Review of Related Literature

Operation System

An operating system (OS) is the program that, after being

initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all of the

other application programs in a computer. The application programs make

use of the operating system by making requests for services through a

defined application program interface (API). In addition, users can interact

directly with the operating system through a user interface, such as a

command-line interface (CLI) or a graphical UI (GUI). An operating system

brings powerful benefits to computer software and software development.

Without an operating system, every application would need to include its

own UI, as well as the comprehensive code needed to handle all low-level

functionality of the underlying computer, such as disk storage, network

interfaces and so on. Considering the vast array of underlying hardware

available, this would vastly bloat the size of every application and make

software development impractical. Instead, many common tasks, such as

sending a network packet or displaying text on a standard output device,

such as a display, can be offloaded to system software that serves as an

intermediary between the applications and the hardware. (Bigelow,

Stephen J. 2021 June.).

What does a “system” mean? The word “system” is derived from the

Latin word “systema”, which describes the relation between several

working elements or units. Systems are built to produce one or more

specific goals. A system pertains to interdependent or interrelated objects

comprising and functioning as a whole. In biology, it may refer to the

biological or body systems. A biological system is a group of organs that

work together to carry out a particular task. In humans, there are different

biological systems that are comprised of biological organs with specific

functions. Another biologically-relevant concept is the classification

system, which is a collection of procedures, characteristics, and definitions

used to classify and/or identify living things. ( System. (n.d.). Retrieved

February 09, 2021).

An operations management system is a collection of processes and

procedures that enables a company to effectively manage business

practices and achieve the highest level of efficiency with day-to-day

operations. Operations management systems are geared towards

improving team performance and encouraging them to focus on tasks that

are instrumental to their organization’s growth. There are different

departments in an organization, and each of them has its responsibilities

and goals. An OMS generally serves as a guide that ensures these various

departments work together to achieve common business goals. An OMS

is commonly used in the non-production aspects of a business as well.

You can also use it for the management of information systems,

administrative processes, enterprise resource planning, supply chain

management, inventory management, and so on. The nature of your

operations management, however, will be determined by what products or

services you deal with in your organization. (optimoroute.com, May 3,

2022).

A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time, while a

multi-tasking operating system allows more than one program to be

running concurrently. This is achieved by time-sharing, where the available

processor time is divided between multiple processes. These processes

are each interrupted repeatedly in time slices by a task-scheduling

subsystem of the operating system. Multi-tasking may be characterized in

preemptive and cooperative types. In preemptive multitasking, the

operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the
programs. Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux—as well as non-

Unix-like, such as Amiga OS—support preemptive multitasking.

Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide

time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of

Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking; 32-bit versions of both

Windows NT and Win9x used preemptive multi-tasking.

(en.wikipedia.org/ ,11 January 2023).

Operations is the work of managing the inner workings of your

business so it runs as efficiently as possible. This can help streamline

costs, allowing you to do more with less and reducing the need to secure

small business loans. Whether you make products, sell products, or

provide services, every small business owner has to oversee the design

and management of behind-the-scenes work. The specific definition of

operations will depend on your industry and the stage your business is in.

Sometimes, improving operations means thinking strategically about your

systems and processes. Other times, it means being part of the on-the-

ground work to bring every aspect of a project, from tiny to huge, to reality.

At a small business, you may not want to dedicate a single person to an

operations role. (Ty Kiisel).

Food Establishment

Establishment means a public or private economic employing unit

Generally at a single physical location which produces and/or sells goods

or services, for example, a mine, factory, store, farm, orchard or ranch. It is

usually engaged in one, or predominantly one, type of commercial or

governmental activity. Each branch or subsidiary unit of a large employer

in a geographical area or community must be considered an individual

establishment, except that all such units in the same physical location is

considered a single establishment. A component of an establishment

which may not be located in the same physical structure (such as the

warehouse of a department store) also must be considered as part of the

parent establishment. For the purpose of the seasonal farmworker

definition, farm labor contractors and crew leaders are not considered
establishments; it is the organizations to which they supply the workers

that are the establishments. ( www.law.cornell.edu).

Food, substance consisting essentially of protein, carbohydrate, fat,

and other nutrients used in the body of an organism to sustain growth and

vital processes and to furnish energy. The absorption and utilization of

food by the body is fundamental to nutrition and is facilitated by digestion.

