vkdfLed e`R;w >kY;kl R;kP;k iRuhoj fdaok eqyhoj m|ksxkph tckcnkjh ;sÅu
iMrs- R;kaP;kdMs vko';d rh O;oLFkkidh; o la?kVukRed dkS'kY;s ulY;kl
m|ksx&O;olk; can iM.;kph 'kD;rk fuekZ.k gksrs- dkgh fL=;k R;kauk dks.khrjh
çksRlkgu o enrhpk gkr fnY;keqGs thoukP;k fof'k"V VII;koj m|kstd
cu.;kpk fu.kZ; ?ksrkr- ;ksxk;ksxkus vxj vi?kkrkus O;olk;kr vkysY;k fL=;kaps
O;kolkf;d ;'k iqjs'kh lkèkus] foÜoklw deZpkjh] fu.kZ; ?ks.;kph o laokn
lkèk.;kph {kerk vkf.k cktkjisBsps Kku ;kaoj voyacwu vlrs- dkgh çlaxh iq#"k
m|kstd 'kkldh; ;kstukaeè;s ykHk feGfo.;klkBh vkiys HkkaMoy xqarowu
iRuhP;k ukokus uohu O;olk; lq: djrkr] rsOgk rh L=h dkxnksi=h m|ksxkph
ekyd vlrs çR;{kkr iq#"k m|kstdp O;olk;kps lapyu o fu;a=.k djhr
vlrkr-
lè;kP;k LièkkZRed okrkoj.kkr L=h m|kstdrsyk lkgk¸; dj.kkjs ?kVdgh
frrdsp egÙokps vkgsr- ;'kLoh m|kstd gks.;klkBh vko';d vlysyh
ekufldrk fL=;kaeè;s mitrp vlrs- uSlfxZd {kerk] 'kkar o lgu'khy
LoHkko] r.kko o ladVs gkrkG.;kph dlks'kh] lÙkseè;s brjkauk lgHkkxh d:u
?ks.;kph {kerk v'kk xq.koSf'k"VîkaeqGs R;k R;kaps dk;Z dk;Z{kersus d: 'kdrkr-
lektkpk fL=;kackcrpk tks ikjaifjd n`f"Vdks.k gksrk] R;keè;s vkrk >ikVîkkus
cny ?kMwu ;sr vkgs- f'k{k.kkpk çlkj o L=hf'k{k.kkyk fnys tk.kkjs çkèkkU;] mPp
o rkaf=d f'k{k.kkP;k lks;h] ukxjhdj.k o Lo;ajkstxkjkP;k laèkhr gks.kkjh ok< ák
lkekftd ?kVdkar gks.kkjs cnygh R;klkBh iks"kd Bjrkr- fodlu'khy ns'kkaeèkhy
fL=;kaps lkekftd LFkku] vkfFkZd Lokra«;] R;kaps gDd o vko';d vlysY;k
loyrh ;kackcr fL=;kaP;k pGoGh mH;k jkgr vkgsr- fL=;kaP;k jk"Vªh; o
vkarjjk"Vªh; ikrGhaoj gks.kkÚ;k vfèkos'kukaeè;s R;kaP;k fofoèk ç'ukaoj ppZs}kjs
çcksèku dj.;kr ;sr vkgs- R;keqGs fL=;kaP;k m|kstdrk pGoGhyk cG feGr
vkgs-
'kklukps fL=;kaP;k m|kstdrsyk lkgk¸;d vl.kkjs iqjksxkeh èkksj.k o nsÅ
dsysY;k loyrh gk L=h m|kstdrsP;k n`"Vhus lokZar egÙokpk ?kVd vkgs-
fL=;kauk fodkl dk;ZØekeè;s loZ ikrG~;kaoj lgHkkxh d:u ?ks.;kP;k n`"Vhus
fu;kstu eaMGkus fofoèk iapokf"kZd ;kstukaeè;s vkfFkZd rjrwnhlg mi;qä lwpuk
dsysY;k vkgsr- jk"Vªh;h—r c¡dk] foÙkh; egkeaMG] jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl
egkeaMGs o ftYgk m|ksx dsaæ ;kaP;kekQZr L=h m|kstdkauk dtZ] vFkZlkgk¸;
¼lcflMh½] vuqnkus o rkaf=d lYyk miyCèk d:u fnys tkr vkgsr-
vk;vkjMhih] ukckMZ] LVsV c¡d] L=h&'käh ;kstuk] foesu MsOgyiesaV d‚ikZsjs'ku]
bafnjk efgyk dsaæ] jk"Vªh; efgyk dks'k] bafnjk fç;n'kZuh ;kstuk] efgyk m|e o
efgyk fodkl fuèkh] ofdZax foesu Qksje ;k 'kkldh; ;kstuka}kjs L=h m|kstdrk
ok<hlkBh ç;Ru dsys tkr vkgsr-efgykaP;k m|kstdrsdMs c?k.;kpk n`"Vhdksu
cnyrks vkgs-
Ø ekfgrhps L=ksr ok<r vkgsr-
Ø lektkrhy efgyk m|ksxkauk LohdkjkgZrk feGrs vkgs-
Ø ik;kHkwr lqfoèkk o ra=Kku vkt miyCèk gksrs vkgs-
Ø foÙkh; ikfBack o m|ksx foÜokr ok<r vlysys vkn'kZ çsfjr djr vkgsr-
efgykaeèkhy mitr xq.k tls dh] mÙke O;oLFkkiu] la?kVu dkS'kY;] pks[k
O;ogkj ;kpk fryk vkiY;k O;olk; ok<hlkBh uDdhp mi;ksx gksrks- vls
vlys rjhgh çxr jk"VªkaP;k rqyusr vki.k vtwugh lekèkkudkjd LFkku xkBw
'kdyks ukgh- fo'ks"kr% efgyk m|kstdkauk dks.kR;k xks"Vhaoj dke dj.ks xjtsps
R;kpk vH;kl Ogk;yk gok tls dh miyCèk lkèku laiÙkh] m|ksx iks"kd
okrkoj.kkph derjrk] ekufld tM.k?kM.k b- dkj.ks çxrhlkBh ekjd Bjrkr-
vxnh NksVîkk okMîkk & oLR;kaiklwu rs çpaM vkarjjk"Vªh; daiU;kai;Zar efgyk
m|ksftdkauh Lor%ps vfLrRo nk[kowu fnysys vkgs- ,[kk|k xM & fdYY;kP;k
Vksdkoj xkokrhy fL=;k ljcr] dSjhP;k QksMh fdaok jkuesok fodrkuk fnlrkr-
fgeky;kP;k dMsdikjhrhy boY;k';k oLrhr efgyk LosVj fo.kr clysY;k
fnlrkr- ?kjkr ,[kkna ek.kwl vktkjh vlsy rj çFke vkBo.k ;srs rh ns[kHkky
dj.kkÚ;k ckbZph-
Qä 10]000@ #i;kr vkiY;k ?kjkrwu iibZrhy vkS"kèkh rRo dk<.;kpk
m|ksx lq# dj.kkÚ;k fdj.k eqtqenkj&'k‚ ;k Hkkjrk eèkY;k lokZr Jhear efgyk
m|ksftdk cuY;k- ck;ksd‚u gh R;kaph çpaM eksBh vkS"kèk daiuh-
VhOgh {ks=kph çpaM vkoM o uohu fufeZrhpk è;kl ?ksrysY;k ,drk diwj ;k
txkleksj ukok:ikyk vkY;k R;k ÞD;ksadh lkl Hkh cgq Fkhß ;k VhOgh
fljh;yeqGs- ckykth VsfyfQYEl gh R;kaph daiuh- C;qVh lfOgZl vFkkZr lkSan;Z
lsok o çlkèkukaP;k {ks=kr ukao deko.kkÚ;k ek;k ijkatis] 'kgukt gqlSu ;kauh R;k
dkGkr Lor%yk fl) dsys tsOgk lkekU; ck;dk çlkèkus okijr ulr-
vkgkjkrhy iks"k.k] rC;sr] otu] lkSan;Z ;k xks"Vhaph lkaxM ?kkywu oanuk yqFkzk
;kauh R;kapk VLCC gk osyusl c¡zM 11 ns'kkaeè;s iksgkspoyk vkgs-
bUQksfll QkmaMs'kuP;k psvjeu lqèkk ewrÊ ;k Lor% f'k{k.kkus baftfu;j- i.k
eukus vxnh gGO;k] laosn'khy- ;k laosnu'khyrsyk R;kauh dèkhp Lor%ph
detksjh Eg.kwu cf?krys ukgh- myV lektkrY;k gtkjks xjtw yksdkaP;k fofoèk
xjtk iw.kZ dj.;kP;k dkeh R;kauh rh laosnu'khyrk okijyh- vkt yk[kks
r#.kkaP;k vkn'kZ Eg.kwu R;kapk ukoykSfdd vkgs-
FkjeWDlP;k vuq vkxk o esgsj ineth ;k vok<O; ra=Kkukoj pky.kkÚ;k

daiU;k pkyfo.kkÚ;k efgyk- dWYlk¶VP;k 'kfeZyk fHkMs] vuq#iP;k xkSjh
dkfuVdj ;k lxG~;k vkiY;k vktwcktwyk okoj.kkÚ;k iq.;krY;k efgyk
m|ksftdk- ldl ihB o vUuinkFkkZaP;k m|ksxkrhy ekèkqjhrkbZ lgL=cq)s ;k rj
m|ksftdk] lektlsfodk o uxjlsfodk Eg.kwu vkiY;kyk ifjfpr vkgsrp-
[kjs rj gh fdrhgh eksBh gksÅ 'kdsy- gks; uk\ vkiY;k vktwcktwyk vusd
efgyk Lor%P;k ik;koj mH;k vkgsr- R;kauk dk; vMp.kh vkY;k vlrhy\
R;krwu R;kauh dlk ekxZ dk<yk vlsy\ ;kph ppkZ vkrk djr vkgksr-
efgyk m|ksftdkaps ç'u @ leL;k
m|kstd Eg.kwu dk;Zjr vlrkuk vxnh m|ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kiklwu R;kps

nSuafnu dkedkt ikj ikMrkuk L=h m|kstdkauk vusd çdkjP;k vMp.kh o
vMFkG~;kauk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- ,d rj m|kstd Eg.kwu efgyk m|kstdkaP;k iq<s
;s.kkÚ;k vMp.kh o R;kyk tksMwup L=h Eg.kwu R;kaP;kiq<s ;s.kkÚ;k vMp.kh-
fdR;sdnk L=h vl.ks ghp frP;k leksjhy lokZar eksBh vMp.k Bjrs- ,d
m|kstd Eg.kwu ;s.kkÚ;k vMp.khaeè;s vO;ogkjh çdYi] rkaf=d o O;oLFkkidh;
dkS'kY;kph derjrk] ekydh gDdkcíyps okn] viqjs HkkaMoy] dk;ns'khj
vMFkGs] cktkjisBkackcrps vKku] vfHkçsj.kkapk vHkko] çfrdwy v'kh 'kkldh;
èkksj.ks] èkkfeZd çFkk o ijaijk] dPpk eky o ohtiqjoBk VapkbZ bR;knhapk lekos'k
gksrks- vusdnk ik;kHkwr lks;h&lqfoèkk ulY;keqGs ,[kknk çdYi iq<s usrk ;sr
ukgh- jktdh; o vkfFkZd vLFkS;Z] rlsp LièkkZRed okrkoj.k ;k xks"Vhgh
m|kstdkaP;k ekxkZr vMp.kh B: 'kdrkr- f'kok; efgyk m|kstd Eg.kwu
R;kaP;kiq<s vusd vMp.kh o vMFkGs ;srkr- R;kaeè;s çkeq[;kus iq#"kçèkku
laL—rh] dkSVqafcd tckcnkÚ;k] f'k{k.kkpk vHkko] vuqHko o ekfgrh ul.ks]
vkfFkZd leL;k] tks[khe u iRdj.;kph ekufldrk] lkekftd caèkus] :<h o
ijaijk ;k xks"Vhapk lekos'k gksrks- iq#"kçèkku] ijaijkoknh o :<hfç; lektkr
L=hyk iq#"kkis{kk usgehp nq¸;e LFkku fnys tkrs- ?kj gsp frps dk;Z{ks= letwu
ijkoyafcRokph Hkkouk r;kj dsyh tkrs rFkkfi gh ifjfLFkrh gGwgGw cnyr
pkyysyh vlwu fL=;k vkS|ksfxd {ks=kr vkiys LFkku fuekZ.k d: ykxY;k
vkgsr-
ikf'pekR; ns'kkar] mnk- ;wjksi] vesfjdk ;sFks efgyk m|kstdkaph la[;k toGikl
iq#"k m|kstdkaP;k cjkscjhus vkgs- Hkkjrkrgh fnolsafnol L=h m|kstdkaps çek.k
ok<r vkgs- f'k{k.kkP;k çlkjkeqGs txkdMs ikg.;kph uoh n`"Vh o vkOgkus
isy.;klkBh vko';d vlk vkRefoÜokl ;k xks"Vh çkeq[;kus uohu efgyk
m|kstd fuekZ.k gks.;kl lkgk¸;d Bjr vkgsr-
vU; m|ksx&O;olk;karwu lq#okr d:u ;'kLoh BjysY;k ,o<sp uOgs] rj
ns'k&fons'kkrgh uko deko.kkÚ;k dkgh Hkkjrh; efgyk m|kstd iq<hyçek.ks %
baæk uw;h ¼çsflMsaV& isIlh da-½] uSuk yky fdMokbZ ¼tu- eWustj & ,Pk,lchlh
xzqi bafM;k½] fdj.k eq>qenkj&'k‚ ¼tu- eWustj & ck;d‚u fyfeVsM½] banw tSu
¼psvjeu & VkbEl xzqi½],drk diwj ¼lhbZvks& ckykth VsfyfQYel~½- tkxfrd
Lrjkojgh vksçkg foUÝs] ts- ds- jksfyax] >kax phu] ;sysuk ckVwfjuk] tqyh es;sj]
,y- ds- csusV ;k efgyk m|kstd vk?kkMhoj vkgsr-
Lor%pk O;olk; djrkuk vusd vMp.khapk lkeuk djkok ykxrksp- ex rks

O;kolkf;d iq#"k vlsy fdaok L=h- i.k fL=;kauk vfèkd leL;k lksMokO;k
ykxrkr- R;k [kkyhyçek.ks &
Ø ?kj o O;olk; nksUgh lkaHkkGrkuk gks.kkjh dljr-
Ø eqykaP;k vktkji.kkr] vH;klkP;k dkGkr O;olk;&èka|kdMs gks.kkjs
nqyZ{k-
Ø O;olk;kr ?kky.;klkBh tkLr iSls ulrkr fdaok dkghp HkkaMoy ulrs-
Ø L=hus ?kjkckgsj iMwu Lor%pk O;olk; & m|ksx dk<kok gh xks"V vusd ?kjkr
ekU; dsyh tkr ukgh-
Ø O;olk;&m|ksx djk;pkp vlsy rj ikiM&elkyk] [kk|inkFkZ]
f'ko.kdke] fo.kdke] dykdqlj v'kk Bjkfod ^ck;dh* xks"VhaP;k
iyhdMhy xks"Vh vusd ?kjkr ekU; dsY;k tkr ukghr- R;keqGs
efgykauk osxGh dYiuk ekaMrkuk ?k:u fojksèk gksÅ 'kdrks-
Ø vusd efgykauk O;olk; uDdh dlk dj.kkj vkgksr] HkkaMoy fdrh
xqaro.kkj] rs iSls dqBwu vk.k.kkj] fdrh uQk lqVsy] vkiys xzkgd dks.k
vlrhy ;k ç'ukaph mÙkjs ekfgr ulrkr- R;keqGs R;kauk c¡dsr fdaok
irlaLFksrwu çfrlkn feGr ukgh- R;keqGs fc>usl&Iyku fdaok O;olk;kpk
vkjk[kMk fyfg.ks gs Qkj xjtsps-
lektkr efgykadMs c?k.;kpk n`"Vhdksu gk vtwugh ladqfpr vkgs gs [ksnkus
Ø
uewn djkosls okVrs- v'kk n`f"VdksukeqGs efgykauk dke ns.ks vusd iq#"k
O;kolkf;d VkGrkr- efgyklq)k v'kh dkj.ks nsrkr dh] ßdk;
dj.kkj\ ek÷;k ?kjh ,d ek.kwl vktkjkus vaFk#.kkoj vkgs ex eh dkekyk
xsysp ukghÞ- v'kkeqGs vusdosGk efgyk m|kstd O;kolkf;drk ikGw
'kdr ukghr-
nqlÚ;kaoj@uoÚ;koj@ofMykaoj voyacwu jkg.;kph lo;- Lor%eè;s
Ø
fu.kZ; ?ks.;kpk vkRefoÜokl ul.ks-
O;kolkf;d n`"Vhdksu ul.ks- ckgsjP;k txkryh O;kolkf;drk] LièkkZ] èkksds
Ø
;kaph tk.kho ul.ks-
nh?kZdkyhu èkksj.k] nwjn`"Vh ;kapk vHkko- ;keqGs Lor%pk cz¡M] Lor%ph
Ø
ckgsjP;k txkr çfrek r;kj dj.ks] eksBh >si ?ks.ks ;k xks"Vh vusd efgyk
djr ukghr-
vusd efgykauk O;olk;kryh laiÙkh uhV lkaHkkGrk ;sr ukgh- uDdh fdrh
Ø
uQk lqVyk] dks.kkps ns.ks ?ks.ks fdrh ckdh vkgs] dtkZps gIrs o èka|kps [kpZ
otk dsY;kl èkank u¶;kr vkgs dh uqdlkuhr] ekykph fdaer fdrh vlkoh
v'kk xks"Vh vusdhauk uhV lkaHkkGrk ;sr ukghr-
laokn dkS'kY;keè;s cÚ;kp efgykauk vMp.k ;srs- xksM cksykos rj okbZV
Ø
ço`ÙkhP;k iq#"kkauk nwj Bso.;kr cjhp mtkZ ok;k tkrs- Bkei.ks cksykos rj
xzkgd] c¡dj] lIyk;j ukjkt gksrkr- fdR;sd fL=;kauk rj ?kjP;kaleksjgh
eksdGsi.kkus cksyk;ph lo; ulrs- R;keqGs ckgsjP;k yksdka'kh laokn
djrkuk R;k xksaèkGwu tkrkr-
nqlÚ;k xkoh ,dVhus tk.ks] jkg.ks] ijD;k xkokr iS'kkps O;ogkj dj.ks ;k
Ø
xks"Vh efgykauk [kwi dBh.k okVrkr- R;k xks"Vhauk vusdnk ?k:ugh fojksèk
okVrks-
ekdZsVhax dj.ks] xYY;koj cl.ks] foØhlkBh fQjkos ykx.ks ;k xks"Vh
Ø
efgykauk dkgh osGk vo?kM okVrkr-
e'khu] ra=Kku]
Ø foKku v'kk xks"Vh iq#"kkaP;k {ks=kr ;srkr vlk let
vusdhapk vlrks- R;keqGs mRiknu {ks=kr vtwugh efgyk dehp vkgsr-
v'kk vusd leL;kauk lksMor lksMorp efgykauk iq<s tk;ps vkgs- R;klkBh
m|kstdrk f'kfcjkrwu çf'k{k.k fnys tkrs- efgykalkBh [kkl ;kstukgh jkcfoY;k
tkrkr- efgykauh vls çf'k{k.k vo'; ?;kos- fo'ks"k egÙokps Eg.kts efgykauh
,desdhapk vkèkkj ?ksÅu l{ke cu.;kpk ç;Ru djkok- ,desdhph m.khnq.kh
dk<.ks] pgkMîkk] ps"Vk ;keqGs ek.kls nqjkorkr o vMhvMp.khr vkiY;kyk
VkGrkr- mnk- ?kjkr ek.kwl vktkjh vkgs- eqykph ijh{kk toG vkyh vkgs vkf.k
usedk gkp fc>uslpk fl>u vkgs i.k rqEgh ?kjxqrh tckcnkÚ;kaP;keè;s
xqarY;keqGs v‚MZj osGsoj iw.kZ d:u nsÅ 'kdr ukgh- v'kk osGh fopkj djk ! pkj
eSf=.kh tksMY;k vlR;k rj ,[kknhyk dkekr enrhyk cksykoys vlrs-
,[kknhdMs eqykauk vH;klkyk ikBoys vlrs o R;kaP;k xjtsyk vki.k mHks
jkfgyks vlrks-
egkjk"Vª m|kstdrk fodkl dsaæ] egkjk"Vª c¡dsph Lo;ajkstxkj çf'k{k.k laLFkk] ;qok
'käh VªLV] ns vkljk QkmaMs'ku v'kk vusd laLFkk ukeek= Qh eè;s m|kstdrsps
èkMs nsrkr- vkiyh Lo;ajkstxkjkph bPNk vlsy rj fjiksVZ r;kj dj.ks] dtZ
feGowu ns.;kph enr] ekdZsfVaxps çf'k{k.k bR;knh ns[khy nsrkr- rsOgk eSf=.khauks
vMp.kh ;srkr rsOgk R;kauk mÙkjgh vlrkr- rh 'kksèkkoh ykxrkr- rsOgk ^dsY;kus
gksr vkgs js]vkèkh dsysph ikfgts] gsp [kjs-
fc>usl IyWu & O;olk;kpk vkjk[kMk
ßuohu O;olk; pkyw djk;pk Eg.kts 'kD;rks [kwi iSls xqarokos ykxrkrÞ gk
xSjlet vusdosGk gksrks vkf.k ^,dnk O;olk; pkyw >kyk dh uarj HkkaMoy
ykxr ukgh* gk xSjletgh vusdosGk gksrks- vusd fc>usl vls vlrkr dh
lq#okrhyk FkksMh'khp xqaro.kwd iqjrs- mnk- f'ko.kdke] fo.kdke] diMîkkaph
?kjiksp èkq.ks @ bL=h d:u ns.;kph lsok] ?kjiksp lax.kd @ VhOgh oxSjsph nq#Lrh]
f'kdo.;k] QfuZpjph LoPNrk] ckxsph ns[kHkky bR;knh vusd O;olk;kauk
lq#okrhyk [kwi eksBs HkkaMoy ykxr ukgh] vkf.k vusd O;olk; vls vkgsr dh
R;kaph lq#okr djrkuk cjhp HkkaMoy xqaro.kwd djkoh ykxrs-
m|ksx dj.ks lksis uDdhp ukgh( ijarq laiw.kZ r;kjhfu'kh mrjyk ukghr] rj uqdlku
gks.;kph laHkkouk tkLr vlrs- Eg.kwup iwoZr;kjh dj.ks gk ;koj mÙke i;kZ;
vkgs- R;keqGs m|ksxkph iwoZr;kjh djkoh-
iwoZr;kjh djrkuk dkgh eqís y{kkr ?ksrys ikfgtsr-
vkiyh vkoM % vkiY;k vkoMhuqlkj m|ksx fuoMkok vU;Fkk m|ksxkr eu ykowu
dke dsys tkr ukgh- R;kpçek.ks m|ksxkr laèkh fdrh vkgsr ;kpk fopkjgh dj.ks
xjtsps vkgs- cktkjisBseè;s dks.kR;k xks"Vhauk lrr ekx.kh vlrs] dks.kdks.kR;k
uO;k laèkh cktkjisBseè;s miyCèk gksr vkgsr] fuoMysY;k lacafèkr m|ksxkr fdrh
laèkh vkgs ;kph ekfgrh ?ks.ksgh egÙokps Bjrs-
O;olk;kdjrk tkxk % dkgh m|ksxkae/;s foØhlkBh eksD;kph tkxk vl.ks

vko';d vlrs] rj dkghalkBh eksBs xksMkÅu vFkok lkBo.kwd djrk ;sbZy
v'kh eksBh tkxk vl.ks xjtsps vlrs- v'kh tkxk FkksMh vkrY;k cktwyk vlyh
rjh pkyrs- xzkgdksi;ksxh oLrwaph foØh] g‚Vsy] diMs] vkS"kèks] lkSan;Zçlkèkus
;kalkj[;k m|ksxkalkBh rqEgkyk tkxsph fuoM dkGthiwoZd djkoh ykxrs- mnk-
g‚Vsy] e‚y] vknh m|ksxkalkBh ikfdZaxP;k lks;hpk fopkj djkok ykxsy] vU;Fkk
R;kpk ifj.kke m|ksxkoj gksbZy- R;kpçek.ks dkgh m|ksx ?kjxqrh vlrhy rj
?kjkph jpuk R;kçek.ks djkoh-
HkkaMoy% m|ksx lq: djrkuk HkkaMoy gh lxG~;kr egÙokph xks"V vkgs- c¡dsdMwu
dtZ ?ksÅu vkfFkZd lks; djrk ;srs- dtZ ?ksrY;kuarjgh gIrs Hkj.;klkBh
lq#okrhiklwup n{k jkg.ks xjtsps vkgs- vkfFkZd f'kLr ifgY;kiklwup ykowu
?ksrY;kl m|ksx fLFkjLFkkoj gksÅu Qk;ns'khj gks.;kl lq#okr gksrs- dPpk eky]
tkxsph fdaer ;k xks"Vhapk fopkj HkkaMoy mHkkj.kh djrkuk y{kkr ?ks.ks xjtsps
vkgs- R;kpçek.ks dkgh osGk m|ksx lq: djsi;Zar dPP;k ekykph fdaer ok<w
'kdrs- R;keqGs jk[kho vkfFkZd xaxktGh Bso.ks xjtsps vkgs-
rTKkapk lYyk o ekxZn'kZu % dks.krkgh O;olk; lq: dj.;kiwoÊ ;ksX; ekxZn'kZu

