Unit-III: Single Phase A.

C Circuits

Sinusoid

* A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function.

* A sinusoidal current is usually referred to as alternating current (ac).

* Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has alternately positive and
negative values.

* Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are called ac circuits.

Figure 1

Figure 2

Time Period

* The time taken for any wave to complete one full cycle is called the period (T).

Periodic function

* A periodic function is one that satisfies f (t) = f(t+nT), for all 't' and for all integers 'n'.
R.M.S and Average values, and form factor for different periodic wave forms

Figure 3

(a) ac circuit (b) dc circuit

Figure 4
Problems

Find the rms value of the voltage wave whose equation is

Solution:
Form factor of a waveform is defined as the ratio of rms value to the average value of
the wave
Problems
Find (i) average value, (ii) rms value and (iii) form factor for the following waveform.

0 1 2 3 4
t (sec)

Solution:

0 1 2 3 4
t (sec)
A sine wave has a peak value of 12V. Determine the following:
(i) rms value, (ii) average value and (iii) form factor
Solution:

Find (i) average value, (ii) rms value and (iii) form factor for a half-wave rectified
sine wave shown below:

Vm

0
Solution:
Vm

0
Find (i) average value, (ii) rms value and (iii) form factor for a full-wave rectified
sine wave shown below:

Vm

0
Solution:
Vm

0
Find (i) average value, (ii) rms value and (iii) form factor for a full-wave rectified
sine wave having a delay of angle of 60 degrees shown below:

Vm

0
Solution:

Vm

0
Find (i) average value, (ii) rms value and (iii) form factor for a sawtooth wave
shown below:

Vm

0 T 2T 3T
Solution:
 Sinusoids and phasors

amplitude of the sinusoid

argument of the sinusoid
angular frequency in radians/s
phase of the sinusoid

* Sinusoids are easily expressed in terms of phasors, which are more convenient to work
with than sine and cosine functions.

* A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.

* Phasor analysis and its application to electrical circuits needs thorough knowledge of
complex numbers.
Imaginary axis

Real axis
Concept of Reactance, Impedance, Susceptance and Admittance
Steady state analysis of R, L and C (in series, parallel and series parallel combinations)
with sinusoidal excitation
Voltage across a resistor and current flowing through it are in phase (or)
The phase difference between voltage and current in a pure resistor is zero.
Voltage across a inductor and current flowing through it are out of phase by 90 degrees
(or)
Voltage across an inductor leads the current flowing through it by 90 degrees
Voltage across a capacitor and current flowing through it are out of phase by 90 degrees
(or)
Current flowing through a capacitor leads the voltage across it by 90 degrees.
Problem

In a series RL circuit consisting of 1 kilo ohms resistor and 50 mH coil, find impedance,
current flowing through circuit, phase difference, power factor, voltage across resistor
and voltage across coil if the circuit is supplied by a voltage signal of 10V, 10 kHz.
Problem

A series RC circuit consisting of 2 kilo ohms resistor and 0.1 micro Farads capacitor is
excited with a voltage signal of 10 V rms, 500 Hz. Determine the total impedance, current,
phase angle between the supply voltage and current, power factor, voltage across capacitor
and voltage across resistor.
Find total current, impedance and phase angle in the circuit shown below:

Find the total impedance and the line current for the circuit shown below:
 Passive
Sinusoidal linear
source network
Problems

In an electrical circuit resistance of 10 Ω, inductance of 101.3212 mH and capacitance

of 100 μF are connected in parallel. The circuit is energized with a supply of 230 V,
50 Hz. Calculate (a) impedance offered by the circuit, (b) current drawn from the
supply, (c) power factor offered by the circuit and (d) power consumed by the circuit.

Solution:
In the circuit shown below, calculate (a) impedance offered by the circuit, (b) current
drawn by the circuit, (c) power factor offered by the circuit, (d) real, reactive, apparent
and complex powers and (e) total admittance offered by the circuit. Draw the phasor
diagram consisting of supply voltage and current phasors.

Solution:
The given circuit may be redrawn by assigning node number to the circuit as follows: