Community Centred Conservation (C3)

OPERATION MOHLI Linking conservation of marine flagship species with sustainable development
A final report submitted to the BP Conservation Leadership Programme
Community Centred Conservation C3-Comores 2008
Community Centred Conservation (C3)
Operation Mohli Final Report
C3-Comores 2008 C3-Comores is a collaborative initiative between Community Centred Conservation (C3), a nonprofit company registered in England and Wales no. 5606924 and Comorian partner organizations. The activities described in this report have been supported by a BP Conservation Leadership Programme Future Conservationist Award. Suggested citation: C3-Comores (2008) OPERATION MOHLI: LINKING CONSERVATION OF MARINE FLAGSHIP SPECIES WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. A final report submitted to the BP Conservation Leadership Programme. 40pp
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Community Centred Conservation (C3) www.c-3.org.uk info@c-3.org.uk AIDE B.P. 1292 Moroni, Grand Comore www.aide.africa-web.org Mohli Marine Park (PMM) Nioumachoua, Mohli pmm@comorestelecom.km C3-Comores BP 8310, Iconi, Grande Comore tel. +269 773 75 04 GSM +269 336 75 06 FADEVICHO / HUPPE, Hoani, Mohli ADSN, Nioumachoua, Mohli The BP Conservation Leadership Programme http://conservation.bp.com/ http://www.conservationleadershipprogramme.org
Operation Mohli T-shirt design Lets protect Sea Turtles and Dugongs together!
OPERATION MOHLI Linking conservation of marine flagship species with sustainable development
A final report submitted to the BP Conservation Leadership Programme
Edited by C.N.S. Poonian Community Centred Conservation (C3) Moroni 2008
AIDE
ADSN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report is the culmination of the advice, cooperation, hard work and expertise of many people. In particular, acknowledgements are due to the following for their contributions: COMMUNITY CENTRED CONSERVATION (C3) Director: Patricia Davis International Programme Manager: Chris Poonian C3-Comores Programme Manager: Rozenn Le Scao C3-Comores Programme Coordinator: Melissa Hauzer Interns: Charles Beaufrere, Sarah Freed, Ariana Arcenas, Kileken Ole Moi-Yoi, Bjorn Alfthan, Joanne Nice, Audrey Clark MOHLI MARINE PARK Curator : Kamardine Boinali Ecoguards, particularly Hamada Issoufi and Cheikh Moussa Management Committee, particularly Abdou Malida and Nassur Ahamada THE JUNIOR ECOGUARDS ADSN (Association du dveloppement socioconomique de Nioumachoua) FADEVICHO / HUPPE, particularly Ahmed Dahalane, Omar Nafdi, Mouzidalifa Issouf, Nema Madi, Lutfi Madi and Bachiroudine Issa THE MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, MOHLI, particularly Abdou Tchake, Minister for the Environment and Toiouilou Madi Bam Dou, Director General for Tourism THE MINISTRY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, COMOROS, particularly Sitti Kassim, Minister for the Environment; Said Mohammed Ali Said, Secretary General, Fatouma Abdallah, Adjoint Director, INRAPE and Farid Anasse, INRAPE THE UNIVERSITY OF THE COMOROS particularly Dr Kamaldine Afratine AIDE, particularly Zaharani Moindjie and Said Ahamada, Secretary General All other volunteers and students, particularly Ben Said Omar and Mouzdaaoi Baussawi BP CONSERVATION LEADERSHIP PROGRAMME, particularly Marianne Carter, Robyn Dalzen, Lynn Duda and Paul Richardson C3 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE, particularly Kristian Teleki and Sue Wells
CONTENTS
1. SUMMARY OF PROJECT IMPACT AND OUTPUTS IN RELATION TO ORIGINAL AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 2. INTRODUCTION
6 9 9 22 26
3. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 3.1 Collection of baseline data on threatened turtle and dugong populations and habitat 3.2 Introduction and training of ecoguards in a basic, sustainable turtle and dugong monitoring programme 3.3 Identification of ecotourism enterprises focusing on these charismatic species to generate funding for management activities and a source of revenue for local people 4. FINANCIAL REPORT
38 40 40
5. PROJECT EVALUATION
6. APPENDICES
Dugong (Dugong dugon)
1. SUMMARY OF PROJECT IMPACT AND OUTPUTS IN RELATION TO ORIGINAL AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
a. Aim: -To engage the communities of Mohli in the active management of the Marine Park through (i) collection of baseline data on threatened turtle and dugong populations and habitat This project collected the most complete dataset to date on the dugong population of Mohli and its associated seagrass habitat. A threat assessment and socioeconomic study of turtle poaching was conducted throughout Mohli.
(ii) introduction and training of ecoguards in a basic, sustainable turtle and dugong monitoring programme Ecoguards from Mohli Marine Park were involved in all aspects of this project Twenty seven participants received training in ecology and conservation in the Moimbasa region of Mohli
(iii) identification of ecotourism enterprises focusing on these charismatic species to generate funding for management activities and a source of revenue for local people. The communities of Mohli Marine Park participated in a socioeconomic study of their perceptions of the Park and its effectiveness. A study of ecotourism on Mohli was conducted, which incorporated both tourists and local communities opinions and expectations Ecotourism facilities were developed at Hoani and the local community received basic hospitality training
b. Objectives: -To collect baseline information on the status of these species and their habitats, integrating socio-economic data from interviews with community members, local ecological knowlege and biological data from underwater and beach surveys; Alfthan B, Davis PZR (2006) DUGONG RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION ON MOHLI ISLAND, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Sirenews 46 Davis PZR, Poonian CNS (2007) INCIDENTAL CAPTURE OF THE DUGONG, DUGONG DUGON IN GILLNETS, MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS. In Kiska J, Muir C (Eds) 1st Regional Workshop on Incidental Catches of Non-targeted Marine Species in the Western Indian Ocean, Workshop proceeding. 13-15th November 2006, Mayotte, France.
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-To implement an appropriate low-cost monitoring programme for these species and train ecoguards in the relevant survey techniques and data storage/dissemination; Issouf Bounou M, Le Scao R (2007) HOANI: UN VILLAGE COMORIEN UNI DERRIRE SES TORTUES. Univers Maore 8:40-43 - To analyse the current ecotourism opportunities on Mohli, including perceptions, limitations and opportunities in order to identify means to increase awareness, improve enterprises and generate more funds; C3-Comores (2007) STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS OF MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS: LESSONS LEARNED FROM FIVE YEARS OF CO-MANAGEMENT. C3 Technical Report Series No. 4. ISSN 1754-5188. Community Centred Conservation (C3), London, UK. 34pp C3-Comores (2008) PRIORITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR ON MOHLI, UNION OF COMOROS. C3 Technical Report Series No. 5. ISSN 1754-5188. 37pp Hauzer M, Poonian C, Moussa Iboura C (in press) MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF THE CO-MANAGEMENT APPROACH. CORDIO Status Report 2007. -To raise awareness amongst communities about the value of flagship species conservation for sustainable development and their function as 'umbrella species' in the seagrass and coral reef ecosystems; 300 T shirts printed and distributed 3000 Brochures printed and distributed Canvas posters produced Day of the Dugong held in Nioumachoua Awareness-raising tour of Hoani, Hamba and Domoni
-To engage young people in conservation efforts through mobilising the 'Ulangwas' (youth environmental groups) and involving them directly in the monitoring programmes; Junior Ecoguard youth environmental programme established and active. Local village associations in Nioumchoua and Hoani involved in aspects of the project. Schools presentations throughout Mohli.