?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- R;klkBh xjtsuqlkj ,[kknk dkslZ] çf'k{k.k oxkZyk mifLFkr
jkg.;kpk ç;Ru djkok- ;keèkwu m|ksx lq: dj.;klkBh vko';d iwoZr;kjh
gks.;kl enr gksrs- m|ksxklkBh ;ksX; rh iwoZr;kjh] èkkMl vkf.k vkfFkZd lerksy
jk[kyk rj uDdhp ;'k feGrs-
tehu ¼tkxk½] HkkaMoy ¼iSls½] euq";cG ¼dkexkj½] dPpk eky ¼tj xjt vlsy
rj½ ;k lalkèkukapk fopkj lokZr vkèkh djkok ykxrks- R;kpçek.ks ekdZsfVax
¼foi.ku½] tkfgjkr] fg'kksc Bso.ks ;k xks"Vhgh frrD;kp vko';d Bjrkr- ;k
lalkèkukapk ;ksX; okij dj.ks gs dks.kR;kgh m|kstdklkBh vko';d xks"V Bjrs-
m|ksxklkBh ;ksX; tkxk] R;kpçek.ks m|ksxkP;k mHkkj.khlkBh iqjsls HkkaMoy
gkrk'kh vl.ks vko';d Bjrs-
dkgh dkgh m|ksxkalkBh dPP;k ekykph xjt ykxr ukgh( i.k tkfgjkr vkf.k
foi.ku vko';dp Bjrs- v'kk osGh rh rh dkS'kY;s vlysyh ek.kls cjkscj
ckGxkohp ykxrkr- cÚ;kp osGk m|kstdkP;k vaxh ;kryh vusd dkS'kY;s
vlrkr fdaok R;kyk ;k loZ ckchaps fdeku Kku vlrs( ijarq m|kstdkP;k gkrkr
vlysyk osG vkf.k dkes ;kaph lkaxM ?kky.ks dBh.k tkrs- R;k osGh R;kyk
çf'kf{kr euq";cG uksdjhyk Bsokosp ykxrs-
ekdZsfVax EgVys dh] mRiknu] fdaer] tkfgjkr vkf.k tkxk ;k xks"Vhapk çkeq[;kus
lekos'k gksrks- ekdZsfVax d:u tj m|ksx dsyk rj rks m|ksx ;ksX; fn'ksyk tkrks-
rlsp fuf'pr dsysys è;s; lkè; djrk ;srs- mRiknukph foØh ok<owu uQk
deko.ks] [kpZ deh o ;ksX; çdkjs dj.ks v'kh mfí"Vs leksj Bsoyh ikfgtsr- ;ksX;
ekdZsfVax gs xzkgdkaP;k fgrkps] bPNk vkf.k xjtk iw.kZ dj.;koj Hkj nsrs-
ekdZsfVaxeè;s uohu xzkgd fuekZ.k dj.;koj vkf.k rs xzkgd fVdo.;koj Hkj fnyk
ikfgts- oSf'k"Vîiw.kZ mRiknu] mPp çr vkf.k mÙke ekdZsfVaxph fdyksZLdj] fprGs]
xkMxhG v'kh vusd mnkgj.ks vkgsr-
ekdZsfVaxpk IyWu ;'kLoh dj.;klkBh ftí] ifjJe vkf.k dkS'kY;kapk ;ksX; okij
dj.ks vko';d vkgs- m|ksxkrhy rTK O;äh vkf.k vuqHkoh ekxZn'kZdkph xjt
vko';d vkf.k ykHknk;d Bjrs-
xzkgdkauk vkdf"kZr dj.;klkBh foØsR;kaeè;s LièkkZ lq: vlrs- oLrwaps vkfFkZd
fofu;ksx ?kMowu vk.k.;klkBh foØsrk th dkS'kY;iw.kZ dyk okijrks R;kyk
^foØhph dyk* Eg.krkr- O;kikjh dehr deh [kpkZr tkLrhr tkLr mRiknu
r;kj djrkr- foØsrk gk eky fdaok oLrw çHkkohi.ks xzkgdkai;Zar iksporkr-
foØsR;kyk oLrwph foØh dj.;klkBh xzkgdka'kh laidZ] çn'kZu] ekykps
lknjhdj.k] oLrwph mi;qärk vkf.k dehr deh fderhr oLrwaph [kk=h |k;yk
ykxrs-
uohu O;olk; lq# djrk;\ ex gs ç'u Lor%yk fopkjk
vkiY;k O;olk;kpk
Ø lq#okrhpk vkdkj dso<k vlsy\ mnk- ikiMkpk
O;olk; djk;ps Bjoys vkgs gs eks?ke mÙkj >kys- jkst 200 iksákps ikiM]
200 mMnkps o 200 eqxkps ikiM cufo.ks- rlsp jkst iko fdyksph 10
ikfdVs fejxqaM cufo.ks v'kk çdkjps mÙkj bFks fygk;yk gos- vkiY;k
eukrY;k 4&5 dYiuk bFks i;kZ; Eg.kwu fygwu vH;klk-
;k O;olk;klkBh
Ø ykx.kkjs dkS'kY; vkiY;kdMs vkgs dk\ dh ckgs:u
,[kk|k O;ähdMwu rs dke d:u ?;kos ykxsy \ ek.kls uksdjhyk Bsokoh
ykxrhy dk\ fdrh ek.kls\ ixkj fdrh\
;k O;olk;klkBh tkxk fdrh ykxsy\ rh miyCèk vkgs dk\ fodr ?ks.kkj
Ø
dh HkkMîkkus]R;kpk [kpZ fdrh\
;k O;olk;klkBh ;a=lkeqxzh] QfuZpj] gR;kjs & votkjs ¼tools½ dk;
Ø
dk; ykxrkr- R;kph fder fdrh\ rh fodr ?ks.kkj dh HkkMîkkus\ dqBwu
?ks.kkj\
vki.k th oLrw fdaok lsok iqjo.kkj vkgksr rh vkiY;kyk dso<îkkyk iMrs\
Ø
vkf.k vki.k R;klkBh foØhph fder fdrh yko.kkj\ vkiY;kyk fdrh
uQk ¼ç‚QhV½ feGw 'kdrks\
;k oLrw @ lsosyk cktkjkr fdrh ekx.kh vkgs\ vki.k tso<s mRiknu @
Ø
iqjoBk d: rso<k [ki gks.kkj vkgs uk\ v'kk çdkjpk vH;kl vkiY;k
eukr vlysY;k dYiukaoj djkok ykxrks- ;krwu deh [ki] deh uQk]
tkLr d"V i.k ekx.kh deh] dPpk eky uhVlk u feG.ks] euq";cGkph
VapkbZ fdaok egkxMs euq";cG oxSjs vusd çdkjP;k vMp.kh letw
ykxrkr- T;k O;olk;kps vkiY;kyk Kku vkgs] [kpZ otk dsY;koj gkrkr
iSlk mj.kkj vkgs vlk O;olk; iq<hy vH;klklkBh ?;kok-
x`g m|ksxkps vFkZdkj.k
HkkaMoyklkBh ykx.kkÚ;k iS'kkpk vankt vkrk vkiY;kyk vkyk- vkrk vki.k rs

iSls dls mHkkjk;ps gs Bjow-
Ø Lor%P;k f'kydhrwu jDde tek dj.ks- iq<P;k 2 o"kkZps fu;kstu d:u
dkgh jDde èka|klkBh cktwyk Vkdkoh-
Ø ukrsokbZd @ fe= ;kaP;kdMwu ijr cksyhoj NksVîk jdek feGrkr dk rs
igkos- gs iSls vki.k èka|kr ?kky.kkj vlwu èkank uhV pkyk;yk ykxY;koj
ijr dj.kkj vkgksr v'kh LoPN dYiuk R;kauk |koh- ;kr FkksMh tks[khe
vkgs gs R;kauk lkaxkos o NksVhp jDde ?;koh] ts.ksd:u vki.k rs iSls tj
ijr djk;yk m'khj >kyk Eg.kts R;kauk R;keqGs tkLr vMp.k Ogk;yk
udks-
Ø c¡dsrwu @ irlaLFksrwu dtZ dk<.ks- lkekU;i.ks çR;sd c¡d O;kolkf;dkauk
dtZ nsrs- R;klkBh mÙke fc>usl IyWu fygkok ykxrks- c¡dsps Lor%ps
dtZçdj.kkps vtZ vlrkr] rs Hkjkos ykxrkr- c¡d rqEgkyk ykx.kkjs loZ
iSls nsr ukgh] rj rqEgkyk Lor%P;k mRiUukrwu fdeku 25% vFkok tkLr
iSls mHks djkos ykxrkr- ;klkBh vkèkhiklwu iS'kkps fu;kstu d:u FkksMh
jDde lkBo.ks pkaxys-
Ø lsYQ gsYi xzqi vFkkZr ^Lo;algk;rk xV* gs vktdky lxG~;kaukp ekfgr
vkgsr- ;krhy lnL; Bjkfod jDde lkBor tkrkr- cpr xVkrhy
lnL;kauk ;k lkBysY;k iS'kkrwu NksVh dtZ:ih jDde nsÅ 'kdrkr- R;koj
rs O;kt ykorkr- lxGs lnL; ,desdkauk vksG[k.kkjs vlrkr- ;kr
'kD;rks lpksVhus dtkZph jDde ijr dj.kkjs yksd Hkjiwj vlrkr- ygku
jDde goh vlsy rj yodjkr yodj feG.ks cpr xVkekQZr lksis tkrs-
Ø Hkkxhnkjh % nksu fdaok tkLr yksd ,d= ;sÅu vkikiys iSls ,d= d:u ,d
eksBh jDde mHkkjrkr- ;kyk ^Hkkxhnkjh laLFkk* Eg.krkr- ;kr Hkkxhnkj
Eg.ktsp ikVZuj ;kaP;k foÜoklkoj laLFksps ;'k voyacwu vlrs- ,dVîkkus
fc>usl dj.ks dBh.k vlY;kl Hkkxhnkjhr laLFkk mHkkjkoh- ;kr èka|kph
tks[khe ¼fjLd½ lq)k Hkkxhnkj okVwu ?ksrkr vkf.k uQk ns[khy-
dksv‚ijsVhOg lkslk;Vh fdaok [kktxh e;kZfnr daiuh dk<rk ;srs- gh
Ø
lkslk;Vh vkf.k daiuh 'ksvlZ fodwu HkkaMoy mHkkjrs o R;krwu m|ksxèkank
djrs- ijarq R;kaP;k vusd dk;ns'khj iwrZrk djkO;k ykxrkr- vki.k
Lo;ajkstxkjkyk ykx.kkjs HkkaMoy dls mHkkj.kkj ;kpk fopkj dsY;koj
vkiY;k cWadsrQZs] ofdykrQZs fdaok lh,&lh,l rKkrQZs ,dnk t:j
dk;ns'khj xks"Vhaps Kku d:u ?;kos-
vkiY;k mRiknukph fdaer d'kh Bjoky % dqBY;kgh oLrwph foØh fdaer

Bjorkuk vkiY;kyk cÚ;kp xks"Vh fopkjkr ?;kO;k ykxrkr-
R;kiSdh lokZr egRokP;k xks"Vh
1- dP;k ekykph fdaer
2- fufeZrh pk [kpZ ¼mRiknu vkf.k euq";cG ½
3- tkfgjkr o foi.kukpk [kpZ
4- çpfyr cktkj Hkko
5- cktkjkrhy ekx.kh
6- ljdkjh fu;e vkf.k VWDl
7- visf{kr uQk
oLrw P;k foØh ojrh fdaerhpk çHkko%

vkiY;k O;olk;koj fdaerhaoj ifj.kke gks.;kps lokZr n`'; ifj.kke Eg.kts
foØhP;k çek.kkr gks.kkjh ok< fdaok ?kV- vFkZ'kkL=K fdaerhph yofpdrk fdaok
fdaerhrhy cnykalkBh xzkgd [kjsnhpk çfrlkn ;kapk vH;kl djrkr- vkiY;k
fdaerh ok<fo.ks dnkfpr vkiY;k foØhps çek.k fdafpr deh djsy] deh
ekftZu}kjs mRiUu dsysY;k ,dw.k u¶;klg deh gks.kkÚ;k ?kVdkl enr djsy-
vkiyh foØh deh >kY;kl vkiyk uQk ok<ow 'kdrks] nj ;qfuVojhy vkiyk
vksOgjgsM [kpZ deh >kY;kl- eaMGkP;k vMhp fdaerhP;k ok<hph LFkkiuk
dj.;kiwoÊ yf{;r {ks=krhy fdaerh cnywu fdaerhP;k ok<hl fnysY;k
cktkjkP;k çfrlknkph pkp.kh ?;k-
fdaer vkf.k O;olk; fLFkrh%

iq"dGnk vki.k Bjoysyh fdaer gh dkgh xzkgdkauk vkiyk O;olk;] mRiknu
fdaok vkiY;k lsoscíy cjsp dkgh lkaxrs] vkiY;k oLrwaps ewY;ekiu djrs-
;kpk ifj.kke vkiY;k cz¡M] çfresoj fdaok cktkjkojhy fLFkrhoj gksrks-
mnkgj.kkFkZ] cktkj Hkkokis{kk mPp nj vkiY;k mRiknukph mPp xq.koÙkk tkghj
djrkr- v'kk osGsl loZlkekU; xzkgd deh fdaerhr brj deh fdaerhph
mRiknus vkf.k lsok 'kksèkrkr-
R;keqGs foØh] loyr vkf.k DykstvkÅV v‚Qj dj.ks vkf.k xzkgdkauk foÜoklkr
?ksÅu vkiY;k mRiknukph xq.koÙkk] ntkZ vkf.k miyCèkrk ákoj tksj |kok
ykxrks- cktkj Hkkokrhy p< mrkj ] xzkgdkaph ilarh] brj mRiknukph
miyCèkrk] tkfgjkr vkf.k yksdfç;rk v';k vusd xks"Vh fopkjkr ?;kO;k
ykxrkr-
cktkjHkko vkf.k LièkkZ

vki.k Bjoysyh fdaer vkiY;kyk cktkjisBseè;s dehrdeh LièkkZRed cuors]
cktkjkP;k Hkkxkrhy vkiY;k fg'';koj ifj.kke djrs- dkgh O;kolkf;d
çfrLièkÊadMwu cktkjkpk fgLlk feGfo.;klkBh fdaerh rkRiqjR;k deh djrkr]
ijUrq rs dk;eph fdaer deh Bsor ukghr- xzkgdkauk vkiys mRiknu okij.;kpk
vkf.k cz¡M çkèkkU; fdaok fu"Bk fodflr dj.;klkBh osG feGkY;kuarj vki.k
vkiY;k fdaerh iqUgk R;k ikrGhi;Zar ok<orkr-
nj i=dkaps Lo:i%
nj i=d @fdaer i=d gs osGksosGh r;kj dsysys dks"Vd vkgs ts mRiknu fdaok
mRiknu lacafèkr [kpkZps loZ ?kVd ,df=r djrs- ;kpk mi;ksx ,[kk|k mRiknukoj
feGok;pk uQk fu/kkZfjr dj.ks ;k djrk rlsp Hkfo";kr rRle mRiknukaph fdaer
Bjok;yk mi;qDr gksrs- vki.k vkrk d‚LV'khV Q‚jeWVpk¼ nji=dkpk ½ lfoLrj
vH;kl d:-
nji=dkr [kkyhy xks"Vhpk lekos'k dsysyk vlrks%

Ø dPP;k ekykph [kjsnh fdaer
Ø çkbZe d‚LV] QWDVjh [kpZ] mRiknu [kpZ] foØh dsysY;k oLrwaph fdaer]
,dw.k fdaer bR;knh ?kVd] mRiknuklkBh ,dw.k ;qfuVph fdaer
Ø ,dw.k [kpkZP;k rqyusr çR;sd [kpkZph VDdsokjh-
Ø O;oLFkkiu [kpZ ¼ixkj] HkkMs bR;knh½
Ø osvjgkÅl [kpZ
Ø foi.ku [kpZ
Ø tkfgjkr [kpZ
Ø foØh ojhy dj
Ø cktkjkrhy fu;af=r ewY;
Ø visf{kr uQk
nji=dkrhy ?kVd
foØhP;k fdaerhoj 20: uQk feGowu ns.;klkBh daiuhph bPNk vkgs
XYZ lkBh efgU;klkBhph i=d-
fu;fer jDde¼Fixed cost½ jDde ¼Inr½ jDde
,dw.k
çR;{k ekykph [kjsnh 80]000-00
vfèkd dP;k ekykpk ¼j‚ eWVsfj;y½
pk vksiu LV‚d tksMk 20]000-00
otk dPP;k eklkrhy lh,y&
closing LV‚d 25]000-00 &
¼other material½ lkexzhpk
fopkj dsyk 75]000-00 75]000-00
vfèkd FksV [kpZ¼direct
expenditure½production
factory expenses 22]000-00
vfèkd FksV [kpZ 5]000-00
çkbe [kpZ ¼basic cost½ 102]000-00
vfèkd Additional@ brj [kpZ
pkyw dke@ fufeZrh pk [kpZ
¼odZ bu çksxzsl½ 4]000-00
dkj[kkuk O;oLFkkidkpk ixkj 15]000-00
brj dkexkjkaps osru
vuqRiknd osru 7]000-00
QWDVjh vksOgjgsM~l 12]000-00 38]000-00
140]000-00
vfèkd MCY;wih v‚Q vksih LV‚d tksMk¼ 13]000-00
,dw.k [kpZ 1]53]000-00
vfèkd ç'kklu fdaok v‚fQloj 28]000-00
mRiknu [kpZ 181]000-00
vfèkd foØh o forj.k 33]000-00 33]000-00
foØhph fdaer 2]14]000-00
vfèkd fdaerhoj 20% ç‚fQV ekftZu 42]800-00
foØh fdaer 2]56]800-00
vUuiw.kkZ x`gm|ksxk rQZs gks.kkÚ;k yks.kP;kP;k mRiknukps nji=d vki.k
mnkgj.kklkBh ikgw- ;kr m|ksftdsyk 20% uQk visf{kr vkgs-
v-ua- ri'khy #i;s #i;s
1 dPpkeky &
fyacs ¼500M>u fyacs $ 15#- çfr M>uçek.ks½ 12]500@&
rsy ¼5 fdyks ps 3 dWu #- 480 çek.ks½ 1]440@&
ehB ¼8 fdyks 20 #- çfr fdyks çek.ks½ 160@&
yky fr[kV ¼5 fdyks 350 #- çfr fdyksçek.ks½ 1750@&
dPP;k ekykph fdaer & 15]850@&
vfèkd& dP;k ekykpk çkjafHkd lkBk&
rsy & 5 fdyksps 2 dWu & #- 960-00 1660@&
fr[kV &2 fdyks #-350çek.ks& #- 700
dPP;k ekykph ,dw.k fder 17]510@&
¼v½
2 vfèkd& dkj[kkU;krhy [kpZ&
L=h dkexkjkaps osru¼#-400çfrfnu ;kçek.ks 12]000@&
6 dkexkj] 5 fnol½ 500@&
fyacs dki.;kP;k ef'ku pk ykbZV fcykojhy [kpZ 3000@&
dkj[kkU;krhy O;oLFkkidkps osru 2500@&
¼15]000çfrekg@5 fnol½
dkj[kkU;kps HkkMs ¼10]000çfrekg @ 1 vkBoMk½
dkj[kkU;krhy [kpZ & 18]000@&
¼c½
3 vfèkd& dk;kZy;hu O;oLFkkiuspk [kpZ &
¼v‚fQl ykbZV chy] Qksu]iksLVst]
dk;kZy;krhy yksdkaps osru] çokl HkÙkk] 'kkldh; 8500@&
dj] dk;kZy;hu HkkMs o brj ç'kkldh; [kpZ½
,dw.k ç'kkldh; [kpZ & 8500@& 44]010@&
¼d½ ¼v$c$d½
4† vfèkd & iWfdax foØh o forj.k [kpZ &
¼yks.kP;klkBh cj.kh]IykfLVd fi'koh] gokcan
jkg.;klkBh os"Vu] cj.khojhy yscy]
okgrwd] tkfgjkr] ,taV] dfe'ku bR;knh [kpZ½ 20]500@&
forj.k foHkkxkrhy [kpZ & 20]500@& 64]510@&
¼M½ ¼v$c$d$M½
5 otk & u okijysyk dPpk eky
2 fdyks rsy & #- 200 ¼&½ 64]510@&
1 fdyks fr[kV &#- 350 ¾ ,dw.k 550 #i;s 550@& &550@&
mRiknukpk ,dw.k [kpZ & 63]960@&
$ 20 visf{kr uQk 12]792@&
vafre foØh fdaer & 76]752@&
;k dPP;k ekykeè;s 325 fdyks yks.kP;kps mRiknu >kys vls x`ghr èkjY;kl
237 #- çfr fdyks nj gksbZy Eg.ktsp 200 xzWe fyackP;k yks.kP;kph cj.kh
vki.k #- 47@& çek.ks fodw 'kdw-
1- foØh fdaer fuf'pr dj.;klkBh
nj i=d ,[kk|k mRiknukph fdaok lsosph fdaer Bjfo.;kl enr djrs- fdaer
i=d mRiknukP;k çR;sd VII;koj fdaer vkf.k mRiknukph ,dw.k fdaer ns[khy
Bjors tsFks u¶;kps ekftZu tksMys tkrs vkf.k v'kk çdkjs foØh fdaer fuf'pr
dsyh tkrs-
2- O;oLFkkidh; fu.kZ; ?ks.;kr enr dj.ks
fdaer i=d r;kj dj.ks O;oLFkkidkauk R;kaP;k fu.kZ; ?ks.;kP;k çfØ;seè;s fofoèk
Lrjkaoj enr djrs tls dh
Ø ?kVd r;kj dj.ks fdaok [kjsnh dj.ks]
Ø fufonseè;s oLrwaph dks.krh fdaer |koh ykxsy]
Ø fo|eku e'khu fVdowu Bsok;ph dh ufou vk.kko;kph]
Ø [kpZ dlk deh djk;pk vkf.k uQk dlk ok<ok;pk]
Ø R;kauk mRiknuklg lq: Bso.;kph vko';drk vkgs dh ukgh gs vksG[kk
vkf.k fu.kZ; ?;k-
3- ctsV r;kj dj.ks% çR;sd O;olk;kdjrk ctsV r;kj dj.ks vR;ko';d
vlrs- laLFkk [kpZ i=dkP;k enrhus ctsV r;kj d: 'kdrkr- vki.k pkyw fdaok
ekxhy o"kkZpk MsVk oki#u ctsV r;kj d: 'kdrks- vki.k fu;fer cuoysY;k
[kpZi=dkP;k vkèkkjs] vkiY;kiq<hy vkfFkZd o"kkZlkBh oLrwP;k fdaerhpk vankt
ykow 'kdrks- iq<hy vkfFkZd o"kkZP;k [kpkZlkBh vko';d rks fuèkh r;kj dj.;kl
o miyCèk dj.;kr R;kph enr gksrs-
fdaerhps ?kVd
1½ eq[; fdaer% ;kr FksV lkexzh] FksV osru vkf.k FksV [kpkZpk lekos'k vkgs-
oSdfYidfjR;k] çkbe d‚LV Eg.kts okijY;k tk.kkÚ;k lkfgR;kpk [kpZ]
mRiknd osru vkf.k FksV [kpZ-
2½ QWDVjh [kpZ% QWDVjh [kpZ fdaok dkekph fdaer fdaok mRiknu [kpZ fdaok
mRiknu [kpkZeè;s vçR;{k lkfgR;] vçR;{k dkexkj vkf.k vçR;{k [kpkZP;k
eq[; fdaerh O;frfjä- ;kr dkykoèkhP;k 'ksoVh MCY;wvk;ihph jDde fdaok
viw.kZ ;qfuV ns[khy lekfo"V vkgs-
3½ mRiknukph fdaer% dkykoèkhP;k 'ksoVh dk;kZy; vkf.k ç'kkldh; [kpZ
QWDVjh [kpkZeè;s tksMyk tkrks rsOgk vki.k mRiknu [kpkZoj fdaok foØh
dsysY;k oLrwaP;k fdaerhoj iksgksprks- ;sFks vkEgh r;kj oLrw m?kM.;klkBh
vkf.k can dj.;klkBh lek;kstu djrks-
4½ ,dw.k fdaer% ,dw.k fdaer fdaok oSdfYidfjR;k foØhph fdaer gh mRiknu
vfèkd foØh vkf.k forj.k vksOgjgsMph fdaer vkgs-
5½ ç‚fQV ekftZu% vkiY;kyk visf{kr u¶;kph VDdsokjh vkèkhp y{kkr ?;koh
ykxrs-
6½ foØh fdaer% vkiY;k ekykph foØh fdaer cktkjkrhy çpfyr fderhP;k
rqyusr [kwi deh fdaok tkLrh ukgh ;kph [kk=h dj.ks o ;k djrk ekdZsV
eèkhy R;kp ç‚MDVps Hkko vkiY;kyk ekfgr vl.ks xjtsps vkgs-
foØh o foi.ku
(Sale Marketing & Distribution)
vkiyk eky rj r;kj vkgs i.k R;k iq<hy egRokph çfØ;k Eg.kts rks eky
xzkgdkai;Zar iksgkspfo.ks- <kscG ekukus ;kykp vki.k foØh çfØ;spk ifgyk VIik
Eg.kw 'kdrks- dqBY;kgh dkekps ;ksX; i)rhus fu;kstu dj.ks gs [kwi egRokps
vlrs- foi.kukykgh ;ksX; fu;kstukph tksM |kohp ykxrs- ákykp vki.k
^foi.kukps O;oLFkkiu* (Marketing) vls Eg.kw;k-
foi.ku % ¼ekdZsfVax½ oLrw o lsok ;kaP;k mRiknukiklwu fdaok fufeZrhiklwu rs

