q a l i avtori

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lit e raat
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 nino popiaSvili

qa li avtori _ li tera turuli,

kul tu rolo gi uri da gende ruli
kvlevebi

gamomcemloba `meridiani~
Tbilisi 2013
 monografiaSi Seswavlilia qali avtoris literaturaT­
mcodneobiTi diskursi: qali avtori istoriul da Tanamedrove
epoqebSi, genderulad markirebuli literaturisa da lite­
raturis Teoriis sakiTxebi, feministuri da genderuli lite­
raturis kritika. gamokvlevaSi gaanalizebulia qali avtoris
kulturologiuri fenomenis arsi, genderuli lingvistikis
ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, qalTa literaturis mxatvruli enis Ta­
viseburebebi.
wignSi saTanado adgili eTmoba qalis rols, mis adgils
folklorSi; qali avtoris sakiTxi da problema ganxilulia
evropuli, islamuri aRmosavleTisa da qarTuli literaturis
magaliTze. naSromSi warmoCenilia qali avtorebis teqstebi­
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSan­Tvisebebi.
wigni gankuTvnilia literaturuli teqstebis mkvlev­
arTaTvis, literaturaTmcodneobiT, genderuli kvlevebiT,
kulturologiuri sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli studentebi­
saTvis, profesor­maswavleblebisaTvis, mkiTxvelTa farTo
wrisaTvis.
redaqtori:
filologiis doqtori gaga lomiZe
recenzentebi:
filologiis doqtori, prof. darejan gardavaZe
istoriis doqtori, prof. elene meZmariaSvili
© nino popiaSvili, 2013
ISBN 978-9941-10-770-2
sarCevi
avtorisagan ......................................................................5
Tavi I ......................................................................................8
qali avtori – terminologiuri definicia .......................... 8
qalis fenomenis istoriuli da Tanamedrove gaazrebani ... 13
feministuri literaturis Teoria da genderuli
kvlevebi ................................................................................. 24
Tavi II...................................................................................33
genderi da enaTmecniereba..................................................... 33
genderuli lingvistika da qarTuli ena.............................. 48
genderi, qali da adamiani.......................................................... 62
Tavi III ................................................................................. 71
qali avtori – literaturul-istoriuli diskursi .. 71
qali avtori meoce saukunis evropul literaturaSi .... 91
Tanamedrove evropuli qalTa literaturis kultur­
ologiuri da genderuli aspeqtebi ..................................... 101
Tavi IV ............................................................................... 113
qali narTebis eposSi ............................................................. 113
Tavi V ................................................................................ 127
qali avtori da islamuri aRmosavleTis literatura....127
arabuli romantizmi da qalTa sakiTxebi ........................... 130
qali avtori, rogorc qalis bediswera arabul literatu­
raSi ................................................................................................ 134
sparsuli literaturis qaluri sakiTx(av)ebi ................. 141
3
qali avtori Turqul literaturaSi ................................. 151
Tavi VIO ............................................................................... 159
qali avtori da qarTuli literatura ............................ 159
avtobiografiuli komponentebi, rogorc TviTidentifi­
kacia qalTa literaturaSi .................................................... 163
qali avtori Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSi......... 173
daskvna ............................................................................. 194
danarTi ........................................................................... 196
saubrebi Tanamedrove qal avtorebTan........................... 197
interviu renate velSTan ....................................................... 197
interviu naira gelaSvilTan ................................................. 200
interviu rusudan kaiSaurTan .............................................. 204
interviu mariana nanobaSvilTan .......................................... 211
interviu lela samniaSvilTan ............................................... 220
interviu bela CekuriSvilTan .............................................. 228
pirTa saZiebeli........................................................................ 239
gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................. 244
Women's writing – Literary, Culturological and Gender Discourse....261
4 5
avtorisagan
tradiciulad mowyobil sazogadoebas Tavisi gansaz­
Rvruli wesrigi aqvs. xandaxan imdenad dalagebuli da awo­
nil­dawonilia yvelaferi, rTulia Sebedo da gadaalago,
miT ufro, gadaafaso Rirebulebebi, romlebsac gauzrdix­
ar, Camouyalibebixar da Senzec didi gavlena mouxdenia,
Rrma kvali dautovebia. mxatvrul teqstebs, sityvakazmul
literaturasa da literaturul procesebs tradici­
uloba axasiaTebs, Tumca novatorobac, siaxlec swored
mxatvruli literaturidan modis. literaturis defini­
cia, genderulad markireba, qali avtoris sakiTxis calke
gamoyofa da Seswavla TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba literatu­
rul tradiciebsa da normebs, Ralatobs literaturul
kanonebs, romelTa mixedviTac literatura zogaderovnu­
li da zogadadamianuria, Sesabamisad, zogadgenderulic,
Tumca literaturul procesebze dakvirveba, istoriuli,
socialuri, kulturuli, filosofiuri, literaturuli
da lingvisturi sakiTxebis Seswavla cxadyofs, rom xSir
SemTxvevaSi qali avtori calke identobas warmoadgens.
Cemi interesi qali avtoris problemis mimarT Tavidan
TiTqmis gaucnobierebeli da Sinagani, qvecnobieri iyo. sa­
kuTari TavisTvisac mikiTxavs: ratom qali mwerali? an, ar­
sebobs ki mwerali qali, rogorc calke fenomeni? am kiTxvaze
Cemi pasuxi yovelTvis dadebiTi iyo, esec, ZiriTadad, intu­
iciisa da subieqturi mizezebis (pirvel rigSi, radgan mec
qali var) wyalobiT. qali avtori, rogorc problema, aqtu­
aluri gaxda CemTvis maSin, rodesac postsabWoTa qarTul
mwerlobasa da identobis sakiTxebze vmuSaobdi. Semdgom ki­
dev ufro damainteresa qali avtoris sakiTxma, genderulad
markirebulma literaturam, feministurma da genderulma
diskursma, feministurma literaturis Teoriam, gende­
rulma literaturis Teoriam, genderulma lingvistikam.
qali avtori – am terminzec didxans vfiqrobdi, mar­
ginaluri, arasrulfasovani definicia mwerlobisa TiT­
qos, erTi mxriv, mabrkolebda da, meore mxriv, Sinagani,
subieqturad ganwyobili logika mkarnaxobda, rom swo­
red amgvarad, an msgavsad momeniSna CemTvis saintereso
literaturuli sakiTxebi: qali avtori istoriul da Ta­
namedrove epoqebSi, qali avtori dasavlur literatu­
rul garemoSi, qali avtori aRmosavleTSi, qali avtori
folklorSi (narTebis eposis magaliTze), qali avtori
da biografiuli aspeqtebi, qali avtori qarTul litera­
turaSi.
am wignis sakvanZo sakiTxia qalTa literatura, ro­
melsac bevri ram gamoarCevs, qalebis Semoqmedeba, ro­
melic didxans ikvalavda gzas, romelic didxans ar iyo
darwmunebuli sakuTar TavSi da romelic didxans ar iyo
da/an ar aris aRiarebuli. Cemi kvlevis obieqtia qali av­
tori da genderulad yvelaze neitralur garemoSic mi­
saRwevi Tanasworoba, laitmotivi, romelic mudmivad
Cans, mudmivad JRers – xan xmamaRla da Zlierad, xan ara­
saWirodac ki, xandaxan imdenad sustad, rom mxolod igu­
lisxmeba, magram swored iq aris saWiro misi gaZliereba.
qali avtoris sakiTxebze muSaoba kulturologiuri,
literaturis Teoriisa da lingvistikis Teoriis kuTxiT,
TavisTavad gulisxmobs genderul diskurss. Tavad qali
avtoris cneba, sakiTxis amgvarad dayeneba ukve genderu­
lad markirebul literaturas niSnavs. Sesabamisad, mwer­
loba, romlis definiciac marginalurad xdeba, TiTqos
kargavs Tavis mTavar daniSnulebas, iyos zogadgenderu­
li, zogadnacionaluri da zogadsakacobrio. Tumca gen­
6 7
derulad markirebulobis SemTxvevaSic, vfiqrob, qali av­
toris Semoqmedebas aranairi Crdili ar miadgeba.
