ALGEBRA

Factors and Zeros of Polynomials

Let p共x兲  an x n  an1x n1  . . .  a1x  a0 be a polynomial. If p共a兲  0, then a is a zero of the
polynomial and a solution of the equation p共x兲  0. Furthermore, 共x  a兲 is a factor of the polynomial.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

An nth degree polynomial has n (not necessarily distinct) zeros. Although all of these
zeros may be imaginary, a real polynomial of odd degree must have at least one real zero.

Quadratic Formula
If p共x兲  ax 2  bx  c, and 0  b2  4ac, then the real zeros of p are x  共b ± 冪b2  4ac兲兾2a.

Special Factors
x 2  a 2  共x  a兲共x  a兲 x 3  a 3  共x  a兲共x 2  ax  a 2兲
x 3  a3  共x  a兲共x 2  ax  a 2兲 x 4  a 4  共x 2  a 2兲共x 2  a 2兲

Binomial Theorem
共x  y兲2  x 2  2xy  y 2 共x  y兲2  x 2  2xy  y 2
共x  y兲3  x 3  3x 2y  3xy 2  y 3 共x  y兲3  x 3  3x 2y  3xy 2  y 3
共x  y兲4  x 4  4x 3y  6x 2y 2  4xy3  y 4 共x  y兲4  x 4  4x 3y  6x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4
n共n  1兲 n2 2 . . .
共x  y兲n  x n  nx n1y  x y   nxy n1  y n
2!
n共n  1兲 n2 2 . . .
共x  y兲n  x n  nx n1y  x y  ± nxy n1  y n
2!

Rational Zero Theorem

If p共x兲  an x n  a n1x n1  . . .  a1x  a0 has integer coefficients, then every
rational zero of p is of the form x  r兾s, where r is a factor of a0 and s is a factor of an.

Factoring by Grouping
acx 3  adx 2  bcx  bd  ax 2共cx  d兲  b共cx  d兲  共ax 2  b兲共cx  d兲

Arithmetic Operations
a c ad  bc ab a b
ab  ac  a共b  c兲    
b d bd c c c

冢ab冣 a d ad 冢冣a
 冢 冣冢 冣 
b a a ac
 
冢d冣 b c bc
c c bc
冢冣 b
c
b

ab ba ab  ac
a冢 冣 
b ab
 bc
c c cd dc a
© Cengage Learning

Exponents and Radicals

ax
a0  1, a  0 共ab兲 x  a xb x a xa y  a xy 冪a  a1兾2  a xy n a  a1兾n
冪
ay

冢ab冣 冪ab  冪
x ax 1 n a
 n am  am兾n
冪 ax  n ab  冪
冪 n a冪
n b 共ax兲y  a xy n
bx ax 冪
n b

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 FORMULAS FROM GEOMETRY

Tear out Formula Cards for Homework Success.

Triangle Sector of Circular Ring
h  a sin  c a
共 p  average radius, p
h
Area  bh
1 θ w  width of ring, θ
2 b  in radians兲 w
(Law of Cosines)
Area   pw
c2  a 2  b2  2ab cos 

Right Triangle Ellipse

c
(Pythagorean Theorem) a Area  ab b
a
c2  a 2  b2
冪a b
2 2
b Circumference ⬇ 2
2
Equilateral Triangle Cone
冪3 s 共A  area of base兲
h h
2 s s Ah
冪3s2 h Volume  A
Area  3
4
s

Parallelogram Right Circular Cone

h
Area  bh r 2h
h Volume  r
3
b Lateral Surface Area  r冪r2  h2

Trapezoid a Frustum of Right Circular Cone r

h 共r 2  rR  R 2兲h s
Area  共a  b兲 h b Volume 
2 3 h R
a
b h
Lateral Surface Area  s共R  r兲

Circle Right Circular Cylinder r

Area  r 2 r Volume  r 2h
h
Circumference  2 r Lateral Surface Area  2 rh

Sector of Circle Sphere

共 in radians兲 4
Volume  r 3
s
r2 3 r
Area  θ
2 r Surface Area  4 r 2
s  r

Circular Ring Wedge

© Cengage Learning

共 p  average radius, 共A  area of upper face, A

r
w  width of ring兲 p w B  area of base兲
Area  共R 2  r 2兲 R A  B sec  θ
 2 pw B

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 DERIVATIVES AND INTEGRALS
Tear out Formula Cards for Homework Success.

Basic Differentiation Rules

d d d
1. 关cu兴  cu 2. 关u ± v兴  u ± v 3. 关uv兴  uv  vu
dx dx dx
vu  uv
冤冥
d u d d n
4.  5. 关c兴  0 6. 关u 兴  nu n1u
dx v v2 dx dx
d d u d u
7.
dx
关x兴  1 8.
dx
关u兴ⱍⱍ u
共u 兲, u  0
ⱍⱍ
9.
dx
关ln u兴 
u
d u d u d u
10. 关e 兴  eu u 11. 关loga u兴  12. 关a 兴  共ln a兲au u
dx dx 共ln a兲u dx
d d d
13. 关sin u兴  共cos u兲u 14. 关cos u兴   共sin u兲u 15. 关tan u兴  共sec2 u兲u
dx dx dx
d d d
16. 关cot u兴   共csc2 u兲u 17. 关sec u兴  共sec u tan u兲u 18. 关csc u兴   共csc u cot u兲u
dx dx dx
d u d u d u
19. 关arcsin u兴  20. 关arccos u兴  21. 关arctan u兴 
dx 冪1  u2 dx 冪1  u2 dx 1  u2
d u d u d u
22. 关arccot u兴  23. 关arcsec u兴  24. 关arccsc u兴 
dx 1  u2 dx u 冪u2  1 ⱍⱍ dx u 冪u2  1 ⱍⱍ
d d d
25. 关sinh u兴  共cosh u兲u 26. 关cosh u兴  共sinh u兲u 27. 关tanh u兴  共sech2 u兲u
dx dx dx
d d d
28. 关coth u兴   共csch2 u兲u 29. 关sech u兴   共sech u tanh u兲u 30. 关csch u兴   共csch u coth u兲u
dx dx dx
d u d u d u
31. 关sinh1 u兴  32. 关cosh1 u兴  33. 关tanh1 u兴 
dx 冪u2  1 dx 冪u2  1 dx 1  u2
d u d u d u
34. 关coth1 u兴  35. 关sech1 u兴  36. 关csch1 u兴 
dx 1  u2 dx u冪1  u2 dx u 冪1  u2 ⱍⱍ
Basic Integration Formulas