R;kaP;k miHkksxki;Zar R;kauk çokfgr dj.;kP;k mís'kkus dsY;k tk.kkÚ;k fHkUufHkUu
ijarq ,dh—r O;kolkf;d fØ;k- ^foi.ku* ;k ladYiuspk vFkZ foi.ku dk;kZ'kh
lacafèkr ?kVdkauk osxosxG~;k çdkjs vfHkçsr vlrks- foi.ku Eg.kts xzkgdkP;k
n`"Vhus oLrwaph [kjsnh dj.ks] rj dkj[kkunkj o foØsrs ;kaP;k n`"Vhus oLrwaph foØh
dj.ks gks;- tkfgjkrnkjkaP;k n`"Vhus oLrwaph ok lsokaph tkfgjkr dj.ks] rj
okgrqdnkjkaP;k n`"Vhus oLrw cktkjisBsi;Zar iksgkspfo.ks] vlk foi.kukpk vFkZ dsyk
tkrks- okLrfod foi.ku gh ,dp —rh ulwu vusd fØ;kaph rh ,dh—r
lk[kGhç.kkyh vkgs] vls Eg.k.ks vfèkd ;ksX; Bjsy- iqjoBîkkph ;kstuk r;kj
dj.;kiklwu] rs oLrwaps o lsokaps forj.k dj.;ki;Zar vusd dk;kZapk lekos'k
foi.kukeè;s gksrks-
xzkgd gs foi.ku dk;kZps eq[; y{; vlrs- R;keqGs xzkgdkaP;k xjtkaps Lo:i
letkowu ?ks.ks] R;kuqlkj oLrw o lsok ;kapk iqjoBk d:u xzkgdkauk visf{kr
lekèkku feGowu ns.ks] rlsp tkfgjkrra=kpk çHkkoh okij d:u uohu xjtk
fuekZ.k dj.ks] ákyk foi.ku dk;kZr egÙo vlrs- R;k n`"Vhus O;olk; la?kVusph
èkksj.ks] dk;ZØe o O;wgjpusph vk[k.kh dj.ks o lq;ksX; la?kVukekQZr R;kaph
vaeyctko.kh dj.ks ;kpk foi.ku dk;kZr lekos'k gksrksp f'kok; xzkgdkaP;k
Ø;&çsj.kkapk 'kksèk ?ks.ks] R;kapk ifjek.kkRed o xq.kkRed v'kk nksUgh
n`f"Vdksukarwu vFkZ yko.ks] gsns[khy foi.ku dk;kZr visf{kr vlrs-
foi.kuO;oLFksP;k ekè;ekrwu fofoèk xjtkaph iwrZrk gksr vlrs- xzkgdkauk R;kaP;k
vkoMhfuoMhuqlkj o vkfFkZd dqorhuqlkj oLrw feGkY;kus R;kaph xjt rj
Hkkxrsp i.k eq[; Eg.kts R;kauk [kjsnhps lekèkku çkIr gksrs- foLr`r o dk;Z{ke
foi.kuO;oLFkseqGs xzkgdkauk oLrwapk eqcyd çek.kkoj iqjoBk gksÅu R;kaP;k
thouekukr lqèkkj.kk gksrs o foi.ku[kpZgh R;keqGs fu;af=r djrk ;srks-
foi.kukeqGs xzkgdkauk R;kaP;k xjtkauqlkj cktkjisBsr miyCèk vlysY;k fofoèk
çdkjP;k oLrw] oLrwaps fofHkUu mi;ksx bR;knhacíy ekfgrh feGw 'kdrs-
ákrhy egRokps VIis [kkyhy çek.ks vkgsr-
Ø fu;kstu
Ø la?kVu
Ø euq";cG
Ø leUo; o fu;a=.k
ák eqí~;keè;s foØh vkf.k foi.ku ák nksUgh çfØ;k lekfo"V dsY;k vkgsr- ;k
eèkhy Qjd vki.k ikgw Eg.kts ;kps çfØ;srhy egRo y{kkr ;sbZy-
foØ; O;oLFkkiu@ fu;kstu % foØh dk;kZps ;ksX; çdkjs O;oLFkkiu dj.ks Eg.kts
vkiY;kyk eky dqBY;k foØsR;kdMs foØhlkBh Bso.ks ;ksX; vkgs ákph fuoM
dj.ks] ;ksX; i)rhus R;kph fu;qäh dj.ks- tj ekykP;k foØhlkBh] foØsR;kyk
dkgh çf'k{k.kkph xjt vlsy rj R;k foØsR;kyk R;k n`"Vhus ;ksX; çf'k{k.k ns.ks
rjp rks ;ksX; çdkjs çkR;f{kd xzkgdkleksj d: 'kdsy- rlsp vkiY;kdMs
miyCèk euq"; cGkpk R;kaP;krhy xq.k o e;kZnk ákpk fopkj d:u R;kçek.ks
;ksX; O;ähl dke lqiwnZ dsys ikfgts o vkiY;k foØsR;kl vki.k R;kP;k
dkeklkBh lrr çksRlkfgr dsys ikfgts- gs çksRlkgu 'kkfCnd Lo:ikiklwu rs
dfe'ku ok<owu ns.ks] fofoèk HksVoLrw] ;kstuk v'kk fofoèk çdkjps vlw 'kdrs-
R;keqGs R;k ek.klkrhy foØsrk iw.kZi.ks >ksdwu nsÅu vkiys dke djsy-
foi.ku O;oLFkkiukeè;s foi.ku dk;kZps O;oLFkkiu gksr vlrs Eg.kts eky
dsoG fod.ks ,o<sp egÙokps ukgh rj ^xzkgdkps lekèkku* i.k rso<sp egÙokps
vkgs- dkj.k rjp vkiyk xzkgd vkiY;kdMs dk;e ;sr jkghy o vkiyk eky
djrkuk vkiys foØhps mfí"V fdrh vkgs] foØh ok<o.;klkBh vki.k dk; dk;
;kstuk vk[kw 'kdrks R;klkBh ykx.kkjh lkèkus Eg.kts vxnh
ekfgrhi=dkaiklwuP;k loZ xks"Vhapk fopkj djk;yk gok- v'kk çdkjs vkiY;k
y{kkr ;sbZy dh ^foi.ku* gs tkLr O;kid çek.kkoj djk;ph xjt vkgs vkf.k
foØh gh foi.kukeèkhy ,d Hkkx vkgs-
foi.ku ok foØh ps èkksj.k Bjorkuk loZ ?kVdkapk fopkj gks.ks vko';d vlrs-
Eg.kts ,[kknk eky r;kj djk;yk ?ksrY;kiklwu rs R;kph foØh rlsp foØh
i'pkr lsosph xjt vlsy rj gs loZ y{kkr ?;kos ykxrs- foØh dj.kkÚ;k
ek.klkl [kkyhy xks"Vh y{kkr ?;kO;k ykxrkr-
[kjsnh izfØ;k gh foi.kukrhy vk/kkj'khyrk vkgs-
xzkgdkaps oLrw [kjsnhlkBh oLrw [kjsnhph bPNk [kjsnhph izR;{k vafre gsrw
y{k os/k.ks jl fuekZ.k dj.ks fuekZ.k dj.ks Ñrh dj.ks lek/kku
A I D A S
Attention Interest Desire Action Satisfaction
fdear Bjfo.ks % gk ,d çeq[k ?kVd vkgs fdaer Bjorkuk eky ntZsnkj vlsy rj
lkgftdp R;k mRiknukpk dPpkeky egkx vlrks- R;keqGs fdaer vkiksvkip
ok<rs- i.k foØhph fdaer Bjorkuk cktkjkrhy ifjfLFkrh y{kkr ?;koh ykxrs-
R;kps Hkku Bsowup fdaer Bjokoh Eg.kts uQk rj >kyk ikfgts i.k tkLrhr tkLr
cktkjisB gh feGork vkyh ikfgts Eg.kwu vki.k ftFks eky fodrks R;k cktkj
isBspk okjaokj vH;kl] fujh{k.k vki.k d: 'kdrks- R;keqGs >kysys cny
vkiY;k y{kkr ;sÅu R;k çek.ks vki.k vkiY;k fdaerhr cny d: 'kdrks-
,o<sp ukgh rj osxosxG~;k fBdk.kh osxosxGh fdaergh Bsow 'kdrks- rlsp ,[kknh
O;äh rqepk eky ?kkÅd çek.kkr ¼gksylsy½ eksBîk v‚MZjus ?ks.kkj vlsy rj
vFkkZrp rqepk mRiknukpk [kpZ deh vlrks v'kk osGh R;k O;ähyk deh
fdaerhr vki.k eky fodw 'kdrks- ákeè;s vkiyk uQk deh gksr ukgh i.k
mRiknu [kpZp deh >kY;kus fdaer deh jkgrs-
vkiyk xzkgd dks.k vkgs ákpk vH;kl d:u èkksj.k Bjo.ks % Eg.kts vkiyk eky
gk çkeq[;kus dks.kR;k xzkgdkalkBh vkgs ákpk fopkj fdaok R;kps èkksj.k vk[k.ks-
vkiY;k xzkgdkph vkoM] R;kdjrk R;kph iSls [kpZ djk;ph r;kjh] foØh
djrkuk ák xks"Vhph let fdaok Hkku vki.k Bsoys ikfgts- vkiyk eky tkLrhr
tkLr xzkgdkai;Zar iksgkspsy rjp R;kph foØh ok<sy ;kph dkGth lrr ?ksryh
ikfgts-
foØ;o`)h vkf.k tkfgjkr % vktdkyps tx gs tkfgjkrhps tx vkgs- Vh- Ogh-]
orZekui=] lks'ky fefM;k ¼whatsaap, facebook½] ekfgrhi=d] cWuj vkf.k
¶ysDl v'kk vusd ekxkZauh tkfgjkr djrk ;sÅ 'kdrs- vFkkZr ákrhy dkgh
ekè;es [kwi [kfpZd vlrkr- i.k vkiY;k fu;kstukr tkfgjkrhlkBh dkgh [kpZ
oxGwu Bso.ks vktdky xjtsps vkgs dkj.k R;keqGs vkiY;k ekykph ekfgrh
xzkgdkai;Zar iksgksprs ok R;keqGs foØhyk pkyuk feGrs rlsp lrr vkiY;k
ekykps ukao leksj ;sr jkfgY;kl xzkgd dk;e Lo:ih feGork ;sÅ 'kdrks vkf.k
R;keqGs cktkjisBsr te clo.ks 'kD; gksrs- rlsp vki.k tj vkiY;k ekykpk
ntkZ] rks iqjkforkukph ykx.kkjh lsok] [kk|inkFkZ vlsy rj ;ksX; eqnrhrhyp
vlrs- LoPNrk v'kk xks"Vhr lkrR; jk[kys rj xzkgdkpk foÜokl laiknu gksrks
vkf.k ,dk xzkgdkdMwu nqlÚ;kyk ekfgrh feGwu ^mouth publicity* us gh
xzkgd ok<w 'kdrks-¼buy one get one free schemes] ?kkÅd foØhojrh lwV]
fdaok xzkgdkauk vkd"kZd cf{kls oxSjs ;kstuk-½
ekykps ;ksX; vkf.k vkd"kZd iWfdax% tkfgjkrhçek.ks iWfdaxykgh egRo vkgs-
vkd"kZd os"Vu vlysyk eky xzkgdkps y{k osèk.;kps dke djrksp- LièkZsP;k
txkr ,dkp çdkjps 10 daiU;kaps mRiknu vlsy rj vkd"kZd os"Vu vl.kkjk
eky xzkgd vkèkh mpywu ikghy] R;keè;s jaxlaxrh] dkxn] mRiknukph ekfgrh
ns.kkjs fp=] mRikndkph geh] ?kVd inkFkZ] mRiknukps fBdk.k o laidkZps fBdk.k]
fdaer ¼MRP½ b- xks"Vh xzkgdkyk dGwu ;srkr- vkd"kZd os"VuklkBh ps mnkgj.k
Eg.kts fofoèk Gift Articles vls vki.k Eg.kw 'kdrks- i.k uqlrsp vkd"kZdrk gs
packing ps egRo ukgh rj dkgh çdkjP;k ekyklkBh rs vR;ar egRokps vkgs-
mnk- [kk|inkFkZ- ;keè;s gokcan fi'kO;k fdaok ckVY;k tj okijY;k xsY;k ukghr
rj eky [kjkc gksÅ 'kdrks- dkpsP;k fdaok rRle oLrwalkBh FkekZdksy lkj[ks
iWfdax ekykps handling lksis djrs- Eg.kwu ekykP;k ;ksX; gkrkG.khlkBh o
lqj{kslkBh ;ksX; iWfdax xjtsps vkgs- FkksMD;kr Eg.kts tkfgjkr] iWfdax b- xks"Vh
ojhy [kpZ o uQk ákps xq.kksÙkj vkiY;kyk lkèkrk vkys ikfgts-
euq";cGkps O;oLFkkiu o vU; ?kVdkapk leUo;% vkiY;k m|ksxkeè;s
dPpkeky vk.k.;kiklwu rs foØh i;Zar vusd O;ähapk çR;{k vFkok vçR;{k
lgHkkx vlrks- dkgh O;äh vkiY;kdMs dkekyk vlw 'kdrkr rj dkgh O;äh
gaxkeh vFkok da=kVh Lo:ikP;k vlrkr- R;keqGs vkiY;kdMhy euq";cG ;ksX;
i)rhus foi.kuk i;Zar okij.ks xjtsps vkgs- gs djr vlrkuk R;k O;ähph
ikÜoZHkweh] R;k O;ähps dk;Z{ks=] R;kps f'k{k.k] laLdkj] n`"Vhdksu ák lokZapk
fopkj djko;kl ikfgts- dnkfpr ,dp 'kS{kf.kd ik=rk vlysY;k nksu O;äh
iw.kZr% fHkUu Lo:ikP;k vlw 'kdrkr Eg.kwu foØh o foi.ku fØ;sr euq";cGkph
ekufldrk i.k egRokph vkgs-
vkiY;k mRiknukph lgt miyCèkrk% xzkgdkauk vkiyk eky R;kaP;k vxnh
?kjktoG fdaok lgt miyCèk d:u ns.ks gs vfr'k; vko';d vkgs- cktkj isBsr
fdaok yksdfç; nqdkukaeè;s rks feGrks vkgs dk\ lqij ekdZsV lkj[;k fBdk.kh rks
fMLIys gksrks vkgs dk\ xzkgdkapk R;kyk dlk çfrlkn vkgs\ ;k loZ xks"Vhapk
varHkkZo vkf.k fopkj gks.ks xjtsps vkgs-
foi.ku O;oLFkkiukph izfØ;k
cktkjisB la/khps fo'ys"k.k@

mRiknu cktkjisB fuoM]
cktkjisBsph foHkkx.kh dj.ks foi.ku ;kstuk
fodflr dj.ks
y{k cktkjisB
cktkjisBsrhy
LFkkufuf'prh fu;a=.k vkf.k
veayctko.kh
foi.ku feJ o
fodflr dj.ks
foi.kukps Qk;ns
foØh o foi.kukps ;ksX; fu;kstu gs Qä R;k m|ksxkyk mi;qä Bjrs vls uOgs rj
R;kps vU; Qk;ns i.k vkgsr- mRiknd vkf.k forjd oLrwaP;k çHkkohi.ks
foØhlkBh dkgh dk;Zs la;qäi.ks vkf.k dkgh dk;Zs Loa=ri.ks ikj ikMr vlrkr-
ek= vls vlys rjh vafre è;s; nks?kkaP;kgh ckcrhr ,dp vlrs- ^vfèkdkfèkd
foØh* vkf.k ^vfèkdkfèkd uQk* ;kckcr nks?ksgh vkikiY;k ijhus LoIuiwrÊ djhr
vlrkr- O;olkrwu uQk feGforkr- ;keèkwup foi.kukyk ¼Marketing½ egRo
çkIr gksrs- foi.kukps egRo iq<hy çdkjs Li"V djrk ;sbZy-
1½jkstxkjlaèkhr ok<% dkgh tk.kdkj rTKkaP;k ers foi.ku dk;Zs ¼ckaèk.kh]

lkBo.k] okgrwd] tkfgjkr çflènh b-½ vusd vkS|ksfxd vkf.k O;kolkf;d
laLFkkrwu jkstxkj fuekZ.k djrkr- dq'ky R;kpçek.ks fuEudq'ky rlsp vdq'ky
deZpkÚ;kalkBh jkstxkj miyCèk gksrks- ,dk vanktkçek.ks lqekjs 40 deZpkjh
fofoèk foi.ku çfØ;ka'kh lacfèkr vlrkr- teZuh] tiku o la;qä laLFkkus ;k
ns'kkarwu tkfgjkr o çflènh laLFkk] okgrwd foek O;olk;] lkBo.k] ?kkÅd vkf.k
fdjdksG O;kikj dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk ;kaeèkwu Qkj eksBk jkstxkj miyCèk gksrks- foØ;
dyk o tkfgjkr ;k {ks=kr r#.k] gksrd# O;ähauk vkiys lqIr xq.k çdV
dj.;kph laèkh feGrs- foi.ku dk;Zs gtkjksaP;k miftfodsps lkèku curkr-
2½ çekf.kr vkf.k ntZsnkj oLrwaps forj.k% foi.ku çfØ;sr çek.khdj.k vkf.k

çrokjh gh dk;Zs lekfo"V gksrkr- çek.khdj.kkps dk;Z vkS|ksfxd oLrwaP;k ckcrhr
rj çrokjhps dk;Z 'ksrh mRiknukaP;k ckcrhr dsys tkrs- gyD;k çrhP;k oLrw
cktkjkr ;s.;kiklwu çrokjh vkf.k çek.khdj.k dk;kZus çfrcaèk dsyk tkrks-
vktdky iq"dG'kk mRiknukaoj I.S.I Mark vkk.h 'AGMAARK' n'kZfoysyk
vlrks- v'kh fpUgs oLrwapk ntkZ Li"V djrkr- ntZsnkj oLrwp cktkjkr vkY;kus
R;kauk Lora= tkfgjkr djkoh ykxr ukgh- v'kh mRiknus vkiyh vksG[k
vkiksvki iVforkr- ntZsnkj xq.koÙkk èkkj.k dj.kkjh mRiknus fodY;kus foØsR;kph
çfr"Bk rj ok<rsp i.k ukxfjdkaph jkg.kheku ikrGh mapko.;kl lkgk¸; feGrs-
3½ jk"Vªh; mRiukr Hkj% foi.ku ;a=.kk tj çHkkoh vlsy rj foØhyk ;ksX; v'kh
okrkoj.kfufeZrh vkiksvki gksrs- oLrw vkf.k lsokaP;k ekx.khr lrr ok< gksrs-
oLrw vkf.k lsok ;kaP;k mRiknukr ok< djkoh ykxrs ;k lokZapk ifj.kke Eg.kts
jk"Vªh; mRiknukr ok< gksrs- ,dw.k vFkZO;oLFksps ¼vkfFkZd½ fgrlacaèk ikgrk jk"Vªh;
mRiUukr Hkj iM.;kyk fo'ks"k egÙo vlrs-
4½ O;kikjpØkiklwu ¼eanhiklwu½ laj{k.k% O;kijpØ lrr myV &lqyV xrhus]

fn'ksus cktkjisBsr dk;Zjr vlrs- O;kikjpØkP;k xrhps&fn'ksps ifj.kke loZ
O;kolkf;dkauk deh&vfèkd çek.kkoj tk.korkr- ;kps dkj.k iq"dGls O;olk;
ijLijkaoj voyafcr vlrkr- foi.ku dk;Zs eanhP;k ço`Ùkhl jks[kwu èkjrkr-
foi.ku dk;kZeqGs ¼tkfgjkr] çflènh] foØ; dyk bR;knh½ lektkr ,d çdkjkph
tk.kho&tkx`rh fuekZ.k gksrs- lektkyk vkiY;k xjtkaph lrr tk.kho d:u
fnyh tkrs- ;krwu ekx.kh ok<rs- mRiknu ok<rs vkf.k O;kolkf;d o
mRiknulaLFkkaph ?klj.k ¼Depression or Downword Trend½ jks[kwu èkjyh
tkrs- eanhP;k dkGkr iq"dGls NksVs m|ksx can iMrkr] deZpkÚ;kaoj
ûksdjdikrh* ph vkiÙkh ;srs- eksBîkk vkS|ksfxd laLFkkadMwu iqjs'kh ekx.kh feGr
ukgh- foi.ku dk;Zs Eg.kts ^lkewfgd —rh* O;kikjpØkiklwu laj{k.k iqjfors-
5½ forj.k [kpkZr cpr% foi.ku dk;kZeqGs forj.k [kpkZr cpr gksrs- mnk-]
okgrwddk;Z ;klkBh tyn] osxoku vkf.k lqjf{kr okgrwd lkèkus okijyh tkrkr-
jsYos&okgrwd] ekyVªd ;karwu tkLrhr tkLr ekykph okgrwd dsyh tkrs-
tkfgjkr vkf.k çflènh ;k dk;kZeqGslqènk forj.k [kpkZr cpr gksrs- çR;sd
oLrwekxpk ljkljh forj.k [kpZ deh gksrks- lq#okrhl tjh forj.k[kpZ tkLr
okVyk rjh dkykarjkus ekx.kh tlt'kh ok<r tkrs rlkrlk forj.k [kpZ deh
gksrks- ek= gk foi.ku dk;kZpk nh?kZdkGkrp feG.kkjk Qk;nk vkgs-
O;kolkf;d laLFkk] lekt] xzkgd o mRiknd ;kaP;k n`"Vhus mRiknukps egRo

iq<hyçek.ks &
¼1½ O;olk;kps fu;kstu vkf.k fu.kZ; ?ks.;kP;k dkeh enr feGrs- fo'ks"kRos
mRiknu o laxzg.k ;kafo"k;h usedh dks.krh èkksj.ks Bkjfork ;srkr- foØhfo"k;d
vuqeku ¼Sales Forecast½ djrk ;srs- tso<îkk çek.kkr oLrw fodY;k tk.;kph
'kD;rk vkgs rso<îkkp çek.kkr mRiknu dj.;kpk fu.kZ; laLFkk ?ksrs- [kjsnh]
foÙkiqjoBk o xqaro.kwd ;klacaèkhps fu.kZ;lqènk foi.ku dk;kZ'kh nwjkUo;s lacafèkr
vlrkr-
¼2½ u¶;kps fdaok ykHkkps çek.k ok<fo.;kdfjrklqènk foi.ku dk;kZpk mi;ksx
gksrks- foØh [kpkZr ¼Sales Cost½ cpr gksrs- tkfgjkr o çflènhus ekx.khr ok<
gksrs R;keqGs laLFkspk ykHk gksrks-
¼3½ foi.ku dk;Zs mRiknulaLFkspk cká txk'kh laidZ nqok Bjrkr- tkfgjkr laLFkk]
okgrwd laLFkk] laxzg.k lsok ns.kkÚ;k laLFkk] ckaèk.kh lkfgR; iqjfo.kkÚ;k laLFkk
;kaP;k'kh mRikndlaLFkspk lacaèk ;srks- ?kkÅd O;kikjh] fdjdksG O;kikjh o fu;kZr
laLFks'kh ?kfu"B Lo:ikps toGwu lacaèk ;srkr- eè;LFk ;a=.kspk okij dj.;kps
orZu] LièkZdkaph mRiknus o LièkZdkaph fdaer èkksj.ks ;kafo"k;h ekfgrh dGrs-
xzkgdkaP;k n`"Vhus foi.kukps egÙo
¼1½ xzkgdkauk f'k{k.k feGrs% foi.ku çfØ;k tso<h le`èn] çxr o fodlu'khy
vlrs rso<s xzkgd f'k{k.k gks.;kps çek.k vfèkd vlrs- çxr foi.ku ra=keqGs
lektkps ,d çdkjs f'k{k.k gksr vlrs- fujksxh foi.ku LièkZseqGs xzkgdkps Kku
ok<rs- uO;k ra=ç.kkyhph ekfgrh R;kyk feGrs-
¼2½ fdaerhpk Qk;nk% foi.ku çxr ulrs rj nwjoj oLrw u iksgksprk R;k miyCèk
vlrhy rsFkwu vlsy R;k fderhl xzkgdkauk [kjsnh djkO;k ykxY;k vlR;k ijarq
çxr foi.kukeqGs vxnh toGP;k varjkoj o ;ksX; fderhl oLrw miyCèk
gksrkr-
¼3½ vkoMhçek.ks oLrwaph miyCèkrk% foi.kukeqGs fofoèk çdkjP;k] uO;k
QW'kuP;k o uohu jax&:i&xaèk&vkdkjkaP;k oLrw cktkjisBsr miyCèk gksrkr-
R;keqGs xzkgdkauk vkiY;k vkoMhP;k oLrw [kjsnh djrk ;srkr-
¼4½ oLrwlsokaph miyCèkrk% foi.kukeqGs xzkgdkauk R;kaP;k xjtsuqlkj gO;k
vl.kkÚ;k oLrw ok lsok lgt miyCèk gksÅ 'kdrkr- foi.kukeqGs fofoèk ns'kkar
r;kj gks.kkÚ;k oLrw xzkgdkai;Zar iksgksprkr-
¼5½ xzkgdkaph Qlo.kwd gksr ukgh% çxr foi.kukeqGs vusd oLrw cktkjisBsr
miyCèk gksrkr- f'kok; oLrwaP;k fdaerhr [kwi eksBh rQkor jkgr ukgh- R;keqGs
xzkgdkaph Qlo.kwd gksr ukgh-
mRikndkaP;k n`"Vhus foi.kukps egÙo
¼1½ uQk ok<rks% çxr foi.kukeqGs O;olk;laLFkspk oLrw ok lsok xzkgdkai;Zar

iksgksprkr- foi.ku O;oLFkseqGs O;olk; laLFkk egÙke u¶;kps vkiys mfn"V xkBw
'kdrs- ,dk cktwus foi.kukeqGs foØh fdaerhr ?kV djrk ;srs rj nqlÚ;k cktwus
tkfgjkr o foØ;o`ènhP;k lkgk¸;kus foØhps çek.k ok<owu ,dw.k u¶;kr ok<
lkèkrk ;srs-
¼2½ lans'kogukps dk;Z% foi.kukeqGs xzkgdkauk uO;k mRiknukaph] ra=Kkukph
ekfgrh feGrs- mRikndkyk xzkgdkaP;k cnyR;k vkoMh&fuoMhph ekfgrh feGrs-
eè;LFkkauk xzkgd o mRiknd nksUgh cktwadMwu ekfgrh feGrs-
¼3½ lans'kogukps dk;Z% foi.kukeqGs xzkgdkaph la[;k ok<rs- eè;LFkka'kh O;kikj
ok<rks- R;keqGs O;olk;laLFksph la?kVukRed ckaèk.kh HkDde gksrs- u¶;kr ok<
gksrs] mRiknu ok<rs] dkexkjkauk ixkjok< djrk ;srs rj Hkkxèkkjdkauk pkaxyk
ykHkka'k nsrk ;srks R;keqGs O;olk;kl LFkS;Z çkIr gksrs-
¼4½ fu;kstu o fu.kZ; çfØ;sl lkgk¸;% O;olk;laLFksP;k lanHkkZrhy fu;kstu o
fu.kZ; çfØ;sl foi.ku lkgk¸;dkjh Bjrs- lè;kP;k dkGkr foØhP;k vanktko:u
fdrh mRiknu djk;ps gs Bjfork ;srs-
fMftVy ekdZsfVax ps ra= vkf.k ea=
baVjusVus vkiys thou pkaxys o lqlá dsys vkgs- ;keqGs vki.k dsoG Qksu fdaok
yWiV‚i}kjs cÚ;kp lqfoèkkapk vkuan ?ksÅ 'kdrks- v‚uykbZu 'k‚fiax] frfdV cqfdax]
fjpktZ] fcy isesaV~l] v‚uykbZu O;ogkj ¼Online shopping, Ticket booking,
Phone Recharges, Bill payments, Online Transactions½ bR;knh cÚ;kp
xks"Vh vki.k baVjusVP;k ekè;ekrwu d: 'kdrks-
xsY;k dkgh o"kkZaiklwu fMftVy ekdZsfVax gs ekdZsfVaxeè;s VªsfUMax ¼usgeh pfpZY;k
tk.kkÚ;k½ fo"k;kaiSdh ,d vkgs vkf.k ;sR;k dkgh o"kkZar ekdZsfVaxlkBh gs çeq[k
ekè;e vl.kkj vkgs- Eg.kwup çR;sd O;kolkf;dkus fMftVy ekdZsfVax Lohdkj.ks]
fMftVy ekdZsfVax eèkhy dq'ky yksdkauk ukSdjhl Bso.ks vkf.k fMftVy
ekdZsfVax}kjs vkj vks vk; (ROI - Return on Investment) ok<fo.ks vko';d
vkgs- lsYl] vk;Vh vkf.k brj foHkkx vkf.k m|ksx èka|kaeè;s dke dj.kkjs vusd
uksdjnkj dfjvj Eg.kwu fMftVy ekdZsfVaxdMs oGr vkgsr!
fMftVy ekdZsfVax dk vko';d vkgs\
gs vkèkqfudrsps ;qx vkgs vkf.k ;k vkèkqfud dkGkr vki.kgh uohu ra=Kku

f'kdwu R;kpk vkiY;k Qk;|kdjrk o m|ksxkdjrk okij dj.ks vko';d >kys
vkgs- Internet gk ns[khy vkèkqfudrspk ,d Hkkx vkgs] fMftVy ekdZsfVax baVjusV
pk çHkko'kkyh okij d:u vfr'k; l{ke jhrhus djrk ;s.kkjs lkèku vkgs-
vktP;k dkGkr] ftFks çR;{k xzkgdk'kh vki.k FksV laokn lkèkw 'kdr ukgh rsFks]
fMftVy ekdZsfVax P;k ra=k}kjs vki.k iksgkspw 'kdrks] Eg.kwu Digital Marketing
dj.ks vko';d >kys vkgs- çR;sd ek.kwl baVjusV'kh tksMyk xsysyk vkgs] rs loZ=
rks lgti.ks oki: 'kdrks- xzkgd R;kaP;k lks;huqlkj vko';d oLrw baVjusV}kjs
lgt feGow 'kdrkr- vkrk yksd ekdZsVeè;s tk.ks VkGrkr] v'kk ifjfLFkrhr
Digital Marketing O;olk;kyk R;kP;k vafre xzkgd i;Zar iksgkspfo.;kl enr
djrs- Digital Marketing vYikoèkhr ,dkp oLrwps osxosxGs çdkj n'kZow
'kdrs vkf.k xzkgd R;kaP;k vkoMhuqlkj rs ?ksÅ 'kdrkr- lè;kP;k dkGkr rs
vko';d >kys vkgs- O;kikÚ;kykgh O;kikjkr enr feGr vkgs- rks
vYikoèkhrp vfèkdkfèkd yksdka'kh laidZ lkèkw 'kdrks vkf.k xzkgdkauk vkiY;k
mRiknukph oSf'k"Vîks lkaxw 'kdrks-
tj vki.k cktkjkrhy vkdMsokjhdMs ikfgys rj lqekjs 80% [kjsnhnkj dks.krsgh
mRiknu [kjsnh dj.;kiwoÊ fdaok lsok ?ks.;kiwoÊ v‚uykbu la'kksèku djrkr- v'kk
ifjfLFkrhr dks.kR;kgh daiuh fdaok O;olk;klkBh fMftVy ekdZsfVax egRokps
gksrs-
fMftVy ekdZsfVax ps rkRi;Z dk; vkgs\
ykHkkFkÊuk dsaæLFkkuh èk:u tkfgjkr ¼Precise Targeting½% fMftVy ekdZsfVax

tkfgjkrnkjkauk] o;] fyax] vkoM] fo"k;] dhoMZ] osclkbV~l] 'kgj] fiu dksM
oxSjs bR;knhlg tkfgjkr VkxZsV dj.;kph ijokuxh nsrs- ikjaikfjd ekè;ekP;k
rqyusr gs vR;ar ljG lksis vkgs ftFks JksR;kauk fofoèk i)rhuqlkj ,aM VkxZsV dj.ks
dBh.k vkgs-
fjvy Vkbe v‚fIVek;>s'ku ¼Real Time Optimisation½% fMftVy ekdZsfVax}kjs
vki.k vkiY;k tkfgjkr eksfgekauk fjvy Vkbeeè;s cnyw 'kdrks Eg.kts tj
vkiyh j.kuhrh dk;Z djr ulsy rj vki.k yxsp nqlÚ;k èkksj.kkdMs oGw 'kdrks]
rj ikjaifjd ekdZsfVaxeè;s] ,dnk vki.k tkfgjkr fnY;kuarj vki.k frP;kr
e/kse/ks cny d: 'kdr ukgh -
ifj.kke ekst.ks 'kD; ¼Measurable½% fMftVy ekdZsfVaxpk ifj.kke ekst.ks 'kD;
vkgs] vkiY;kyk lgti.ks dGw 'kdrs dh vkiyh tkfgjkr fdrh yksdkai;Zar
iksgpyh vkgs] fdrh yksdkauh vkiY;k tkfgjkrhaoj fDyd dsys vkgs] fdrh
yksdkauh tkfgjkrhrwu vkiyh lsok fdaok oLrw fodr ?ksryh vkgs] yksd vkiY;k
osclkbVoj fdrh osG ?kkyor vkgsr] rs fdrh o dks.kdks.krh osclkbVph ikus
ikgr vkgsr] xzkgd vkiY;kdMs osclkbVoj vkY;kiklqu R;kus R;k lsosP;k fdaok
oLrqP;k [kjsnhlkBh fdrh osG ?ksryk gs ikgw 'kdrks] ts ikjaikfjd ekè;ekeè;s
ekst.ks v'kD; vkgs-
xzkgdka'kh laokn ok<ok ¼Build Enagement½% fMftVy ekdZsfVax cz¡M~luk R;kaP;k
xzkgdkacjkscj lks'ky ehfM;k P;k ekè;ekrwu laokn ok<fo.;kl enr djrs- czW.M
l| ifjfLFkrhr xzkgdka'kh dusDVsM jkgw 'kdrkr vkf.k R;kaP;k [kjsnhP;k ,dw.k
çoklknjE;ku R;kauk cz¡M P;k laoknkr O;Lr Bsowu [kjsnhl enr d: 'kdrkr-
oS;fäd laokn ¼Personalised Communication½% fMftVy ekdZsfVaxpk
lokZr eksBk Qk;nk gk fd rqEgh çR;sd xzkgdk'kh osxG~;k i)rhus laokn lkèkw
'kdrk- ;kçdkjs çR;sd xzkgdkph xjt y{kkr ?ksÅu R;kyk ikfgts R;k ekdZsfVax
laoknkus rqEgh lsok fdaok oLrw ?ks.;kl ço`Ùk d: 'kdrk- ;keè;s R;kaph xjt
y{kkr ?ksÅu] R;kauk ykxq gksbZy vlk laokn d:u rqeP;k cz¡Mps mfí"V feGow
'kdrk-
deh [kfpZd ¼Cost Effective½% fMftVy ekdZsfVax vR;ar LoLr vkgs- ftrds
xzkgd rqeP;k tkfgjkrhaoj Dyhd djrhy] frrdsp iSls rqEgkyk |kos ykxrkr-
rlsp dks.kR;kgh ctsVuqlkj rqEgh lqjokr d: 'kdrk- T;kus tkfgjkrnkjkauk fdaok
daiU;kauk FkksMîkkFkksMîkk ctsVus tkfgjkrh nsÅu R;kapk dk; ifj.kke gksrks ;kph
lqfoèkk feGrs- rqEgh dehrdeh ctsVeè;s tkLrhr tkLr xzkgdkai;Zar iksgpwu
rqeP;k ,dw.k ekdZsfVax [kpkZr dikr d: 'kdrk-
xqaro.kqdhis{kk tkLr Qk;nk ¼Higher ROI½% ikjaifjd ekdZsfVax P;k rqyusr
fMftVy ekdZsfVax deh xqaro.kqdheè;s tkLr Qk;nk feGow nsrs dkj.k vkiY;k
m|ksxkl vko';d vl.kkÚ;k Bjkfod yksdkaukp vki.k tkfgjkr nk[korks
T;keqGs R;klkBh [kpZgh deh ykxrks- lkscrp fMftVy ekdZsfVaxeèkwu rqEgh HksV
ns.kkÚ;k xzkgdkapk ekxksok Bsow 'kdrk vkf.k rs dks.kR;k ekè;ekrwu rqeps xzkgd
cuys ;koj ns[khy y{k nsÅ 'kdrk-
fMftVy ekdZsfVaxps oxÊdj.k v‚uykbu ekdZsfVax vkf.k v‚Qykbu ekdZsfVax
varxZr dsys tkÅ 'kdrs-
fMftVy ekdZsfVax ph v‚uykbZu ekdZsfVax ekè;es ¼Digital Marketing in
Marathi & Online Marketing Channels½
1- lpZ baftu v‚fIVek;>s'ku ¼SEO½
2- lpZ baftu ekdZsfVax ¼SEM½
3- lks'ky fefM;k ekdZsfVax ¼Social Media Marketing½
4- is ij fDyd ekdZsfVax ¼Pay Per Click Marketing½
5- fMLIys ekdZsfVax ¼Display Marketing½
6- dUVsUV ekdZsfVax ¼Content Marketing½
7- vfQysV ekdZsfVax ¼Affiliate Marketing½
8- bZ&esy ekdZsfVax ¼Email Marketing½
9- fOgfMvks ekdZsfVax ¼Video Marketing½
10- eksckbZy ekdZsfVax ¼Mobile Marketing½
fMftVy ekdZsfVax ph mi;qärk

vkrk fMftVy ekdZsfVaxP;k mi;qärscíy tk.kwu ?ksÅ;k%
Ø vki.k vkiY;k osclkbVoj ekfgrhi=d r;kj d: 'kdrk vkf.k R;koj
vkiY;k mRiknukph tkfgjkr d: 'kdrk- fdrh yksd vkiyh tkfgjkr
igkr vkgsr gs nsf[ky 'kksèkys tkÅ 'kdrs-
Ø osclkbV jgnkjh & dks.kR;k osclkbVoj çs{kdkaph la[;k eksBh vkgs &R;k
osclkbVoj Bsok] ts.ksd#u vfèkd yksd vkiY;kyk ikgw 'kdrhy-
Ø vki.k vkiY;k xzkgdka'kh dlk laidZ lkèkr vkgkr gk fo"k; egÙokpk
vkgs- vki.k R;kaP;k vkoMhlg fuoMhoj ns[khy y{k Bsoys ikfgts] ;keqGs
O;olk; ok<w 'kdrks-
foi.ku ¼Ditribution½ ok<o.;klkBh fMftVy ekdZsfVax gs ekè;e cuys vkgs-
R;kpk ;ksX; mi;ksx dsyk rj R;kpk Qk;nk lokZapkap gksÅ 'kdrks gs vkrk fl)
>kys vkgs-
efgyk cpr xV ¼la?kfVr fodkl½
cprxVkalkscr dke djrkuk lkrR;kus fopkjys tk.kkjs dkgh ç'u [kkyhy çek.ks
vkgsr-
Lo;algk¸;rk cpr xV Eg.kts dk;\
loZlkèkkj.k 15&20 yksdkapk@efgykapk vukSipkfjd lewg Eg.kts
Lo;algk¸;rk cpr xV- fuf'pr Lo:ikps mfí"V ?ksÅu Lo&bPNsus ,d=
vkysY;k yksdkapk@efgykapk lewg Eg.kts cpr xV- ,dkp dkj.kklkBh xVkrhy
yksdkaP;k mUurh] fodkl o Qk;|klkBh ,df=r vkysyk lewg Eg.kts cpr xV
gks;-
Ø çR;sd lHkkln leku jDde] Bjkfod dkykoèkhr cpr Eg.kwu ,d=
djrkr o R;kpk mi;ksx lHkklnkaP;k vkfFkZd xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh yksd'kkgh
ekxkZus djrkr-
Ø gh dks.krhgh ;kstuk vFkok çdYi ulwu efgykauk o ;qodkauk la?kfVr
dj.;klkBh] R;kauk fodklkRed Lo:ikps f'k{k.k ns.;klkBhps ekè;e gks;-
cpr xVklkBh 'kklukP;k ;kstuk o Qk;ns-
Ø xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nkfjæ; js"ks[kkyhy O;ähaP;k cpr xVkl xzkefodkl

foHkkxkP;k xzke Lojkstxkj ;kstusr çdYi lapkyd] ftYgk xzkeh.k fodkl ;a=.kk
o xV fodkl vfèkdkjh] ¼iapk;r lferh½ ;kapsdMwu Lo;ajkstxkjklkBh #-
10]000@& vuqnku fnys tkrs o R;koj cWadsdMwu #- 15]000@& dtZ vls
,dw.k #-25]000@& [ksGrs HkkaMoy fnys tkrs-
Ø 'kgjh Hkkxkrhy O;ähaP;k cpr xVkl vk;qä rFkk lapkyd]
egkuxjikfydk ç'kklu ;kaP;k lqo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstusr mik;qä]
egkuxjikfydk o eq[;kfèkdkjh] uxjikfydk ;kapsdMwu Lo;ajkstxkjklkBh
#- 1-25 yk[k ¼50%½ vuqnku fnys tkrs o moZfjr 50% jDde #- 1-25 yk[k
jk"Vªh;—r c¡dsekQZr dtZ:ikus feGrs-
Ø 'kgjh Hkkxkrhy nkfjæ; js"ks[kkyhy ykHkkF;kZl vk;qä rFkk lapkyd]
egkuxjikfydk ç'kklu ;kaP;k lqo.kZ t;arh 'kgjh jkstxkj ;kstusr mik;qä]
egkuxjikfydk o eq[;kfèkdkjh] uxjikfydk ;kapsdMwu Lo;ajkstxkjklkBh 15%
ijarq deky #- 7500@& brds vuqnku 'kklukdMwu fnys tkrs- gs vuqnku
jk"Vªh;—r c¡dsdMhy tkLrhr tkLr dtZ #- 50]000@& oj fnys tkrs-
Ø jk"Vªh;—r c¡dk xVkP;k cprhP;k çek.kkoj 1%2 rs 1%4 ;k çek.kkr
VII;kVII;kus xVkl dtZ nsrkr- lgdkjh c¡dk cpr xVkP;k cprhP;k çek.kkr
Eg.ktsp 1%1 rs 1%4 ;k çek.kkr O;olk;klkBh dtZ nsrkr-
Ø LVsV c¡d v‚Q bafM;k cpr xVkrhy lnL;kyk ?kjckaèk.khlkBh #-
50]000@& o Hkw[kaM [kjsnhlkBh #- 25]000@& dtZ 7-75% O;ktnjkus
nsrs-
cpr xVkps Qk;ns
la?kVu gksrs o cpr vkf.k dkVdljhph lo; ykxrs-

Ø
cpr xVkeqGs vMhvMp.khaP;k osGsl rkrMhP;k
Ø xjtk Hkkxfo.;klkBh
lkodkjkdMwu dtZ ?;kos ykxr ukgh-
Rofjr o lqyHkfjR;k dtZ iqjoBk gksrks o lHkklnkauk cprhph lo; ykxrs
Ø
vkf.k c¡dsps O;ogkj ekfgrh gksrkr-
lkodkjh dtkZP;k rqyusr vR;ar deh O;ktnjkr vkfFkZd lgk¸; miyCèk
Ø
gksrs R;keqGs lnL;kaP;k ,desdkaP;k vkfFkZd vMp.kh lksMfoY;k tkrkr-
lHkklnkaeè;s ijLij lgdk;Z o foÜokl fuekZ.k gksrks-
Ø
lHkklnkauk varxZr dtZ iqjoBk vYi O;ktnjkus gksrks-
Ø
efgyk ?kjkckgsj iMwu R;kauk uohu ckch f'kd.;kph laèkh feGrs-
Ø
efgyk Lokoyach gksrkr-
Ø
efgykauk cpr] dtZ ?ks.ks o ijrQsM dj.ks v'kk vkfFkZd O;ogkjkaph ekfgrh
Ø
gksrs o R;keqGs R;kapk vkRefoÜokl ok<rks-
ljdkjP;k yksddY;k.kkP;k fofoèk ;kstukaph ekfgrh gksrs-
Ø
lektkr LFkku fuekZ.k gksrs-
Ø
ijrQsMhph lo; ykxrs-
Ø
dk;Zjr vlysY;k cpr xVkl ,d o"kkZuarj çrh lHkkln :- 1000@o
Ø
tkLrhr tkLr :- 25000@i;Zar O;olk;klkBh [ksGrs HkkaMoy ¼dW'k
ØsMhV½ feGrs-
nkfjæ; js"ks[kkyhy cpr xVkl O;olk;klkBh :- 1-25 yk[k fdaok 50:
Ø
;kiSdh deh vlsy R;k jdes,o<s vuqnku feGrs-
cpr xV LFkkiusP;k ik;Ú;k ¼LVsIl½