- To develop linkages between Comorian research & development institutions and relevant regional and international bodies Following attendance at the 1st Regional Workshop on Incidental Catches of Non-targeted Marine Species in the Western Indian Ocean, Workshop proceeding. 13-15th November 2006, Mayotte, France, a collaborative project was initiated with Duke University, USA. This was a component of Project GloBAL (Global Bycatch Assessment of Long-lived species), to evaluate artisanal fishing effort and bycatch of sea turtles and marine mammals in datadeficient areas. The results of this work have contributed to the IOSEA (Indian Ocean South East Asia) marine turtle memorandum initiative coordinated by UNEP and the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).
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C3 has been actively involved in the implementation of an international Memorandum of Understanding and Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) for the dugong in collaboration with the CMS and range states, which will facilitate the implementation of conservation efforts worldwide. In October 2007, the first 7 states signed the MoU and regional CMPs were finalized for the western Indian Ocean (WIO) and eastern Indian and Pacific Ocean (EIOP) regions. C3 has received funding from the CMS to extend its dugong research programme to Madagascar and Mauritius. Comoros signed the MoU in Bali, August 2008, a clear indication of the influence that Operation Mohli has had on national policy and decision making.
Presentations at international conferences: Davis PZR, Hauzer MD, Moussa C (2006) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUCCESSFUL CONSERVATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS. Poster presentation, International Society for Reef Studies European Meeting September 19 22, 2006 Bremen, Germany Davis PZR, Moindjie Z (2006) INCIDENTAL CAPTURE OF THE DUGONG, DUGONG DUGON, IN GILLNETS MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Oral presentation, 1st Regional Workshop on Incidental Catches of Non-targeted Marine Species in the Western Indian Ocean, Mayotte, 1315th November 2006 Nice J, Moinjie Z, Davis PZR (2006) DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE ECOTOURISM STRATEGY FOR MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Oral presentation Reef Conservation UK Annual Conference, Zoological Society of London, 9th December 2006 Poonian CNS, Moussa C, Issoufi H (2006) COMMUNITY-BASED MONITORING OF MARINE RESOURCES ON MOHLI ISLAND, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Poster presentation Reef Conservation UK Annual Conference, Zoological Society of London, 9th December 2006 Poonian CNS, Moussa C, Issoufi H (2007) COMMUNITY-MANAGED SEA TURTLE MONITORING AND PROTECTION ON MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Oral presentation, 27th International Sea Turtle Symposium, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
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Mr Farid Anasse signs the dugong MoU on behalf of the Comoros
Poonian C, Hauzer M, Issouf Bounou M (2007) TURTLE POACHING ON MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS, A PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT. Poster presentation at the Fifth WIOMSA symposium, Durban, South Africa 22-26 October 2007. Davis PZR, Poonian C, Hauzer M, Kamardine Mabrouk Slim M (2007) DEVELOPMENT OF A NATIONAL CONSERVATION ACTION PLAN FOR THE DUGONG IN THE COMOROS INTEGRATING ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH WITH LOCAL KNOWLEDGE. Oral presentation at the Fifth WIOMSA symposium, Durban, South Africa 22-26 October 2007. Davis PZR, Poonian CNS, Hauzer M, Anasse F (2007) DEVELOPMENT OF A BLUEPRINT FOR A WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN REGIONAL DUGONG CONSERVATION STRATEGY. Poster presentation at the Conservation management of Sirenians in developing countries and indigenous communities workshop, 17th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Cape Town, South Africa. Hauzer M, Poonian C, Moussa Iboura C (2007) MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS LESSONS LEARNED IN MPA CO-MANAGEMENT. Poster presentation Reef Conservation UK Annual Conference, Zoological Society of London, 8th December 2007 Community Centred Conservation (C3) (2008) DEVELOPMENT OF A BLUEPRINT FOR A WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN REGIONAL DUGONG CONSERVATION STRATEGY. Poster Presentation Student Conference on Conservation Science 2008 University of Cambridge. Hauzer M, Poonian C, Moussa Iboura C (2008) MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS - SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF THE CO-MANAGEMENT APPROACH. Oral Presentation International Coral Reef Symposium, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. 7th-11th July 2008. Hauzer M, Poonian C, Moussa Iboura C (2008) MOHLI MARINE PARK, COMOROS SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES OF THE CO-MANAGEMENT APPROACH. Poster Presentation Society for Conservation Biology Annual Meeting, Chatannooga, USA. 13th-17th July 2008. A number of further technical reports and peer-reviewed papers are currently in preparation: Davis PZR, Poonian CNS, Hauzer MD (in prep) CURRENT STATUS OF THE DUGONG (DUGONG DUGON) IN THE COMOROS. Marine Mammal Science Poonian CNS, Hauzer MD, Madi N, Issouf Bounou M, Clark A (in prep) TURTLE POACHING ON MOHLI, UNION OF THE COMOROS, A PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT. Marine turtle newsletter Poonian CNS, Hauzer MD, Kamal M, Mouhhidine J, Madi N (in prep) A PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT OF TURTLE POACHING AND THE TRADE IN TURTLE MEAT IN THE UNION OF THE COMOROS. Oryx Poonian CNS Davis PZR and Hauzer MD (in prep) DISTRIBUTION OF SEAGRASSES IN THE UNION OF THE COMOROS, AN ESSENTIAL RESOURCE FOR THREATENED SPECIES. Aquatic Botany C3-Comores (in prep) CURRENT STATUS OF THE DUGONG (DUGONG DUGON) AND ASSOCIATED SEAGRASS HABITAT IN THE COMOROS. C3 Technical Report Series C3-Comores (in prep) ENSEMBLE PROTEGEONS NOS RESSOURCES NATURELS UNE MANUEL COMMUNAUTAIRE. C3 Technical Report Series
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C3-Comores (in prep) A GUIDE TO SEA TURTLE MONITORING TECHNIQUES USED AT HOANI, MOHLI, COMOROS. C3 Technical Report Series. Poonian CNS, Davis PZR, Nice J, Hauzer M, Moindjie Z, Moussa Iboura C, Issouf H (in prep) ALIGNING LOCAL PERCEPTIONS WITH TOURISTS EXPECTATIONS A CASE STUDY OF COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM ON MOHLI ISLAND, UNION OF THE COMOROS. Journal of Sustainable Tourism C3-Comores (in prep) JUNIOR ECOGUARDS A GUIDE TO BUILDING YOUTH ENVIRONMENTAL LEADERSHIP IN THE COMOROS. C3 Technical Report Series.
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2. INTRODUCTION
C.N.S Poonian Community Centred Conservation (C3) The Union of the Comoros is situated at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel, equidistant (approximately 300km) from continental Africa and Madagascar (Figure 1). volcanic islands: Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohli. the Comoros have not achieved firm political stability. It comprises three Since independence from France in 1975, The current governmental system,
established in 2002, consists of an autonomous government for each island (dealing with internal island affairs), and a Union Government for the country as a whole (dealing with national and international affairs). The Comoros are currently facing extreme demographic pressures, 53% of the population is under 20 years old and the population is predicted to double within the next 33 years (Union des Comores 2005). As an island state, with limited natural resources, these rates of growth are likely to result in serious environmental degradation unless mitigation measures and proactive management of natural resources are initiated immediately. These impacts are most likely to be experienced first in coastal areas, since the majority of the population lives on the coast. In contrast to its demographic circumstances, the Union of the Comoros has been identified as one of the hottest hotspots in terms of global conservation priorities (Myers et al. 2000). Thus, this small island developing state is one of the worlds critical sites for natural resource-based development and has tremendous potential, not only for ecotourism, but for conservation investment and action. These combined attributes of high marine diversity and intensive anthropogenic pressure underscore the importance of assessing, understanding and monitoring socioeconomic elements to strengthen current and implement further appropriate management and conservation strategies which include local stakeholders and communities.
