ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC

THEORY
 ELECTRICITY : EARLY HISTORY

 MATTER MADE UP OF DISCRETE UNITS :

ANCIENT CULTURES – INDIA, GREECE
ETC
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS – 1789
ANTOINE LAVOISIER
 LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTIONS – 1799
JOSEPH LOUIS PROUST
 LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS – 1803
JOHN DALTON
 1897 – JJ THOMPSON DISCOVERED
ELECTRONS – CATHODE RAY
 1911 – RUTHERFORD MODEL
 1913 – BOHR MODEL
 1920’s – QUANTUM MECHANICS OR
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
 AIM

TO ACQUAINT THE CLASS WITH

ATOMIC STRUCTURE & THEORY
 PREVIEW

 PHASE I - CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

 PHASE II - ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 PHASE III - CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER BASED ON CONDUCTION
 PHASE I

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 MATTER
 ANY THING WHICH HAS WEIGHT AND OCCUPIES SPACE.
 CLASSIFICATION.
 PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER.
 CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER.
 PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

 SOLID.

 LIQUID.

 GAS.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 CHEMICAL
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
 ELEMENTS

 BASIC MTRLS THAT MAKE UP ALL

MATTER
 CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
 CONTAIN ONLY ONE TYPE OF
ATOMS
 98 FOUND NATURALLY
 118 ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN
DISCOVERED
PERIODIC TABLE
 COMPOUND

 FORMED BY CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF TWO

OR MORE ELEMENTS.
 COMPOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FROM THE ORIGINAL
ELEMENTS.
 VARIOUS ELEMENTS OF A COMPOUND CANNOT
BE SEPERATED BY SIMPLE PHYSICAL MEANS
LIKE FILTERATION, SEDIMENTATION, ETC.
 EXAMPLE:- WATER (H2O), SALT (NaCl).
 MIXTURE

 PHYSICAL COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE

ELEMENTS.
 DOES NOT INVOLVE ANY CHEMICAL
REACTION.
 CAN BE SEPERATED BY SIMPLE PHYSICAL
MEANS LIKE FILTERATION ETC.
 ELEMENTS RETAIN THEIR INDL PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES.
 PHASE II

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 ATOM

 SMALLEST PARTICLE THAT AN ELEMENT CAN BE REDUCED TO AND STILL

RETAIN THE PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT.
 TAKES PART FREELY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
 MOLECULE

 SMALLEST PARTICLE THAT A COMPOUND

CAN BE REDUCED TO BEFORE IT BREAKS
DOWN INTO ITS ELEMENTS.
 CHARACTERISTICS
 MADE UP OF TWO OR MORE ATOMS.
 MAY CONTAIN SIMILAR OR DISSIMILAR
TYPE OF ELEMENTS.
 CAN REMAIN IN FREE STATE.
 ANY FURTHER BREAK UP RESULTS
INTO THE LOSS OF ITS
CHARACTERISTICS.
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

NEGATIVELY
ATOM CONSISTS CHARGED
OF POSITIVELY ELECTRONS
CHARGED REVOLVE
NUCLEUS . AROUND
NUCLEUS.

ELECTRONS CAN ELECTRONS IN

REVOLVE IN EACH ORBIT
CERTAIN HAVE FIXED
PERMITTED AMOUNT OF
ORBITS ONLY. ENERGY.
BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM

 AN ATOM HAS A POSITIVELY

CHARGED NUCLEUS SURROUNDED
BY ELECTRONS WHICH REVOLVE
AROUND IT.
 ATOM CONTAINS THREE TYPE OF
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES -
ELECTRONS, PROTONS AND
NEUTRONS.
 NUCLEUS. CENTRAL PART OF THE
ATOM CONTAINS PROTONS AND
NEUTRONS. HELD TOGETHER BY A
STRONG BINDING ENERGY.
 HELIUM ATOM

SHELL
PROTON

+ N
-
+
- N

ELECTRON NEUTRON
 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

He
ATOMIC NUMBER
the number of protons in an atom

4 ATOMIC MASS
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom

NUMBER OF ELECTRONS = NUMBER OF PROTONS

 PROTONS

 PROTONS. HAVE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS :-

 ITS DIAMETER IS O.O7 TRILLIONTH OF AN INCH WHICH IS ONE THIRD THE
DIAMETER OF AN ELECTRON.
 WEIGHT : 1840 TIMES HEAVIER THAN ELECTRONS

 IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO DISLODGE A PROTON FROM ITS NUCLEUS.

 THEY DO NOT TAKE AN ACTIVE PART IN THE FLOW OR TRANSFER OF

ELECTRICAL ENERGY.

 POSITIVE CHARGE IS EQUAL TO 1.6X10-19 COULOMB.

 NEUTRONS

 ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL.