monografiaze muSaobam damarwmuna, rom qali avtoris
Sesaxeb kvlevebi, rogorc literaturaTmcodneobaSi, ise
kulturologiaSi, genderolingvistikaSi, sociologiaSi,
mdidar da myar niadagze dgas. aseve naTlad davinaxe isic,
rom qarTuli literaturis Seswavla qali avtoris Semoq­
medebis kuTxiT samomavlo saqmea.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul literaturaTmcod­
neobaSi jer kidev ar damdgara genderulad markirebuli
literaturis Seswavlisa da swavlebis sakiTxi. dRemde
ar ikiTxeba saTanado saleqcio kursebi umaRles saswav­
leblebSi. vfiqrob, es monografia samomavlodac kvali­
ficiur megzurobas gauwevs literaturisa da genderis
mkvlevrebs, farTo auditorias.
bunebrivia, erTi monografia srulyofilad ver asax­
avs da, miT ufro, ver amowuravs qali avtoris irgvliv
arsebul problematikas, romelic ganxilulia liter­
aturul, kulturologiur, lingvistur da genderul
WrilSi, dasavluri, aRmosavluri da qarTuli mwerlobis
diskursebSi. avtori siamovnebiT miiRebs yvela saqmian
rCevas, rekomendaciasa da SeniSvnas.
 qali avtori –
terminologiuri definicia
ra aris qalTa literatura? TiTqos es SekiTxva ar un­
da iyos rTulad pasuxgasacemi: es aris qalebis mier dawe­
rili mxatvruli literatura da, ufro zustad, qalebis
mier, qalebze da/an qalebisaTvis dawerili literatura.
magram aseT SemTxvevaSi, ismis kiTxva: ra aris mamakacTa
literatura? arsebobs aseTi literatura? arsebobs mama­
kacebis mier, mamakacebisaTvis Seqmnili teqstebi? Tu ar­
sebobs calke literatura da calke kidev `raRac~, saeWvo,
romelic ar Sedis saerTo samwerlobo garemoSi da marki­
rebulia qalTa literaturad, qali avtoris teqstad. Se­
saZloa, genderuli niSniT literaturis definicia ufro
metad diskriminaciuli da stereotipuli aRmoCndes da
qali avtorebis teqstebis marginalobas mianiSnebdes.
sxvadasxva enaSi qali avtorebis teqstebis aRmniSvne­
lad sxvadasxva cneba/termini gamoiyeneba. inglisur ena­
Si qali avtorebis Semoqmedebas aRniSnavs termini Women’s
writing (qarTulad, sityvasityviT, qalebis mwerloba), ger­
manulSi – Die Frauenliteratur (qalTa literatura), fran­
gulSi – femme de lettres (qalebis mwerloba), italiurad –
Scrittrice (Il termine scrittrice è il femminile del termine `Scrittore~
(mwerlis (`Scrittore~) mdedrobiTi sqesis forma), rusulSi
– Женская литература (qalTa literatura).
unda aRiniSnos, rom qali avtorebis mier dawerili
teqstebis erTi terminiT aRniSvnis problema dRemde mec­
nieruli da literaturuli Sexedulebebis sxvadasxvao­
bis sakiTxia.
terminSi `qalTa literatura~ (germ. Die Frauenliteratur)
moiazreba qalebisTvis da qalebis Sesaxeb dawerili li­
8 9
teraturuli teqstebi. es ki uTuod saWiroebs dazuste­
bas, radgan am saxiT terminis gamoyeneba Seicavs erTgvar
safrTxes, rom qalebis mier Seqmnili literatura kodi­
ficirebulia. es sakiTxi zogierTi mwerali qalisaTvis
literaturuli teqstis CarCoSi moqcevas da garkveuli
niSniT Semofargvlas niSnavs. anu, qalTa literaturis
cnebis qveS literaturuli teqstis moazreba mxolod qa­
lebisaTvis da qalebze daweril literaturul teqstebs
gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, literaturuli teqstebi SesaZ­
loa, sruliadac ar iyos saintereso mamakaci mkiTxvele­
bisa da SemfaseblebisaTvis, rac TavisTavad akninebs qali
avtorebis Semoqmedebas, uzRudavs diapazons, ukargavs
literaturul Rirebulebas, aviwroebs literaturuli
teqstebis farTo mniSvnelobas. am mosazrebis gamo zogi­
erTi evropeli avtori, mag., irmtraud morgneri (Irmtraud
Morgner) da gabriele vomani (Gabriele Wohmann), winaaRmdeg­
ni arian, maTi Semoqmedeba `qalTa literaturis~ cnebis
qveS ganixilebodes.
qali avtorebis SemoqmedebisaTvis terminologiuri
definiciis sakiTxze msjelobis dros gamoiTqva mosaz­
reba, rom termini `qalTa literatura~ samuSao terminad
unda CaTvliliyo, rac moiazrebda im ZiriTad konceptebs,
romlebic literaturul­sociologiuri garemoebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT konkretul istoriul situaciaSi warmo­
iSva da dREemde garkveul manifestaciur xasiaTs atarebs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme exeba ara literaturis garkve­
ul kodifikacias qali avtorebis niSniT; qali avtorebis
literaturas, ara rogorc gansakuTrebul kategorias,
aramed termini `qalTa literatura~ aRniSnavs litera­
turuli produqciis mdedrobiT nawils, rogorc gansa­
kuTrebul da gamorCeul esTetikur aspeqts, riTac aRniS­
nuli literatura im specifikur niSans Seicavs, romelic
calke msjelobis sagani SeiZleba gaxdes.
qalTa literaturis terminologiuri definiciis ir­
gvliv arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imiTac aris ganpiro­
bebuli, rom termini `qalTa literatura~ axlos dgas
meore terminTan – `qaluri romani~ (germ. Frauenroman).
es ukanaskneli Tavis TavSi moicavs trivialur litera­
turul teqstebs, sapnis operebs, sadac mTavari Temebia:
sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebi, colqmruli cxovreba, qa­
lis bedi da bediswera. aseTi teqstebis Seqmnis tradicia
evropul da/an dasavlur literaturaSi didi xania arse­
bobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom trivialuri saTavdagasavlo
teqstebis mkiTxvelebi mamakacebic arian, miCneulia, rom
iseve, rogorc trivialuri serialebis dros, maT ZiriTad
mayureblad moiazrebian qalebi – diasaxlisebi, romle­
bic amiT cdiloben, gadaerTon sakuTari yoveldRiuro­
bidan. masobrivi literaturis es forma, `qaluri romani~
– yvelasaTvis advilad gasagebi, martivi siuJeturi xaziT
gamoirCeva, sadac xSiria ojaxuri konfliqtebi, romlis
mTavari gmiri, miuxedavad uamravi dabrkolebisa da wina­
aRmdegobisa, yovelTvis gamarjvebulia. xSir SemTxvevaSi
qaluri romani qalebisaTvis aris erTgvari gantvirTva.
Sesabamisad, mkiTxveli qalebis erT nawilSi es Janri di­
di popularobiT sargeblobs da misi auditoria mudmivad
mzardia.
terminologiur msgavsebas qalTa literaturasa da
qalTa romanebs Soris negatiuri konotacia aqvs. aRniSnu­
li msgavsebis gamo qal avtorebs ar surT, maTi nawarmoebe­
bi qalTa literaturis klasifikaciaSi moeqces, gansakuT­
rebiT im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac qali avtorebis teqstebSi
specifikurad qaluri gamocdileba aris asaxuli.