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Figure 1: The Union of the Comoros and Mayotte
The three main obstacles to the country in the implementation of effective biodiversity conservation strategies have been identified as: lack of technical and financial resources; demographic pressure and an absence of fair distribution of the benefits arising from natural resources (Union des Comores 2003). In 1998, IUCN and the Comorian government, funded by GEF/UNDP, initiated a 5-year project entitled Conservation of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros (Project Biodiversity). Although successful to some extent, this project was overambitious for the available levels of training, project timeframe and existing infrastructure (Wells 2005) and the final evaluation of the project concluded that the prognosis for its sustainability was poor (IUCN 2004). Although some components of Project Biodiversity were extended for two years as The Project for Rehabilitation Activities for the Conservation of Biodiversity, all funded activities concluded in 2005. One of the most notable achievements of Project Biodiversity was the establishment of the first Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Comoros, Mohli Marine Park (Parc Marin de Mohli PMM), on 19th April 2001. The MPA covers 404km2 off the southern coast of the island (Figure 2). The
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establishment of PMM was based on its rich biological diversity and the presence of key coastal habitats and endangered marine species including coral reefs, mangroves, humpback whales, dugong, and the third most important nesting site for green sea turtles in the world.
Figure 2: Mohli showing boundary of Marine Park
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3. PROJECT ACTIVITIES 3.1 Collection of baseline data on threatened turtle and dugong populations and habitat
C.N.S Poonian1, P.Z.R. Davis1, M.D. Hauzer1, C. Moussa2, H. Issoufi2, M Issouf Bounou
1 Community 2 Mohli 3 AIDE
Centred Conservation (C3) Marine Park
3.1.1 DUGONG AND SEAGRASS RESEARCH

Dugong Dugong (Dugong dugon), or sea cows, are the only herbivorous mammals that are strictly marine and specialize in feeding on seagrass beds. They have a low reproductive rate with a maximum population increase rate of 5% per year, if there is low natural mortality and no human-induced mortality (Marsh 1986). The dugong is vulnerable to extinction throughout its range, which spans approximately 42 countries worldwide. Since 2002, calls have been made for a coordinated approach to the conservation of this species at both the regional and international levels. Since 2005, the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) secretariat has been developing an international Memorandum of Understanding and Conservation and Management Plan (CMP) in collaboration with range states, which will facilitate the implementation of conservation efforts worldwide. In October 2007, the first 7 states signed the MoU and regional CMPs were finalized for the western Indian Ocean (WIO) and eastern Indian and Pacific Ocean (EIOP) regions. Given that most states of the WIO lack the financial and technical resources to initiate dugong conservation plans, this study piloted a low cost research methodology, using local personnel, aimed at yielding data directly applicable for management planning. The technique has since been adapted for use in Mayotte (France) and could be applied elsewhere in the region.
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Seagrass Seagrass is an important component of coastal and near shore environments and its ecological value has become increasingly recognized over the past 40 years. Seagrass provides food for numerous fish species, waterfowl, marine turtles, and dugong (Short and Coles 2001). Seagrass habitats support complex food webs by virtue of their physical structure and primary production and are well known for their role as breeding grounds and nurseries for crustaceans, finfish and shellfish. Seagrass beds rank with coral reefs and mangroves as one of the worlds most productive coastal habitats. The loss of seagrass habitats is a significant aspect of the degradation of the worlds oceans (Short and Coles 2001). The primary threat to the health of seagrass stems from land-based human activities. Increases in dredge and fill, coastal development, recreational boating and raised sediment and nutrient loading from run-off have dramatically reduced seagrass distribution (Short and WyllieEcheverria 1996). Fisher interviews Fishers comprised a significant proportion of all 23 village communities of Mohli and interviews were therefore carried out in every village, 10 within the Marine Park boundaries and 13 outside (Fig. 1). Fishers were interviewed at all coastal villages on both Grande Comore and Anjouan. Only fishers who had seen dugong were interviewed. The semi-structured interview (based on Beudard unpublished see Appendix 8) was designed to ascertain details of dugong sightings (both live and dead); causes of death; and awareness of the status of the species. A team of interviewers, which included Marine Park rangers, visited each village. On locating groups of fishers, the team introduced the research programme, and determined which fishers had seen dugong. Correct identification of
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Seagrass survey
the species was confirmed by showing the fisher a photograph or drawing of a dugong. Fishers were assured that their answers to the questionnaires would remain confidential. The questionnaire has now been shared with researchers from Mayotte, Madagascar and Mozambique. Low-cost studies such as this can reveal important information for management planning in place of more expensive techniques such as aerial surveys and satellite tagging programmes, which may not be scientifically or logistically viable for the study of small populations in developing countries.
Incidental sighting cards Incidental sighting cards, (based on Community Centered Conservation (C3) 2003 see Appendix 9), were distributed to all the villages of Mohli. The cards were deposited with the village ecoguard, a reputable fisher or the village chief. These cards were intended to provide a means to record sightings of dugong as and when they occurred. Cards were then sent directly to Mohli Marine Park allowing data entry into a centralized database and the opportunity to gather further information from the site (e.g. tissue samples in the case of a dead animal). Although no sightings were recorded during the course of the study, a number of fishers who had not been approached during the interviews used the cards to report historical sightings. Seagrass surveys A rapid reconnaissance survey was conducted around the coastline of Mohli to identify the presence of seagrass beds. Fine-scale mapping was then carried out to determine the extent, species composition and density of seagrass areas using the internationally-standardized Seagrass Watch protocol (McKenzie 2003, McKenzie and Campbell 2002, McKenzie et al 2003).
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Fisher interviews, Mohli
Maps generated in Arc GIS are being overlaid with sighting data to create a series of critical hotspots, where public awareness campaigns and management efforts can be focussed in the future. Seagrass surveys have been completed on Mohli and Grande Comore, and will be conducted on Anjouan in 2008.
Mapping seagrass Page 12 of 40 Identifying seagrass specimens
Dugong on Mohli
50 45 40 no. of fishers 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 age range

Figure 3: Ages of fishers interviewed on Mohli
51-60
61-70
71-80
A total of 156 fishers who had observed dugong were interviewed, resulting in a total of 392 dugong sightings, 65% of which were live, and 35% dead. The fishers who reported sightings ranged from 19 to 80 years old, the modal age group was 31-40 years old (35%) (Figure 3). A significant majority of interviewees (86%) believed that the dugong population of Mohli had declined in recent years (Figure 4). The fishers who perceived the population to have increased (11%) came from the villages of Nioumachoua and Itsamia, within the Marine Park. Far fewer dugong were reported from Grande Comore (68 fishers reported sightings out of approx. 1,200 approached) and Anjouan (38 fishers reported sightings out of approx. 1,000 approached), thus it is likely that dugong utilize habitat on Mohli in preference to the other islands, although seagrass beds in the vicinity of Mitsamiouli in the northwest of Grande Comore may still be sustaining a significant number of dugong.