Plants, which convert solar energy to food by photosynthesis, are the

primary food source. Animals that feed on plants often serve as sources of

food for other animals. To learn more about the sequence of transfers of

matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism, see food

chain. Hunting and gathering, horticulture, pastoralism, and the

development of agriculture are the primary means by which humans have

adapted to their environments to feed themselves. Food has long served

as a carrier of culture in human societies and has been a driving force for
globalization. This was especially the case during the early phases of

European trade and colonial expansion, when foods such as the hot red

pepper, corn (maize), and sweet potatoes spread throughout Europe to

Africa and Asia. (www.britannica.com).

 Food service establishment means any place where food is

prepared

and intended for, though not limited to, individual portion service, and

includes the site at which individual portions are provided. The term

includes any such place regardless of whether consumption is on or off the

premises and regardless of whether there is a charge for the food. The

term also includes delicatessen-type operations that prepare foods

intended for individual portion service. The term does not include lodging

facilities serving only a continental breakfast (a continental breakfast is one

limited to only coffee, tea, and/or juice and commercially prepared sweet

baked goods), private homes or a closed family function where food is

prepared or served for individual family consumption, retail food stores or

the location of food vending machines. service establishment: the amounts

described in subsection. If a local health department no longer conducts a

food service program, the department, in consultation with the commission

of agriculture and rural development, shall set the food sanitation fees to

be imposed for the conduct of the food service program by the department.

(www.lawinsider.com)
 A food establishment is an operation that stores, prepares,

packages,

serves, vends or otherwise provides food for human consumption. This

can include take-out counters in grocery stores. These operations are

inspected on a regular basis to monitor for compliance with the State of

Delaware Food Code, a national model endorsed by the U.S. Food and

Drug Administration. The Office of Food Protection ensures that food is

safe to be consumed in Delaware. To accomplish this, the office ensures

that the Health Systems Protection is qualified to conduct inspections in

facilities that handle food, ensures that complaints from the public on food

safety are handled properly, and that all laws and regulations that apply to

food establishments are enforced .“Food establishment” means an

operation that stores, prepares, packages, serves, vends, or otherwise

provides food for human consumption: such as a restaurant; satellite or

catered feeding location; catering operation if the operation provides food

directly to a consumer or to a conveyance used to transport people;

market; vending location; conveyance used to transport people; institution;

or food bank; and that relinquishes possession of food to a consumer

directly, or indirectly through a delivery service such as home delivery of

grocery orders or restaurant takeout orders, or delivery service that is

provided by common carriers. (firststeps.delaware.gov).

The Establishment is a term used to describe a dominant group or

elite that controls a polity or an organization. It may comprise a closed

social group that selects its own members, or entrenched elite structures in

specific institutions. One can refer to any relatively small class or group of

people who can exercise control as The Establishment. Conversely, in the

jargon of sociology, anyone who does not belong to The Establishment

may be labelled an outsider [1][2] (as opposed to an "insider"). Anti-

authoritarian anti-establishment ideologies question the legitimacy of

establishments, seeing their influence on society as undemocratic. By the

'Establishment' I do not mean only the centres of official power—though

they are certainly part of it—but rather the whole matrix of official and

social relations within which power is exercised. The exercise of power in

Britain (more specifically, in England) cannot be understood unless it is

recognised that it is exercised socially. (en.m.wikipedia.org).

Post Pandemic

Post-pandemic teams needed to have much more frequent

communications with residents, especially when it came to informing

residents of Covid-19 policies or answering residents’ questions on safety,

maintenance or rent collection in the wake of the pandemic. In order to

account for a ramp-up in communications, smart property management

teams leveraged technologies like email or bulk text messaging that

allowed them to reach a broader set of residents at more convenient touch

points. Post-pandemic teams had that environment taken away from them.