10
is, rac qalTa literaturas qaluri romanebisagan ga­
narCevs, aris, erTi mxriv, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba,
romelic qali avtorebisaTvis TavianTi literaturuli
namuSevrebis safuZvels warmoadgens, ris gamoc qalTAAa
literatura sruliad sxva socialur da kulturul re­
alobas asaxavs, vidre qalur romanebSi vxedavT; meore
mxriv, gansxvavebas qmnis qali avtorebis mier asaxuli sa­
zogadoebrivi suraTi, sadac mdedrobiTi arsebisaTvis
niSandoblivi da saWirboroto problemebia wamoWrili,
gansakuTrebiT, patriarqaluri sazogadoebis konteq­
stSi, sadac qals jer kidev ara aqvs Sesabamisi sazogado­
ebrivi avtoriteti.
imisaTvis, rom terminologiuri aRreva gamoiric­
xos da sruliad aSkara gaxdes literaturuli konteqsti,
Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi qalTa litera­
turis (germ. Frauenliteratur) paralelurad ixmareba termi­
ni qalebis mier Seqmnili literatura (germ. „Literatur von
Frauen“; ingl. `Women’s writing").
unda iTqvas, rom qarTul samecniero literaturaSi
dRemde ar yofila sagangebo msjeloba qali avtorebis Se­
moqmedebis terminologiuri definiciis Sesaxeb. ramdeni­
me naSromi qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi, romlebic
qali avtorebis Semoqmedebas exeba, ver gvTavazobs zust
da erTmniSvnelovan terminologiur formulirebas. qali
avtori, mwerali qali, qalTa literatura, qalTa proza,
qalTa poezia, femininuri literatura, qali mwerlebis
mier Seqmnili literatura, qaluri literatura – es is
terminebia, romlebic qarTul samecniero literaturaSi,
qali avtorebis Sesaxeb daweril statiebSi gvxvdeba.
im ramdenime sityvaTSeTanxmebidan, romlebic qalis
mier Seqmnil literaturul teqsts gulisxmobs, vfiqrob,
11
yvelaze metad literaturuli da Sesaferisi aris qali
avtori. mwerali qali ufro markirebulad JRers, qalTa
literatura ki swored qaluri romanis, anu bulvaruli
teqstebis Janrs mianiSnebs TiTqos, Tumca Cems gamokvle­
vaSi qali avtoris gverdiT, tavtologiisa da stiluri
xarvezebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, zogan `mwerali qali~
da `qalTa literatura~ `qali avtoris~ sinonimebad aris
naxmari.
12
qalis fenomenis istoriuli da Tanamedrove
gaazrebani
kacobriobis dasabamidan dRemde qali STagonebis wya­
roa, Tumca qalis rolisa da wvlilis sakiTxi sazogadoeb­
riv, politikur, ekonomikur da sxva mniSvnelovan sfero­
ebSi mudmivad kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas.
sazogadoebrivma ganviTarebam aamaRla qalebis TviT­
Segneba, amasTanave, moiTxova qalisa da mamakacis rolebis,
sazogadoebrivi stereotipebis garkveulwilad Tavidan
gaazreba da axleburi daskvnebis, Sexedulebebis, mimarTe­
bebis Camoyalibeba.
rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnaven, qalisaTvis dama­
xasiaTebelia Semwynarebloba, demokratizmi, bunebasTan
siaxlove, lirikuloba, romantizmi, moWarbebuli mgrZno­
beloba. qali uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili Zaladobis,
uxeSobis mimarT. igi advilad aRsazrdelia, Sesabamisad,
qali Tavisebur garants warmoadgens ganviTarebisaTvis,
Tumca arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom qalSi dadebiT Tvisebeb­
Tan erTad, uaryofiTi Tvisebebic ikveTeba, magaliTad:
gulmaviwyoba, isteriuli da nervuli aSlilobebi da sxva.
mamakacebis Sesaxebac arsebobs garkveuli maxasia­
Teblebisagan Semdgari sqemebi, sadac gamokveTilia, rom
mamakaci aris sazriani, moxerxebuli, axasiaTebs gamomgo­
nebloba, TviTdamkvidrebisaken swrafva, rac mTlianad
dadebiT Tvisebebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mamakacebi Zi­
riTadad sazogadoebasa da samsaxurze arian orientire­
bulni, xolo qalebi – ojaxsa da Svilebze. mamakacis nega­
tiur Tvisebebad iTvleba agresiuloba, Zalauflebisaken
swrafva, Zaladobisaken midrekileba da sxva.
qalis mxridan mamacobis, guladobis gamovlena sa­
13
zogadoebis mier aRiqmeba qalis `gankacebad~, mamakacis
rolSi Sesvlad. aseve, qalis mier mamakacis stereotipul
Tvisebebad da saqmianobebad miCneulis ganxorcielebis
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba xSirad kiTxvis niSans svamda da
svams qalis ZiriTadi rolis (saqmianoba ojaxSi, Svilebis
movla) srulfasovnad Sesrulebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebri­
vad aqtiurad realizebuli qalis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba kiT­
xva, Tu rogor uTavsebs is samsaxursa da saojaxo saqmeebs
erTmaneTs. aRniSnuli SekiTxva saerTod ar Cndeba mama­
kacis SemTxvevaSi, rac, Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT,
diskriminaciulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sxvadasxva dros tardeboda
specialuri kvlevebi, uSlida Tu ara qalis dasaqmeba Svi­
lebis fizikur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebas xels, an:
dadebiT gavlenas axdenda Tu uaryofiTs dedis umaRlesi
ganaTleba Svilze da a. S. `qalis sazogadoebriv­politi­
kur cxovrebaSi Cabma da misi rolis Secvla, TviTSegnebis
zrda da Tanasworobisaken ltolva kanonzomieri da prog­
resuli procesia, romelsac Tan sdevs yvelasaTvis cnobi­
li tradiciuli patriarqaluri stereotipebis msxvreva.
es procesi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropis qvey­
nebis nawilSi ukve dasrulebulia, nawilSi ki dResac war­
matebiT mimdinareobs~ (meZmariaSvili 2012, gv. 96). Tumca
amerikasa da evropaSi dRemde msjeloben genderul nor­
mebze, qalis uflebebze, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sakiT­
xebze qalTan mimarTebaSi; aseve – qalis inteleqtualuri
ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze, genderuli cnobierebis amaR­
lebaze, qalTa mdgomareobaze sazogadoebaSi, genderul
balansze, maT Soris, qalisa da mamakacis samuSaos anazRa­
urebis sakiTxze, qalis socialur statusze.
cnobilia, rom evropasa da amerikaSic ki qalebis 40%
14
mTel dros atarebs saxlSi, ojaxisa da Svilebis movlaSi,
Tumca saxlis gareT muSaoba rogorc konkretulad qali­
saTvis, aseve, mTeli ojaxisaTvis, momgebiania ekonomiku­
ri TvalsazrisiT. dasaqmebuli qali ikmayofilebs iseT
socialur moTxovnebs, rogorebicaa – sazogadoebrivi
aRiareba, pirovnuli miRwevebi, pativiscema, sazogadoeb­
rivi statusi da sxva.
qali, romelic drois did nawils atarebs saxlSi, ma­
Sinac ki, rodesac is ojaxis burjia, mfarvelia, TviT oja­
xis danarCeni wevrebis mierac ki ar aRiqmeba avtoritetad,
radgan igi ar monawileobs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. um­
ravles SemTxvevaSi, diasaxlisi qali sakuTar Tavs bevr sa­
zogado sakiTxSi arakompetenturad miiCnevs, aseve aRiq­
vamen mas ojaxis wevrebic. Tanamedrove kroskulturul
kvlevebSi aSkarad Cans iseTi tradiciuli Sexedulebebisa
da sqemebis rRveva, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, qalis rolis
istoriuli gansazRvra, aseve, saojaxo cxovrebis sqemebi,
sadac mamakaci CarTuli unda iyos sazogadoebriv cxovre­
baSi, qali ki unda uvlides ojaxs, zrdides bavSvebs. dRei­
saTvis saojaxo cxovrebis sqema icnobs rogorc mamakacis,
ise qalis aqtiur rols sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, xolo
saojaxo saqmis Tanabrad da/an SeZlebisdagvarad Tanab­
rad gadanawilebas. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saoja­
xo cxovrebaSi arsebobs e. w. qalis saqme da mamakacis saqme.
qalis saqmed umravles SemTxvevaSi miiCneva regularuli
saqmianoba: sadilis momzadeba, darecxva, dauToeba, si­
sufTavis organizeba, bavSvebze zrunva da sxva; xolo ma­
makacis saqmianobad miiCneva araregularuli saqmianoba,
rogoricaa, mwyobridan gamosuli xelsawyoebis SekeTeba
da sxv. aseve, unda iTqvas, rom im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac
qali dasaqmebulia ojaxis gareT, mainc mas uwevs saojaxo
15
saqmeebis keTeba.
Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, arsebobs mkveTri
diferenciacia qalisa da mamakacis xelfasebs Soris. maga­
liTad, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi momuSave qali mama­
kacze 30%­iT nakleb xelfass iRebs. sxva qveynebSi qalis
xelfasi kidev ufro naklebia mamakacisaze. amasTan, ar­
sebobs qaluri da mamakacuri profesiebi, sadac qalebs
rigiTis, Semsruleblis, specialistis funqciebi aqvT,
xolo mamakacebis umravlesoba xelmZRvanelis pozicia­
zea dasaqmebuli. saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis
programis mkvlevari, nani bendeliani naSromSi – `gende­
ruli Tanasworobis Sefaseba saqarTveloSi saerTaSori­
so indeqsebis da reitingebis mixedviT~ (ivnisi, 2012) – aR­
niSnavs: `saqarTveloSi... qalebis SromiT bazarze mzard
CarTulobasTan erTad, profesiuli da teqnikuri muSa­
kebis araproporciuli maCvenebeli (2011 wlis angariSi –
qalebi 62%, mamakacebi 38%) miuTiTebs, rom SesaZlebelia
qalebis wilis zrda samuSao bazarze xdeba maTi dabalkva­
lificiur samuSaoze an karieruli kibis dabal safexurze
dasaqmebiT. am arguments amyarebs imave samuSaos Sesrule­
bisas saxelfaso uTanasworobis mzardi tendencia – didi
gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis mier gamomuSavebul
saSualo Semosavals Soris~ (bendeliani 2012, gv. 20). unda
iTqvas isic, rom qalis profesiul warmatebasa da karie­
rul winsvlas yvela qveyanaSi xels uSlis ojaxuri da de­
dobrivi movaleobebi.
genderuli mkvlevrebis azriT, maSinac ki, rodesac
tradiciuli genderuli rolebi icvleba Tanamedro­
ve Sexedulebebisa da tendenciebis mixedviT, garkveuli
socialuri uTanasworoba mainc arsebobs. qalTa prob­
lematika, kulturuli da socialuri aspeqtebi mudmivad
16
aqtualuri da sayuradReboa rogorc dasavleTis qveyne­
bis (amerika, evropa), ise ganviTarebadi qveynebis konteq­
stebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
qalis istoriuli rolisa da mecnierulad dasabu­
Tebuli stereotipebis Sesaxeb mdidar masalas gvawvdis
istoriuli wyaroebi, literaturuli da filosofiuri
teqstebi. qalisa da mamakacis istoriuli rolebis Sesa­
xeb Sexedulebebi da stereotipebi yalibdeboda da yalib­
deba ojaxSi, skolaSi, politikaSi, mediaSi... Sesabamisad,
qals ukve gaaCnia Tavisi stereotipuli roli, romlidan
gamosvlis SemTxvevaSic mas uCndeba SiSi, is ar aris dar­
wmunebuli sakuTar TavSi, sakuTar arCevanSi, zedmetad
ufrTxis damoukideblad miiRos gadawyvetilebebi, e. w.
`zedmeti damoukidebloba~ masSi iwvevs zedmet proble­
mebs, eWvi epareba sakuTari Sexedulebebis WeSmaritebaSi,
eSinia Secdomebisa. amitomac, umetes SemTxvevaSi, advi­
lad ambobs uars sapasuxismgeblo arCevanze.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qa­
li mamakacis trfobis obieqtia. qals uZRvnidnen leqsebs,
xatavdnen, aqandakebdnen, umRerdnen mis silamazes, gansa­
kuTrebulobasa da gamorCeulobas. qals miiCnevdnen si­
lamazis etalonad, Tumca genderuli kvlevebis Tvalsaz­
risiT, rac ufro aRmerTebdnen qals da Tayvans scemdnen
mas sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, istoriis ama Tu im monakveTSi, si­
namdvileSi miT ufro damorCilebul mdgomareobaSi iyo.
amerikeli mkvlevari beti fridani am paradoqss ase xsnis:
`rac ufro naklebia realuri funqciebi qalis rolisaT­
vis, miT ufro rTaven da alamazeben mas uazro detalebiT,
raTa sicariele Seavson~ (kiknaZe, donaZe 2006, gv. 12).
qalis mimarT stereotipuli Sexedulebebis ganmtkice­
baSi monawileobda literatura da filosofiac. cnobilia
17
sokrates gamonaTqvami: `sami ram SeiZleba CavTvaloT bed­
nierebad: is, rom Sen veluri cxoveli ara xar, rom Sen bar­
barosi ara xar da rom Sen kaci xar da ara qali”. hipokrates
azriT, `coli kacs mxolod orjer axarebs: qorwinebis dRes
da dakrZalvis dRes~ (moyvanili gamonaTqvamebi ganxilulia
wignSi: Феминизм: перспективы социального знания. М., 1992). qa­
lis rolisa da funqciis Sesaxeb stereotipuli Sexedulebe­
bis tiraJirebas xSirad vxvdebiT cnobili filosofosebis
gamonaTqvamebSi. mag., cnobilia, rom germanel filosofoss,
i. kants gadawyvetili hqonda, ar moeyvana coli. erTi cnobi­
li mocekvave mas siyvarulSi gamoutyda da SesTavaza daqor­
wineba: `Cven gveyoleba Svili, TqvensaviT Wkviani da CemsaviT
lamazi~, kantma ki upasuxa: `vSiSob, moxdeba piriqiT, is iqne­
ba CemsaviT uSno da TqvensaviT suleli~. cnobili germane­
li filosofosi f. nicSe miiCnevda, rom: `mamakacebma qalebs
dasakuTrebis surviliT unda Sexedon, rogorc sakuTrebas,
romelsac unda daeuflo~ (nicSe 1907). aRniSnuli da sxva ga­
monaTqvamebi da Sexedulebebi kidev ufro amyarebda sazoga­
doebriv azrs qalisa da mamakacis ukve dadgenili rolebis Se­
saxeb, sadac mamakacs dominanturi, wamyvani, ZiriTadi, xolo
qals damokidebuli, daqvemdebarebuli roli unda hqonoda.
stereotipuli Sexedulebebis damkvidrebasa da gan­
mtkicebas xels uwyobda sxvadasxva religiuri diskursic.
mag., ebraeli meomrebis locvaSi vkiTxulobT: `madlobe­
li var, RmerTo, rom ar Semqmeni me warmarTad, gaunaTleb­
lad da qalad.”
cnobilia, rom warmarTul sazogadoebaSi qali ufro
xSirad iyo msxverplSewirvis obieqti.
qristianul religiaSi qalis fenomenis Sesaxeb did­
xans iyo azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
mxolod 585 wlis msoflio saeklesio krebaze erTi xmis
18
upiratesobiT cnes, rom qalsac SeiZleba gaaCndes suli.
yurani ambobs, rom: `qmrebi colebze maRla dganan imi­
tom, rom alahma uboZa pirvelT upiratesoba meoreebze”.
