Review Notes Analytic Geometry

ANALYTIC GEOMETRY is the merging of Algebra and Geometry. Angle Between Two Lines

It is the application of the analytical tools of algebra in solving problems

𝜽 = 𝜶−𝜷
related to geometry, or in another way, the use of shapes and curves to
visualize algebraic functions. 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝟏 + 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
The Cartesian Coordinate System

Distance Between a Point and a Line

𝑨𝒙𝟏 + 𝑩𝒚𝟏 + 𝑪
𝒅=
±√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

Sample Problems:

Distance Between Two Points
Division of Line Segment
Slope of a Line
Equations of a Line
A LINE is a series of infinite number of points having a uniform slope.
General equation:
Slope-intercept form:
Point-slope form:
Parallel Lines
1. If (x, 4) is equidistant from (5, -2) and (3, 4) find x.
2. How far is the intersection of the lines 4x – 5y = 26 and 3x + 7y + 2 = 0
from the origin?
3. The distance between the points (x, 4, 1) and (-3, 5 -4) is 3√3. Find the
value of x.
𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 4. Determine the perimeter of the triangle whose vertices are A(1, 5) B(4, -
1) and (-3, 0)
5. Find the coordinates of a point that is 2/3 of its distance from A(1, 8) to
B(7, -1)
6. The segment from (-1, 4) to (2, -2) is extended 3 times its own length.
Find the terminal point.
7. Find the inclination of the line passing through (4, 1) and (-3, -3)
8. Determine the area of the triangle bounded by the straight lines x + 2y =
7, 3x – 4y = 1 and 2x – y + 6 = 0.
𝒓𝟏 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒙𝟏 9. If the coordinates of a quadrilateral are (1, 1) (0, 8) (4, 5) and (-3, 4),
𝒙=
𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 what is its area?
10. Determine k such that the line 3x + 2y – 7 = 0 is parallel to the line 2x –
𝒓𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒓𝟐 𝒚𝟏 ky + 2 = 0.
𝒚=
𝒓𝟏 + 𝒓𝟐 11. Find the equation of the line through (0, 4) which is perpendicular to the
line x – 3y = 0.
12. Find the equation of the line passing through (-5, -6) and (4, 3)
13. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line joining (4, 0)
and (-6, -3)
14. Find the x intercept of a line which passes through (2, 1) and is
perpendicular to 3x + 4y + 8 = 0
𝚫𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
𝒎= = 15. What is the distance between the line x + 2y + 8 =0 and the point (5, -2)
𝚫𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 16. Find the distance between the lines 3x + y – 12 = 0 and 3x + y – 4 = 0.
17. Find the equation of the line that bisects the acute angles between the
𝒎 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜶 lines x – y – 1 =0 and 7x + y – 7 = 0
18. Find the smallest angle between the lines 2x + y – 8 and x + 3y + 4 = 0.
𝑨
𝒎=−
𝑩
Locus of a Point
The word locus is Latin for place or location (plural loci) may be defined as
the path traced out by a point in motion, as it moves in a plane according to
a stated set of conditions.
𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 = 𝟎
Problems:
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
19. Find the equation of all the set of points equally distant from the y-axis
𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) and (4, 0)
20. What is the locus of a point, which is at distance of 4 unit length from (5,-
2)?

Two or more lines are parallel if and only if their slopes are equal. Conic Sections

A plane curve defined as the locus of a point which moves in such a way that
the ratio of its distance from a fixed point (focus) and a fixed line (directrix) is
constant.

General Equation of a Conic Section: 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑩𝒙𝒚 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎

𝑪𝟐 − 𝑪𝟏
𝒅=
±√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐

Perpendicular Lines

Two lines are perpendicular if their slopes are negative reciprocals of each
other

𝟏
𝒎𝟏 = −
𝒎𝟐

𝑨𝟏 𝑩𝟐
− =
𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝟏

Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2021)

Review Notes Analytic Geometry
Ways of Determining a Conic Section
V = vertex (h, k)
A. Cutting Plane Through a Right Circular Cone F = focus
a = focal length
e = eccentricity (f/d)

axis of symmetry – line passing

through the vertex and focus,
1. parabola
bisecting the parabola into two
2. circle and ellipse
symmetrical parts
3. hyperbola
latus rectum – line segment
perpendicular to the axis, passing
through the focus

B. Eccentricity – defined by the ratio f/d

Convert general equation to standard form to determine the vertex and other
C. Equation – by inspection
information. In the standard form, a negative right-hand side means the
D. Discriminant – B2 – 4AC (use when the term Bxy is present)
parabola is opening downward or to the left.
circle ellipse parabola hyperbola Problems:
eccentricity →0 less than 1 1 greater than 1
discriminant less than 0 0 greater than 0 26. Find the equation of the parabola with vertex at (5,-2) and focus at (5,-4).
A and C have 27. Compute the focal length and the length of latus rectum of parabola
equation A=C A ≠ C (same sign) A = 0 or C = 0
opposite signs y2 + 8x – 6y + 25 = 0.
28. An arch 18 m high has the form of a parabola with vertical axis. The
Questions: length of the horizontal beam placed across the arc 8 m from the top is
What conic section is represented by x2 + 4y2 + 4xy + 2x – 10 = 0? 64m. Find the width of the arch at the bottom.
What is the graph of the equation x2 + y2 + 3x + 2y + 4 = 0?

Ellipses
Circles
An ellipse is the locus of a point which moves so that the sum of its distance
A circle is a plane figure obtained as a locus of a point whose distance from a from two fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to the length of the major
fixed point called the center is constant. In the illustration below, the moving axis.
point is (x, y) while the center is represented by (h, k).
For an ellipse, eccentricity < 1 and the discriminant < 0.