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120 100
No. of fishers
Outside PMM Inside PMM
80 60 40 20 0 More Less Same No answer
Figure 4: Reported change in dugong population of Mohli
Historical sightings
140 no. of sightings 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000Figure 5: Fishers recounted sightings of dugong on Mohli
Live sightings Dead sightings
Sightings were reported from 1950 to 2006 (Figure 5), with more sightings reported in recent years, 35% since 2000 (probably because these were more easily remembered). The majority of sightings of dead animals were reported from the 1970s to 1980s (59%) whereas the highest number of live
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sightings were made since 2000 (52%). The high percentage of dead dugong sightings during the 1970s and 1980s indicates that dugong were deliberately hunted during these decades. Fishers almost unanimously reported a decline in dugong numbers on Mohli; thus it may be inferred that the lower percentage of dead sightings in recent years indicate that dugong are no longer deliberately hunted owing to their rarity. When questioned about the cause of death, the majority of fishers did not answer, although 21% were confirmed as being caught in a gillnet and 29% of these catches were reported as being accidental. No data were available regarding the incidence of illegal gillnetting within the Park, however in the absence of an efficient surveillance programme, illegal fishing activities certainly continue (C3-Comores 2007). It is impossible to estimate the size of the population from this study, although it would certainly appear that the there are extremely few individuals surviving in the waters of Mohli. Fishers awareness of dugong The majority of fishers living within PMM were aware that the dugong was protected by law (72%), however, fewer knew that the dugong was endangered (51%) (Figure 6 and 7). Fishers outside the Marine Park showed lower levels of awareness regarding the law (49% knew that dugong were protected) although their level of knowledge regarding its endangered status was the same as fishers from within the Park (52%). Clearly, awareness-raising campaigns need to focus on the reasons for dugong protection, including the international context of conservation efforts in order to increase understanding of its endangered status and voluntary compliance with regulations.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Yes No
no. of fishers
Inside Park Outside Park
Don't know
Figure 6: Mohlian fishers knowledge that dugong are protected
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On all three islands, fishers recounted a local custom that required a fisher who had caught a dugong to go to the mosque to testify that he had not had sexual intercourse with the animal before he was allowed to eat it or distribute its meat to others. Many fishers believed a female dugong resembled a woman; these perceived similarities between humans and dugong could facilitate public awareness campaigns, promoting the animal as a charismatic flagship species for wider marine conservation initiatives.
80 70 no. of fishers 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Yes No Don't know
Inside Park Outside Park
Figure 7: Mohlian fishers knowledge that dugong is endangered
Distribution of dugong The relative frequency of sightings provided information on dugong hotspots (Figure 8) for each of the islands. On Mohli, the most important areas for dugong appeared to be: (1) The south-east region of Itsamia; (2) The islands off the south coast; (3) The area known as Sambia off the south coast. All these areas are currently within the boundary of Mohli Marine Park, and so it is essential that the Park is more effectively managed in order to ensure a future for dugong in the Comoros. Although management efforts need to be applied at the national level, (given that dugong can travel hundreds of kilometres in a few days) these priority areas on each island should be included in Protected Area planning and be the focus of future awareness campaigns.
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Figure 8: Relative frequency of sightings on Mohli since 2000
A National Conservation Action Plan Following the objectives of the regional Conservation Management Plan, a National Conservation Action Plan is being developed by C3 and the national and island governments. It is anticipated that this plan will be finalized in 2008 through stakeholder consultations and completion of fieldwork on Anjouan to provide the framework for long-term conservation efforts for the species and its habitat. Conclusions and recommendations Deliberate hunting of dugong in the Comoros, although commonplace in the 1970-80s, is no longer viable due to the small population size. The primary contemporary threat to the population is accidental capture in gillnets which urgently needs to be addressed through introduction of alternative techniques and/or livelihoods. The methodology from this study has been shared with the neighbouring island of Mayotte (France), encouraging a trans-boundary approach to management of the species and will be extended to Madagascar in 2008.
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A regional database should be established to consolidate data on the species across the WIO region.
Low-cost studies such as this can reveal important information for management planning in place of more expensive techniques such as aerial surveys and satellite tagging programmes, which may not be scientifically or logistically viable for the study of small populations in developing countries.
Further awareness-raising amongst fishers, particularly on Mohli, is required to explain exactly why dugong are protected by law.
3.1.2 A PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT OF TURTLE POACHING ON MOHLI The objectives of this study were to elucidate realistic and sustainable solutions to turtle poaching on Mohli through 1) threat assessment and 2) investigation of the socioeconomic factors that lead to poaching. Poachers, consumers, marine park rangers and law-enforcement officials were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires.
This study revealed that turtles were hunted at three primary locations around Mohli, two within Mohli Marine Park (PMM) and one outside (Figure 8): 1) the islets off the south coast; 2) the south east point, particularly at Hamavouna and 3) the north west region of Moimbasa. The majority (72%)
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Evidence of turtle poaching on the Islets of Nioumachoua
of poachers killed female turtles before they laid, stating that the meat tasted better and that the eggs could easily be taken from the carcass. Poachers said that they ate the meat in secret, often on remote beaches or hidden in the forest.
Figure 8. Relative geographical distribution of turtle poaching activity on Mohli
Almost a third of turtle poachers were students, approximately a quarter were farmers and 14% were fishers (Figure 9). Turtles were killed because poachers needed food or money, succumbed to peer-pressure or because they believed that turtle meat was good for their health (Figure 10). Lawenforcement and awareness-raising have proved effective in convincing poachers to change their ways (Figure 11).
Figure 9. Occupations of poachers on Mohli
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Figure 10. Reasons for hunting turtles
Figure 11. Reasons why poachers stopped killing turtles
Fate of turtle meat 26% of poachers sell the meat and 9% sell the eggs, so the majority is for personal use. The meat is sold at 125-250 FC / kg (US$0.35-0.70 / kg) The most important market for turtle meat is located at the capital, Fomboni.
Law enforcement 31% of poachers have been caught in the past.
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63% of poachers believe that village ecoguards are an obstacle. 89% of poachers believe that hunting has become more difficult since the creation of Mohli Marine Park.
RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE POACHERS THEMSELVES Awareness-raising and education 37% Beach surveillance 29% More ecoguards 9% Strengthening of village associations 9% Reduction of poverty and unemployment 9% Reinforcement of the justice system 7%
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Green turtle at Itsamia beach
3.2 Introduction and training of ecoguards in a basic, sustainable turtle and dugong monitoring programme
C.N.S Poonian1, P.Z.R. Davis1, M.D. Hauzer1, C. Moussa2, H. Issoufi2, M. Hamadi2 , Z. Moindjie3
1 Community 2 Mohli 3 AIDE
Community training programmes were carried out in the villages of Hoani (14th-16th August 2006), Hamba and Domoni (3rd 4th September 2006).
C3 worked with the ecoguards (rangers) of Mohli Marine Park and Zaharani Moindjie from AIDE to develop the ecology training course.
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Ecoguards from PMM train local teams in Hoani and Hamba
The three-day training course included lectures in marine and forest ecology and sea turtle and dugong conservation. There were also forest and beach field trips to provide practical understanding and experience. This was followed by oral and written exams which required a minimum score to qualify as a community ecoguard or ecoguide (see Table 1).
The results of these training programmes were immediately apparent, and poachers were caught within days. In addition, as a result of community frustrations at lack of official support, C3 organized a workshop with the head of police for Mohli in order for the importance of sea turtle conservation and enforcement of regulations and appropriate penalties.
