CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL RESEARCH ● Have you indicated the source of the

QUIZ TRANSES: LEARNING FROM literature by referencing accurately?

OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE ● Have you used mostly primary
LITERATURE sources or appropriate secondary
sources?

WHY DO LIT REVIEW

LESSON 1 :SELECTING RELEVANT ● To indicate the research that has
LITERATURE been conducted in the area before.
● To demonstrate that you’re aware of
important and recent studies in your
LITERATURE REVIEW study area.
● Provides an overview of what has ● To ensure that you haven’t missed
been written about a specific topic. literature detailing a novel way for
● Includes all the information and data you to conduct your study, or
which are authoritative and relevant. pointing you to a data-collection tool
that is most appropriate for your
SOURCES OF LITERATURE study.
(JMCCTEGHS) ● To explain the theoretical
● Journal articles background to your proposed
● Monographs research project.
● Computerized databases ● To demonstrate your ability to
● Conference proceedings critically analyze the literature in
● Theses and dissertations your study area.
● Empirical studies
● Government reports and reports KINDS OF LIT REVIEW (TISS)
from other bodies ● TRADITIONAL (Narrative lit review)
● Historical records - provides a quick overview of
● Statistical handbooks current studies.
● INTEGRATIVE
- this review synthesizes
QUESTIONS TO DERIVE LIT REVIEW findings from different
approaches.
● Have you clearly indicated the ● SYNTACTIC
scope and purpose of the review? - this review synthesizes high
● Have you included a balanced quality empirical information
coverage of what is available? to answer a given research
● Have you included enough materials question.
to show the development and ● SCOPING
limitations in this area? - this review involves a broad
● Have you included the most recent research question that
and relevant studies? explores the current
evidence base
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD ● Discussing and evaluating these
LITERATURE REVIEW ideas, theories and concepts.
● Identifying particular areas of debate
● Materials must be as recent as and controversy
possible. ● Preparing the ground for the
● Materials must be as objective and application of these ideas to new
unbiased as possible. research.
● Materials must be relevant to the
study. LESSON 2: CITING RELATED
● Materials must not be too few but LITERATURE USING STANDARD STYLE
nor too many.

TYPES OF SOURCES WHY AM I CITING (BMNCJF)