Ø çFke dk;Z{ks=kph fuoM d:u R;k dk;Z{ks=kr tkÅu cpr xVkph ladYiuk
O;ofLFkr o Li"Vi.ks letkowu nsÅu xV LFkkiu dj.;kl çksRlkfgr dsys
tkrs-
Ø xVkeè;s lgHkkxh gks.kkÚ;k 15 rs 20 bPNqd efgyk @ iq:"kkapk xV r;kj
dsyk tkrks-
Ø lokZaP;k laerhus lksbZP;k osGh lkoZtfud fBdk.kh cSBd vk;ksftr d:u
cpr xVkfo"k;h ekfgrh fnyh tkrs-
Ø cSBdhr loZ laerhus xVkyk ,d ukao ns.;kr ;srs o xVkeè;s tek
djko;kP;k cprhph jDde Bjfoyh tkrs-
Ø xVkP;k ukaos c¡dsr [kkrs m?kMys tkrs o çR;sd efgU;kph tek jDde
[kkR;kr tek dj.;kr ;srs-
Ø y?kqflapukps ckcrhr o viax O;ähaP;k ckcrhr 5 O;ähapk xV cufoyk
tkrks-
Ø ,dk dqVqackrhy Qä ,dp O;äh xVkr lHkkln gksÅ 'kdrs-
xV LFkkiuspk
Ø dkykoèkh loZlkèkkj.ki.ks 6 efgus x`fgr èkjyk vkgs- 6
efgU;kauarj xVkph çrokjh ¼Grading½ dj.;kr ;srs-
Ø 'kstkjh jkg.kk&;k efgyk fdaok ,dkp fBdk.kh dke dj.kkjs 15 rs 20
lgdkjh cpr xV LFkkiu d: 'kdrkr-
1½ cpr xVkaph uksan.kh caèkudkjd vkgs dk\
cpr xVkaph uksan.kh caèkudkjd ukgh- ek= rh dsY;kl mi;ksxh vlrs] fofoèk
'kkldh; ;kstukapk Qk;nk ?ks.;klkBh uksan.khph xjt Hkklrs-
2½ uksan.kh dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk dqBY;k\
xzkeiapk;r] ftYgkifj"kn] egkuxjikfydk vknh Lok;Ùk laLFkkauh useysys
vfèkdkjh ukckMZ] efgyk vkfFkZd fodkl egkeaMGklkj[kh eaMGs o v'kkldh;
laLFkk ns[khy cprxVkaph uksan.kh djrkr-
3½ cpr xVkaeè;s fdeku fdrh lnL; ykxrkr \
cpr xVkaeè;s fdeku 10lnL; ykxrkr-
4½ cpr xVkaps çdkj dks.krs \
Ø efgyk cprxV o iq#"kkapk cpr xV
Ø xzkeh.k cpr xV o 'kgjh cpr xV
Ø nkfjnz; js"ks[kkyhy cpr xV o nkfjnz; js"ks ojhy cpr xV
5½ efgyk cpr xVkaeè;s iq#"k lnL; fdaok iq#"k cpr xVkaeè;s efgyk vls
djrk ;srs dk\ ukgh] cpr xV] efgykapkp fdaok iq#"kkapkp vlrks] dk;nk feJ
cprxVkauk ijokuxh nsr ukgh-
6½ cprxVkaekQZr O;olk; djrk ;srks dk\ gks] cprxVkaekQZr O;olk; djrk
;srks] ek=] R;k dfjrk efgykaeè;s O;olkf;dkph ekufldrk #tfo.ks furkar
xjtsps vlrs] R;kauk O;olkf;drsps eqyHkqr èkMs ns.ks o rs xq.k R;kauh vafxdkj.ks
egÙokps vlrs- vkt vusd cprxV vkgsr ts ;'kLohfjR;k vkiyk
m|ksxO;olk; djrkr- 'kklu ns[khy cprxVkauk O;olk; lq# dj.;klkBh
çksRlkgu nsrs-
'kkldh; ;kstuk o efgyk m|kstdkauk vkfFkZd enr dj.kkÚ;k laLFkk
eqæk ;kstuk
;k ;kstusrwu NksVîkk O;olk;kyk dkgh rkj.k ulwugh dtZ fnys tkrs- y?kq
m|ksxklkBh 10yk[kki;ZarP;k dtkZyk rkj.k ulsy rjh pkyrs- ns'kkrhy
y?kqm|ksx {ks=kyk lgk¸; dj.;klkBh gh ;kstuk vkgs- ;kr #-50]000@&
iklwu10 yk[kki;Zarph dtZ fnyh tkrkr- lsYQ gsYi vFkkZr Lo;algk;rk xVk}kjs
ykHkkFkÊyk NksVîkk m|ksxklkBh dtZ feGw 'kdrs- https://mahamudra-
marashtra.gov.in ;sFks vkiyh c¡d 'kksèkk ;k fyadoj- vkiY;k ?kjktoG
dks.kR;k c¡dsrwu gh Ldhe vki.k feGow 'kdrks gs ?kjclY;k rqeP;k LekVZ
Qksuo:u letsy- ;kp osclkbZVoj ;klkBh ykx.kkjh dkxni=s vkf.k vtkZpk
uequk ejkBhr fnysyh vkgsr- eqæk dkMkZ}kjs ,Vh,e vkf.k [kjsnh djrkuk dkMZ
LokbZips ihvks,l e'khueèkwu lq)k iSls okij.;kph lqfoèkk vkgs- gh ;kstuk ,fçy
2015 iklwu HkkjrHkj ykxw >kyh vkgs- ;kr efgyk m|ksftdk rlsp dks.krhgh
Hkkjrh; O;äh ik= vtZnkj vkgs- ;kr QqVosvj] fj{kk] vUu çfØ;k] >sj‚Dl ok
LVs'kujh] nkfxus] vkoGk çfØ;k] C;qVhikyZj] gLrdyk] pgkpk LVkWy] okWVj
çwfQax] QksVks LVqfMvks] oMkikops nqdku] vxjcÙkh cufo.ks] jlk;u fufeZrh]
dsVfjax] fi'kO;k f'ko.ks] jaxdke] fnos cufo.ks] lywu] nksj r;kj dj.ks] odZ'k‚i]
Mªsl f'ko.ks] fdjk.kk ekykps nqdku] fL=;kaph oL=s] ckaxMîkk] ewfrZdke]
O;k;ke'kkGk ¼gym½] d‚EiqVj nq#Lrh] VWDlh] dkS'kY; fodklkps Dyklsl oxSjs
vusd çdkjP;k Lo;ajkstxkjklkBh dtZ feGrs- dkgh eqæk ;kstusr NksVîk m|ksxkyk
rkj.k Bso.;klkBh ç‚iVh] ekSY;oku oLrw oxSjs ykxr ukgh- vkiyh d"Vkph
r;kjh] çkekf.kdi.ks c¡dsps dtZ ijr dj.;kph bPNk] vkiY;k fc>uslps
fu;kstu ;k cGkojp vkiY;kyk HkkaMoy mHks djrk ;sbZy-
egkjk"Vª m|kstdrk fodkl dsaæ% gh laLFkk 'kklukP;k iq<kdkjkus LFkkiu >kysyh

vkf.k m|ksx foHkkxkP;k vkfèkiR;k[kkyh dk;Zjr Lok;Ùk laLFkk vkgs-gh laLFkk
'kklukP;k iq<kdkjkus LFkkiu >kysyh vkf.k m|ksx foHkkxkP;k vkfèkiR;k[kkyh
dk;Zjr Lok;Ùk laLFkk vkgs- ;k laLFksph 1v‚DVkscj 1988 jksth LFkkiuk >kyh
vlwu] laLFkk uksan.kh vfèkfu;e 1960vUo;s vkf.k eqacbZ lkoZtfud foÜoLr
O;oLFkk vfèkfu;e 1950vUo;s uksan.kh—r vkgs-
;k laLFksps eq[; dk;kZy; vkSjaxkcknyk vlwu] ukxiwj] vejkorh] ukf'kd] iq.ks]
dksYgkiwj] ukansM] vkSjaxkckn vkf.k eqacbZ ;k fBdk.kh Lora= foHkkxh; dk;kZy; rj
ftYgkLrjkoj çR;sd ftYg;kr ftYgk m|ksx dsaækr laLFksps vkf.k m|kstdrk
lacaèkhps miØe jkcfo.;klkBh laLFkspk çdYi vfèkdkjh vkf.k R;kP;k enrhyk
lgk¸;d vlrks-
rlap rkyqdk Lrjkoj dk;ZØe jkcfo.;klkBh dk;ZØe vk;kstd vlrkr-
1988 iklwu laLFksus Lo;ajkstxkj vkf.k m|kstdrk {ks=kr toGikl 10 yk[k
ykHkkF;kZauk çf'k{k.k fnya vkgs- jkT;kr m|kstdrspk çpkj vkf.k çlkj Ogkok ;k
n`f"Vdksukrwu laLFksekQZr ^m|kstd* gs ejkBh ekfld çfl) dsya tkra-
egkjk"Vª m|kstdrk fodkl dsaækpk Lo;ajkstxkj vkf.k m|kstdrk fodkl çf'k{k.k
dk;ZØekrhy vuqHko] rTK çf'k{kdkaph miyCèkrk] iksVZy uksan.kh ekè;ekrwu
uksan.kh—r ukekafdr o O;kolkf;d rkaf=d çf'k{k.k laLFkk] çf'k{kd vkf.k laLFksps
usVodZ b- O;oLFkkiukpk çLrqr çdYikP;k vaeyctko.khr mi;ksx d:u
?ks.;kr ;srks-
,elhbZMhps fofoèk çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
m|kstdrk fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe & ¼bZMhih½
m|ksx vkf.k m|kstdrk ;k nksu fHkUu ckch vkgsr- LoHkkor%p m|kstdrk vaxh
vlysyh O;äh R;kus Lor% Bjoys rj mR—"V m|kstd cuw 'kdrks- m|kstdrk
fodflr Ogkoh vlk ç;Ru dsyk tkrks- m|ksx O;olk; gs rhu çdkjps vlrkr-
1- lsok] 2- O;kikj] 3- m|ksx bZMhih gk fo'ks"kr% mRiknukP;k {ks=kr inkiZ.k d:
bfPN.kkÚ;klkBh vR;ar mi;qä dk;ZØe Bjr vkgs- dk;ZØekpk dkykoèkh
6vkBoMs ¼34 fnol½ njjkst fdeku 3 rkl v'kk çdkjs nqikjh fdaok
laè;kdkGph cWp vlrs-
—"kh m|kstdrk fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ¼,bZMhih½

egkjk"Vª 'kklukP;k —"kh] nqXèkO;olk;] fodkl o eRL;O;olk; foHkkx
ea=ky;krQZs ,d egÙokdka{kh ;kstuk jkco.;kr ;sr vkgs- ;k ;kstuseèkwu —"kh
inohèkj] ngkoh ikl fdaok ukikl] ckjkoh ikl csjkstxkj r#.k ;kauk —"kh {ks=krhy
uohu ra=Kku okij.;kckcrps çf'k{k.k nsÅu Lo;ajkstxkj fufeZrhph r;kjh d:u
?ksryh tkrs-
Lo;ajkstxkj fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ¼Mhih,lbZ½

gk dk;ZØe 'kgjh fdaok xzkeh.k HkkxklkBh ftYgk m|ksx dsaækus iqjL—r dsysyk
vkgs- ftYgk m|ksx dsaækrQZs çkeq[;kus iarçèkku jkstxkj ;kstuk] lqf'kf{kr
csjkstxkj ;kstuk b- ;kstuk jkcoY;k tkrkr- ;k dk;ZØek}kjs ;k ;kstukalkBh
ykHkkFkÊ fuekZ.k dj.ks vkf.k R;kauk Lo;ajkstxkjkps ekè;e fuekZ.k d:u ns.ks gk gsrw
vkgs-
fdeku 25 gtkj #i;s rs 50 gtkj #i;s xqaro.kqdhps m|ksx O;olk; r#.kkauh
mHkkjkosr ;klkBh vko';d rh ekfgrh] m|ksxkph fuoM] dtkZP;k ;kstuk]
cktkjisB ikg.kh] foØh dkS'kY;] O;oLFkkiu b- O;k[;kus vk;ksftr dsyh
tkrkr-
iarçèkku jkstxkj ;kstusvarxZr çf'k{k.k
ra=f'k{k.kkoj vkèkkfjr m|kstdrk fodkl

Ø O;oLFkkidh; fodkl çf'k{k.k
Ø çsjd çf'k{kd dk;ZØe
Ø m|kstdrk ifjp; dk;ZØe
Ø d‚EI;qVj çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe
ojhy loZ dk;ZØekeèkhy çf'k{k.kkFkÊuk dk;ZØe ;'kLohjhR;k iw.kZ dsY;kuarj
çek.ki= fnya tkra- 'kkldh; o fue'kkldh; laLFkk ,elhbZMhP;k miØekr
çek.ki= ns.;kr ;sra-
egkjk"Vª O;olk; ekxZn'kZu dsaæ
mncÙkh] fMVtZaV] tsyh] lksi] fQukby ?kjxqrh mRiknua] fofoèk çdkjph Qqya
vkf.k HksVdkMZ] eksR;kps vyadkj] LØhu fçafVax] inohèkjkalkBh laHkk"k.k]
O;fäeÙo fodkl-
laidZ % E;qfufliy 'kkGk] ifgyk etyk] Hkokuh 'kadj ekxZ] nknj ¼i½] eqacbZ 28
dLrqjck efgyk [kknh xzkeks|ksx fo|ky;
efgykalkBh lq: dsysya O;klihB vlwu ,d efgU;kiklwu ikp efgU;kai;Zar
fofoèk eqnrhpa çf'k{k.k ;sFks fnya tkra- vkrki;Zar gtkjks efgykauh ykHk ?ksryk
vlwu vusd efgykauh xzkeks|ksx lq: dsyk vkgs-
laidZ iÙkk % dLrqjck efgyk xzkeks|ksx fo|ky;] vkxk[kku iWysl] uxj jksM] iq.ks
& 411 006
vkS|ksfxd çf'k{k.k laLFkkaps vH;klØe
 egkjk"Vªkr efgykalkBh 15 Lora= vkS|ksfxd çf'k{k.k laLFkk vkf.k 10†
fcxj&'kkldh; efgyk egkfo|ky;s vkgsr- vH;klØekph vk[k.kh] fu;eu
vkf.k ijh{kk êgkjk"Vª jkT; O;olk; f'k{k.k ijh{kk eaMG* ;kaP;kekQZr dj.;kr
;srs- vH;klØekP;k ukokph ;knh iq<hyçek.ks &
bysDVª‚fud xV rkaf=d xV vUu çfØ;k xV
eqæ.k'kkL= xV oL=ks|ksx xV f'ko.k&drZu xV
v'kk vusd NksV;k&eksB;k m|ksx O;olk; çf'k{k.kkP;k vfèkd ekfgrhlkBh
rlap çR;{k HksV.;klkBh >si m|ksfxuh dk;kZy;] ;kf'kok; ,elhbZMh eqacbZ
fMfOgtups inkfèkdkjh jkBksM% 94030 78773 ;kaP;k'kh laidZ lkèkkok-
efgyk uom|kstdkalkBh Hkkjr ljdkjP;k 9 [kkl ;kstuk%
vyhdMP;k dkGkr efgyk l{kehdj.kkps okjs osxkus okgrs vkgs- fL=;k ns[khy
pkdksjh ckgsj iMwu Lor%yk fl) d:u ;'kkps ,dsd f'k[kj xkBr vkgsr- çR;sd
vkOgkukoj ekr dj.;klkBh Lor%yk l{ke cuo.;kdMs R;kapk tkLr dy fnlwu
;srks vkgs-R;krY;k R;kr egRokps Eg.kts fryk ?k:u ;kdfjrk ikfBack feGrks
vkgs- gs fp= Qkj vkÜokld vkgs-f'kok; vk.k[kh ,d dkSrqdkLin xks"V Eg.kts
vkrk efgykaP;k ák çxfrP;k okVpkyhr efgykauk vk.k[kh l'kä dj.;klkBh
Hkkjr ljdkjus vusd ikoys mpyyh vkgsr]R;krysp ,d egRokps ikÅy Eg.kts
[kkl efgykauk MksG~;kleksj BsÅu fofoèk ;kstuk vk[kY;k vkgsr vkf.k
,o<îkkojp u Fkkacrk] R;k ;kstuk uhV jkcoY;kgh tkr vkgsr-R;keqGs efgykauk
vkiyh çfrHkk nk[ko.;kph vkf.k vkiyh vksG[k fuekZ.k dj.;klkBh eksykph
enr >kyh vkgs-
ekuuh; iarçèkku ujsaæ eksnh Eg.krkr] ßfodkl çfØ;sr efgykaph laiw.kZ Hkkxhnkjh
ulsy rj dks.krkgh ns'k çxrh d: 'kdr ukgh-Þ Eg.kwup efgyk l'kähdj.k
vkf.k lqj{kslkBh Hkkjr ljdkjus fofoèk ikoys mpyyh vkgsr- Hkkjrkr csVh
cpkvks] csVh i<kvks] LV¡M vi bafM;k] fe'ku baæèkuq"k vkf.k brj vusd t.kkauh
iq<kdkj ?ksryk vkgs vkf.k ;s.kkÚ;k çR;sd fnolkxf.kd ákr vfèkdkfèkd efgyk
m|ksftdkapk lekos'k gksrks vkgs-
gs dsoG 'kgkjkaiqjrs e;kZfnr ulwu ákpk çpkj çlkj ygkueksBîkk xkokarwugh
>kysyk vkiY;kyk igk;yk feGrks- Hkkjrkrhy LVkVZvi&vi bdksflLVheeè;s
efgyk m|kstd loZ= fnlw ykxY;k vkgsr- ?kjkaP;k pkj fHkarharwu ckgsj iMwu
Hkkjrkrhy m|ksx {ks=kr lkehy gksrkuk fnlr vkgsr-
ákps lokZr eksBs vkf.k egRokps dkj.k Eg.kts fofoèk c¡dk efgyk m|kstdkauk nsr
vlysys HkkaMoy- c¡dsdMwu [kkl efgykalkBh v'kk fo'ks"k dtZ ;kstuk vkgsr
T;kr rkj.k] O;kt nj b- ckcrhr vVh o 'krÊa FkksMîkk f'kfFky vkf.k yofpd
Bso.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- v'kkp dkgh ;kstukaph ekfgrh vkt vkEgh
rqeP;klkBh ?ksÅu vkyks vkgksr- rj c?kw;k dk; vkgsr ák ;kstuk
eqæk ;kstuk
C;qVh ikyZj] Vîw'ku lsaVj] Vsfyfjax ;qfuV bR;knhlkj[;k ygku m|ksxkph lq#okr
dj.kkÚ;k efgykalkBh gh lkekU; ljdkjh ;kstuk ykxw vkgs- T;k efgyk
,df=ri.ks çkjaHk d: bfPNrkr R;kaP;klkBh ns[khy gh ;kstuk mi;qä vkgs-
;k ;kstusvarxZr 50]000 #i;kaiklwu 50yk[k #i;kai;Zar dtZ eatwj dsys tkÅ
'kdrs- ákr dtkZph jDde 1 yk[kkais{kk tkLr vlsy rjp rkj.k vkf.k xWjsVajph
vko';drk vlrs-
;k ;kstus varxZr rhu ;kstuk vkgsr% f'k'kq ;kstuk ¼uohu O;olk;kalkBh
50]000 i;Zar dtZ½] fd'kksj ;kstuk ¼50]000 rs 5 yk[kkaeèkhy pkaxY;k
laLFkkalkBh dtZ½] r:.k ;kstuk ¼ 5 yk[k rs 10 yk[k #i;kanjE;ku dtZ
O;olk; foLrkjklkBh½-
VªsM ¼O;kikj lacafèkr m|kstdrk lgk¸; vkf.k fodkl½ ;kstuk
;k ;kstuspk mís'k fL=;kauh pkyoysY;k çdYikauk çksRlkgu ns.ks] fof'k"V çf'k{k.k
o lYyk ns.ks vkf.k R;klacafèkr xjtk iw.kZ dj.ks vlk vkgs- R;klkBh efgykauk
;ksX; rh ekfgrh iqjfoyh tkrs-
çsj.kk %
áklkBh efgykauk dtZ ns.kkÚ;k laLFkkauk R;kauh dksV dsysY;k ¼ewY;kafdr dsysY;k½
,dw.k çdYi [kpkZP;k 30 VDds i;Zar jDde ljdkjdMwu vuqnku Eg.kwu fnyh
tkrs- brj 70VDds foÙkiqjoBk laLFksdMwu dsyk tkrks-
efgyk m|ksx fuèkh ;kstuk%
Le‚y baMLVªht MsOgyiesaV c¡d v‚Q bafM;k ¼,lvk;Mhchvk;½ }kjk nsÅ dsyh
xsysyh gh ;kstuk uohu y?kqm|ksx LFkkfir dj.;klkBh 10 yk[k #i;kai;Zar
vkfFkZd lgk¸; çnku djrs-ák ;kstus varxZr fo|eku çdYikaps mUurhdj.k vkf.k
vkèkqfudhdj.k dj.;klkBh ns[khy enr dsyh tkrs- dtkZph ijrQsM 10 o"kkZar
djkoh ykxrs vkf.k ;kr ikp o"kkZapk vfèkLFkxu ¼Moratorium½ dkykoèkh
ns[khy vlrks- ;kf'kok;] ;k dtkZojhy O;kt nj cktkjkP;k njkuqlkj cnyw
'kdrkr-
vUuiw.kkZ ;kstuk% gh ;kstuk LVsV c¡d v‚Q EgSlwj dMwu iqjfo.;kr vkysyh vkgs-
T;k efgykapk iWd dsysys tso.k] LuWDl bR;knh fod.ks v'kk çdkjpk m|ksx vkgs
R;kauk ;k ;kstus varxZr O;olk;kpk foLrkj dj.;klkBh dkgh jDde dtZ Eg.kwu
eatwj dsyh tkrs-
R;kr tkxk] Lo;aikd?kjkr okijys tk.kkÚ;k oLrw] lkèkus o midj.ks ákaph [kjsnh
ák lkj[;k xks"Vhapk lekos'k vkgs- ;k dtkZlkBh rkj.k lqj{kk Eg.kwu lacafèkr
ekyeÙksP;k ekydhlg xWjsVaj vko';d vkgs- ;kf'kok; fnyh tk.kkjh tkLrhr
tkLr jDde 50]000vkgs- gh jDde 36 efgU;kar lqyHk ekfld gIR;keè;s
Hkj.ks vko';d vkgs] rFkkfi] dtZ eatwj >kY;kuarj] dtkZoj ifgY;k
efgU;klkBh bZ,evk; Hkjkok ykx.kkj ukgh-
efgyk m|kstdkalkBh L=h 'käh iWdst%
gs ygku O;olk;kr cgqla[; ekydh ¼50 VDD;kagwu vfèkd½ fL=;kauk fnys tkrs-
efgykauk R;kaP;k lacafèkr jkT; ,tUlh}kjs vk;ksftr m|kstdrk fodkl dk;ZØe
¼bZMhih½ eè;s ukekadu dj.;kph xjt vkgs-
PM India
;k ;kstusvarxZr 2 yk[kkais{kk tkLr dtkZojhy 0-05 VDds O;kt loyr feGw
'kdrs-
Hkkjrh; efgyk O;olk; c¡d dtZ;kstuk
;k ;kstuseè;s mRiknu miØekaP;k efgyk O;kolkf;d ekydkalkBh 20 dksVh
#i;kapk dtkZpk lekos'k vkgs- lw{e vkf.k y?kq m|ksxkalkBh ØsfMV xWjaVh QaM VªLV
varxZr] 1 dksVh #i;kai;Zar dtkZlkBh rkj.k dj.;kph xjt ukgh- ;k c¡dsP;k
dtkZP;k ;kstus varxZr dtkZph ijrQsM lkr o"kkZar djkoh ykxsy-;k ;kstusph
vaeyctko.kh Hkkjrh; efgyk c¡dsus dsyh gksrh gh c¡d uarj 2017 eè;s LVsV
c¡d v‚Q bafM;keè;s foyhu >kyh-
nsuk 'käh ;kstuk% 'ksrh] mRiknu] lw{e ir] fdjdksG ekykph nqdkus fdaok rRle
y?kq m|ksxkaeè;s efgyk m|kstdkalkBh gh ;kstuk #i;s 50 gtkj rs 20 yk[k
#i;kai;Zar dtZ miyCèk d:u nsrs-
lsaV dY;k.kh ;kstuk& Central Bank of India
lsaVªy c¡d v‚Q bafM;kus miyCèk d:u fnysyh gh ;kstuk efgyk O;olk;
ekydkalkBh 'ksrh dk;Z fdaok fdjdksG O;kikj ;klkj[;k dkeklkBh r;kj
dj.;kr vkysyh vkgs-
;k ;kstusvarxZr 1 dksVh #i;kai;Zarps dtZ eatwj dsys tkÅ 'kdrs- R;klkBh
dqBY;kgh çdkjps rkj.k fdaok xWjaVjph vko';drk ukgh- ák dtkZojhy O;ktnj
cktkjkrhy fHkUu njkaoj voyacwu vlrkr-
rj ák gksR;k Hkkjr ljdkjP;k dkgh egRokdka{kh ;kstuk T;k [kkl efgykalkBh
r;kj dj.;kr vkysY;k vkgsr- vkf.k efgyk l{kehdj.kkar eksykpk okVk mpyr
vkgsr- rqeP;k vksG[khr] ekfgrhr tj v'kk dks.kh efgyk vlrhy T;k ;k
;kstuspk ykHk ?ksÅ 'kdr vlrhy rj gh ekfgrh R;kaP;k i;ZUr t:j iksgkspok
vkf.k efgyk lcyhdj.kkar vkiyk [kkjhpk okVk mpyk-
m|ksfxuh ;kstuk%
18 rs 45 o;ksxVkrhy efgyk m|kstd] 'ksrh] fdjdksG vkf.k v'kk çdkjP;k
y?kq m|ksxkaeè;s xqarysY;k vkgsr] R;kaP;klkBh ;k ;kstusvarxZr 1 yk[k
#i;kai;Zar dtkZph lks; dsyh xsysyh vkgs- ák dtkZpk ykHk ?ks.;klkBh lacafèkr
efgysP;k dqVqackps okf"kZd mRiUu 45]000 #i;kais{kk deh vl.ks vko';d
vkgs- rlsp] foèkok] fujkèkkj fdaok v{ke efgykalkBh dks.krhgh mRiUu e;kZnk
Bjo.;kr vkysyh ukgh- vuqlwfpr tkfr tekrhaeèkhy foèkok] fujkèkkj fdaok
viax efgykalkBh] dtkZP;k 30VDds vuqnku fnys tkrs ts 10]000:i;si;Zar
vlw 'kdrs-
;k m|ksxkadfjrk feGrs m|ksfxuh ;kstus varxZr dtZ- gs dtZ ts osxosxG~;k foÙk
laLFkkdMwu efgyk m|kstd ?ksÅ 'kdrkr-
Agarbatti Manufacturing & vxjcÙkh cuo.ks
Audio & Video Cassette Parlour& fOgfMvks ikyZj
Bakeries & csdjh
Bangles & ckaxMîkkapk dkj[kkuk
Beauty Parlour& L=h lkSan;Zçlkèku x`g
Bedsheet & Towel Manufacturing& pknjh vkf.k V‚osy mRiknu
Book Binding And Note Books Manufacturing & oák o iqLrds
ckbafMax
Cane & Bamboo Articles Manufacturing& ckacw vkf.k 'kksHksP;k oLrw
Canteen & Catering& d¡Vhu vkf.k dsVfjax
Chalk Crayon Manufacturing & jaxhr [kMwps mRiknu
Chappal Manufacturing & pIiy vkf.k cwV mRiknu-
Crèche& ikG.kk?kj
Cut Piece Cloth Trade& dkiM foØh
Dairy & Poultry Related Trade & nqXèk O;olk; o dqDdqV ikyu
Dry Fish Trade & lqD;k eklGhph foØh
Eat & -Outs & [kk|inkFkkZaph xkMh o Vijh
Edible Oil Shop &rsykpk ?kk.kk
Fish Stalls& eRL; foØh
Flour Mills & fiBkph fxj.kh
Flower Shops& Qqykaps nqdku
Fuel Wood& ykdwM vkf.k dksGls o[kkj
Gift Articles& HksVoLrwaph fufeZrh ok foØh
Gym Centre& O;k;ke 'kkGk
Handicrafts Manufacturing& dykRed oLrw mRiknu o foØh
Ice Cream Parlour& vkbZLØhe ps nqdku
Jam, Jelly & Pickles Manufacturing&tWe ]yks.kph mRiknu
Job Typing & Photocopying Service& Vkbfiax o QksVksd‚ih e'khu
Library& iqLrdky;
Mat Weaving& pVbZ
Match Box Manufacturing& dkMsisVh cuo.ks
Milk Booth& nqèkkps LV‚y
Mutton Stalls- ekl o eV.k foØh
Newspaper, Weekly & Monthly Magazine Vending& isij o
ekfld foØsrs
Old Paper Bags & dkxnh fi'kO;k
Pan & Cigarette Shop& iku o flxkjsV ps nqdku
Papad Making& ikiM cuo.ks
Phenyl & Naphthalene Ball Manufacturing& fQusy o MkacjxksG~;k
mRiknu
Photo Studio& QksVks LVqfMvks
Plastic Articles Trade & IykfLVdP;k oLrwaph foØh
Pottery& ekrh dke o ewrÊ mRiknu vkf.k foØh
Printing & Dyeing of Clothes- jaxkjh@dkiMkojps NikbZ dke
Quilt & Bed Manufacturing& xksèkMh vkf.k xknh dkj[kkuk
Readymade Garments Trade& r;kj diMs
Real Estate Agency&bLVsV ,tUlh
Sari & Embroidery Works& lkMh vkf.k Hkjrdke
Security Service&lqj{kk O;oLFkkid vkf.k lsok
Shikakai Powder Manufacturing& f'kdsdkbZ mRiknu vkf.k foØh
Silk Weaving& js'khe Hkjrdke
Silk Worm Rearing& js'khe mRiknu
Soap Oil, Soap Powder & Detergent Cake Manufacturing&
lkc.k] lqxaèkh rsys] lkc.k ikoMj
Stationery Shop& LVs'kujh ps nqdku
Sweets Shop& feBkbZ ps nqdku
Tailoring& f'ko.k dke
Tea Stall& pgkph Vijh
Travel Agency&VªWOgy ,tUlh
Tutorials& f'kdo.kh o Vîq'ku Dykl
Vegetable & Fruit Vending& QGs o Hkkthikyk foØh
Vermicelli Manufacturing& 'kso;k cuo.ks
Woollen Garments Manufacturing& yksdjh LosVj vkf.k oL=s
y?kq m|ksx] x`g m|ksx] deh HkkaMoykrhy m|ksx
fc>usl EgVya dh dksVîkkoèkhpa HkkaMoy ikfgts gk eksBk xSjlet yksdkaeè;s