In its place, smart teams leveraged digital tools to not only store important

property management information and take certain processes, like leasing

and rent collection, online, but also to gain increased visibility into property

performance and day-to-day operations. By digitizing a business, suddenly

information and data about performance, growth and efficiency is available

to visualize and act upon, something pre-pandemic teams would not have

by using manual processes — processes that may have worked very well

for them prior to the pandemic. (www.forbes.com)

 Doshi argues cogently that the definition of pandemic influenza in

2009 was elusive but does not refer to the classical epidemiological

definition of a pandemic.1 A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic

occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international

boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”.2 The classical

definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology or disease

severity. By this definition, pandemics can be said to occur annually in

each of the temperate southern and northern hemispheres, given that

seasonal epidemics cross international boundaries and affect a large

number of people. However, seasonal epidemics are not considered

pandemics. A true influenza pandemic occurs when almost simultaneous

transmission takes place worldwide. In the case of pandemic influenza

A(H1N1), widespread transmission was documented in both hemispheres

between April and September 2009. (H. Kelly 2011).

 It is tempting to surmise that the complicated pandemic definitions

used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention of the United States of America involved

severity1,10 in a deliberate attempt to garner political attention and

financial support for pandemic preparedness. As noted by Doshi, the

perceived need for this support can be understood given concerns about

influenza A(H5N1) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

However, conflating spread and severity allowed the suggestion that 2009

A(H1N1) was not a pandemic. It was, in fact, a classical pandemic, only

much less severe than many had anticipated or were prepared to

acknowledge, even as the evidence accumulated. In 2009 WHO declared

a pandemic several weeks after the criteria for the definition of a classical

pandemic had been met. Part of the delay was no doubt related to the

nexus between the formal declaration of a pandemic and the manufacture

of a pandemic-specific vaccine. If a classical pandemic definition had been

used, linking the declaration to vaccine production would have been

unnecessary.
(H. Kelli 2011).

Pandemic, outbreak of infectious disease that occurs over a wide

geographical area and that is of high prevalence, generally affecting a

significant proportion of the world’s population, usually over the course of

several months. Pandemics arise from epidemics, which are outbreaks of

disease confined to one part of the world, such as a single country.

Pandemics, especially those involving influenza, sometimes occur in

waves, so that a postpandemic phase, marked by decreased disease

activity, may be followed by another period of high disease prevalence.

Infectious diseases such as influenza can spread rapidly—sometimes in a

matter of days—among humans living in different areas of the world. The

spread of a disease is facilitated by several factors, including an increased

degree of infectiousness of the disease-causing agent, human-to-human

transmission of the disease, and modern means of transportation, such as

air travel. The majority of highly infectious illnesses that occur in humans

are caused by diseases that first arise in animals. Thus, when a new

infectious agent or disease emerges in animals, surveillance organizations

located within affected areas are responsible for alerting the World Health

Organization (WHO) and for closely monitoring the behaviour of the

infectious agent and the activity and spread of the disease.

(www.britannica.com)

Throughout history, pandemics of diseases such as cholera, plague,

and influenza have played a major role in shaping human civilizations.

Examples of significant historical pandemics include the plague pandemic

of the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE; the Black Death, which

originated in China and spread across Europe in the 14th century; and the

influenza pandemic of 1918–19, which originated in the U.S. state of

Kansas and spread to Europe, Asia, and islands in the South Pacific.

Although pandemics are typically characterized by their occurrence over a

short span of time, today several infectious diseases persist at a high level

of incidence, occur on a global scale, and can be transmitted between

humans either directly or indirectly. Such diseases represented in modern

pandemics include AIDS, caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),

which is transmitted directly between humans; and malaria, caused by

parasites in the genus Plasmodium, which are transmitted from one human

Influenza pandemics are estimated to occur roughly once every 50 years,

though the actual pandemic interval has in some instances been shorter

than this. For example, following the 1918–19 pandemic, there were two

other 20th-century influenza pandemics: the 1957 Asian flu pandemic and

the 1968 Hong Kong flu pandemic. to another by mosquitoes that feed on

the blood of infected humans. (www.britannica.com).

Pre- Pandemic

“Pre-coronavirus” can be used for talking about time periods before

the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Avoid using the phrase “pre-

lockdown” as this is not clear and may lead to misinterpretation of the data.