● PRIMARY SOURCES ● BOOKS
- publications in which - A collection of books that
researchers report the results provides information about a
of their studies. certain topic.
● SECONDARY SOURCES ● MAGAZINES
- publications in which authors - A popular work published
describe the work of others. periodically focusing on a
- specific subject of interest.
● NEWSPAPER
USING COMPUTER IN LIT REVIEW - A periodical publication
● Computers become one of the rich containing news, events
sources for writing a review of interview and opinion article
literature. ● COMPUTER
● Availability of Education Resources - A collection of electronic
Information Center (ERIC). materials that provides
● Availability of world wide web (www) information about a certain
as part of the internet. topic.
● Search engines are available (Ex. ● JOURNAL
Google) - A scholarly work published
periodically containing highly
PREPARING LIT REVIEW INVOLVES classified research.
● FILM
● Searching for reliable, accurate and - A motion picture or movie.
up-to-date material on the topic or Can be fictional,
subject. documentary or even
● Reading and summarizing the key YOUTUBE videos.
points.
● Synthesizing the key ideas, theories
and concepts into a summary of
what is known.
REFERENCING STYLES - Example: According to
● APA is an author/date based style. Felipe, “pregnancy is a
This means emphasis is placed on condition where women
the author and the date of a piece of should take extra care of
work to uniquely identify it. themselves, there is also a
● MLA is most often applied in the arts need to consult with a doctor
and humanities, particularly in the to check if everything, if both
USA the mother and the baby are
● HARVARD is very similar to APA. It dong fine” (Felipe, 2015).
is the most well used referencing
style in the UK and Australia, and it SAMPLE OF CITATION
is encouraged for use with the
humanities. BOOKS
● CHICAGO AND TURABIAN are two ● Last name, First name (year). Book
separate styles but very similar. title. Subtitle, (edition) Place:
They are widely used for history and Publisher
economics. ● Reference list is the list of the
● Though there are choices from sources you used with your paper.
different referencing styles, your Place list at the end of your paper.
should use the particular style your Observe the following:
school recommends. - Title your list of sources:
● Avoid mixing or combining References
referencing style - List your sources
alphabetically by author
- Double-space your reference
WAYS OF CITING list
● By author or writer ● In- Text:
- Example: According to - Example: Vega, Prieto,
Felipe (2015) . . . . Carreon, 2009; Corpuz and
● By topic Salandan, 2013
- It has been found out that . . . ● Reference List:
. (Felipe, 2015) - Examples: Corpuz B. &
● By Chronology – according to the Salandanan G. (2013)
year, the literature were written, Principles of teaching 1.
usually from earliest to the latest. Quezon City: LORIMAR
● Only the major findings, ideas, Publishing Inc.
generalizations, principles or ● When citing a reference, another
conclusions in related materials researcher has cited or you need to
relevant to the problem should be refer to a work that has been cited
cited. in a paper you have read, but not the
● A material may be quoted if the idea work cited, then the cited work is
conveyed is so perfectly stated and only referred to as part of the in-text
is not too long. citation.
● In-text:
 - O’Reilly (as cited in Bryme, Explanations may entail
2008) argues that . . . . . . descriptions, sequence of
● Reference List events or state of affairs.
- Bryme, A. (2008) web 2.0 ● Argument
strategies in libraries and - its purpose is to present the
information services. The point of view with the support
Australia of relevant facts from
WEBSITE services and presented in a
● For a passing reference to a website logical manner.
in-text, the URL is sufficient, no ● Documents
reference list is needed. - includes written or printed
- Example: Gussie-Fink-Nottie materials that have been
has set up a discussion produced in some form or
forum for the new another such as annual
financiers. reports, books, artwork,
● When you are citing a particular cartoons, circulars, records,
document or piece of information diaries, notebooks, etc. They
from a website, include both a may be published or
reference list entry and an in-text unpublished, intended for
citation. private or public
- Example: Author, (date). consumption; they may be
Title of document[(formal original works or copies
description)]. Retrieved ● Numerical records
from http://xxxx - includes any type of
numerical data in printed
LESSON 3 :SYNTHESIZING form: test scores, attendance
INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT figures, census reports,
LITERATURE school budgets and the like.
● Oral statements
- include stories, myths, tales,
SYNTHESIS chants, songs and other
- Is a discussion that draws on one or forms of oral expressions.
more sources. These materials leave a
- Refers to the bringing together of record for future generations
materials from different sources, and ● Relics
the creation of an integrated whole - are formal types of historical
sources. A relic is any object
TYPES OF SYNTHESIS where physical or visual
● Explanatory characteristics can provide
- helps the readers to some information about the
understand a topic. Its past.
primary aim is to present the
facts in a reasonably
objective manner.
SYNTHESIS OF THE ART
- All information about the subject or
problem discussed in the review are
presented, organized and
summarized further in synthesis