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New ecoguards and ecoguides for Hamba and Domoni
Zaharani Moindjie awards training certificates
Page 24 of 40 Operation Mohli Final Report Hamada Issouf awards an ecoguard certificate to Mouzidalifa Issouf Bounou, Hoani Ecoguard trainers and trainees at Hoani
Table 1. Community ecoguard and ecoguide training exam results
Oral % HOANI Nema Madi Omar Nafdi Mouzidalifa Yssouf Bachiroudine Yssa Ibrahim Keldi Ahmed Hamadi Madi Noutufirithiwanu Aboubacar Ahmed Keldi Mainfou Hadji Baraka Hamdane DOMONI Djanfar Madi Hamada Inoussa Said Assone Zainoune Said Ridhi Idiyamine Hamadase Ali Yahaya Madi Ridhi Houdhouia Maka HAMBA Sourati Ldjomolya Abdou Sibaoyhi Ibrahim Djamalodine Ibrohim Chafi Kou Said Dayiyou Madi Marie Madi Hamada Taoumidine Abdou Soimadoune Ahmada Warda Ahmed Anfane Ahmada Missiki Boina 94 93 91 84 78 83 66 82 73 68 66 88 91 82 36 78 71 87 79 79 79 71 79 81 65 39 45
Written % 92 85 83 77 88 69 63 52 54 42 79 71 67 71 56 53 79 79 79 77 86 65 88 52 65 71 58
Total % Awarded 89 Ecoguard 81 Ecoguard 80 Ecoguard 78 Ecoguide 77 Ecoguide 75 Ecoguide 74 Ecoguide 60 Participant 45 Participant 44 Participant 84 Ecoguard 83 Ecoguard 76 Participant 72 Participant 70 Participant 64 Participant 89 Ecoguard 88 Ecoguard 87 Ecoguard 82 Ecoguard 81 Participant 76 Participant 74 Participant 71 Participant 70 Participant 69 Participant 63 Participant
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3.3 Identification of ecotourism enterprises focusing on these charismatic species to generate funding for management activities and a source of revenue for local people
C.N.S Poonian1, P.Z.R. Davis1, M.D. Hauzer1, C. Moussa Iboura, H. Issoufi2, A. Arcenas1, K. Ole MoiYoi1, J. Nice, Z. Moindjie3, M. Issouf4, N. Madi4 and O. Nafdi4
1 Community 2 Mohli 3 AIDE 4HUPPE
2.3.1 STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS OF MOHLI MARINE PARK Mohli Marine Park (Parc Marin de Mohli, PMM) was the first Marine Protected Area (MPA) to be established in the Comoros in 2001. Initially regarded as a model for co-management of marine resources, PMM is now operating at a vastly reduced capacity following an end to external funding sources. An assessment of current perceptions of local stakeholders of PMM was recognized as an essential first step in rebuilding its capacity and effectiveness as an MPA. The present study aimed to ascertain stakeholders current perceptions of PMM, using focus group interviews to evaluate six key parameters: (1) basic knowledge, (2) value, (3) effectiveness, (4) environmental threats and solutions, (5) stakeholder roles and responsibilities and (6) future aspirations and expectations. It was apparent that most local communities were aware of the importance of PMM, but felt that it had failed to include their needs or consider their input in its management. Concern was expressed for the lack of sustainability or alternative livelihoods; inequitable distribution of benefits; exclusion of women; continuing environmental threats and a concurrent lack of enforcement of regulations. The key recommendations arising from this work were: 1. Ensure sustainability through effective financial planning and promotion of low-cost, appropriate management techniques 2. Mobilize local communities to create a truly co-managed PMM 3. Ensure tangible benefits to local communities through realistic alternative livelihood options, particularly for fishers 4. Ensure equally distributed benefits and awareness of PMM 5. Involve women in the management of PMM, they are long-established educators and motivators for future generations 6. Educate law enforcement officials and members of the justice system to ensure enforcement and respect for the regulations of PMM
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2.3.2 PRIORITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AND EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURISM SECTOR Mohli, Union of the Comoros is a small developing island with a unique and relatively unspoilt natural environment. Local communities hope to transform the island into an ecotourism destination and it currently receives an average of 390 tourists per annum. This work, conducted in 2006, aimed to (i) assess the success of current tourism initiatives on Mohli and (ii) identify priorities for sustainable development of the sector based on both tourist and local communities perceptions. All available secondary data concerning the tourism sector on Mohli were collected from relevant organizations and literature reviews. Questionnaires (n=74) completed by tourists were analysed to provide information regarding their experiences on Mohli and their opinions regarding future initiatives. In addition, eight village focus groups were consulted to ascertain perceptions of the sector and aspirations for its future development. In general, the level of satisfaction (96% good or excellent) and willingness to return to Mohli (80%) were high. However, tourism development priorities perceived by local communities varied from village to village and did not always correspond with tourists main concerns. Waste management and increased access to information were clear needs identified by both groups. Hiking was the most popular activity and consequently, the development of self-guided hiking trails is a priority from tourists perspectives although this had not been recognized as a priority by communities. Tourist satisfaction with existing accommodation was high (average rating 3.8/5) thus the need to repair and extend existing accommodation (a priority for 5/8 villages) appeared to be a major misconception of local communities. Another priority cited by villagers was the development of dive facilities (6/8 villages) but this was not rated as important by tourists. Tourists expressed a willingness to pay a fee to enter Mohli Marine Park, as long as the money was well-spent; thus these funds could potentially provide a means to fund local, sustainable conservation initiatives. The recommendations of this report can be used to assist local communities in focusing their limited financial resources into developing key tourist services and facilities which will concur with tourists needs, thus benefiting both parties in the long-term and ensuring sustainability. There are also important recommendations for local government regarding the improvement of transport routes and services and immigration procedures on the island, which were both identified by tourists as major obstacles to their visits.
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Summary of recommendations 1. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 1.1 New ecoguides should be trained and existing ecoguides should receive refresher courses 1.2 The Maison de lEcotourism (MEM) should be better publicized 1.3 Existing information centres must provide more comprehensive information 1.4 The Mohli tourism website (www.Mohli-tourisme.com) should be updated and easily accessible 1.5 Mohli should be advertised in travel agencies overseas 2. WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES 2.1 Village Associations must start their own waste management programmes 3. IMPROVED TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIONS 3.1 Rental vehicles should be coordinated by the MEM 3.2 Road repair and construction by the government is a priority 4. MOBILIZATION OF MOHLI MARINE PARK (PMM) 4.1 Conservation of Mohlis natural resources must be a priority 5. DELIVERY OF VISAS 5.1 Visas should be issued on arrival at the airport 6. DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST ACTIVITIES 6.1 Development of self-guided hiking trails is a top priority 6.2 Historic and archaeological sites should be maintained and signposted 6.3 Cultural and artisanal activities should be promoted to tourists 6.4 Boat tours should be better organized by village associations 7. TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE 7.1 Bungalow development should be limited 7.2 Simplicity and authenticity of tourist accommodation must be maintained 8. FEES 8.1 An entrance fee and permit system for PMM should be implemented 8.2 Existing mooring fees should not be increased but greater transparency must be provided to tourists as to where this money goes
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2.3.3 AWARENESS-RAISING Junior ecoguards
Poaching of endangered sea turtles has become a serious threat on the island of Mohli in the Comoros. The Junior Ecoguards decided that something had to be done to ensure that their children would still be able to see these majestic animals nest on the pristine beaches of Mohli. The Junior Ecoguards have raised awareness in their community with theatrical presentations and have stopped poaching on the beaches with nightly patrols during the nesting season. They hope to spread the Junior Ecoguard programme throughout the island and further their own knowledge of turtle conservation and ecotourism.
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Junior Ecoguards in training
Melissa Hauzer and the Junior Ecoguards
The Junior Ecoguards were established in July 2006 to stop sea turtle egg poaching among youth. After a particularly bad incident when nine nests were raided for eggs, the young poachers were gathered together by concerned community elders to discuss solutions. They decided to form a group of young leaders, comprised mainly of the ex-poachers, who could use their own experiences to educate their peers. This concept has now evolved into activities which engage entire communities in awareness-raising about endangered turtle conservation. The Junior Ecoguards now want to develop and expand their programme into an island-wide, self-sustaining network.