vlrks- [kj fc>usl gk deh HkkaMoykrgh gksÅ 'kdrks- ekfgrhpk vHkko vlrks-
vkiY;kyk fc>uslph vkoM èkkMl vkf.k usr`Ro vlsy rj rs rqEgh Lor%ph
xqrao.kwd u djrkgh mÙke O;olk; d: 'kdrk- vkiyh yksd lglk m|ksx {ks=kr
f'kjk;yk r;kj gksr ukghr dkj.k R;kr èkksdk Hkklrks- lglk vki.k ikgrksp eqacbZ
lkj[kh vkfFkZd jktèkkuhps 'kgj vkiY;k egkjk"Vªkr vlwuns[khy vki.k uksdjh
P;k 'kksèkkr HkVdr vlrks- O;olk; t:j djkok- Qä ekfgrhpk vHkko vkf.k
ekxZn'kZu gs dkj.k ulkoa ;kdfjrk bFks deh vFkok fcuHkkaMoyh ulrkuk dks.krs
O;olk; d: 'kdrks ;kph vkiY;kyk ;knh nsr vkgs-
1- d‚Qh @ pgk 'k‚i
gks;] pgk vkf.k d‚Qh gk ,d pkaxyk O;olk; i;kZ; vkgs- deh HkkaMoykr rks
rqEgh d: 'kdrk- R;kr vkiY;kyk d‚Qh fdaok pgk Qä pkaxys vl.ks
vko';d vkgs] i.k R;kpcjkscj Nku okrkoj.k vl.ksgh vko';d vkgs- vkiys
LFkku rlsp pkaxys vl.ks vko';d vkgs- rlsp] vkiY;kyk fof'k"V tkxh
vl.ks vko';d vkgs tsFks yksdkaph onZG vlsy- cgqrka'k yksdkaps] loZ
o;ksxVkps fç; is; gs pgk vlrs- tj vki.k ;klkBh ;ksX; tkxk fuoMyhr rj
tls d‚yst ,fj;k rlsp yksdkaP;k eksD;kph tkxk rj gk O;olk; deh
xqaro.kqdhr vkf.k deh fjLd vlysyk uDdhp vkgs- rlsp d‚yst ,fj;keè;s
ltkoV- FkksMîkk';k d‚yst eqykalkBhP;k lqfo/kkapk fopkj dsyk rj gk O;olk;
uDdh mÙke Bjsy-
2-LekVZQksu nq#Lrh
LekVZQksu gk ?kjk?kjkr okijyh tk.kkjh oLrw vkgs gk uDdhp deh iS'kkrhy
xqaro.kqdhus lq)k gk O;olk; gksÅ 'kdrks- vki.k LekVZQksu nq:Lr dls d:
'kdrks gs tk.kwu ?ksÅ 'kdrk- vki.k dkgh Hkkx [kjsnh d: 'kdrk ¼vki.k vfèkd
lkekU; fo"k;kaph ;knh djkoh½ vkf.k vki.k ,[kknk course d: 'kdrk fdaok
vki.k YouTube oj fOgfMvks ikgw 'kdrk ts vkiY;kyk nq#Lrh d'kh djkoh gs
nk[korkr- vki.k pkaxys iSls dekow 'kdrk ijarq iq<s tk.;klkBh FkksMk èkhj èkjyk
ikfgts- ,[kk|k dk;kZy;hu bekjrhrhy etY;koj vxnh NksVs nqdku HkkMîkkus
?ksÅu gk O;olk; pkyw d: 'kdrk-
3-Hkkstu ¼ [kkukoG vkf.k fVfQu ½ r;kj dj.ks
Hkkstu r;kj dj.;kph lsok ok<w ykxyh vkgs vkf.k baVjusV gh lqfoèkk nsr vkgs]
;keqGs xzkgdkauk vkdf"kZr dj.ks vkf.k lsok ns.ks lksis gksr vkgs- gk O;olk; le`)
gksr vkgs vkf.k vki.k ikgrkp lektkeè;s o;Ldj rlsp O;Lr dkedktkps
yksd Hkjiwj vlrkr] ts usgeh Lo;aikd dj.;kl osG ?kkyo.kkj ukghr- R;klkBh
vkiY;kyk tso.kkph mÙke po o rkts] ikSf"Vd tso.k r;kj d:u vkf.k
dk;kZy;s o ?kjkr iqjfo.;klkBh vki.k vkiY;k Lo;aikd?kjkrwu deh xqaro.kwd
d:u vkiyk ygku O;olk; lq: d: 'kdrk-
4-?kjxqrh vUu inkFkZ ¼Homemade products½
?kjxqrh vUuinkFkkZauk 'kgjh Hkkxkr vkrk ekx.kh ok<w ykxyh vkgs- fpoMk]
pdyh] eksnd] ykMw] fpjksVs] iqj.kiksGh vls l.kkokjkdjrk cu.kkjs inkFkZ] rlsp
'kqHk dk;kZlkBh ykx.kkjs QjkG o ijaijkxr inkFkZ ;kdfjrk xzkgd pkaxyh fdaer
ekstk;yk r;kj vlrks- inkFkkZaP;k mR—"Vrspk ntkZ lkaHkkG.ka vkf.k R;kr lkrR;
Bso.ka gh egRokph tckcnkjh vlrs-
5-lks'ky fefM;k lsok
lks'ky fefM;k Eg.kts Qslcqd ] V~ohVj] linkedin, instagram, e-mail] çR;sd
daiuhyk branding] vkf.k promotion ph vko';drk vlrs- lks'ky fefM;k
vkt O;olk;kr egRokph Hkwfedk ctkors- cÚ;kp daiU;k branding, vkf.k
promotion rlsp uohu dke feGo.;klkBh fo'ks"kK vkf.k lkekftd fefM;k
lsok ns.kkÚ;kadMs ikgrkr- lsok iqjo.kkjh vki.k Lor%ph daiuh lq: d: 'kdrk
ts O;olk;kalkBh vkgs] Cy‚x] Qslcqd] fyaDMbu vkf.k fV~oVj [kkR;kaoj vkf.k
Qslcqd i`"Bkaoj iksLV d: 'kdrk- lks'ky fefM;kpk ok<rk okij ikgrk
Hkkjrkrhy lokZsR—"V O;olk; dYiukaiSdh gk ,d vkgs-
6-Hkk"kkarj lsok ¼translation service½
vkt vusd daiU;k txHkjkr dke djrkr vkf.k dkghosGk R;kauk Hkk"kkalanHkkZr
leL;k ;srkr- R;kauk dk;Z djrkuk vuqokn dkxnkaph vko';drk vlrs rlsp
R;k dk;ns'khj vkf.k oS|dh; daiU;k vlrhy rj vki.k vL[kfyri.ks
cksy.kkÚ;k ,d fdaok nksu Hkk"kkaeè;s [kkl vH;kl d: 'kdrk fdaok vki.k brj
Hkk"kkarjdkjkdMwu T;kauk R;k Hkk"kk voxr vkgsr v'kkadMwu dke d:u ?ksÅu nsÅ
'kdrk- gk mÙke O;olk; vkgs-
7- ikGho çk.;kaph dkGth ¼Pet Care½
vki.k ,d çk.khçseh vlky rj gk O;olk; vkiY;klkBh vkgs- vkiY;kdMs
vls dkgh yksd vkgsr fd ts çk.kh ikGrkr ijarq dkgh dkj.kkeqGs R;kaph dkGth
?ks.;kl vleFkZ vlrkr- vki.k R;k ikGho çk.;kph dkGth ?ks.;klkBh R;kauk
iSls vkdk: 'kdrk 'kdrk- 'kgjh Hkkxkeè;s] gs ,d pkaxys O;olk; e‚Msy vlw
'kdrs-
8- [ksG.;kaps nqdku ¼toy shop½
eqykauk [ksG.kh [kwi vkoMrkr- vkf.k rs [kwi vkoMhus vkf.k gêkus [ksG.kh [kjsnh
djrkr- ikydgh vkiY;k eqykP;k vkuanklkBh egkxMh [ksG.kh miyCèk d:u
nsrkr- vki.k vkiY;k {ks=kr ygku [ksG.;kaps nqdku ¼HkkMs rRokoj ½ lq: d:
'kdrk- vki.k vkiY;k nqdkukr vuqdwy QWUlh [ksG.kh Bsow 'kdrk-
9-¶yksvj fey lsok ¼fiBkph fxj.kh½
¶yksvj fey lsok] pDdh gk ,d pkaxyk O;olk; vlw 'kdrks- jkstP;k vkgkjkr
ukuk çdkjph ihBs ykxrkrp- FkkyhihB Hkkt.kh] pdyh Hkkt.kh] ?kkou ihB]
miokl Hkkt.kh v'kh vusd mRiknus vxnh ?kjxqrh Lo:ikrwu] ?kj?kaVh ?ksÅu lq)k
rqEgh r;kj d:u fodw 'kdrk-
10-ulZjh vkf.k ckx ltkoV
uDdhp iqUgk ,dnk] gh deh xqaro.kwdhlg ,d mÙke y?kq m|ksxkph dYiuk vkgs-
i;kZoj.kkcíy ok<ho tkx#drk] vkoM o VªsaM vlY;keqGs Eg.kwu ns[khy cjsp
yksd vkrk R;kaP;k ?kjkleksj vkf.k dk;kZy;kaeèks ygku jksis vkf.k ckx ;kph
ltkoV djrkr- vki.k gk O;olk; vkiY;k ?kjkrwu m?kMw 'kdrk- ;kO;frfjä
vki.k [krs] fc;k.ks vkf.k brj ckx vko';drkaps iWdsV fodw 'kdrk- gk deh
HkkaMoykpk pkaxyk vkf.k lksik O;olk; vkgs- fufoZ"k Hkkthikyk vkiyk vki.k
vkiY;kp xPphoj fdaok vax.kkr fidok;pk ;kdMs 'kgjh ukxfjd oGr vkgsr-
11- tke] yks.kph vkf.k l‚lsl
lè;k yksd R;kaP;k vkjksX;kfo"k;h tkLr dkGth ?ksrkr rsOgk LokLF; gs egÙokps
vkgs- [kk.;kr ?kjxqrh o mÙke tke yks.kph vkf.k ;kphgh vkoM ok<r vkgs-
vktdky xzkgd miHkksx ?ks.kkÚ;k [kk|inkFkkZaiklwu lkoèk vlrkr T;kr
dks.kR;kgh çdkjP;k jlk;ukapk ¼preservatives½ lekos'k vlrks- ;k
ifjfLFkrheqGs] jlk;ueqä vlysY;k ikjaifjd ikd—rhalfgr tke] yks.kph] l‚l
vkf.k dspIl vki.k deh [kpkZrys cuow 'kdrk-
12-dsDl vkf.k bekary
vki.k pkaxY;k ntkZP;k vksOgulg dsDl] efQu ¼dsdpk ,d izdkj½] dqdht
vkf.k brj csdjh oLrw cuow 'kdrk- ;k cuo.;kdfjrk deh xqaro.kwd O;olk;
m?kMw 'kdrk-;k NksVîkk O;olk;kph [kwi eksBh {kerk vkgs dkj.k xzkgd usgehp
uohu mRiknus 'kksèkr vlrkr] ;klkBh pkaxys vfHk#ph dkS'kY; vko';d vkgs-
13- ,Mªsl osfjfQds'ku @ ¼c¡dkadjrk vfrfjä lsok½
c¡dk] ØsfMV dkMZ vkf.k eksckby Qksu daiU;kauk usgeh xzkgdkauh fnysY;k iÙ;kaph
iMrkG.kh vko';d vlrs- gh dkes dj.;kdjrk R;kauk yksdkaph xjt ykxrs- rs
Qlo.kwd vkf.k MhQ‚YV gks.;kl çfrcaèk djrkr- gk deh xqaro.kqdhr gks.kkjk gk
O;olk; vkgs o ;kyk vktdky ekx.kh vkgs- rFkkfi] vkiY;kyk okgukph
vko';drk vkgs vkf.k c¡ds}kjs vkf.k brj lsok çnkR;kauh iqjoysY;k xzkgd
iÙ;koj HksV ns.;klkBh euq";cGkph vko';drk vlw 'kdrs-
14- e'k:e ph 'ksrh o mRiknu ¼Mushroom harvesting½
e'k:e ,d pkaxys fid vkgs cktkjkr mPp nj çkIr vkgsr- rs vUu Eg.kwu
vR;ar iks"kd vkgsr- Eg.kwup fofoèk Hkkjrh; jkT;kaph ljdkjs e'k:eps ihd
?ks.kkÚ;k yksdkauk lcflMh vkf.k lqfoèkk iqjorkr- gk ,d mÙke deh xqaro.kwdhr
ygku O;olk; dYiuk vkgs- ljdkjh lgdkjh laLFkk vkf.k —"kh nqdkukaeèkwu
e'k:eps Qokjs lgt miyCèk vkgsr- e'k:elkBh cYd xzkgd gs 'kksèk.ks lksis
vkgs-
15-VîkqVksfj;y lsaVj
'kwU; [kpkZr lq# djrk ;s.kkjk o vkiY;k eèkhy Kkukpk mi;ksx vFkkZtZukdjrk
djrk ;s.kkjk gk ,d çHkkoh mik; vkgs- vkiY;k Lor%P;k ?kjkr Dyklsl ?ks.ks
;klkBh lks'ky fefM;koj Lor%ph tkfgjkr dj.ks o vkiY;k vktwcktwP;k
eqykaP;k lgdk;kZus vkiyh R;kaP;k 'kkGsr tkfgjkr dj.ks gs djkos ykxsy-
16- gkmldhfiax ¼House Keeping Services½
Hkkjrkr Hkjiwj g‚Vsy vkf.k y‚t vkgsr- çR;sd g‚Vsy çkfèkdkÚ;kauh R;kaP;k
[kksY;k LoPN BsoY;k ikfgtsr- ;klkBh housekeeping lsok goh- d"V djk;ph
r;kjh vlyh rj vki.k gh lsok fouk HkkaMoykr lq# d: 'kdrk o ok<ow 'kdrk
v'kh ekx.kh ;k O;olk;klkBh fodflr gks.;kpk ekxZ vkgs- vki.k
housekeeping dj.kkjh pkaxyh lsok nsÅ 'kdrk-- O;kolkf;d txkP;k ;k
{ks=kr ;'kLoh gks.;klkBh vkiY;kyk pkaxys laokn vkf.k O;oLFkkiu dkS'kY;s
vko';d vkgsr
17- Ropk vkf.k lkSan;Z mipkj ¼Skin & Beauty Care½ &
yksd lkSan;kZcíy tkx:d cur vkgsr- Ropk vkf.k lkSan;Z mipkj çnku dj.kkjk
O;olk; m?kM.ks] dq'ky iq#"k vkf.k efgykalkBh] ygku O;olk; m?kM.ks gh ,d
mR—"V dYiuk vkgs- Dyk;aVlkBh vkiY;kdMs Hkjiwj tkxk vkf.k privacy
vlY;kl O;olk; ?kjkrwu ns[khy m?kMys tkÅ 'kdrs- gcZy vkf.k uSlfxZd
mipkjkapk ykHk ?ksÅu vki.k mR—"V dekbZ d: 'kdrk- uSlfxZd rRokauh cuysys
lkc.k] lqxaèkh rsy] mV.ks v'kk vusd xks"Vhph foØh ns[khy d: 'kdrk-
18- ,vj dafM'kuj ns[kHkky ¼Air conditioner maintenance½
vktdky] ,vjdafM'kuj gs vusd ?kjkaph vkf.k cgqrsd dk;kZy;kaph ,d
vko';d ?kVd vkgs- Eg.kwup] NksVîkk O;olk;klkBh lrr ok<rh ekx.kh vkgs
th ;k egkxMîkk midj.kkaph mR—"V ns[kHkky nsrs- VªsUM vktdky lwfpr djrkr]
yksd R;kaP;k ,vj dafM'kulZP;k ns[kjs[khlkBh okf"kZd djkj dj.;kl bPNqd
vkgsr- vkiY;kyk Qä xjt vkgs dq'ky euq";cGkph- ,vj dafM'kulZP;k
ns[kHkky vkf.k nq#Lrheè;s dkS'kY; çkIr dj.ks-
19- fpIl vkf.k osQlZ ¼package beverages½
fpIl vkf.k osQlZ toGtoG loZ= miyCèk vlrkr o R;kauk lrr ekx.kh
ns[khy pkaxyh vlrs- flusekx`g] 'kkGk] ?kj] ckj] cl vkf.k Vªsueè;s- ;knh
varghu vkgs- cVkVs] dPph dsGh] Q.kl vlysY;k mRiknukaph fpIl vkf.k
osQlZ Qkjp lksih vkgsr- vko';d midj.ks egkx ulrkr- vkiY;kyk dPP;k
ekykpk ;ksX; iqjoBk lqfuf'pr dj.ks vkf.k pkaxys iWdsftax vl.ks vko';d
vkgs- lkèkkj.ki.ks] nqdkus vkf.k ckj eksBîkk çek.kkr v'kk phIl vkf.k osQlZph
ekx.kh djrkr
20- dykRed uko IysV~l r;kj dj.ks ¼ Artistic name plates making½
loZ lkèkkj.ki.ks çR;sd ?kjkP;k njoktkckgsj ,[kk|kP;k ukokph IysV ykoysys
vlrs- f'kok;] yksd bekjrh] foyk vkf.k caxY;kaP;k ckgsj ns[khy dykRed
fM>kbZu dsysY;k uko IysV~luk rs çkèkkU; nsrkr- v';k ukokaP;k ikVîkk cuo.ks
deh xqaro.kqdhryk x`g&m|ksx vkgs- dks.khgh rks d: 'kdrks- IysV~luk ekx.kh
vkgs vkf.k vki.k vkiY;k miØekaeèkwu pkaxyk uQk deow 'kdrk-
21-gkseesM p‚dysV ¼homemade chocolates½
p‚dysV gs [kwi t.kkauk vkoMrs- p‚dysV cufo.;kps dkS'kY; vkf.k FkksMh
xqaro.kwd dsY;kl vki.k ;k vR;ar Qk;ns'khj ygku O;olk; d: 'kdrk-
toGtoG çR;sd çeq[k isLVªh 'k‚i vkf.k fx¶V LVksvj}kjs gkseesM p‚dysV
fodys tkrkr-vusd daiU;k vkiY;k O;kolkf;d lg;ksxhauk HksVh ns.;klkBh
gkseesM p‚dysV~lph ekx.kh djrkr- mRlo vkf.k yXukP;k gaxkekrgh v'kk
p‚dksysV~luk eksBh ekx.kh vkgs-
22-lax.kdh—r if=dk ¼Computerized Janma Kundali½
lax.kdh—r if=dk Hkkjrkrhy gs lokZr deh deh xqaro.kwd O;olk;kaiSdh ,d
vkgs- ;k djrk loZlkèkkj.k lax.kdkph xjt vkgs] tUedqaMyh eqfær dj.;klkBh
,d fçaVj vkf.k QWUlh dkxnk ph vko';drk vkgs--
23- vkgkj lYyk lsok ¼Nutrition & consultant½
cgqrsd yksd vkt lsou djhr vlysY;k vUukpk fopkj djrkr- rs lglk
[kk.;kP;k lo;h vkf.k vkgkj pkVZoj cká ekxZn'kZu ?ksrkr- vki.k ;k {ks=kr rK
vlY;kl vki.k vkgkj lYyk lsok lq: dj.;kph ;kstuk vk[kw 'kdrk- baVjusV
o:u o iqLrds okpwu Lor%yk viMsV BsÅ 'kdrk-
24- ikG.kk ?kj pkyfo.ks%
vkt iq.;klkj[;k eksBîkk 'kgjkr vFkkZtZu dj.kkÚ;k efgyk eksBîkk la[;sus
vkgsr- R;kauk eqykauk ?ksÅu dke dj.ks gs dBh.k okVrs- R;kauk foÜoklkps vkf.k
pkaxys laxksius dsaæ gos vlrs- tj vki.k esVªks 'kgjkeè;s ckGkps laxksiu lq: dsys
rj uDdhp rqEgkyk ;'k feGsyp- gk x`fg.khadfjrk mÙke O;olk; vkgs-
25- dk;ZØekps fu;kstu ¼Event Management½
?kjxqrh lekjaHkkiklwu rs vxnh daiU;kaP;k eksBîkk dk;ZØekai;Zar lkÚ;kauk bOgsaV
eWustjph xjt vlrs- ;k O;olk;kph ekx.kh ns[khy fnolsafnol ok<r pkyyh
vkgs- FkksMîkk euq"; cGkojrh gk O;olk; lq# djrk ;srks-
26- tkfgjkr ,tUlh ¼Advertising Agency½
v‚uykbu tkfgjkrhO;frfjä] branding and promotion lkBh ns[khy gs
lkoZtfudfjR;k v‚Qykbu tkfgjkr r;kj dsY;k tkrkr- banner cuoys
tkrkr- newspaper, channel pk mi;ksx dsyk tkrks- vki.k tkfgjkr ,tUlh
r;kj d: 'kdrk- ,[kk|k O;ähdMwu fdaok daiuhdMwu tkfgjkrh ?ksÅ 'kdrk
vkf.k lkoZtfud fBdk.kh çnf'kZr d: 'kdrk-
27-cl lsok osclkbV
gk ,d deh fderhpk baVjusV vkèkkfjr O;olk; vkgs- cgqrka'k yksd Hkkjrkr
clus çokl djrkr vkf.k yksd usgehp clslpk osGki=d vkf.k frdhV nj] cl
ekxZ bR;knha'kh lacafèkr loZ ri'khy vkèkh tk.kwu ?ks.;kl çkèkkU; nsrkr- R;keqGs
gs vR;ar Qk;ns'khj O;olk; vlw 'kdrs- vki.k vkiY;k osclkbV fdaok
vWieèkwu yksdkauk clph uksan.kh dj.;kl ijokuxh nsrk- ;kr [kwi deh xqaro.kwd
djkoh ykxrs- ;keè;s T;k okgukps frfdVs vkjf{kr dsys tkÅ 'kdsy R;k okgukps
ri'khy ns[khy çnku dsys tkrhy fdaok frfdVs Lo;a frfdVs uksanowu R;kaps
dfe'ku feGw 'kdsy- ;k O;olk;kyk vkarjjkT; o vkarjjkT; cl ekxkZaps vpwd
Kku vko';d vkgs-
28- eksckby fjpktZ 'k‚i ¼Mobile recharge shop½
lè;k eksckbZyps ok<rs çek.k y{kkr ?ksrk- eksckbZy fjpktZ 'k‚i gk mÙke i;kZ;
vkgs- v‚uykbu fjpktZusns[khy Hkkjrkrhy cgqrsd eksckbZy&èkkjd R;kaph
f'kYyd eksckbZy fjpktZ Hkj.;klkBh jhpktZ 'k‚iyk HksV ns.;kl ilar djrkr-
R;keqGs ;k O;olk;kpk ç;Ru dj.kkÚ;k ,dk ygku'kk LFkkfud nqdkukr tkxk
HkkMîkkus ?ksÅu lq#okr d: 'kdrkr- gs HkkMs çkFkfed ¼ekfld½ [kpZ vlsy-
vki.k ,vjVsy] OgksMkQksu] vkbfM;k bR;knh {ks=krhy usVodZ çnkR;kalkscr
lacaèk fuekZ.k dj.;kph vko';drk vkgs-
29-ys[k fygk vkf.k vuqokn djk Blog Writing & Translation ¼lqf'kf{kr
efgykalkBh½
vkiY;kdMs ys[ku dkS'kY; vlsy rj ák O;olk;kpk rqEgh uDdh fopkj djk-
fdrh yksd vkiY;kyk ekfgr vkgsr dh R;kaps Lor%ps Cy‚x fdaok osclkbV
vkgs\ vyhdMhy o"kkZaeè;s Cy‚xys[ku cÚ;kp yksdkalkBh dekbZpk L=ksr vkgs-
vkf.k uohu lkexzh çdkf'kr dj.ks vko';d vkgs- rFkkfi R;kaP;kik'kh cÚ;kp
osGsl iqjslk osG ukgh o gh lsok ns.kkjh dks.kh [kk=hyk;d O;äh ulrs-
osxosxG~;k fu;rdkfyda vkf.k iqLrdkaps vuqokn Hkkjrh; Hkk"ksr gksr vlrkr-
vkiys dk;Z ,dk nLr,sotkps Hkk"kkarj dj.;kiklwu laiw.kZ iqLrd dj.ks vlw
'kdrs- ;k O;olk;kpk Qk;nk vlk vkgs dh frFks mÙke laèkh vkgsr vkf.k
vkiY;kyk ;ksX; ekxZ lkiMY;kl vki.k pkaxys iSls deow 'kdrk-
30- gLrdyk foØh ¼Gift Articles½
gLrdysP;k¼HksVoLrw½ oLrw cuo.ks vkf.k R;kaph çn'kZus o foØh rqEgkyk mÙke
ijrkok feGowu nsÅ 'kdrs- vkiY;k ltZu'khyrspk Qk;nk ?;k vkf.k
vkiY;kyk ts vkoMrs rs d:u iSls deok- Lo;a tkfgjkr dj.;klkBh
Instagram fdaok Facebook lkj[;k lkekftd usVodZoj [kkrh r;kj djk-
,dnk vkiys [kkrs m?kMys dh vki.k QksVks viyksM dj.ks lq: dsys ikfgts ftFks
mRiknukps pkaxys dkSrqd dsys tkrs-
31- vkiys Kku vkf.k dkS'kY;s ;kapk okij djk ¼Share your knowledge &
skills½
v‚uykbu f'k{kd gks.ks Eg.kts ,d i;kZ; vkgs T;kpk vki.k fuf'pri.ks fopkj
d: 'kdrk- vkiY;kdMs vlysys dks.krsgh Kku lkekf;d dsys tkÅ 'kdrs-
yksdkauk f'kdk;ps vkgs-xf.kr vkf.k jlk;u'kkL=] laxhr] ok| oktfo.ks fdaok
'kjhjkl Vksu dj.;klkBh O;k;ke dls djkosr] eqykauk vo?kM tk.kkjs fo"k;]
bafXy'k fLifdax] fujfujkG~;k ikd—rh] vki.k f'kdow 'kdrk- vla[; dkS'kY;
vkgsr vki.k vkiY;k fo|kF;kZauk ?kjh vH;kl f'kdo.kh Lo:ikr ?ksÅ 'kdrk
tj rs fyf[kr dkslZ vlsy rj vki.k rs vkiY;k lax.kdkoj fygw 'kdrk vkf.k rs
ihMh,Q QkbZy Eg.kwu lkekf;d d: 'kdrk-
c¡dsdMwu dtZ ?ks.;klkBh ykx.kkjh çkFkfed dkxni=s-
Ø vksG[ki= ¼iWu dkMZ@vkèkkj dkMZ@okgu ijokuk & MªkbfOgax yk;lUl
@ernkrk vksG[k i= &OgksVj vk;Mh½
Ø vWMªsl çwQ ¼iÙ;kpk iqjkok½& fotsps fcy @ js'ku dkMZ@ oksVj dkMZ @
vkèkkj dkMZ
Ø c¡d [kkrs Øekad o 3 efgU;kaps LVsVesaV
Ø iWu dkMZ o ekxhy 3 o"kkZps bUde VWDl fjVuZ
Ø uksdjh¼vlY;kl½ 6 efgU;kps ixkj i=d ¼ lWyjh fLyi ½
Ø c¡dsps iklcqd
Ø rkj.k Bso.;kdjrk] ç‚iVÊ ph dkxni=s] eqnr Bsohps lfVZfQdsV
O;olk; dtZ ?ks.;klkBh ykx.kkjh çkFkfed dkxni=s