Tumca unda iTqvas isic, rom religiaSi realizdeba
da aisaxeba individebis cxovrebis wesi, rwmena da gaTviT­
cnobiereba, monaniebisa da ganwmendis survilebi, WeSma­
ritebis garkveuli orientirebis arseboba. religiaSi,
farTo gagebiT, moiazreba rwmenis gziT optimizmis, uke­
Tesobisa da arsebuli pirovnuli, ojaxuri, janmrTelo­
bis, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri gaumjobese­
bis survili da mdgradi imedi, mosalodneli sasurveli
bednierebis SegrZneba ganurCevlad sqesisa. qalis rolis
dadgenili CarCoebi, rogorebicaa: qalebisaTvis sakulto
adgilis SezRudva, akrZalva da sxva, mniSvnelovnad moqme­
debs qalis religiuri mgrZnobelobis srulfasovnad re­
alizebaze.
qalis rolis, e. w. `qalTa sakiTxis~ gaaqtiureba evro­
paSi, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis epoqaSi, re­
voluciuri ideebisa da suliskveTebis fonze warmoiSva.
qalebi moiTxovdnen mamakacebTan gaTanabrebas, rogorc
sazogadoebriv, ise – ojaxur cxovrebaSi. Tumca qalTa
moZraobam, romelsac garkveuli Teoriuli deklaraciac
edo safuZvlad, rogoricaa olimpia de guJis `qalisa da
moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia~ (1791 w.), male ganicada
devna, de guJi sikvdiliT dasajes, xolo qalTa klubi ga­
auqmes. aRsaniSnavia, rom deklaraciaSi figurirebda qa­
lisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianobis survili, qalis
ganaTlebis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis ufleba. deklaraciaSi
aRniSnuli iyo, rom qalebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba
undodaT ara imitom, rom mamakacebs Sejibrebodnen, ara­
med mxolod imitom, rom daxmarebodnen sxva qalebs, rom­
19
lebic swored gaunaTleblobis gamo duxWirad cxovro­
bdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebis moTxovnebi sruliad
legitimuri iyo, mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, qalTa moZra­
obis marcxi imiTic iyo gamowveuli, rom aRniSnuli ideebi
ar gaxda saTanadod popularuli TviT qalebSive, radgan
qalebs miaCndaT, rom maTi adgili iyo ojaxSi. qalebs ar
hqondaT sakuTari Tavis saTanado rwmena.
mecxramete­meoce saukuneebSi qalTa uflebebisaTvis
brZola kvlav iZens mniSvnelovan rols evropasa da ameri­
kaSi. 1905 wels fineTSi, xolo 1920 wlidan dasavleT evro­
pis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, aseve amerikaSi, qalebs miecaT
arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba, rac ukve did gardatexad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
meoce saukunis 20­30­iani wlebidan iwyeba qalTa moZ­
raobis gaaqtiureba, rac im etapze qalTa uflebebisa da
Tanasworuflebianobis moTxovnaSi aisaxeboda, Tumca am
ideebs hyavda mravali mowinaaRmdege, maT Soris, inteleq­
tuali mamakacebis saxiT. vfiqrob, sainteresoa is, Tu ra
argumentebiTa da mecnieruli SexedulebebiT SeiZleboda
imis dasabuTeba, rom qalis rolis gaZliereba dauSvebeli
iyo. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom meoce saukunis gamoCenili
moazrovne, filosofosi, fsiqologi da fsiqoanalitiko­
si erix fromi qalis uflebebisaTvis brZolas, aseve, gen­
deruli Tanasworuflebianobis sakiTxebs araerTgvarov­
nad uyurebda mTeli Tavisi moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi.
erix fromi daibada 1900 wels mainis frankfurtSi.
1922 wels daicva disertacia filosofiaSi, is iyo ger­
manel­amerikeli filosofosi, neofroidizmis erT­er­
Ti fuZemdebeli. meoce saukunis 30­ian wlebSi fromma
frankfurtis filosofiuri skolis damaarseblebTan,
Teodor v. adornosTan da maqs horkhaimerTan daiwyo mu­
20
Saobas. 1932 wels fromma adolf hitleris gamarjveba iwi­
naswarmetyvela, xolo 1933 wels germania datova da maqs
horkhaimerTan da Teodor v. adornosTan erTad, rogorc
politikuri migranti, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi ga­
davida sacxovreblad. fromi akritikebda totalitarul
ideebs. 1940 wels gamocemulma wignma `Tavisuflebisagan
gaqceva~ (germ. `Die Furcht vor der Freiheit~; ingl. `Escape from
Freedom~) mas germaniaSi mxolod da mxolod siZulvili
moutana. mogvianebiT fromi gaeTiSa frankfurtis sko­
lis ideebs, moRvaweoba ganagrZo politikaSi, iyo ameriku­
li socialisturi partiis wevri, kiTxulobda leqciebs.
fromis cnobili wignebia: `siyvarulis xelovneba~ (germ.
`Die Kunst des Liebens~ 1956 w.), `floba Tu yofna?~ (germ. `Ha-
ben oder Sein?~ 1976 w.).
fromis Sexedulebebi genderuli Tanasworobis Se­
saxeb misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebuli da
urTierTgamomricxavia. 1930­iani wlebis eseebSi fromi
aviTarebda azrs, rom qalis roli istoriulad didi iyo
da matriarqati yovelmxriv dadebiTi etapi unda yofili­
yo kacobriobisaTvis. `gazviadeba ar aris vamtkicoT, rom
modernuli civilizacia qalebis mier aris dafuZnebuli~
(fromi, `dedis centraluri rolis Sesaxeb~). wignSi `siy­
varulis xelovneba~ (1956 w.) fromi msjelobs qalisa da
mamakacis bunebaze, ganixilavs sxvadasxva eTikur proble­
mas, qalisa da mamakacis sistemuri klasifikaciis dros mi­
uTiTebs, rom mamakacis Tvisebebia `gaZRola, aqtiuroba,
disciplina, siTamame~, xolo qalisa – ` gamZleoba, dacva,
realizmi, simtkice, dedobrioba~ (fromi 1956, gv. 31). Sem­
dgom etapze fromi problemebs xedavs feminizmSi, sazo­
gadoebas ki adanaSaulebs qalisa da mamakacis funqciebis
aRrevaSi. mogvianebiT igi kvlav ubrundeba feministur
21
Sexedulebebs da akritikebs patriarqaluri dominirebis
gaZlierebas: `patriarqaluri sazogadoeba siyvarulisa
da TanasworobisaTvis ar zrunavs, is mxolod kacebis mier
Seqmnil kanonebs ukavSirdeba, saxelmwifos, abstraqtul
principebs, morCilebas. es aRwerilia sofokles `anti­
goneSi~ kreonis pirovnebasa da sistemaSi, faSisti lide­
ris prototipSi~ (fromi 1970, citirebulia d. kelneris
mixedviT). Tumca mogvianebiT, erT­erT interviuSi, fro­
mi kvlav antifeministur poziciazea. qalTa moZraobas­
Tan dakavSirebiT dasmul kiTxvaze fromi pasuxobs, rom
es aris `Ria, Zaladobrivi brZola kacebis winaaRmdeg. Se­
uZlebelia qalebis fsiqologiis gageba da amitomac kace­
bis fsiqologiis gagebac, aravis SeuZlia gaigos sadizmis,
mtrobisa da destruqciis elementebi, Tu ar gaviTvalis­
winebT, rom gasuli 6 aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi sqesTa So­
ris brZola mimdinareobda. es brZola aris partizanuli
brZola. qalebi daamarcxa patriarqatma 6 aTasi wlis win
da sazogadoeba aSenda kacebis dominirebis principiT~
(fromi 1975, citirebulia d. kelneris mixedviT). sabolo­
od, sicocxlis bolo wels, fromma axali ideis ganviTare­
ba daiwyo. fromis kritikosis, duglas kelneris azriT, es
iyo feminizmis Teoriisa da feminizmis kritikis Teoriis
erTgvari sinTezi (kelneri, `erix fromi da frankfurtis
skola~, internetresursi).