The Junior Ecoguards goal is to work together to ensure a positive future for themselves and their community. Their first objective is to put an end to turtle poaching, an environmental problem that plagues their village. The beautiful beaches of Mohli have been ruined by the carcasses of sea turtles, as impoverished communities search for a cheap way to feed their ever-growing families. The current objectives of the Junior Ecoguards are: to motivate, educate and empower communities, particularly the youth, on the importance of turtle conservation to instil a sense of environmental stewardship. The Junior Ecoguards use creative means such as dance competitions, sketches and other community events to ensure that everyone in the community can participate and learn from the events. to stop poaching of turtles and their eggs. The Junior ecoguards keep a watchful eye on the local beaches and ensure that their school friends do not participate in turtle poaching.
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Beach clean-up
to encourage communities to keep beaches free of domestic waste so that turtles may have clean, safe areas to lay their eggs. The Junior ecoguards regularly head out to the beaches of their own and neighbouring villages to clean up and burn domestic waste.
The Green Turtle is endangered and the Hawksbill Turtle is critically endangered. Mohli is one of the world's most important nesting sites for these species. However, turtle poaching has become a threat to this species in recent years. Mohli Marine Park, established in 2001 succeeded in reducing turtle poaching, however the Park is now suffering from a lack of funding and the grisly sight of slaughtered turtles is again commonplace on Mohlis beautiful beaches. The village of Nioumachoua lies in the centre of the Park and is particularly hard-hit by turtle poaching, five tropical islets lying off the coast just south of the village are one of the most important sites for turtle nesting, but are now equally popular with the turtle butchers. Poor waste management has also had a visible impact on turtle nesting beaches near the village: the beach of Nioumachoua is littered with piles of trash. In the morning, turtle tracks can often be traced going back to sea without the female turtle having laid any eggs. The turtles that nest at Nioumachoua could be an important tourist attraction, which could provide income for the Junior Ecoguards own children in the future. If all the turtles have been killed, this opportunity will cease to exist. Growing-up on an extremely isolated and impoverished island has made the Junior Ecoguards creative and resourceful. They have learned to use what they have at hand to find innovative
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Learning about seat turtles
solutions to continuing problems. The Junior Ecoguards acquire information and ideas for their projects by linking traditional knowledge with the modern training they receive with the Marine Park Rangers and the international NGO: Community Centred Conservation (C3). This knowledge combined with an in-depth understanding of their own culture enables the youth to devise appropriate and successful means of communicating messages.
On-going Activities Beach clean-ups with full community participation Sketches which emphasize the negative impacts of turtle poaching and poor waste management, often using humour and include song and dance. They are presented in the middle of villages and attended by large audiences. Awareness-raising parades held during local festivals Patrolling beaches and speaking personally with peers to dissuade them from poaching Training in sea turtle conservation and snorkelling
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Snorkel training session
Junior Ecoguard network Plans have been made to establish the Junior Ecoguard programme in the northern village of Hoani which has shown remarkable effort for environmental conservation and have expressed interest in the programme. Training courses have been designed to include the Junior Ecoguards from Nioumachoua to help motivate and inspire the youth from Hoani. Tourist Guide training Selected Junior Ecoguards will participate in a 2-week training course to become Tourist Guides to greet and tour visitors around their village and the nearby islands situated in the marine park. The Junior Ecoguards will learn about the conservation of sea turtles; marine ecosystems; and marine parks. Sessions will also be held with village elders to teach the Junior Ecoguards about traditional uses for local plants as well as local history and cultural traditions. Junior Ecoguards can then be hired by tourists to provide guided tours though the village, forest, and islands. The eco-tourist centre, Laka Lodge, on the outskirts of the village of Nioumachoua has expressed great interest in supporting this programme. Youth and communities have been inspired and educated by sketches, beach clean-ups, and awareness-raising parades. Egg poaching in Nioumachoua has now almost completely stopped. Youth caught taking eggs are made to clean-up the beach in their village. Remember: the majority of the Junior Ecoguards themselves were once turtle egg poachers! The fact that they have all stopped and are now educating others is one of the greatest successes of all.
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Village sketch to promote awareness of sea turtle conservation
Funraising weekend jobs as tour guides will enable the Junior Ecoguards to raise money for their activities. The Junior ecoguards have started recycling waste to make souvenirs for tourists. Funds raised will be used to hire sound equipment for sketches or a boat to visit the islets with one of the rangers from the Marine Park. New Junior Ecoguard Programme in Hoani the Junior ecoguards hope to arrange a week long field trip to Hoani, in the north of Mohli to share their experiences and knowledge with the youth of Hoani including scripts from their sketches and other ideas. The ultimate aim is to establish a strong network of Junior Ecoguard programmes throughout Mohli.
Four of the Junior Ecoguards were invited to the Volvo-UNEP Adventure awards in Sweden in May 2008 where they were awarded 3rd Prize out of 14 competing teams from around the world.
Junior Ecoguards live on stage at the Volvo Adventure Awards Page 34 of 40
Junior Ecoguards three-legged race
Day of the Dugong

On 26th August 2006, C3 and Mohli Marine Park (PMM) held a day to celebrate the dugong in the village of Nioumachoua. C3, PMM, ADSN (Nioumachoua village association), Nioumachoua officials and residents organized the celebration, which began on Friday and lasted until Sunday. Speeches were given by PMM Director Kamardine Boinali, C3 Director Patricia Davis, The Minister of the Environment and Park Ranger Hamada Issouf. The celebration included radio broadcasts, a dance competition, a womens traditional tam tam, football, volleyball, a dugong quiz, and children's activities such as a treasure hunt. The celebration was well attended by Nioumachoua residents, Park Rangers and officials from throughout Mohli. A local songwriter was commissioned to write a song about the dugong Mze Ngouva, which may be heard (with accompanying dance), online at http://www.c-3.org.uk/English/Comoros/Projects/dugong_comoros.htm.
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A huge crowd gathers for the Day of the Dugong festivities
Official ceremony, Day of the Dugong, Nioumachoua
Turtle and dugong awareness tour Village presentations were given at Hoani and Hamba on Mohli to raise awareness about the dugong. Presentations were given by the newly-trained ecoguards who discussed the conservation and biology of the dugong and sea turtles (another endangered species of the Comoros also reliant on seagrass beds).
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Dance competition contestant - Day of the Dugong
Junior dance competition Day of the Dugong
Each presentation attracted hundreds of local people, who enjoyed the <Powerpoint> presentation and Mze Ngouva song. Communities were highly receptive and an intense discussion followed each presentation. Brochures and T shirts were produced to raise awareness of dugong conservation and were distributed (fishers who had been interviewed were given priority for T shirts).