1. 冕 kf 共u兲 du  k f 共u兲 du 冕 2. 冕 关 f 共u兲 ± g共u兲兴 du  冕 f 共u兲 du ± 冕 g共u兲 du

3. 冕 du  u  C 4. 冕 u n du 
u n1
n1
 C, n  1

5. 冕 du
u
 ln u  C ⱍⱍ 6. 冕 eu du  eu  C

7. 冕 au du 
1
ln a 冢 冣
au  C 8. 冕 sin u du  cos u  C

9. 冕 cos u du  sin u  C 10. 冕 tan u du  ln cos u  C ⱍ ⱍ

11. 冕 cot u du  ln sin u  C ⱍ ⱍ 12. 冕 ⱍ
sec u du  ln sec u  tan u  C ⱍ
13. 冕 csc u du  ln csc u  cot u  Cⱍ ⱍ 14. 冕 sec2 u du  tan u  C

15. 冕 csc2 u du  cot u  C 16. 冕 sec u tan u du  sec u  C

© Cengage Learning

17. 冕 csc u cot u du  csc u  C 18. 冕 冪a2  u2

du u
a
C  arcsin

19. 冕 a2
du
u 2
1
a
u
 arctan  C
a
20. 冕 du
u冪u  a
2 2
1
 arcsec
a
u
a
C ⱍⱍ

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 TRIGONOMETRY

Definition of the Six Trigonometric Functions

Right triangle definitions, where 0 <  < 兾2. y

opp hyp
po t e nus
e sin  
Opposite
hyp
csc  
opp (− 12 , 23 ) π (0, 1) ( 12 , 23 )
90°
Hy
θ cos  
adj
sec  
hyp (− 22 , 22 ) 3π 23π 2 π3 π ( 22 , 22 )
hyp adj 120° 60°
Adjacent
tan  
opp
cot  
adj (− 23 , 12) 56π 4150°135° 45°
4 π
30°
6 ( 2
, )
3 1
2
adj opp
0° 0
Circular function definitions, where  is any angle. (− 1, 0) π 180° 360° 2π (1, 0)
x

y y r
sin   csc   210° 330°
(x, y)
r = x2 + y2 r y (− 23 , − 12) 76π 5π 225°240° 300°315°7π 116π ( 23 , − 21)
x r
y
r
θ cos  
r
sec  
x (− 22 , − 22 ) 4 43π 270° 32π 53π 4 ( 22 , − 22 )
x
x
tan  
y
x
cot  
x
y
(− 12 , − 23 ) (0, − 1) ( 2 , − 2 )
1 3

Reciprocal Identities Double-Angle Formulas

1 1 1 sin 2u  2 sin u cos u
sin x  sec x  tan x 
csc x cos x cot x cos 2u  cos2 u  sin2 u  2 cos2 u  1  1  2 sin2 u
1 1 1 2 tan u
csc x  cos x  cot x  tan 2u 
sin x sec x tan x 1  tan2 u
Quotient Identities Power-Reducing Formulas
sin x cos x 1  cos 2u
tan x  cot x  sin2 u 
cos x sin x 2
1  cos 2u
Pythagorean Identities cos u 
2
2
sin2 x  cos2 x  1 1  cos 2u
tan2 u 
1  tan2 x  sec2 x 1  cot2 x  csc2 x 1  cos 2u
Cofunction Identities Sum-to-Product Formulas
sin冢2  x冣  cos x cos冢2  x冣  sin x sin u  sin v  2 sin冢u 2 v冣 cos冢u 2 v冣
uv uv
sin u  sin v  2 cos冢 冣 sin冢
2 冣
 
csc冢  x冣  sec x tan冢  x冣  cot x 2
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 cos冢
2 冣
cos冢
2 冣
 
sec冢  x冣  csc x cot冢  x冣  tan x
2 2
uv uv
cos u  cos v  2 sin冢 冣 sin冢
Even/Odd Identities 2 2 冣
sin共x兲  sin x cos共x兲  cos x Product-to-Sum Formulas
csc共x兲  csc x tan共x兲  tan x 1
sec共x兲  sec x cot共x兲  cot x sin u sin v  关cos共u  v兲  cos共u  v兲兴
2
1
© Cengage Learning

Sum and Difference Formulas cos u cos v  关cos共u  v兲  cos共u  v兲兴

sin共u ± v兲  sin u cos v ± cos u sin v 2
1
cos共u ± v兲  cos u cos v sin u sin v sin u cos v  关sin共u  v兲  sin共u  v兲兴
2
tan u ± tan v
tan共u ± v兲  1
1 tan u tan v cos u sin v  关sin共u  v兲  sin共u  v兲兴
2

Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.