 PRESENT IN THE NUCLEUS.

 SIMILAR WEIGHT AS A PROTON.

 ELECTRON
ELECTRON
 THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ARE :-
 THREE TIMES LARGER THAN PROTON IN
DIAMETER.

 1840 TIMES LIGHTER THAN PROTON (i.e. -

EQUAL TO 9.11x10-31 Kg).
THEY HAVE A
NEGATIVE  THEY REVOLVE IN A NUMBER OF ORBITS
CHARGE. AROUND THE NUCLEUS.

 EASY TO DISLODGE FROM THEIR ORBITS

AND THEY ACTIVELY PARTICIPATE IN THE
FLOW OR TRANSFER OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY.

 NEGATIVE CHARGE IS EQUAL TO 1.6X10-19

COULOMB.
SUB ATOMIC PARTICLES
ATOMIC SHELLS/ORBITS

e N&P K L M N O P Q

N=1
N=2
N=3
N=4
N=5
N=6
N=7
 ATOMIC SHELLS/ORBITS

 ELECTRONS REVOLVE ALONG THESE PATHS AROUND THE NUCLEUS.

 AS THE NO OF ELECTRON INCREASES THE NO OF SHELLS ALSO INCREASES.
 SHELLS ARE NUMBERED IN ASCENDING ORDER FROM INSIDE (CLOSER TO
THE NUCLEUS ) TO OUT SIDE.
 MAX SEVEN SHELLS EXIST (K,L,M,N,O,P,Q).
 VALENCE SHELL

 THIS IS THE OUTER MOST SHELL OF ANY ATOM.

 MAX NO OF ELECTRONS IN A VALENCE SHELL ARE 8. IRRESPECTIVE OF THE
CAPACITY OF THE SHELL.
 THE ELECTRONS PRESENT IN THE VALENCE SHELL ARE CALLED VALENCE
ELECTRONS.
 IN CASE ENERGY IS IMPARTED ON THE VALENCE ELECTRONS THEY MOVE
OUT OF THE ATOM.
 FREE ELECTRONS CAUSE THE FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT.
 SHELL CAPACITY
BOHRS CONCEPT

 MAX NO OF ELECTRONS IN A SHELL = 2n2.

 n IS THE SHELL NUMBER FROM 1 TO 7 (K=1,Q=7)

 EXCEPTION TO BOHR’S CONCEPT

 MAX NO OF ELECTRONS IN ANY ORBIT WILL NOT EXCEED 32.
 MAX NO OF ELECTRONS IN OUTER MOST (VALENCE) ORBIT WILL NOT
EXCEED 8.
 PENULTIMATE ORBIT i e. ONE BEFORE THE LAST ORBIT WILL NOT HAVE
MORE THAN 18 ELECTRONS.
SHELL CAPACITY
BOHRS CONCEPT
 PHASE-III

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER BASED ON CONDUCTION OF

ELECTRICITY
 CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

 BASED ON THE AVAILABILITY OF A MATERIAL TO ALLOW PRODUCTION OF

FREE ELECTRONS.
 MATERIAL CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS
 CONDUCTORS

 INSULATORS

 SEMI CONDUCTORS.

 ENERGY IMPARTED ON THE VALENCE SHELL IS DIVIDED BETWEEN THE NO

OF VALENCE ELECTRONS.
 HENCE QUANTUM OF ENERGY REQUIRED TO PRODUCE FREE ELECTRONS
IS INCREASED AS NO OF VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE INCREASED.
 CONDUCTOR

 EASY TO PRODUCE FREE ELECTRONS THEREBY ALLOWING FLOW OF

CURRENT.

 ONE/TWO VALENCE ELECTRONS.

 Eg : Cu (29), Ag (47), Au (79).

 INSULATOR

 DIFFICULT TO PRODUCE FREE ELECTRONS (INCIDENT ENERGY IS

DISTRIBUTED)
 VALENCE ELECTRON ABOVE 4 UPTO 8.
 TO ACHIEVE CHEMICAL STABILITY THEY ABSORB FREE ELECTRONS AND
RESIST FLOW OF CURRENT IN THEIR PRESENCE.
 SEMICONDUCTORS

 EXHIBIT PROPERTIES OF BOTH CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS.

 HAVE 4 VALENCE ELECTRONS.

 GOOD INSULATOR CHARACTERISTICS AT ABSOLUTE ZERO TEMP(273.16 K).

 ROOM TEMP THEY ARE CONDUCTORS.

 BY ADDING IMPURITIES CONDUCTION CAPABILITY IS ENHANCED (DOPING)

 Eg: GERMANIUM, SILICON,SELENIUM.

 DOPING MATERIAL ARE (Eg: ARSENIC OR ANTIMONY).

CONCLUSION