- It is through the review of literature
that the research is able to connect
the past with the findings of the
present and show the difference
between the data and information
collected in the present study.
HOW TO WRITE SYNTHESIS
● Consider the purpose in writing.
● Select and read carefully the
sources, according to its purpose.
● Formulate a thesis (main ideas).
● Decide how to use the source
materials and take down notes.
● Develop an organizational plan
according to thesis.
● Write the first draft of synthesis,
followed the organizational plan.
● Revise the synthesis.
TECHNIQUES
● SUMMARY
- it is the simplest way of
organizing a synthesis. Here,
you write one after the other
the most relevant information
and sources you gathered.
● EXAMPLE or ILLUSTRATION
- it is a reference to a
particularly illuminating
example or illustration that
you have included in your
review. You need to credit
your source(s).
● TWO (OR MORE) REASONS
- this approach can be an
effective method by simply
stating your thesis, then give
reasons why it is true. Your
reasons need to be
supported by evidence from
your data and sources.
● COMPARISON and CONTRAST
- these techniques will lead to
examining two subjects or
data in terms of one another.
Comparison considers
similarities while contrast
highlights differences.
LESSON 4 :WRITING COHERENT
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
● Literature as in any form of writing
demands the observance of
coherence.
● The review is usually presented in a
traditional narrative way through
summary and synthesis becoming a
body of literature by itself.
● There is a need for the researcher to
express the reviewed literature in
his/ her own words to avoid
presenting the whole material as a
quotation or a series of quotations.
● A literature review is not an
annotated bibliography in which it
summarizes briefly each article that
have reviewed or researched on.
STRUCTURE OF LIT REVIEW
● INTRODUCTION
- often a single paragraph that
introduces the general topic
and provides scholarly (e.g.
policy, practice)context of the
review. It also identifies the
overall statement of
knowledge about the topic
(e.g. methodology, evidence,
problem or opportunity).
 ● BODY ● Rule 3: Prepare a conceptual
- need to address previous diagram of the need for the different
research on the topic types of literature review.
grouped according to theme, ● Rule 4: Take notes while reading.
theoretical, perspective, ● Rule 5: Choose the type of review
method used or you wish to write.
chronological development. ● Rule 6: Keep the review focused.
- This section draws together ● Rule 7: Be critical and consistent.
the significance of previous ● Rule 8: Find a logical structure.
individual studies by ● Rule 9: Make use of feedback.
highlighting the main themes,
issues and knowledge gaps.
- You must connect the For a coherent presentation, it is suggest to
literature to the proposed use phrases suggesting the tentative
research objectives within character of the research literature such as:
this parts and describe
previous work you have ● There appears to be strong evidence
accomplished related to your that…
proposed study. ● The literature has shown...
● CONCLUSION ● The foregoing literatures have
- often a single paragraph that shown…
provides a summary ● The data supporting the hypothesis
statement of the overall state are…
of knowledge about the topic.
This section should INFOS TO ORGANIZE
reconnect the ideas to your ● Where you found the information
introduction. It should ● Topic
establish the potential ● Paraphrased information found
significance or importance of ● Page you the fact on
your proposed study relative
to the current state of LESSON 5 :ETHICAL STANDARDS IN
knowledge. WRITING RELATED LITERATURE
● Remember to use accurate in text
citations. A literature review must ● Ethical concerns affect research.
contain complete and correct ● The term ETHICS refers to
citations for every source. questions of right and wrong.
● When researchers think about
GUIDELINES ethics, the question is: Is it right to
● Rule 1: Define the topic and the conduct a particular study or carry
audience. When defining a topic, out certain procedure must be
consider factors such as Interest, considered.
Importance and regency. ● Fraenkel and Wallen (2010) give an
● Rule 2:Search and re-search examples of unethical practice
reference lists. related to research:
 - Require a group of high
school sophomores to sign a
form in which they agree to
participate in a research
study.
- Ask first-graders sensitive
questions without obtaining
the consent of their parents
to question them.
- Deletes data he/she collects
that do not support his
hypothesis.
ETHICS AND RESEARCH
● Ethics refers to norms for conduct
that distinguish between acceptable
and acceptable behavior.
● It also refers to rules in making a
distinction between right and wrong.
● Ethical principles stress the need to:
- do good (known as
beneficiaries)
- do no harm (known as
malfeasance)
● In practice, these ethical principles
means that as a researcher you
need to:
- obtain informed consent
from potential research
participants
- minimize the risk of harm to
participants
- . protect their confidentiality
- avoid using deceptive
practices and give
participants the right to
withdraw from your research
NEEDS FOR ETHICS
● Norms promote the aims of research
such as knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error.
● Norms promote the values that are
essential to collaborative work such
as trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness. They also