Ø Lor%ps o daiuhps iWu dkMZ
Ø vkèkkj dkMZ
Ø okgu ijokuk
Ø ,Mªsl çwQ djrk & fotsps fcy] js'ku dkMZ] ikliksVZ
Ø c¡d [kkrs Øekad o 3 efgU;kaps LVsVesaV
Ø c¡dsps iklcqd
Ø uksdjh¼vlY;kl½ efgU;kps ixkj i=d ¼lWyjh fLyi½
Ø nqdku@ m|ksx@ vlY;kl 'k‚i jsftLVªs'ku ¼'k‚i ,DV½
Ø daiuh ps dkxni= o iWudkMZ
Ø daiuh P;k c¡d vdkmaV ps 6 efgU;kps iklcqd @LVsVesaV
Ø ekxhy nksu o"kkZaps & bUde VWDl fjVuZ
Ø ekxhy nksu o"kkZaps & [kpkZpk rkGscan ¼cWyUl 'khV½
;'kfLouh
uÅokjh lkMhus fnyh txHkjkr Lora= vksG[k!!

lkS- in~ek lgL=cq)s ;k [kja EgVya rj ,d x`fg.khp-
i.k gjgqUujh O;fäeRo- ,[kknk uohu inkFkZ
[kkYY;koj rks dlk r;kj dsyk vlsy \ ,[kknk
uohu QW'kupk diMk dlk f'koyk vlsy\ gs
tk.kwu ?ks.ks] Lor% d:u c?k.ks ;k R;kaP;k
vkoMheèkwup mHkk jkfgyk R;kapk Lor%pk O;olk;
is'kokbZ uÅokj-
uÅokjh lkMh vkoMrs- i.k uslrk ;sr ukgh v'kk
efgykaph xjt in~ekrkbZauh 25o"kkZiwoÊp vksG[kyh-
rsOgk f'kowu r;kj v'kk uÅokjh lkMîkk Qä NksVîkk
eqyhaP;k vlk;P;k- i.k R;k NksVqdyhP;k vkbZph
gkSl iqjh dsyh in~ekrkbZauh- R;kauh 1995 lkyhp r;kj uÅokjh lkMîkk f'kowu
fodk;yk lq#okr dsyh- R;kauh uÅokjh lkMhyk vkreèkwu mÙke çrhps eWfpax
vLrj ykok;yk lq#okr dsyh- lkMh R;k v'kh f'korkr dh ik;kaph gkypky
djk;yk lgt ters] i.k ik; vFkok ekaMîkk fnlr ukghr- f'kok; us¶;kP;k
vkr gjowu tk.kkjh ukMh u Vkdrk] R;k eWfpaxph lyx ukMh f'korkr- lkMhpk
eWfpax Cykmtihl] QW'ku dj.;klkBh dkBkps rqdMs gs lq)k nsrkr- Eg.ktsp
çR;sd L=hyk uÅokjh lkMh uslrkuk T;k vMp.kh tk.korkr R;k lxG~;k
vMp.kh in~ekrkbZaP;k jsMhesM lkMhr nwj dsY;k tkrkr- lokZr egRokph xks"V
Eg.kts R;kaps gs okD; & vkeph lkMh mlor ukgh- ;keqGs uÅokjhph lo;
ulysyh L=h lq)k R;kauh f'koysyh lkMh uslwu vkRefoÜoklkus okojrs-
in~ekrkbZ eqGP;k ukxiwjP;k- R;kaps irh ljdkjh uksdjhr vlY;keqGs R;kaP;k
cnY;k gksr vlr- R;keqGs in~ekrkbZps iq"dG xkoh jkg.ks >kys- tx cf?krys-
n`"Vhdksu fodflr >kyk- eqyhaP;k f'k{k.kkP;k dkj.kkaus iqUgk ukxiqjkr vkY;kuarj
R;kauh vkiY;k vkoMhpa #ikarj O;olk;kr dsya- gs djr vlrkuk R;kauk vusd
vMFkG~;kapk lkeuk djkok ykxyk- i.k R;krwup f'kdr f'kdr R;kauh iq<s
okVpky lq# Bsoyh- èka|krys HkkaMoy [ksGrs dls Bsok;ps] gkrk[kkyP;k
yksdkadMwu dke dls d:u ?;k;ps] [kjsnhyk vkiY;kdMs vkysY;k efgyka'kh
dls cksyk;ps ;k xks"Vh rj R;k f'kdY;kp i.k peshwainauwar.com gh
Lor%ph osclkbZV cuo.ks] online O;ogkj Eg.ktsp Ecommerce] dqfj;jus
lkMîkk ?kjiksp ikBfo.;krys [kkp[kGxs i.k R;kauh f'kdwu ?ksrys- in~ekrkbZ ;k
nksu ukroaMkaP;k vkth vlwu ;k o;kr computer, Ecommerce, online
O;ogkj vls lxGs f'kd.ks ;kpk R;kauh ckxqycqok dsyk ukgh- R;kaP;k ?kjP;k
ek.klkapk loZ çdkjpk lgHkkx R;kauh feGoyk vkgs- R;kaP;k lkMîkkaps ekdZsVhax
ns'kfons'kkr gksrs o yksd vkotZwu R;kaP;kdMs [kjsnhyk ;srkr- R;kauk feGkysys
iqjLdkj] VhOghojhy eqyk[krh] R;kaps QW'ku 'kks gs R;kaP;k çkekf.kd d"Vkph
ikorhp vkgs- fonHkZ baMLVªh vlksfl;s'kuP;k efgyk m|ksftdk iqjLdkjklkBhgh
R;kaph fuoM >kyh vkgs-
dks.krsgh O;kolkf;d ikBcG ulwugh in~ekrkbZP;k is'kokbZ uÅokj us vkt
R;kaph vksG[k txHkj usÅu Bsoyh vkgs- R;kaP;kdMwu okpdkaukgh çsj.kk feGkoh
gh lfnPNk- rlsp in~ekrkbZauk vlsp Hkj?kksl ;'k feGr jkgks v'kk 'kqHksPNk-
m|ksftdk dYiuk ljkst %

dYiuk ljkst ák m|ksftdk Eg.kwu egkjk"Vªkr dk;Zjr vkgsr- eqacbZeèkhy
^dkek.kh Vîkwc* ák m|ksxkP;k R;k vè;{kk vkgsr- ewG Lye M‚x feysfu;j v'kh
vksG[k vl.kkÚ;k dYiuk ;kauh ^dkek.kh Vîkwc* P;k vR;ar =klnk;d ekyeÙksph
[kjsnh dsyh- dkykarjkus ák m|ksxkl iquZftohr d:u ák daiuhps #ikarj Profit
Making Unit eè;s dsys-
O;ähxr ikÜoZHkweh %
fonHkkZrhy jksij[ksMk gs dYiuk ;kaps tUexko vkgs- ckS) ifjokjkr tUe >kysY;k
dYiuk ;kauk rhu cfg.kh o nksu HkkÅ vkgsr- dYiuk ;k lokZr T;s"B Hkfxuh-
oMhy iksyhl [kkR;kr d‚ULVscy R;keqGs iksyhl DokVZj eè;s R;kaps ckyi.k
xsys- eqyhus [kwi f'kdkos gh ofMykaph bPNk vlwugh ukrsokbZdkaP;k ncko o
vkxzgkeqGs [kwi yodj yXu >kys- yXukuarj [kwi eksBîkk dqVqackr R;kaps vkxeu
>kys- R;keqGs rsFks [kk.;kfi.;kps gky] 'kkjhfjd o ekufld =kl R;kauk Hkksxkok
ykxyk- ;k loZ ifjfLFkrhyk daVkGwu 'ksoVh ofMykauh dYiuk ;kauk ekgsjh
vk.kys- i.k ák ifjfLFkrhrgh dYiuk [kpwu xsY;k ukghr- myV u Mxexrk
vR;ar èkS;kZus R;kauh ^dkek.kh m|ksxkps iqu#Tthou d:u ifjfLFkrhoj ekr dsyh-
R;kfçR;FkZ efgyk m|kstkdkrY;k vR;ar ekukpk vlk în~efoHkw"k.k* iqjLdkj
jk"VªirhaP;k gLrs nsÅu R;kauk xkSjfo.;kr vkys-
^feLVj lyksu*] ^feLVj vWdWMeh*] ^feLVj Ldhu v¡M gsvj dsvj çk-fy-
;k fejj m|ksx lewgkP;k vè;{kk- m|ksftdk usgk [kjs%
m|kstd çf'k{kd] lektlsfodk Eg.kwu

ifjfpr vlysY;k m|ksftdk- usgk [kjs ákauh
m|kstd lferhps egkjk"Vªkps usr`Ro ns[khy
dsys vkgs- ^feLVj lyksu*] ^feLVj vWdWMeh*]
^feLVj Ldhu v¡M gsvj dsvj çk-fy- ;k fejj
m|ksx lewgkP;k vè;{kk ns[khy vkgsr-
m|kstdrk fodkl] LoIu m|kstdrsps]
m|kstdrspk tkxj] v'kk vusd dk;Z'kkGkaP;k
ekè;ekrwu gtkjks fL=;k vkf.k ;qok m|kstdkauk
R;kauh osGksosGh ekxZn'kZu dsys vkgs- egkjk"Vª psacjpk ^fL=;k m|kstdrk iqjLdkj]
o ejkBh ;qok m|kstd iqjLdkj 2014 lkj[;k vusd iqjLdkjkauh R;kauk lUekfur
dsys xsys vkgs- lkekftd ijhfLFkrh ckcr cksyrkuk usgk [kjs Eg.krkr dh]
,dhdMs fL=;k vusd {ks=kr vkarjjk"Vªh; Lrjkoj usr`Ro djhr vkgsr rj nqljhdMs
ûdq'kh* Eg.kwu R;kp vkiY;k ns'kkr fL=;kaph vogsyuk gksr vkgs- ,dk
loZs{k.kkuqlkj [kaMkGk] QyV.k Hkkxkr 222 ûdq'kh* vk<Gwu vkY;kr- i.k
R;kp eqyh vkt m|ksx O;olk; d:u fdaok lSU;kr uksdjh d:u Lokoyach
>kY;k vkgsr- Eg.ktsp f'k{k.kkeqGs 'kähph tk.kho gksÅu efgykaps lcyhdj.k
gksr vkgs- R;krhy dkgh fL=;kaP;k iq<P;k fi<îkk dk;Zjr vkgsr- vkt rkyqdk
fdaok ftYgk ikrGhoj >kysY;k ák ifjorZukr m|ksx{ks= egRokps Bjr vkgs-
êgkjk"Vª m|ksfxuh iqjLdkj 2011*ph fotsrh vkf.k
jfldk fLVpodZ] cqyMk.;kph çksçk;Vj js[kk O;adVs'k cksjdj-
eukr egÙokdka{kk vlsy] rh iw.kZ dj.;kph

ftí vlsy vkf.k R;kyk ?kjkrhy eaMGhaps
iw.kZRokps ikBcG vlsy rj ;'k ge[kkl
vkgs- vlap ,d O;fäeÙo Eg.kts êgkjk"Vª
m|ksfxuh iqjLdkj 2011*ph fotsrh vkf.k
jfldk fLVpodZ] cqyMk.;kph çksçk;Vj js[kk
O;adVs'k cksjdj-
cqyMk.kk 'kgj fonHkkZrhy FkaM gosps 'kgj
Eg.kwu iwoÊiklwu çfl) vkgs- jsYosekxkZoj
ulysys o vkMoG.kkojhy rlsp vkS|ksfxdn`"Vîkk ekxklysys ,d ftYgkLFkku-
ygkui.kkiklwup ?kjh vlysY;k f'ko.k;a=koj dkghrjh f'kowu c?k.;kph fryk
vkoM- ?kjph vkfFkZd ifjfLFkrh csrkphp- ijarq vaFk:.k ikgwu ik; ilj.;kph
lokZaph o`Ùkh- R;keqGs ?kjkr loZ= lekèkku- iq<s tkÅu frus f'ko.kdkeklkscr
gyO;kps nkfxus cuo.ks] Xykl isafVax] ,ac‚flax dj.ks] pkeMîkkP;k o jsD>huP;k
ilZsl] ikÅpsl r;kj dj.ks] okWysV~l] Ldwy cWXt] ,vj cWXt r;kj d:u
LFkkfud cktkjkr iqjfo.;kps dke lq: dsys-
vFkkZr gs loZ djhr vlrkuk f'k{k.k ns[khy lq: gksrs- f'k{k.k o vH;kl ;krwu
mjysyk osG js[kk ojhy Nan tksikl.;kr ?kkyohr vls- iq<s egkfo|ky;hu
f'k{k.k ;'kLohjhR;k iw.kZ d:u ch- ,-ph inoh çkIr dsyh-
dkghrjh uohu dYiuk o fopkj] ;ksX; fn'ksus ç;Ru o çkekf.kd O;ogkj ;keqGs
yksdlaxzgkrwu fryk ftYgk ifj"knsP;k fufons}kjs x.kos"k o uk;y‚u nIrjs r;kj
dj.;kps dke feGkys- rlsp egkjk"Vª jkT; vkfnoklh fodkl egkeaMGkaP;k
vkJe'kkGkauk fufons}kjs x.kos"k f'kowu iqjoBk dj.;kps da=kVgh feGkys- T;k
;ksxs ,dkosGh 60&70dkjkfxjkauk jkstxkjgh miyCèk >kyk- m|ksxèka|kdMs frpk
ifgY;kiklwup dy gksrk- R;krp frph dkekçfr fu"Bk o eufeGkÅ LoHkko
;keqGs Hkkjrh; LVsV c¡d] cqyMk.kk o ftYgk m|ksx dsaæ] cqyMk.kk ;sFkhy
rRdkyhu vfèkdkjh o deZpkjh ;kaP;k vueksy lkgk¸; o ekxZn'kZukr lq#okrhyk
mYysf[kr iqjLdkjkP;k dk;kZpk ik;k jpyk xsyk-
dq'ky dkjkfxjkaph p.kp.k o =klkeqGs dkekr dèkhdèkh vMp.kh ;sr o R;kpk
dkekoj ifj.kke gksr gksrk- ;krwu js[kkpk ex Lo;apfyr ;a= ?ks.;kpk fopkj gksÅ
ykxyk- 'kksèkkvarh loZ fopkjfofue; d:u frus ex lax.kd ç.kkyhoj vkèkkfjr
,Ecz‚;Mjhps Lo;apfyr flaxy gsM eYVhfuMy e'khu fodr ?ksrys- js[kkP;k
'kksèkd o vH;klw LoHkkokuqlkj frus O;olk;klkBh vko';d lax.kd
l‚¶Vosvjps tqtch Kku feGowu iafpax}kjs fM>kbZUl dj.ks lq: dsys- ;a=kr dkgh
fc?kkM >kY;kl lrr daiuhdMs laidZ djkok ykxr vls ok ckgsjP;k rTKkaoj
voyacwu jkgkos ykxr vls- ;keqGs nksu&rhu fnol rjh dkekoj ifj.kke
Ogk;pk- ;keqGs frus ;a=nq#Lrhpsgh Kku feGfoys-
dkekps ok<rs Lo:i ikgrk cksjdj nkaiR;kus fgaer d:u 12 gsMps eYVhfuMy
;a= ?ks.;kps Bjoys- gs tikuh daiuhps ;a= vlwu] ;kph fdaer iapohl yk[k
gksrh- js[kkckbZaps vkrki;Zarps pks[k O;ogkj c?krk c¡dsus R;kauk rso<s laiw.kZ
vFkZlkgk¸; dj.;kph r;kjh nk[koyh- ijarq] frus Qä ngk yk[k #i;kaps dtZ
?ksrys o R;kr injps iaèkjk yk[k #i;s ?kkrys- iqUgk ,dnk lokZauh fryk osMîkkr
dk<ys- ijarq] js[kkus fgaer u gkjrk usVkus dke lq: dsys- dkekP;k o O;ogkjkP;k
n`"Vhus laidkZps dk;Z{ks= vfèkd foLrkfjr dsys- xzkgdkaP;k n`"Vhus ckgsjxkoh]
eksBîk 'kgjkaeèkwu dkj[kkus] çfr"Bkus] c¡dk] laLFkk rlsp O;fäxr xzkgdk'kh lrr
ikBiqjkok dsyk- fu;fer dkes feGw ykxyh- js[kkpk 'kkjhfjd rk.k ok<yk gksrk
ijarq O;olk; vkdkj ?ksÅ ykxyk- ekx.khP;k iwrZrslkBh ijçkarkrwu vuqHkoh o
dq'ky dkjkxhj eksBîk osrukoj Bsoys- lkMh o Iysu csM'khVoj dkjkfxjh vkd"kZd
gksÅ ykxyh- 'kkGk] d‚UOgsaV] egkfo|ky;s] c¡Dl] lkslk;Vîkk] dkj[kkus]
çfr"Bkus] g‚fLiVYl] g‚VsYl bR;knh fBdk.kkgwu x.kos"kkoj yksxks r;kj d:u
ns.;kps dke eksBîk çek.kkoj lq: >kys- fonHkZ] ejkBokMk o [kkuns'k ifjljkr
,Ecz‚;Mjhpk ,deso ;'kLoh m|ksx vkdkjkyk ;sr xsyk-
js[kkP;k ;k vkÙkki;ZarP;k [kVkVksi o ç;RukaeqGsp laiw.kZ egkjk"Vªkr lkMh o
csM'khVoj ,Ecz‚;Mjhps dke dj.kkjk cgqèkk ,deso m|ksx Eg.kwu ukok:ikyk
vkyk- frP;k dkekrhy xq.koÙkseqGs ekx.kh ok<r tkÅu efgyk xzkgdkaeè;s
yksdfç;rk ok<yh- ç'kalk gksÅ ykxyh-
dke euklkj[ks gksr gksrs] ijarq T;k dkiMkoj dykdqljhps dke Ogk;ps rs dkiM
ifjljkrhy O;kikjisBkaeè;s frrds ntZsnkj feGr uOgrs- js[kkus iqUgk fgEer ckaèkyh
vkf.k FksV lwjr o vgenkckn ;sFks feyeè;s laidZ lkèkwu vfèkd mPp çrhP;k
dkiMkph vkod dsyh- I;qvj flYd] fofoèkjaxh dkslk flYdP;k 50&60 NVk]
lkèkkj.k frrD;kp bVkfy;u flYd NVk] xkMZu Iysu o czklks] rkLik bR;knh
çdkj FksV feyeèkwu miyCèk d:u ?ksrys- R;kpk lkBk laxzgh BsoY;keqGs dkekph
çr lqèkkjr tkÅu xzkgdkr ok< >kyh- egkjk"Vªklghr vksfjlk] NÙkhlxM]
xqtjkr] eè;çns'k] vkaèkz] dukZVd bR;knh jkT;kr ekykyk ekx.kh feGkyh-
,Ecz‚;MjhP;k ;k dkeklkscrp js[kk uÅokj yqxMs r;kj f'kowu ns.ks] csch lkMh]
u`R;kyk ykx.kkjs fofoèk Mªsl f'ko.ks] iwtsps lksoGs] varjikV] rksj.ks bR;knh
dkesgh mR—"V djrs- ;kcjkscjp efYVgsM d‚EI;qVjkbZTM ,Ecz‚;Mjh e'khuph
nq#Lrh] gsMeèkhy ?kqVds cny.ks] fuMy lsfVax] bysDVª‚fud iWusYl cny.ks bR;knh
dkes js[kk Lor%p djk;yk f'kdyh vkgs- O;olk;fufeZrh] fM>k;fuax]
O;oLFkkiu] ç'kklu] c¡dsps O;ogkj] vFkZO;ogkj] VWfDlax] ekdZsfVax bR;knh
ckchrgh rh Lor% y{k ?kkyrs-
^êuq";kP;k eukP;k dWesÚ;kr ç;Rukapk jksy VkdY;kf'kok; ;'kkps Nk;kfp=
gkrh ;sr ukgh** vlk ,d lqfopkj vkgs- js[kk cksjdjps fopkj] ç;Ru] èkkoiG]
lpksVh ;k lokZapk ifjikd Eg.kts rh ekxhy o"kÊ êgkjk"Vª m|ksfxuh
iqjLdkj&2011*ph ekudjh Bjyh- laiw.kZ egkjk"Vªkrwu rhu gtkj efgyk
m|kstdkaeèkwu fryk xzkeh.k foHkkxkrwu ^çFke Øekad o lqo.kZind* feGkys- ;k
iqjLdkjkpk eq[; fud"k ok çek.k ^LièkZdkP;k ekxs dks.krsgh vkfFkZd ok brj
ikBcG ulrkuk R;kus 'kwU;krwu fuekZ.k dssysyk O;olk;* gkp gksrk- o;kps
vèkZ'krdgh u xkBysyh js[kk lkalkfjd] dkSVqafcd] lkekftd loZp vk?kkMîkaoj
,d lcyk Eg.kwu ;'kLoh gksÅu ekgsj o lklj nksUghdMs lkj[khp ykMdh o
gohgoh'kh >kyh vkgs-
IykfLVd P;k dpÚ;k iklwu lqanj cWx fufeZrh dj.kkÚ;k Re&pj[kk P;k
vferk ns'kikaMs
IT baftuhvj gksÅu ] ,dk pkaxY;k daiuhr uksdjh dj.kkÚ;k vferk rkbZauk ,d
HkUukV vk;fM;k lqpyh dh T;keqGs xzkgdkauk mÙke çrhP;k cWXl rj feGrhyp
i.k IykfLVd dpjk ns[khy mÙke çdkjs okijyk tkbZy vkf.k R;kpk vkiY;k
i;kZoj.kkpk lerksy Bso.;klkBh gkr Hkkj ns[khy ykxsy-
IykfLVdP;k fi'kO;k] fx¶Vps dkxn] fcfLdVs o osQlZP;k fi'kO;k] dWlsV] lkc.k
ikoMjhP;k fi'kO;k v';k dpÚ;kr tk.kkÚ;k fdrhrjh VkdkÅ oLrw R;kapk
iquokZij@iqupZØhdj.k ;k fjlk;dy dsY;k tkrkr- brdkp ukgh rj rqEgh R;k
MksusV lq)k d: 'kdrk- jh pj[kk eè;s dsoG dpÚ;kpa O;oLFkkiu gksr ukgh rj
'ksdMks fL=;kauk jkstxkj ns[khy feGrks-
pj[kk vkf.k gkrekx gs vkiY;k oL= laL—rhps vkèkkjLraHk vkgsr- R;kpkp okij
;k cWXlP;k fufeZrh djrk dsyk tkrks- ;keqGs] dpjk O;oLFkkiu] xzkeh.k vkf.k
xjtw efgykauk jkstxkj] gkrekx o pj[;kps iqu#Tthou vkf.k uSlfxZd lerksy
gs rj lgt lkè; gksrap i.k xzkgdkyk ns[khy euklkj[kk vkf.k mÙke eky fodr
?ksrk ;srks-
vkt m|ksx{ks=kr vusd t.kh ik; jksÅu [kachji.ks mH;k vkgsr- la?k"kZ] LièkkZ]
vi;'k ák lokZyk ekxs Vkdwu ^Mj ds vkxs thr gS* gs fl) djhr vkgsr- i.k
fL=;kaps {ks= gs ?kjdkekiqjrsp gh ekufldrk vktgh vusd fBdk.kh fnlrsp- i.k
FkksMk èkkMlhi.kk] vkRefoÜokl] d"Vkph Bsoysyh r;kjh ákrwup rqeP;krhy
m|ksftdk ?kMw 'kdrs- ^Q‚jP;qu 100* eè;s o.kÊ ykxysY;k vusd m|ksftdk gs
R;kpsp |ksrd vkgs- fL=;kaeè;s m|kstdrk fdaok mÙke ç'kkld gks.ks gs xq.k
tUetkrp vlrkr- R;keqGs L=h lcyhdj.k vkf.k vkfFkZd fodkl gs ijLijka'kh
tksMys xsys vkgs- T;k ns'kkr fL=;kapk lUeku gksrks R;k ns'kkph çxrh gksrs o rh
çxrh fL=;kaP;k fodklkdMs ikgwu Bjoyh tkrs-
ák çfØ;srhy ifgys ikÅy Eg.kts ^m|ksx* gks;- dsY;kus gksr vkgs js vkèkh
dsysph ikfgts ák mähçek.ks çR;sd L=h us m|kstd gks.;kpk è;kl eukr
ckGxyk ikfgts o R;klkBh lkrR;kus d"V ?ks.;kph r;kjh Bsoyh ikfgts-
efgyk cky dY;k.k ;kstuk
1-efgykalkBh O;olk; çf'k{k.k% 15 rs 45 o;ksxVkrhy