General equation of a circle: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒇 = 𝟎

Standard equation of a circle: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 C = center (h, k)

F = foci 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐
Circle with center at the origin: 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 2a = major axis
2b = minor axis 𝟐𝒃𝟐
The center and radius of a circle can be obtained by transforming the 𝑳𝑹 =
general equation into standard form by means of completing the square. a = semi major axis 𝒂
b = semi minor axis
Coordinate of the center (from general equation) c = focal distance 𝒂 𝒄
d = distance from C to directrix 𝒅= , 𝒆=
𝒆 𝒂
𝒅 𝒆 e = eccentricity (f/d)
𝒉=− , 𝒌=− LR = latus rectum
𝟐 𝟐
General Equation of an Ellipse: 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
Radius of the circle

Major Axis Standard Form

𝒓 = √𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 − 𝒇
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Horizontal + =𝟏
Problems: 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

21. Determine the circumference of the circle whose equation is x2 + y2 + 6x (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Vertical + =𝟏
– 8y +16 = 0 𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
22. Find the equation of the circle circumscribing a triangle whose vertices
are at (0,0), (0,5) and (3,3).
Semi-minor and Semi-major axes: Coordinate of the Center:
23. Determine the value of k so that x2 + y2 – 8x +10y + k = 0 is the equation
of circle of radius 7.
24. Find the shortest distance from A(3,8) to the circle x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y = 12. 𝑨 > 𝑪: 𝒂 = √𝑨 , 𝒃 = √𝑪 𝑫 𝑬
25. Find the equation of the circle tangent to the line 3x + 4y = 15 and the 𝒉=− , 𝒌=−
𝑪 > 𝑨: 𝒂 = √𝑪 , 𝒃 = √𝑨 𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪
center is at (-3,-4).

Parabolas
Problems:
A parabola is a locus of a point which moves so that it is always equidistant
29. Find the center of the ellipse 9x2 + 25y2 + 18x − 100y − 116 = 0.
from a fixed point called focus and a fixed line called directrix.
Determine also the length of the major and the minor axes.
30. Given the equation: 9x2 + 4y2 – 24y – 72x + 144 = 0
For a parabola, the eccentricity = 1 and the discriminant = 0.
a. Determine the eccentricity of the curve.
b. Find the area enclosed by the curve
Axis of Parabola General Form Standard Form 31. The major axis of the elliptical path in which the earth moves around the
Vertical 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 = ±𝟒𝒂(𝒚 − 𝒌) sun is approximately 186,000,000 miles and the eccentricity of the orbit
is 1/60. Find the farthest distance of the earth from the sun.
Horizontal 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = ±𝟒𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉) 32. An ellipse has its center at (0, 0) with it axis horizontal. The distance
between the vertices is 8 and its eccentricity is 0.5. Compute the longest
focal radius from point (2, 3) on the curve.

Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2021)

Review Notes Analytic Geometry
33. An ellipse has its vertices at (-2,-3) and (8,-3). If one end of the minor Common Polar Curves
axis is at (3,-7), how far is the nearest focus to the left of the directrix.

Hyperbolas

Hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves so that the difference of the
distances from two fixed points (foci) is constant and is equal to the length of
the transverse axis.

For a hyperbola, eccentricity > 1 and discriminant > 0.

r2 = a sin θ

C = center (h, k)
F = foci 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
2a = transverse axis
2b = conjugate axis 𝟐𝒃𝟐
a = semi-transverse axis 𝑳𝑹 =
𝒂
b = semi-conjugate axis r2 = k cos 2θ r = k cos 3θ
c = focal distance 𝒂 𝒄
d = distance from C to directrix 𝒅= , 𝒆=
𝒆 𝒂
e = eccentricity (f/d)
LR = latus rectum
Equations of Hyperbola:

Major Axis General Form Standard Form

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐
Horizontal 𝑨𝒙𝟐 − 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐
Vertical 𝑪𝒚𝟐 − 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎 − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

r = k cos 2θ r = k(1+ cos θ)

Take note that a is always the denominator of the positive term.

Semi-transverse/Semi-conjugate axes: Coordinate of the Center: Problems:

37. Change the equation (x2 + y2)3 = 4x2y2 to polar coordinates.

Horizontal axis: 𝒂 = √|𝑪| , 𝒃 = √𝑨 𝑫 𝑬 38. Determine the length of the latus rectum of the curve r cos2θ – 4cosθ =
𝒉=− , 𝒌=− 16sinθ.
Vertical axis: 𝒂 = √|𝑨| , 𝒃 = √𝑪 𝟐𝑨 𝟐𝑪

In a hyperbola, the following are possible: a > b, a < b or a = b

Asymptotes of the Hyperbola

𝒃
𝒚 − 𝒌 = ± 𝒂 (𝒙 − 𝒉) → for horizontal transverse axis

𝒂
𝒚 − 𝒌 = ± 𝒃 (𝒙 − 𝒉) → for vertical transverse axis

Problems:

34. Given equation of the hyperbola 16y2 – 9x2 + 36x + 96y – 36 = 0, Find its
center.
35. Find the eccentricity of the hyperbola whose equation is 16x2 – 9y2 –
128x – 90y – 113 = 0.
36. Find the equation of the asymptotes for a hyperbola (y – 5)2 – (x + 5)2 =
36.

Polar Coordinates

A point in polar coordinates is represented by (r, θ).

𝒚
𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 , 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 , 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒙

r = radial distance
θ = polar angle

Prepared by: Engr. Jefril M. Amboy, MSc. (2021)