qalebis uflebebisaTvis brZola, Tanasworuflebi­
anobisaken swrafva mravalmxrivi winaaRmdegobis fonze
mimdinareobda. meoce saukunis 70­ian – 90­ian wlebSi ev­
ropasa da amerikaSi, Semdeg ki, msoflios mraval qveyanaSi,
miiRes kanoni qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb.
qalTa mimarT diferenciuli, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
diskriminaciuli midgomebis paralelurad, arsebobda
22
liberalur­Semwynarebluri filosofiuri, literatu­
ruli da politikuri Sexedulebebi, mag., jon lokis, Jan­
Jak rusos liberalisturi Sexedulebebi da sxv.
qalTa moZraoba meoce saukunis meore naxevridan
qmnida mecnierul midgomebs da sam ZiriTad xazad yalib­
deboda:
1. qalTa kvlevebi
2. feministuri kvlevebi
3. genderuli kvlevebi
zogierT aspeqtSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebebi erTma­
neTs kveTs, avsebs, meordeba (es gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas qalTa kvlevebisa da feministuri kvlevebis Sesa­
xeb, radgan, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, qalTa da femi­
nisturi kvlevebi damoukidebeli mecnieruli Teoriebis
ganviTarebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos). zogadad, samive Te­
oria swrafad cvlida erTmaneTs da erTmaneTisagan gamom­
dinareobda kidec, Tumca, zogierT aspeqtSi, aRniSnuli
Teoriebi urTierTgamomricxav Sexedulebebsac moicavs.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qalis uflebebis, rolisa da
sxva midgomebis paralelurad, mecnieruli Seswavlis are­
alSi moeqca qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis, rogorc damo­
ukidebeli fenomenis, literaturul­Teoriuli ganxilva.
23
 feministuri literaturis Teoria da
genderuli kvlevebi
meoce saukunis samociani wlebis politikurad moti­
virebuli qalTa moZraobis dawyebis Semdeg rogorc lite­
raturaSi, ise, zogadad, samecniero samyaroSi, qalis ro­
lis Sesaxeb zogierTi Sexeduleba Seicvala da dazustda.
erTi mxriv, Seiqmna qali avtorebis mier emansipaciuri li­
teratura, romelic sakuTar, qalur istoriebze dayrdno­
biT iyo SeTxzuli, meore mxriv ki, warmoiSva feministuri
literaturis Teoria, romelmac axali damokidebulebis
Sesabamisad, literaturaTmcodneobaSi daamkvidra qali
avtoris (qalurobis, rogorc eTikuri kategoriis) cneba
(ingl. Femininity, germ. die Weiblichkeit, rus. Женственность).
swored am droidan iwyeba qalis rolis, qalis funqciis
gansazRvrisa da dadgenis sakiTxi. 1969 wels gamoqveynda
amerikeli mkvlevris, qeiT miletsis (Katte Milletts) diser­
tacia: `seqsualuri politika~ (`Sexual Politics~), sadac av­
tori cnobil teqstebze dayrdnobiT qalis, rogorc seq­
sualuri obieqtis rols gansakuTrebulad gamokveTs.
feministuri kritikis mixedviT, qali avtorebis teq­
stebi imiT aris gamorCeuli da saintereso, rom Tvalsa­
Cinoa qalurad motivirebuli gamocdileba, emociebi da,
zogadad, azrovneba.
feministuri literaturis Teoriis warmoSoba da gan­
viTareba Tavis safuZvelSi politikur xasiaTs atarebs.
am Teoriis upirvelesi mizani iyo kritikuli analizis ga­
moyenebiT qalebis motivireba da qalebis literaturuli
saqmianobis xelSewyoba, Tundac, gacnobierebuli margi­
naluri winapirobebiT.
feministurad da genderulad specifikuri publika­
24
ciebi Seiswavlis tradiciulad dadgenili da aRiarebuli
teqstis qronologiuri ganviTarebis CarCos da ayalibebs
genderulad gansxvavebuli teqstebis tipologias. maT
Soris, qali avtorebis mier Seqmnili teqstebisaTvis da­
maxasiaTebeli ganviTarebis xazis Sesabamisad.
feministuri kvlevebis mixedviT, qali avtorebis teq­
stebis aRqma ukeTesi iqneboda mdedrobiTi perspeqtivi­
dan, radgan qalebis mier Seqmnili teqstebi, SesaZlebelia,
Sinaganad izolirebuli yofiliyo tradiciuli litera­
turuli xazisagan, vinaidan miCneulia, rom literaturis
Seqmnisa da Sefasebis ZiriTadi struqturebi mamrobiTi
perspeqtivebis mixedviT aris SemuSavebuli, rac qali av­
torebis teqstebs, sakuTari cxovrebiseuli realobidan
gamomdinare, marginalobas sZens, es yovelive ki centra­
lur winaaRmdegobas warmoSobs genderuli sxvaobebis
kuTxiT.
qalze orientirebuli kvlevebis paralelurad uka­
nasknel aTwleulebSi samecniero TvalsawierSi damkvid­
rda genderuli kvlevebi (Gender Studies). iseve rogorc
feministur literaturaTmcodneobaSi, genderul kvle­
vebSic yuradReba gamaxvilebulia sqesTa Soris rolebis
gadanawilebis sakiTxebze, rac ar aris biologiur sxvao­
baze dafuZnebuli. Tu feministur literaturaTmcodne­
obaSi biologiuri sxvaoba reprezentirebulia inglisuri
terminiT – sqesi, genderul kvlevebSi socialuri da kul­
turuli komponentebis determinireba gaxda SesaZlebeli
da amisaTvis gramatikidan nasesxebi termini genderi `Ge-
nus/gender”gamoiyeneba.
feministuri kvlevebisagan gansxvavebiT, genderuli
kvlevebi ar ayenebs qalurobis sakiTxs kvlevebis/anali­
zis centrSi, aramed misi mTavari obieqtia genderuli de­
25
finiciebi sociokulturuli, istoriuli da sazogadoeb­
rivi sakiTxebis diskursSi. Tu garkveul sazogadoebriv
da kulturul aspeqtSi teqstebi aRqmuli da gaanalize­
buli iqneba genderuli markirebis mixedviT, rogorc ma­
makacuri da qaluri gamovlinebebi, aseT SemTxvevaSi Seg­
viZlia vimsjeloT genderze, rogorc mniSvnelobis mqone
kategoriaze, romelic iseTive kategoriad SeiZleba iyos
miCneuli, rogorebicaa `rasobrivi~ da `klasobrivi~ ka­
tegoriebi. genderuli kvlevebi am aspeqtSi gagebulia ara
mxolod rogorc literaturis Teoriis, qali avtorebis
kuTxiT specifikuri kvlevebi, aramed, ufro metad, ro­
gorc ZiriTadad interdisciplinuri, kulturuli Sesa­
bamisobis mqone humanitaruli, sociologiuri, aseve, eko­
nomikuri da iuridiuli kvlevebi.
bolo xans sqessa da genders Soris gansxvaveba garkve­
uli diskusiisa da mecnieruli kamaTis sagani gaxda. gaCnda
SekiTxvebi biologiurad da socialurad motivirebuli
genderis Sesaxeb. aseve, gamoiTqva mosazrebebi, rom `qalu­
robis~ cnebis gansazRvra xSir SemTxvevaSi winaaRmdegob­
rivia istoriul teqstebTan da Tanamedrove warmodgeneb­
Tan kavSirSi~ (Slikeri 2003, gv. 51­52). kerZod, genderuli
markireba da kvleva im epoqisa, romelSic msgavsi midgo­
mebi da kvlevis genderuli meTodebi ar arsebobda, arTu­
lebs sakiTxis Seswavlas.
sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi damokidebuleba qalsa da
mamakacs Soris sxvadasxvanairia, Tumca aRiarebulia, rom
sqesTaSorisi sistemebi sazogadoebaSi asimetriulia.
kerZod, mamakaci da mamakacuri ganixileba, rogorc yve­
laze mniSvnelovani, pirveladi, sawyisi, dominanti, xolo
qali da qaluri – nazi, umniSvnelo, mokrZalebuli.
feministur kvlevebs jer amerikaSi, Semdeg ki evropa­
26
Si Caeyara safuZveli meoce saukunis 70­ian wlebSi. male
feministuri kvlevebi genderul kvlevebSi gadaizarda
1990­ian wlebSi rogorc amerikaSi, ise evropaSi. feminis­
turi moZraobis institucionaluri biZgi 1960­iani wle­
bis qalTa moZraoba gaxda, romlis mizanic qalTa ufle­
bebisaTvis brZola, aseve, qalTa TviTSegnebis amaRleba
da sazogadoebaSi qalis rolis mniSvnelovnad gamokveTa
iyo. feministuri mecniereba, romelsac Tavdapirvelad
Women’s Studies ewodeboda, aRmocenda amerikul universi­
tetebSi, misi gagrZeleba iyo feministuri literaturaT­
mcodneoba amerikasa da evropaSi, rac aSkarad miuTiTeb­
da feministuri mecnierebis, iseve rogorc feministuri
literaturaTmcodneobis politikur motivaciaze, Tana­
baruflebianobis miRwevis survilze, qalis rolis gaZli­
erebaze.
pirveli feministuri literaturaTmcodneobiTi
kvlevebi sam ZiriTad sakiTxze iyo koncentrirebuli:
1. literaturis istoriaSi arsebuli tradiciis kri­
tika qali avtorebis rolis gamosavlenad;
2. qali avtorebis irgvliv informaciis kvleva da
gamoqveyneba (aq igulisxmeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
CrdilSi mdgari qali avtorebis biografiebisa da moRva­
weobis Seswavla, maTi teqstebis saTanado mecnieruli me­
TodikiT damuSaveba, maT Soris, literaturis istoriis
kuTxiT, rac arsebuli sicarielis amovsebis mcdelobas
warmoadgenda, aseve, konkretulad qali avtorebis mier
Seqmnil da/an ganviTarebul samwerlo Janrze dakvirveba.
mag., werilebi, dRiurebi);
3. feministuri kvlevebis, feministuri literaturis
Teoriisa da kritikis Camoyalibeba da sakiTxis specifiki­
dan da midgomebidan gamomdinare, feministuri sakiTxebis
27
mecnieruli analizis safuZvelze, feministuri dargis
Seqmna (viliamsi 2009, gv. 22).
feministuri literaturaTmcodneobis Tavdapirveli
kvlevebis irgvliv mravali SekiTxva da gansxvavebuli Se­
xeduleba gaCnda. kerZod, ratom unda dayofiliyo liter­
aturis kvlevebi sqesTa mixedviT da ratom ar unda yofi­
liyo literaturaTmcodneoba neitraluri. literatura,
rogorc fenomeni, zogadi kategoriaa, Sesabamisad, zogi
SexedulebiT, SeuZlebeli iyo misi definicia da markireba
genderulad specifikuri qali avtorebisa da mamakaci av­
torebis mixedviT. aseve, gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo isic, Tu
ramdenad SesaZlebelia feministuri literaturaTmcod­
neobiTi meTodebis gamoyenebiT im qali avtorebis Semoq­
medebis kvleva, romlebic sruliad sxva sazogadoebriv
yofaSi, sxva mdgomareobaSi, gansxvavebul garemo­piro­
bebSi qmnidnen sakuTar teqstebs, rodesac avtor qalebs
ar hqondaT gamokveTili adgili, ar arsebobda tradicia,
rom maT sakuTari, qaluri, mdedrobiTi konteqstidan ga­
momdinare SeZlebodaT wera.
feministuri midgomis SemTxvevaSi qali avtorebis Se­
moqmedeba gaorebul mdgomareobaSi eqceoda, radgan qali
avtorebis Semoqmedeba moiazreboda garkveuli litera­
turuli tradiciebis konteqstSi, magram, amave dros, fe­
ministuri kvleva gamijnuli iyo ukve arsebuli litera­
turuli tradiciebisa da midgomebisagan.
Sesabamisad, avtorisa da teqstis Sesaxeb tradiciu­
li Sexedulebebi, romlebic sayovelTaod cnobili da mi­
Rebuli iyo literaturis istoriaSi, feministuri kvle­
vebis mixedviT kiTxvis niSnis qveS idga, amdenad, Tavidan
unda momxdariyo terminebis definicia da gansazRvra. ga­
momdinare aqedan, feministur literaturaTmcodneoba­
28
Si literatura aRar aRiqmeba sayovelTaod miRebul (an­
drocentrul) masStabebSi, sadac qals umetes SemTxvevaSi
umniSvnelo roli aqvs, aramed gaCnda mcdeloba, teqstebi
sxva esTetikuri gamocdilebiT yofiliyo datvirTuli.
iuta osinski 1998 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi miu­
TiTebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1970­ian wlebSi ar­
sebul legitimurobis krizisze: is Teoria, romelic fe­
ministuri kvlevebisaTvis misaRebi aRmoCnda, sxvadasxva
social­politikuri da ideologiuri kritikidan gamom­
dinare, ar gaxda misaRebi akademiuri wreebisaTvis da ar
damkvidrda samecniero terminologiaSi. mxolod fran­
guli feminizmis Teoriis (French Feminism) importiT gaxda
SesaZlebeli qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis literaturisa
da qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis literaturulad kvleva
(osinski 1998, gv. 40).
safrangeTSi 1970­ian wlebSi mimdinare feministuri
kvlevebi mkveTrad Teoriuli iyo, vidre amerikis Seer­
Tebul StatebSi. am droisaTvis iqmneba qali avtorebis
nawarmoebebi, romlebSic beletristika da Teoria erTma­
neTSia Sereuli. magaliTad, elen siqsus (Hélène Cixous) lus
irigarais (Luce Irigaray), monik vitingis (Monique Witting) li­
teraturuli teqstebi, sadac avtori qalebi xazs usvamen,
rom mihyvebian gansxvavebul weriT maneras da weris dis­
kurss. Jak deridas Teoriis mixedviT, am qalebs TavianTi
wignebiT surT arsebuli kulturis saazrovno da enobri­
vi tradiciebis kritika, romelic, deridas ganmartebiT,
ierarqiulad opoziciuri da logocentristulia, ker­
Zod, asaxvis saazrovno da enobrivi tradiciebi erTmniS­
vnelovnad mamrobiTia, romelic Tavis TavSi gamoricxavs
mdedrobiTs (derida 1983). TviTdajerebuli, sakuTar
TavSi darwmunebuli qalis ena gaxda SemdgomSi franguli
29
feminizmis fundamenti – ganaxlebuli ena, romlis safuZ­
velzec sxva, jer kidev warmoudgeneli azrebis asaxva iyo
SesaZlebeli.