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Le Roi gives a presentation
Ecoguards presenting turtle conservation
4. FINANCIAL REPORT
C.N.S Poonian & P.Z.R. Davis Community Centred Conservation (C3) All figures are given in United States Dollars (USD) ACTUAL PHASE 1: PROJECT PREPARATION Administrative Flight London-Moroni Scientific equipment Computer accessories Snorkeling gear Secondhand laptops Digital camera and underwater housing Mobile phones Flight cases Sim cards Laptop bags Measuring tapes Locks Scanner Expedition handbooks Battery charger French tutorial books English book Phone directory Torches Lonely planet Misc Whiteboard Tape PHASE 2: Project Implementation expenses Stipend for team members Transportation Boat trips Grande Comore-Mohli Flights Grande Comore-Mohli return Boat hire Taxis / Fuel $210 463 801 502 $1,976 1,860 +116 $144 533 417 279 175 143 130 126 63 46 44 42 42 34 23 17 14 14 12 8 6 $2,313 1,860 +453 $1,705 $1,705 $1,440 +$265 TOTAL ALLOCATED DIFFERENCE
$1,460
$1,460
1,440
+20
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Logistics Air mattresses Cooking utensils First aid manual Medical kit Outdoor equipment First aid mannequin Mobile phone credit Internet connection Food Solar panel Education / Awareness-raising activities Turtle costume Brochures T shirts Posters Village presentations Production of posters for conferences Day of the Dugong Junior Ecoguards field trips PHASE 3: Post-Project Expenses Administration Report production Stationery Lamination pouches Secondhand Printer Laminator Comb binder Other CONTINGENCY $58 21 104 38 21 0 0 $241 0 0 300 150 750 -59 -150 -750 $200 $200 200 0 $34 353 917 65 160 186 36 153 $1,904 1,900 +4 $198 152 57 12 137 72 109 188 1,650 126 $2,701 2,600 +101
TOTALS
$12,500
$12,500 $12,500
75% received in advance, 25% outstanding ($3,125) I certify that the above financial statement is a true representation of expenses incurred during activities carried out by C3 for the project described in this report. Patricia Z. R. Davis, Director, C3 13th August 2008
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5. PROJECT EVALUATION
C.N.S Poonian & P.Z.R. Davis Community Centred Conservation (C3) The project Operation Mohli was overall extremely successful and achieved far more than its original aims and objectives. The project has also led to the development of a number of further collaborative projects in the Comoros such as Duke Universitys Project GloBAL, community ecotourism projects in Hoani, SocMon-WIO, National Dugong Conservation Action Plan and numerous environmental awareness-raising initiatives. Mohli Marine Park is unfortunately still suffering from serious management and funding problems, and, although Operation Mohli was a significant step in the right direction, significant additional funding and support are necessary before the original objectives of the Marine Park are fully realized. The project budget closely followed the proposed budget, although logistics and equipment cost more than originally planned and the falling US dollar meant that funds did not go as far as expected, although contingency funds somewhat made up for the loss. Overall, the project proved to be extremely good value for money, considering what was achieved and the logistically difficult conditions of conducting fieldwork in the Comoros.
6. APPENDICES
Brochure designs Poster designs T-shirt designs Day of the Dugong poster Mze Ngouva song lyrics
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Nous risquons de perdre nos voisines les tortues. On peut les protger en adoptant une quelques rgles simples de conduite: Ne pas dranger lanimal durant la ponte (ni lampe, ni contact tactile avec lanimal). Les nids non plus ne doivent pas tre drangs. Lors du processus de nidification, les tortues utilisent beaucoup dnergie . Tout stress ajout cet effort peut la faire retourner leau ou pire, interrompre la nidification. Protgeons galement les herbiers marins (source de nourriture pour la tortue verte) des sdiments boueux (rsultat de la dforestation) et des pandages dordures mnagres. Gardons les plages propres, prservons la fort, surveillons les littoraux et sensibilisons notre entourage la protection de lenvironnement.
LES TORTUES DE MER
Les tortues de mer occupent les ocans depuis 100 millions dannes. Les tortues passent la plus grande partie de leur vie dans leau et se rendent terre pour pondre lors de la nidification. Les tortues respirent de lair, mais leur corps de forme hydrodynamique est adapt la vie marine.
Pour plus de renseignements sur les tortues de mer contactez:
CONSERVATION CENTREE SUR LA COMMUNAUTE

BP8310, Iconi, Grande Comore
tel. +269 73 75 04 GSM +269 36 75 06
Les tortues sont inscrites sur la Convention du commerce international des espces menaces dextinction (CITES) et sont strictement protges par le gouvernement Comorien.
Soyons responsables ensemble!
info@c-3.org.uk
IOSEA: www.ioseaturtles.org
www.c-3.org.uk
Les tortues de mer Mohli Lle de Mohli , connue pour ses tortues est la seconde le de lOcan Indien la plus frquentes par les tortues vertes. Il ny a que douze sites au monde comptant les mmes populations de tortues vertes. Les tortues que lon trouve Mohli sont la tortue verte (Chelonia mydas) et la tortue imbrique
Le cycle de vie dune tortue Elle commence la nuit ou la femelle rampe sur la plage pour pondre. Celle-ci creuse une chambre avec ses pattes postrieures et y dpose ses ufs. Cette tortue reviendra crer d'autres nids des intervalles de 8 15 jours et jusqu' un maximum de 14 fois selon lespce. Lincubation dure entre 45 et 70 jours. Aprs l'closion, les bbs grimpent le long de la paroi du nid. Leur instinct les dirige vers la partie la plus brillante de lhorizon qui est la mer sur laquelle se reflte la lumire de lune. Emports par les vagues, les bbs tortues mangeront ensuite des invertbrs jusqu atteindre 20 ou 30cm (en 2 ans environ). Ces annes sont libelles comme les annes perdues car peu dinformation existent sur les premires tapes de la vie dune tortue. Les juvniles rejoindront les adultes et festoieront au sein des herbiers et barrires de corail, ils sont alors assez grands pour viter les prdateurs.
(Eretmochelys imbricata).
La tortue verte La tortue verte est la plus grande des deux espces de tortues ctoyant lle de Mohli. Son poids moyen est de 175kg et sa longueur de 110 cm. Leur priode de reproduction se situe entre 15 et 30 ans. Les tortues de mer ne pondent pas tous les ans. Les tortues vertes pondent en moyenne 120 ufs et ce plusieurs fois dans lanne de reproduction. Aux Comores, les tortues vertes utilisent les plages de ponte durant la majeure partie de lanne, avec une frquentation plus accrue durant le mois de juillet. La tortue imbrique La tortue imbrique est plutt omnivore, mangeant les herbiers marins, les ponges, les crustacs et autres invertbrs. Son poids moyen est 60kg et sa longueur 82cm. Elle pond en moyenne 160 ufs. Aux Comores les tortues imbriques pondent plutt entre dcembre et mars.
Protgeons la tortue Les tortues sont menaces dans le monde entier et Mohli est lun des sites importants pour la ponte des tortues. Il est donc ncessaire de les protger. Les tortues sont trs sensibles aux activits humaines (destruction de son habitat, braconnage...) et ne peuvent se reproduire qu partir d' une population minimale de 30 spcimens. Les populations les plus rduites ont beaucoup de difficult se reconstituer. A Mohli, les problmes frquents de braconnage de viande et ufs de tortues, la perturbation des tortues lors de la ponte et la destruction des herbiers crent des menaces pour ces espces en voie de disparition.
Photo: Jon Rudderforth
Si le dugong disparaissait de la surface de la Terre, celle-ci ne sarrterait pas de tourner. Peut-tre bien... Mais de mme que la perte de toute chose qui nous est chre, ne le regretterions-nous pas? Pour que ce mammifre ne devienne pas un animal imaginaire nageant seul au travers des pages de contes des gnrations futures : Aidez-nous prserver les plages et les lagons, et ne jetons plus nos dchets nimporte o! Prservez les forts, car limpact du dfrichement forestier aux consquences dramatiques sur les littoraux nuit aux espces en voie de disparition comme le dugong. Prservez les herbiers source de nourriture indispensable la survie du dugong et l'quilibre des lagons. Tous ces gestes sont aujourd'hui indispensables pour sauver les derniers dugongs aux Comores!
