Unit-IV( Network Layer)

1) Explain in details IP addressing methods.

2) In classful addressing how is an IP address in class A, Class B and Class C divided?

3) Explain the function of ARP & RARP

ARP –
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used to find the
MAC (Media Access Control) address of a device from its IP address.
It is used when a device wants to communicate with another device on a Local Area
Network or Ethernet.

RARP:

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP)

• If the host wants to know its IP address, then it broadcast the RARP query packet that
contains its physical address to the entire network. A RARP server on the network
recognizes the RARP packet and responds back with the host IP address.
• The protocol which is used to obtain the IP address from a server is known as Reverse
Address Resolution Protocol.
• The message format of the RARP protocol is similar to the ARP protocol.
• Like ARP frame, RARP frame is sent from one machine to another encapsulated in the
data portion of a frame.

4) Write a detail note on Internet protocols

IP Addressing
• IP address stands for “Internet Protocol address.”
• The Internet Protocol is a set of rules for communication over the internet, such as
sending mail, streaming video, or connecting to a website.
• An IP address identifies a network or device on the internet.
• The internet protocols manage the process of assigning each unique device its own IP
address.
• IP addresses are like telephone numbers, and they serve the same purpose. Example-
192.16.12.53

There are two types of IP addresses

❑ IPv4 IPv4 addresses contain a series of four numbers, ranging from 0 (except the first
one) to 255, each separated from the next by a period — such as 5.62.42.77.
❑ IPv6 IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, with the
groups separated by colons. A typical IPv6 address might look like this:
2620:0aba2:0d01:2042:0100:8c4d:d370:72b4.

IP Protocol Versions

∙IPv4 – version currently in wide use (1981) ∙

IPv6 – new version of IP protocol created to correct some of significant problems of
IPv4 such as exhaustion of address space (1996)
∙Mobile IP – enhanced version of IPv4 – supports IP in mobile environments

5) List out difference between Ipv4 and IPv6

IPv4 IPv6

IPv4 has a 32-bit address length IPv6 has a 128-bit address length

It Supports Manual and DHCP It supports Auto and renumbering address

address configuration configuration
IPv4 IPv6

In IPv4 end to end, connection In IPv6 end to end, connection integrity is

integrity is Unachievable Achievable

It can generate 4.29×10 9 address Address space of IPv6 is quite large it can
space produce 3.4×1038 address space

The Security feature is dependent IPSEC is an inbuilt security feature in the IPv6
on application protocol

Address representation of IPv4 is Address Representation of IPv6 is in

in decimal hexadecimal

Fragmentation performed by In IPv6 fragmentation performed only by the

Sender and forwarding routers sender

In IPv4 Packet flow identification In IPv6 packet flow identification are Available
is not available and uses the flow label field in the header

In IPv4 checksum field is available In IPv6 checksum field is not available

It has broadcast Message In IPv6 multicast and anycast message

Transmission Scheme transmission scheme is available

In IPv4 Encryption and In IPv6 Encryption and Authentication are

Authentication facility not provided 
provided  

IPv6 has header of 40 bytes fixed 

IPv4 has a header of 20-60 bytes.