eqyh o efgykalkBh fofoèk O;olk;kps çf'k{k.k eksQr fnys
tkrs- ;k çf'k{k.k dkykoèkhrhy tk.ks ;s.kspk [kpZ ¼ekfld
cl ikl [kpZ fnyk tkrks- ;klkBh :- 500@& vuker
Hkjkoh ykxrs- çf'k{k.k iw.kZ >kY;koj vuker jDde ijr
dsyh tkrs-½ rlsp Vwy fdV ns.;kr ;srkr-
2-efgykalkBh Lo;ajkstxkj ;kstuk% 18 rs 45 o;ksxVkrhy efgykauk
Lo;ajkstxkjklkBh :- 5000@& i;Zr vuqnku fnys tkrs-
3-efgykalkBh m|kstdrk fodkl f'kchj % 18 rs 45 o;ksxVkrhy efgykauk
fofoèk jkstxkjkaP;k o çf'k{k.kkP;k miyCèk laèkhckcr m|kstdrk fodkl f'kchjkps
vk;kstu dj.ksr ;srs-
4-cpr xVkauk 1 o"kZ iw.kZ >kY;kaurj fQjrk fuèkh ns.ks% lekt fodkl foHkkx
varxZr LFkkiu >kysY;k1 o"kZ iq.kZ >kysY;k cpr xVkauk çR;sd lHkklnkçek.ks #-
1000@& çek.ks xVkyk fQjrk fuèkh ns.ksr ;srks- vFkZlgk¸; ,dnkp fnys tkrs-
5-'kstkj lewg xVkrhy xV Lo;alsfodkauk çf'k{k.k% 'kstkj lewg xVkr
tutkx`rhlkBh fofoèk vkjksX; fo"k;d] 'kS{kf.kd] lkekftd b- oj dk;ZØe
vk;ksftr d#u ekfgrh ns.ks-
6-cpr xVkauk çn'kZu o foØhlkBh vFkZlgk¸;% lnj ;kstuk lekt fodkl
foHkkxkekQZr iqjL—r cpr xVkrhy lHkklankiqjrhp e;kZnhr vlwu çn'kZukr
lgHkkxh gks.kkÚ;k cprxVkauk fdeku ,d o"kZ iw.kZ >kysys vl.ks vko';d vkgs
rlsp cprxVkapk O;ogkj fu;fer lq: vlkok- njo"kÊ lkèkkj.kr% 1000xV
fofoèk çn'kZukeè;s lgHkkxh gksrkr- 'kklukus @ lsokHkkoh laLFksus vk;ksftr
dsysY;k çn'kZu o foØhlkBh ;s.kkÚ;k [kpkZps 80% vuqnku fdaok deky :
5000@& i;Zarps HkkMs nsrk ;sbZy-
7-b;Ùkk ngkoheè;s f'kd.kkÚ;k fo|kFkÊuhauk [kktxh DykllkBh vFkZlgk¸; %
b;Ùkk 9oh eè;s 50% xq.k feGowu mÙkh.kZ >kysY;k fo|kFkÊuhauk b- 10oh lkBh
[kktxh Dykl dfjrk #-5]000@& i;Zr vFkZlgk¸; fnys tkrs-
8-b- 12 ohrhy fo|kFkÊuhauk [kktxh DykllkBh vFkZlgk¸; % b- 11 oh eè;s
fdeku 60% xq.k feGowu mÙkh.kZ fo|kFkÊuhauk [kktxh Dyklph Qh j- :-
10000@& i;Zar fnyh tkrs-
9-lh-bZ-Vh- ijh{kslkBh vFkZlgk¸; % çR;sd ykHkkFkÊyk lh- bZ- Vh- j- :-
10]000@& i;Zar vuqnku fnys tkrs- [kktxh Dykl fdaok lh- bZ- Vh- ;kiSdh
,dk ;kstuspk ykHk ?ksrk ;sbZy-
10-mPp f'k{k.k ?ks.kkÚ;k egkfo|ky;hu eqyhauk mPp f'k{k.kklkBh vFkZlgk¸; %
oS|dh;] lax.kdfo"k;d] baftfuvjhax] ,e-ch-,- b-infodk] inoh o rRle
'kkluekU; laLFksr O;kolkf;d f'k{k.k ?ks.kslkBh f'k{k.kkP;k iw.kZ dkykoèkhr
njo"kÊ #-10]000@& vFkZlgk¸; ¼çR;sd o"kÊ fdeku 60% xq.k feGowu mÙkh.kZ
>kY;kl fnys tkrs-½
11-deok o f'kdk % egkfo|ky;hu f'k{k.k ?ks.kkè;k r:.khauk deok o f'kdk
;kstusvarxZr njegk :- 500@& ekuèku fnys tkrs- ek= v'kk fo|kF;kZauh
njjkst nksu rkl lektklkBh dke djkos ykxrs- mnk- çkS< f'k{k.k oxZ ?ks.ks b-
12-ekè;fed 'kkGsrhy b- 8oh rs 10ohrhy fo|kFkÊuhalkBh 'kS{kf.kd lkfgR;
iqjfo.ks % euikP;k ekè;fed 'kkGsrhy b-8oh rs 10rhy fo|kFkÊuhalkBh
'kkGsP;k ekx.khuqlkj njo"kÊ 'kS{kf.kd lkfgR; fnys tkrs-
13-cky fodkl dsaæ % 6 rs 13o;ksxVkrhy eqykaeqyhlkBh cky fodkl dsaæ
cpr xVkaP;k lgdk;kZus 10 efgus pkyfoys tkrs- ;keè;s eqykapk lokZxh.k
fodkl] xk.kh] xks"Vh b- ekQZr dsyk tkrks- ckyfodkl dsaæ leUo;dkyk njegk
:- 800@& ekuèku fnys tkrs-
14-;ksxklu oxZ% efgykaps vkjksX; pkaxys jkg.kslkBh efgykaps ekx.khuqlkj
>ksiMiêhr uO;kus ;ksxklu oxZ lq: dj.ksr vkysys vkgsr- ldkG o nqikjps
l=kr ;ksxklu oxZ lq: dsys tkrkr- 20efgykauh ekx.kh dsY;kuarj ;ksxklu oxZ
lq: dsyk tkrks o ;ksx f'kf{kdsyk :-3000@& ekuèku fnys tkrs-
15- dqaVqac fu;kstukph 'kL=fØ;k % cpr xVkrhy efgykauh ,d fdaok nksu
eqyhaoj dqaVqac fu;kstukph 'kL=fØ;k dsY;kl vuqnku &,dk eqyhoj :-
10000@& o nksu eqyhaoj çR;sdh 5000@& çek.ks jDde ;wfuV VªLV v‚Q
bafM;kP;k oSdfYir xzksFk QaMkr 18 o"kZ eqnrhr xqarfo.;kr ;s.kkj vkgs- 19 o"kZ
iq.kZ >kY;kf'kok; lnj jDde dk<rk ;s.kkj ukgh- 18 o"kkZps vkr eqyhps yXu
dsY;kl jDde euikdMs oxZ dj.ksr ;sbZy-
16-ikG.kk?kj% yky cgknwj 'kkL=h çkFkfed 'kkGk] d‚xzsl gkÅl ekxs]
f'kokthuxj] iq.ks 5 ;sFks euik lsodkps eqykalkBh o ukxfjdkaP;k eqykalkBh
ikG.kk?kj pkyfoys tkrs- lnj ikG.kk?kjklkBh euik lsodkuk :- 100@& o
ukxfjdkauk :- 150@&'kqYd vkdkj.ksr ;srs- lnj ikG.kk?kj ldkGh 7-00 rs
lk;adkGh 6-00i;Zr lq: vlrs- ,dkosGh 30 eqykaph lks; ;k ikG.kk?kjkr
gksÅ 'kdrs- lnj ikG.kk?kj 3 efgusiklwu 5 o"kkZi;Zrps eqykalkBh vkgs-
17-?kjVa çdYi% jLR;kojhy eqykalkBh ?kjVa gk fuoklh çdYi lq: vlwu lè;k 3
çdYi lq: vkgsr- R;keè;s lqekjs 310fo|kFkÊ vkgsr-
18-L=h lalkèku dsaæ ¼l{kek d{k½ % dkSVqafcd lYyk o ekxZn'kZu dsaæ] efgykauk
dk;nsfo"k;d ekxZn'kZu] leqins'ku ¼foèkok] ifjR;Drk] ?kVLQksfVr] fujkèkkj b-½]
efgykfo"k;d dke dj.kkÚ;k laLFkkaph ekfgrh] efgyk n{krk lferhlanHkkZar
ekfgrh] f'kokthuxj U;k;ky; oSdfYid okn fuokj.k dsaækph ekfgrh] nckoxV
fufeZrhlkBh ekxZn'kZu] Lolaj{k.k çf'k{k.k] lekt fodkl foHkkxkP;k
efgykalkBhP;k loZ ;kstuk] e-u-ik vkjksX; foHkkxkP;k efgykalkBhP;k loZ
;kstuk] efgykaps la?kVu] lektkrhy yksdkaph ekufldrk cny.ks] vkfFkZd
l{kehdj.k] L=h vfLrRokph vksG[k] efgykaeèkhy fu.kZ;{kerk] mYys[kuh;
dke dj.kkÚ;k efgykaps ekxZn'kZu] efgykauh Lor% ?;ko;kph dkGth]
'kklukP;k loZ ;kstukaph ekfgrh ,dkp fBdk.kh miyCèk gks.;klkBh çR;sd
{ksf=; dk;kZy;kP;k ikrGhoj 15 efgyk lcyhdj.k dsaækph LFkkiuk dj.;kr
vkysyh vkgs-
19-efgyk Lolaj{k.k% 15 rs 25 o;ksxVkrhy ;qorhauk Lolaj{k.kkps çf'k{k.k
ns.;kph ;kstuk dk;kZfUor vkgs- 'kklu funZs'kkuqlkj iq.ks egkuxjikfydsus 15 rs
25 o;ksxVkrhy efgykalkBh Lolaj{k.kkps çf'k{k.k ns.ksdjhrk foHkkx varxZr
'kklu ekU; laLFkkaps çLrko ekxowu çf'k{k.k ns.ksckcr èkksj.k r;kj dj.ksr vkys
vlwu çf'kf{kr ekLVj Vªsuj ekQZr 'kgjkeè;s lq:okrhl egkuxjikfydk
ekè;fed 'kkGsr çf'k{k.k ns.ks lq: vkgs- uarj oLrh ikrGhoj dk;eLo:ih oxZ
lq: dsys tk.kkj vkgsr-
20-eqyxh nÙkd ;kstuk ¼ykMdh ysd½ % ns'kkeè;s eqyhaps tUenjkr ?kV gksr
vkgs- iq.ks 'kgjkeè;s nj 1]000 iq:"kkaekxs efgykaps çek.ks 938 brds vkgs- nj
gtkjh efgykaps çek.k ok<kos o L=h Hkzw.k gR;k jks[kyh tkoh( ;klkBh ek- LFkk;h
lferhP;k ekU;rsuarj ^ykMdh ysd nÙkd ;kstuk* lq: dj.ksr vkyh vkgs- ,fçy
2013uarj lu 2013&2014 ;k vkfFkZd o"kkZiklwu tUekyk ;s.kkÚ;k çR;sd
eqyhekxs yksdlgHkkxkrwu jDde :- 10 gtkj o egkuxjikfydsps jDde :-
20gtkj vls ,dw.k jDde :- 30gtkj jk"Vªh;—r c¡dsr nkenqIiV ;kstuseè;s
Bso.ksr ;sr vkgsr- rlsp ;k ;kstus varxZr ikydkus Lor% fdaok yksdlgHkkxkrwu
tek dsysyh jDde :- 10 gtkj o iq.ks egkuxjikfydspk fgLlk jDde :-20
gtkj P;k nqIiV jDde ¼j- :- 40 gtkj½ vls ,dw.k jDde :- 50gtkj ,dk
eqyhoj dqVqac fu;kstu dsY;kl jk"Vªh;—r c¡dseè;s eqyhP;k ukos nkenqIiV
;kstusr xqarfo.ksr ;sr vkgs- lnjph jDde ykMD;k ysdhP;k yXuklkBh] mPp
f'k{k.kklkBh o HkforO;klkBh okijrk ;sbZy-
21-efgyk l{kehdj.k foèkok vuqnku% vpkud oSèkO; çkIr >kysY;k efgykauk
#- 10000@& vFkZlgk¸; ns.ksr ;srs-
iq.ks egkuxjikfydk efgyk o cky dY;k.k
lferh
lektkr la[;sus 50% efgyk vkgsr- ek= vFkkZtZukr R;kapk okVk dsoG
15%s brdk deh dk\ R;klkBh m|kstdrsps laLdkj eqyhoj ygku
o;kiklwup dj.ks xjtsps vkgs- Eg.kwu loZp fodlu'khy ns'kkr L=h
m|kstdrspk fodkl dj.;klkBh ç;Ru dsys tkr vkgsr-
,d L=h m|ksftdk >kyh rj m|e'khyrsps laLdkj ?kjkrhy iq<hy fi<hoj

d: 'kdsy- R;klkBh eqyhaph Lor%yk deh ys[k.;kph ekufldrk
cnykoh ykxsy- ygkui.khp eqyhaeè;s vki.k dkghrjh d:u nk[kow
'kdrks gk ^vkRefoÜokl* #tok;yk gok- NksVs NksVs fu.kZ; ?ksÅu
fuHkok;ph laèkh feGk;yk goh-
eqeknkeq- 1262 ¼96 ikuh 5000 iqLrds½ 2&21 efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferh

Udyojaktecha Mulmantra

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Udyojaktecha Mulmantra

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

efgyk o cky dY;k.

vè;{kk % 1- lkS- ekèkqjh lglzcq)s

lnL;k& 3- lkS- vpZuk ikVhy

;k iqfLrdsP;k fufeZrh djrk lkFkZd osYQsvj

lkFkZd osYQsvj QkÅaMs'ku

efgyk o ckydY;k.k lferh 2020&21P;k varxZr

uxjlsfodk ekèkqjh lglzcq)s

Lor%pk m|ksx pkyw djrkuk rks [kkyhy xks"VhalkBh ulkok-

ßeyk dks.kh c‚l ukgh] ehp ek>h ekyd-Þ

ßdkekP;k osGsps caèku eyk vkoMr ukgh-Þ

ßLor%pk fc>usl Eg.kts fpDdkj iSlk feGrks-Þ

ßdtkZph ijrQsM dsyh ukgh rjh pkyrs-Þ

ßèkank uksdjkP;k gkrkr lksiowu ekyd vkjke d: 'kdrks-Þ

O;kikj % ;kr eky dkj[kkU;krwu fdaok 'ksrdÚ;kadMwu fdaok eksBîkk gksylsy

3- O;olk;kP;k vkdkjkuqlkj oxÊdj.k %

vkiyh cyLFkkus vksG[kk

y?kq m|ksx uksan.kh çek.ki= Mh-th-Vh uksan.kh

1- Lor%P;k dkekr vl.kkjh mRdVrk ¼Passion½& ;'kLoh m|kstd

2- vkpkj¼uhfrewY;a½ % O;olk;krhy lpksVh] ikjn'kZdrk vkf.k O;kolkf;d

3- yofpdrk ¼Flexibility½ % ladVs fdaok vpkud cny ?kMrkuk vkiY;k

4- dk;Z{kerk& ;'kLoh gks.;kph vis{kk dj.kkÚ;k çR;sdkykp ;'k feGr ukgh-

5- usr`Ro& ,d pkaxyk O;kolkf;d tks Lor%P;k vaxh usr`Roxq.k Bsorks rks

6- èkS;Z& ;'kLoh m|kstdkP;k vaxh èkS;Z gk ,d egÙokpk xq.k vkgs- O;olk;kr

7- egRokdka{kk& cjsp yksd uQk feGfo.;kP;k o`Ùkhph vkf.k egRokdka{kk ;k

8- vkRefoÜokl % vki.k vkiyk Lor%pk O;olk; d: bfPNr vlY;kl

10- fu;kstu dkS'kY;% fu;kstu {kerk gk ,d egRokpk xq.k vkiY;kyk loZ

fo|eku vkèkqfud o [kqY;k

m|kstd Eg.kwu dk;Zjr vlrkuk vxnh m|ksxkph LFkkiuk dj.;kiklwu R;kps

Lor%pk O;olk; djrkuk vusd vMp.khapk lkeuk djkok ykxrksp- ex rks

O;olk;kdjrk tkxk % dkgh m|ksxkae/;s foØhlkBh eksD;kph tkxk vl.ks

rTKkapk lYyk o ekxZn'kZu % dks.krkgh O;olk; lq: dj.;kiwoÊ ;ksX; ekxZn'kZu

uohu O;olk; lq# djrk;\ ex gs ç'u Lor%yk fopkjk

HkkaMoyklkBh ykx.kkÚ;k iS'kkpk vankt vkrk vkiY;kyk vkyk- vkrk vki.k rs

vkiY;k mRiknukph fdaer d'kh Bjoky % dqBY;kgh oLrwph foØh fdaer

oLrw P;k foØh ojrh fdaerhpk çHkko%

fdaer vkf.k O;olk; fLFkrh%

cktkjHkko vkf.k LièkkZ

nji=dkr [kkyhy xks"Vhpk lekos'k dsysyk vlrks%

foi.ku % ¼ekdZsfVax½ oLrw o lsok ;kaP;k mRiknukiklwu fdaok fufeZrhiklwu rs

[kjsnh izfØ;k gh foi.kukrhy vk/kkj'khyrk vkgs-

cktkjisB la/khps fo'ys"k.k@

1½jkstxkjlaèkhr ok<% dkgh tk.kdkj rTKkaP;k ers foi.ku dk;Zs ¼ckaèk.kh]

2½ çekf.kr vkf.k ntZsnkj oLrwaps forj.k% foi.ku çfØ;sr çek.khdj.k vkf.k

4½ O;kikjpØkiklwu ¼eanhiklwu½ laj{k.k% O;kijpØ lrr myV &lqyV xrhus]

O;kolkf;d laLFkk] lekt] xzkgd o mRiknd ;kaP;k n`"Vhus mRiknukps egRo

xzkgdkaP;k n`"Vhus foi.kukps egÙo

mRikndkaP;k n`"Vhus foi.kukps egÙo

¼1½ uQk ok<rks% çxr foi.kukeqGs O;olk;laLFkspk oLrw ok lsok xzkgdkai;Zar

fMftVy ekdZsfVax dk vko';d vkgs\

gs vkèkqfudrsps ;qx vkgs vkf.k ;k vkèkqfud dkGkr vki.kgh uohu ra=Kku

fMftVy ekdZsfVax ps rkRi;Z dk; vkgs\

ykHkkFkÊuk dsaæLFkkuh èk:u tkfgjkr ¼Precise Targeting½% fMftVy ekdZsfVax

fMftVy ekdZsfVax ph mi;qärk

cpr xVklkBh 'kklukP;k ;kstuk o Qk;ns-

Ø xzkeh.k Hkkxkrhy nkfjæ; js"ks[kkyhy O;ähaP;k cpr xVkl xzkefodkl

cpr xVkps Qk;ns

la?kVu gksrs o cpr vkf.k dkVdljhph lo; ykxrs-

cpr xV LFkkiusP;k ik;Ú;k ¼LVsIl½

egkjk"Vª m|kstdrk fodkl dsaæ% gh laLFkk 'kklukP;k iq<kdkjkus LFkkiu >kysyh

—"kh m|kstdrk fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ¼,bZMhih½

Lo;ajkstxkj fodkl çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ¼Mhih,lbZ½

ra=f'k{k.kkoj vkèkkfjr m|kstdrk fodkl

fc>usl EgVya dh dksVîkkoèkhpa HkkaMoy ikfgts gk eksBk xSjlet yksdkaeè;s