Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Digital Signal Processing

Subject Code – ECN-312

Digital filter strucures (FIR/IIR

Filters)
 Structures for FIR Filters
A FIR system is given by following difference equation:

Direct-Form Structure
*M-1 coefficients to be stored.
*M-1 Additions
* M multiplications
 Structures for FIR Filters
Alternative arrangements can be as per case basis:
For example, for linear phase FIR filter:

If M is even

If M is odd
 Structures for FIR Filters
Cascaded-Form Structure
* It is desirable to keep complex
conjugate pairs together for real
From slide-2: valued coefficients
For example, for linear phase FIR filter:

All these terms can be combined together to save

Processing cost:
 Lattice Structure
• Used in DSP implementation and adaptive
signal processing scheme
Starts by considering a FIR filter given as:

where,
 Lattice Structure
Direct-form realizations of the filter will be:

or
 Lattice Structure
• Such FIR structures are used in linear
prediction filters

is called linear prediction error.

This output can be achieved by using single stage-lattice

filter
 Lattice Structure

First order linear prediction

filter is realized.
Reflection Coefficient
Lattice Structure
 Lattice Structure

Similar form as
 Lattice Structure
Procedure can repeated for M-stage (order) filter:
 Lattice Structure

Moreover, from slide-11,

 Lattice Structure

Opposed to previous case, we have equation for backward

prediction:

Data run in back-ward direction!

Z-domain representation for backward prediction
coefficients:
 Lattice Structure
• Relation between forward and backward prediction
filter coefficients:

Substitute m-k=l

Slide-16
 Lattice Structure
Observation: Zeros of FIR filter,
system function
We have made relations between direct form and lattice
filters!!
 Lattice Structure

Conversion from lattice form to direct form:

Example to understand the conversion:

1
=
2
 Lattice Structure

Check final answers!!

Direct relation between reflection
coefficients and direct coeff.
 Direct to Lattice Form Conversion

OR

Example (try yourself):

IIR Filters
Direct-Form Representation

Memory locations
required: M+N+1
 Direct Form-II
w(n)

* Achieved by arranging
poles before zeros.

Memory locations required: max(M, N)

Signal flow graph for new structure derivations
Flow-graph reversal
theorem: If we reverse
the directions of all
nodes and interchange
input and output, the
system function
remains unchanged!
Signal flow graph for new structure derivations
Transposed structure: Transposed Direct-form II structure
Signal flow graph for new structure derivations
Transposed Direct-form II structure

Lets observe that we achieve

the following equation:

** Both have same level of complexity!

Cascaded Structure
 Parallel Form Structure
We assume: Poles are distinct, N>M.
Achieved with partial
fraction of rational
terms.
 Parallel Form Structure
Each H(k) can have
Direct-form-I or -II
structure

For above selected

structure, the equations
will be as follows:
 Practice Problem

Proakis example 9.3.1 in 4th Edition!!

Cascade –Form:
Parallel-Form
Parallel-Form
 Investigation of All-Pole portion of IIR filter:

Corresponding difference equation:

Observation: if we exchange the places of x(n) and y(n)

FIR structure
 Investigation of All-Pole portion of IIR filter:
• We can use FIR structure with input/output exchanged to
represent All-pole filter!
Consequently, we can represent All-Pole filter using FIR lattice
structure
&

Gain term will be calculated as in FIR case:

 Lattice and Lattice Ladder Structures
for IIR Systems

Now Consider
IIR system:
 Lattice and Lattice Ladder
Structures for IIR Systems
• According to direct form-II structure:

All-pole

All-zero
 Lattice and Lattice Ladder
Structures for IIR Systems
gm(n) is linear combination of previous and past
combinations:
Is all-zero system!
Lattice and Lattice Ladder Structures
for IIR Systems
 Lattice and Lattice Ladder Structures for IIR
Systems
Comparing with H(z):

Therefore,

** Try example from book!!

 Example Problem

Proakis, Ed. 4th.