LE DUGONG
Le dugong (Dugong dugon) est un mammifre marin de la famille des Sirniens, famille comprenant lespce plus connue des lamantins. Laspect anthropomorphique du dugong fut traditionnellement compar la physionomie des sirnes par les pcheurs des Comores, et a donn lieu quelques lgendes. Le dugong peut vivre jusqu 70 ans, mesure jusqu 3.5 m, et pse jusqu 400kg. La robe du dugong est recouverte dun poil court et sassombrit avec le temps. Une femelle dugong atteint lage de reproduction entre 10 et 17 ans, et une dure de gestation de 14 mois. Le dugong est inscrit sur la liste de la Convention du commerce international des espces menaces dextinction (CITES) et est strictement protg par le gouvernement Comorien.
AIDE
Pour plus de renseignements sur le dugong contactez:
CONSERVATION CENTREE SUR LA COMMUNAUTE
Soyons responsables ensemble!
BP8310, Iconi, Grande Comore

tel. +269 73 75 04 GSM +269 36 75 06
info@c-3.org.uk
www.c-3.org.uk
Son habitat Le dugong est un herbivore qui broute les herbes marines tout comme une vache dans un pr (do son surnom en anglais de sea cow vache marine). Les herbiers marins situs entre un et cinq mtres de profondeur sont les zones dalimentation favorites du dugong, ces zones sont aussi le lieu o le dugong a le plus de chance dtre aperu. Certaines tortues de mers et poissons se servent galement des herbiers comme source de nourritures. Les herbiers marins vritables pturages productifs de la mer ont une fonction importante dans loxygnation des lagons, et sont des refuges pour beaucoup despces marines. O le trouve-t-on? On peut le voir dans les eaux chaudes de lEst de lAfrique jusquau Vanuatu. Dans le pass lanimal tait prsent dans les eaux territoriales de lUnion des Comores (Grand Comores, Anjouan et Mohli) mais il semble que depuis les annes 1970 on ne le trouve plus qu autour de l le Mohli. Les pcheurs Mohliens observent rgulirement les traces de son passage, o le voient parfois aux alentours dItsamia, Miremani, Ouallah et les lots Nioumachoua.
Pourquoi les dugongs initialement prsents sur tout larchipel des Comores sont menacs et risque de disparatre Mohli? Jusquen 1980, le dugong tait souvent chass par les pcheurs. Bien que cet animal soit discret, cela ne fait aucun doute quun petit nombre dentre eux subsistent aujourdhui dans les environs des Comores. En cause: la forte pression de chasse des annes passes, nous lavons dit, mais aussi les captures accidentelles dans les filets de pche. La disparition des herbiers, son gardemanger, est due en grande partie aux activits humaines (coules de boues dans le lagon suite la dforestation, vidanges de moteurs, produits chimiques des cultures, dchets, dtergents rejets dans la mer). Cependant lhomme nest pas seul responsable de la disparition des herbiers et des dugongs... Les catastrophes naturelles comme les dpressions tropicales ou cyclones participent la destruction et l'asphyxie des herbiers par les mouvements de sable et des dbris coralliens qui viennent se dposer sur ces aires fragilises.
Chani, vouyenchiwo ngouva na mfi. Chani ni ngeshibaliliao mtsanga ousi tchikwe na yi maludja.
Mohli, un des derniers habitats dans le monde pour le dugong Les habitats de dugong sont les herbiers, qui sont aussi habitat pour les poissons, et qui protgent lle de sable que est emmene par les vagues Protgeons notre le, protgeons nos herbiers, protgeons le dugong
Conservation Centre sur la Communaut
Le Parc Marin de Mohli
Conservation Centre sur la Communaut
Le Parc Marin de Mohli
Programme pour la Journe du Dugong

Vendredi 25 Aot 10:00 Nettoyage de la plage 18 :00 Concours de danse 21:00 Concert : Quazar (Tex) Samedi 26 Aot 9 :00 9 :15 9 :30 9 :45 Lecture du Coran Introduction de la journe par M. Kamardine Boinali (Conservateur du PMM) Discours sur limportance du dugong par Mme. Patricia Z.R.Davis (Directrice de C3) Discours par le Ministre de lEnvironnement Vendredi 25 Aot
Programme pour la Journe du Dugong

10:00 Nettoyage de la plage 18 :00 Concours de danse 21:00 Concert : Quazar (Tex) Samedi 26 Aot 9 :00 9 :15 9 :30 9 :45 Lecture du Coran Introduction de la journe par M. Kamardine Boinali (Conservateur du PMM) Discours sur limportance du dugong par Mme. Patricia Z.R.Davis (Directrice de C3) Discours par le Ministre de lEnvironnement
10 :00 Prsentation du dugong par les Ecogardes (ncessaire pour Questions pour un champion ) 12 :00 Jeux pour les enfants et les ados Chasse aux trsors pour les ados Construction de sculptures du dugong de sable pour les enfants Pinata avec les bonbons 15 :00 Questions pour un champion spcial dugong 16 :00 Match de volley-ball 19 :30 Distribution des cadeaux aux gagnants des activits de la journe Projection publique de photos 20 :00 Discours par les hommes de Nioumachoia Remerciment par Le Maire de Nioumachoia 20 : 30 Danse du dugong 21 :00 Tamtam des Femmes Dimanche 27 Aot 12 :00 Match de football pour les petits 15 :00 Match de football pour les grands
10 :00 Prsentation du dugong par les Ecogardes (ncessaire pour Questions pour un champion ) 12 :00 Jeux pour les enfants et les ados Chasse aux trsors pour les ados Construction de sculptures du dugong de sable pour les enfants Pinata avec les bonbons 15 :00 Questions pour un champion spcial dugong 16 :00 Match de volley-ball 19 :30 Distribution des cadeaux aux gagnants des activits de la journe Projection publique de photos 20 :00 Discours par les hommes de Nioumachoia Remerciment par Le Maire de Nioumachoia 20 : 30 Danse du dugong 21 :00 Tamtam des Femmes Dimanche 27 Aot 12 :00 Match de football pour les petits 15 :00 Match de football pour les grands
ADSN
ADSN
Mze Ngouva: Le Notable Dugong Notre Comores est un pays pauvre, Une partie de sa richesse est base sur la tourisme: Des touristes qui veulent voir les especes qui sont rares das les autres pays. Beaucoup de gens qui viennent aux Comores pour voir le visage grand notable dugong. Preservons le et tantons de le connaitre. Ne faut pas le massacrer car ce nous qui allons perdre et finalement on va ce lamenter. Protegons le dugong pour ameliorer le tourisme Protegons le dugong pour preserver lenvironnement. Le monde entier nous aide pour sauver le dugong Et il y a un bon moment quon le massacre sans se rendre compte. Alors, maintenant reviellons nous ensemble pour le sauver pour quil nous quitte pas. Protegons le dugong pour ameliorer le tourisme Protegons le dugong pour preserver lenvironnement. La boue qui descend dans la mer rest tres dangereuse. Les ordures quon jete a la mer sont aussi tres dangereux. Ils sont la cause de la destruction des herbiers dans la mer. Et monsieur dugong meurt de faim et il dispairait aux Comores. Protegons le dugong pour ameliorer le tourisme Protegons le dugong pour preserver lenvironnement Il ne faut pas le tuer. Il faut plutot le sauver. Limitons la boue qui descend a la mer. Ne pas jetez nimporte quoi dans la mer Et aussi ne pas utilisez les fillets O Dieu, aidez nous pour sauver le dugong. Protegons le dugong pour ameliorer le tourisme. Protegons le dugong pour preserver lenvironnement.

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OPERATION MOHLI Linking conservation of marine flagship species with sustainable development

A final report submitted to the BP Conservation Leadership Programme