protect intellectual property interests
and encourage confidentiality even
in collaboration.
● Norms ensure can researchers can
be held accountable to the public. To
a certain extent, they draw
parameters within which what ideas
to write and how they should be
written.
● Norms promote a variety of other
important moral and social values.
Ethical lapses in research can
significantly harm human and animal
subjects, students and the public.
● Norms help to build public support
for research. This happens when
individuals and organizations believe
in the integrity and credibility of the
researcher(s), they offer funding for
the projects.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
● Ethical relativism
- refers to the view that values
are relative in the sense that
a person feels his/her value
is better than any other
person’s value.
● Ethical principles
- refers to values that are
translated into rules or
standard of conduct.
● Ethical dilemma
- entails a situation where
there is a felt conflict
between values or principles
and a choice of action needs
to be decided.
● Research integrity
- means that a researcher
uses word/s can be trusted
as representative truthful
 positions and statements.
One sign of research integrity
is the willingness to be
proven wrong or even to
have your earlier thinking on
matter challenged. (Yin,
2011).
● American Psychological Association
(APA)
- was one of the professional
organizations to develop
ethical guidelines for
research.
● Ethical principles
- are guides for minimizing
risks to participants-risks
such as making participants
uncomfortable or the
researcher’s probing into
personal areas of
participation.
ETHICAL CHECKLIST
● Is the proposed research sufficiently
well designed to of informational
value?
● Does the research pose any risks to
participants such as physical or
psychological harm by such means
as the use of deception, obtaining
sensitive, personal information, or
using minors of others who cannot
readily give consent as participants?
● If risks are placed on participants,
does the research adequately
control those risks by including such
procedures as debriefing, removing
or reducing risks of physical harm,
guaranteeing through the
procedures that all information will
be obtained anonymously or if that is
not possible, guaranteeing that it will
remain confidential, and providing
special safeguards for minors and
participants who may have
impairments?
● Have I included a provision for
obtaining informed consent from
every participant or, if participants
cannot give it, from responsible
people acting for the benefit of the
participant? Will sufficient
information be provided to potential
participants so they will be able to
give their informed consent? Is there
a clear agreement in writing (the
informed consent form) between the
researcher and potential
participants? The informed consent
should also make it clear that the
participant is free to withdraw from
the experiment at any time.
● Have I included adequate feedback
information, including a debriefing if
deception is used to be given to the
participants at the completion of the
study?
● Do I accept my full responsibility for
the ethical and safe treatment of all
participants by myself and all
research assistants?
LESSON 6 :PRESENTING WRITTEN
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
● Two areas of doing literature review:
- Information seeking which
refers to the ability to scan
the literature efficiently.
- Critical appraisal which refers
to the ability to apply
principles of analysis in order
to identify unbiased and valid
studies.
PREPARING RRL
● The introduction briefly describes the
nature of the problem. The
researcher also explains what lead
him/her to study and probe into the
question and why it is an important
question to investigate.
● The body of the review briefly
reports what others have found or
thought about the research problem.
Related studies are usually
discussed together grouped under
subhead to make the review easier
to read.
● The summary of the review ties
together the main ideas revealed in
the literature reviewed and presents
a composite picture of what is known
or thought to date. Findings may be
tabulated to give the reader ideas of
how many other researchers have
reported identical or similar findings
or have similar recommendations.
● Any conclusions the researcher feels
are justified based on the state of
knowledge revealed in the literature
should be included.
● A bibliography with full bibliographic
data for all sources mentioned in the
review is essential. Use the format
suggested for reference lists.
● Developed – the ideas are fully and
completely written.
● Integrative – it shows how ideas are
related and how all reviewed
materials contribute to your topic.
● Current – it exhibits up-to-date
information related to your study.
CRITICAL EVALUATION
● Have you organized your material
according to issues?
● Is there a logic to the way you
organized your material?
● Does the amount of detail included
on an issue relate to its importance?
● Have you been sufficiently critical of
design and methodological issues?
● Have you indicated when results
were conflicting of inconclusive and
discussed possible reasons?
● Have you indicated the relevance of
each reference to your research?

STRUCTURE OF RRL
● Focused – it presents only ideas
and reports on studies that are
closely related to the topic.
● Concise – the ideas should be
presented economically.
● Logical – the flow within and among
paragraphs should be a smooth,
logical progression from one idea to
the next.