The “start” of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic may also be

subjective or have a different meaning or impact for different topics. Be as

clear and specific as possible when referring to time periods. the exact

dates if you are talking about a specific and clear time period or event, for

example, “before the national lockdown started on 23 March 2020”. the

month, such as “February 2020” if you are talking about the first full month

before the effects of COVID-19 were seen in the UK “early 2020” for a

more general time period relating to the months before the coronavirus

pandemic. Rather than using “pre-lockdown”, either state the month you
are talking about or use “before the national lockdown in March 2020” to

make it clear what date you are talking about. (style.ons.gov.uk).

"Pandemic flu" has been one of the buzzwords of late 2005. But how

does the phrase that's on everyone's lips differ from "epidemic," that other

well-worn disease term? Apparently, a lot of people aren't sure. Merriam-

Webster reports that "pandemic" is the seventh most frequently looked-up

word in its online dictionary this year. The definition: "occurring over a wide

geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high proportion of the

population." This is almost the same as the dictionary definition for

"epidemic," and it doesn't explain much when it comes to influenza -- a.k.a.

the flu. An epidemic of influenza is different from the dreaded pandemic

that scientists and world health officials fear is nigh. We might see an

epidemic of seasonal influenza during any given year. In fact, we just had

one. Flu reached epidemic levels in the U.S. for 10 weeks in a row during

the 2004-2005 season. Records kept by the CDC show that during the

week ending March 5, 2005, 8.9% of all deaths reported in 122 U.S. cities

were due to influenza and pneumonia (a common complication of the flu).

(Martin Downs, MPH, www.webmd.com)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in

unprecedented human, social, and economic impacts across the globe. It

has prompted decision makers to demand evidence-based solutions to

reduce the risk for transmission and the associated morbidity and mortality.

Such demands have resulted in substantial challenges for all involved in

the generation and translation of knowledge, including guideline

developers. Producing and updating trustworthy guidance is a deliberative

process that requires substantial investment of time and resources and

often takes years to complete. Well-accepted guidance and standards for

creating and assessing the methodology used to develop trustworthy

guidelines, including rapid guidelines (1–3), exist and are widely used.

Despite this, the process of developing trustworthy recommendations has

often been plagued with inefficiencies, redundancies, duplication, and a

lack of collaboration and sharing (Figure, top) (4). (www.acpjournals.org ).

 “Before the pandemic, many rural Americans and Alabamians did

not

have access to mental health services due to geography,” Macaluso said.

“Innovative models for health care delivery relied heavily on virtual visits,

and the now widespread use of telehealth has increased access for many

patients, which could change the way we provide care in the future.” Self-

care plans in the B Well App are tailored to each student and focus on

good habits in sleep, movement, nutrition, routine and resiliency, and users

can create private habit checklists and wellness journals to monitor their

health journey. Plus, the B Well App includes self-help tools that put

mental health services, mindfulness resources and related campus events

at students’ fingertips. In the early days of the pandemic, health care

employees were lauded as heroes, selflessly caring for others while

struggling to stay healthy themselves. There were military flyovers, fire

department drive-bys with sirens blaring, meal donations, and signs

expressing thanks on buildings, doors and hanging from windows. Harry

Connick Jr. even stopped by to put UAB Hospital on national TV. And that

outpouring of support was appreciated. (www.uab.edu)

A pandemic is not just a medical phenomenon; it affects individuals

and society and causes disruption, anxiety, stress, stigma, and

xenophobia. The behavior of an individual as a unit of society or a

community has marked effects on the dynamics of a pandemic that

involves the level of severity, degree of flow, and aftereffects. Rapid

human‐to‐human transmission of the SARS‐CoV‐2 resulted in the

enforcement of regional lockdowns to stem the further spread of the

disease. Isolation, social distancing, and closure of educational institutes,

workplaces, and entertainment venues consigned people to stay in their

homes to help break the chain of transmission. However, the restrictive

measures undoubtedly have affected the social and mental health of

individuals from across the board. As more and more people are forced to

stay at home in self‐isolation to prevent the further flow of the pathogen at

the societal level, governments must take the necessary measures to

provide mental health support as prescribed by the experts. Professor

Tiago Correia highlighted in his editorial as the health systems worldwide

are assembling exclusively to fight the COVID‐19 outbreak, which can

drastically affect the management of other diseases including mental

health, which usually exacerbates during the pandemic.

(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)