1970­ian wlebSi formulirebuli Sexedulebebi pos­
tstruqturalizmis Teoriis gavleniT 1980­ian wlebSi
evropasa da amerikaSi sxvadasxvagvarad Camoyalibda, maT
Soris, qali avtorebis kvlevis kuTxiTac. mTavari sakiTxi
iyo feministur kvlevebSi dasavluri identobisa da subi­
eqturobis daZleva. kerZod, aSkara iyo, rom feministuri
kvlevebis Rrma problema swored dasavluri (evropa da
amerika) Sexeduleba iyo, romlis mixedviTac, enis struq­
tura warmoSobs diferenciaciebs da aRqmis sxvadasxvao­
bebs. subieqtis azrebi aris enis struqturebis produqti,
romelic, zogierTi feministis azriT, e. w. logocentris­
tulad aris struqtuirebuli, rac, gabatonebuli pozi­
ciebis mixedviT, struqturul opoziciebad aqcevs qalsa
da mamakacs, sadac TiToeul maTgans Tavisi istoriulad
gamokveTili roli aqvs. Sesabamisad, feministuri kvleve­
bis mizani gaxda enis struqturis dekonstruireba, ker­
Zod, ara mxolod gamoavlinon konstruqtebi:
mamakaci-qali,
mamrobiTi-mdedrobiTi,
aramed moaxdinon e. w. sqesTa diferenciaciis sruli
dekosntruireba, sadac enobrivi konstruqtebis ierarqi­
uli struqturebi da opoziciebi naTlad dadgindeba, ra­
Ta misi ganeitraleba moxerxdes.
feministuri da genderuli kvlevebis SedarebisaTvis
unda iTqvas, rom meoce saukunis 70­ian wlebSi, feministu­
ri Teoriis ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgenda Sexeduleba,
rom qali umeteswilad biologiur subieqtad aRiqmeboda.
30
80­ian wlebSi, genderuli kvlevebis dasawyisSi es da sxva
feministuri Sexedulebebi Semdegnairad Camoyalibda:
ierarqiulad arsebuli opoziciuri Sexedulebebi qalsa
da mamakacs Soris unda Secvliliyo struqturis dekon­
struqciis gziT. aseve, feministuri kritikis mixedviT, qa­
li aRqmuli da Sefasebuli iyo patriarqaluri sazogado­
ebis mier da es suraTi farTod iyo asaxuli azrovnebaSi,
enaSi, sazogadoebriv sistemaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi,
istoriasa da kulturaSi. genderuli kvlevebi metwilad
kulturis mecnierebisa da diskursis analizis mixedviT
mimdinareobda, rac qali avtorebis nawarmoebebis lite­
raturuli ganxilvisaTvis sruliad misaReb Teoriul­
literaturul fons qmnida, vinaidan mxatvruli litera­
tura sxva niSan­TvisebebTan erTad, garkveul mxatvrul
da kulturul sistemas warmoadgens, romelSic asaxulia
im droisaTvis sazogadoebaSi arsebuli diferenciaciebi,
maT Soris, genderuli gansxvavebebi da stereotipebi, rac
garkveul sociokulturul suraTs qmnis. `genderuli
kvlevebi 90­ian wlebSi iRebda saerTo da sazogado saxes
rogorc feministuri, ise arafeministuri kvlevebis er­
TobliobiT, riTac kulturis mecnierebebis Tvalsazri­
siTac aris saintereso... es ar aris `meTodebi~ da ar aqvs
`modeli~, aramed genderuli kvlevebi warmoadgens Tema­
tur interess, romelic sxvadasxva sferodan, sxvadasxva
disciplinidan, gansxvavebuli konteqstidan da gamocdi­
lebidan Seswavlas saWiroebs~ (osinski 1998, gv. 122).
dReisaTvis termini genderi Tanabrad ixmareba humani­
tarul da socialur mecnierebebSi, aseve samarTalmcod­
neobasa da ekonomikaSi. yoveli dargi Tavisi specifikis,
interesis mixedviT akonkretebs termins. busmaanisa da
osinskis, aseve, braunisa da stepanis mier gamokvleuli iq­
31
na genderis, rogorc samecniero da pragmatuli terminis,
mniSvnelobebi da dazustda misi am da mis irgvliv moaz­
rebuli sakiTxebis arsi. braunisa da stepanis ganmartebis
mixedviT, genderuli kvlevebi niSnavs:
1. Zalauflebis mdgomareobis kvlevebs ideologiuri
aspeqtiT, socialuri da kulturuli gavlenebis Se­
sabamisad;
2. identobis, enisa da simboloebis kvlevas.
Tanamedrove genderuli Teoriis Sesabamisad, samoma­
vlod genderuli kvlevebi interdisciplinuri kuTxiT
unda ganviTardes. kerZod, vinaidan genderuli Teoria sx­
vadasxva samecniero disciplinasTan aris kavSirSi, mizan­
Sewonilia samecniero­kvleviTi muSaoba warimarTos kom­
pleqsurad, momijnave dargebis monawileobiT.
32
genderi da enaTmecniereba
lingvisturi genderologia, iseve rogorc genderis
kvlevebis ZiriTadi Teoriebi enaTmecnierebis mimarTu­
lebad meoce saukunis meore naxevridan Camoyalibda. 1975
wels gamoqveynda robin leikofis naSromi `ena da qalis
adgili~, romelSic avtori msjelobs qalis enisa da mama­
kacis enis Sesaxeb, qalisa da mamakacis sametyvelo da sa­
azrovno sistemebis irgvliv, aseve, qalisa da mamakacis
lingvisturi stereotipebis Sesaxeb. leikofi miuTiTebs,
rom: `qalebi ormxrivad ganicdian enobriv diskriminaci­
as, Tu rogor aswavlian maT enis gamoyenebas da rogor mo­
ixseniebian isini saerTod enaSi~ (leikofi 1975, gv. 4).
leikofi gamoyofs qalisa da mamakacis enebis Semdeg
variantebs:
1. qalebi umetesad iyeneben `cariel~ SefasebiT zed­
sarTav saxelebs (mag., `sasiamovnoa~);
2. qalebi iyeneben kiTxviT formebs iq, sadac mamakace­
bi iyeneben mtkicebiT formebs;
3. qalebi xSirad iyeneben Tavazian formebs;
4. qalebi xSirad iyeneben iseT formebs, romlebic ga­
moxatavs meryeobas (mag., `Tqven iciT~; `me meCveneba,
rom...~; `albaT~; `SesaZlebelia~);
5. qalebi xSirad iyeneben gamaZlierebel formebs (mag.:
`ra sasiamovnoa~; `araCveulebrivia~; `fantastiku­
ria~);
6. qalebi xSirad iyeneben hiperkoreqtul gramatikas
(leikofi 1975).
qalebisa da mamakacebis lingvisturi maxasiaTeblebis
kvleva mravali saintereso daskvnis saSualebas iZleva.
aRniSnulia, rom `sociolingvistikaSi genderuli mimar­
33
Tulebis bevri warmomadgeneli ganixilavs qalebs, ro­
gorc gamorCeul socialur jgufs, Tanac, rogorc tra­
diciulad Cagrulsa da marginalurs. amgvar debulebebze
dayrdnobiT, feministuri ganxris momxreebi (da ara marto
isini) ukve karga xania cdiloben, daamtkicon, rom samyaro
agebulia mamakacuri, patriarqaluri kanonebis mixedviT
da mamakacebis sasargeblod~ (kikviZe 2010, gv. 18­19).
genderuli lingvisturi kvlevebis mixedviT, qalisa
da mamakacis metyveleba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba rogorc
emociuri, ise – frazeologiuri SedgenilobiT. enaTmec­
nierebi miiCneven, rom qalebi da mamakacebi sxvadasxvana­
irad metyveleben, maT sxvadasxva `sametyvelo ena~ aqvT.
qalebi saubroben ufro mets, saubarSi iyeneben advilad
aRsaqmel sityvebs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, gansazRvrebebs, mag.,
lamazi, Zlieri, kargi, cudi... aqvT gansakuTrebuli into­
nacia, saubris manera, mimika, Jestikulacia. amasTan, qale­
bi xSirad icvlian Temas, ar arian saubarsa da msjelobaSi
Tanmimdevrulni, argumentebad mohyavT nacnobebis, naTe­
savebis, mezoblebis magaliTebi, sayvareli personaJebi.
genderuli lingvistikis mixedviT, qalsa da mamakacs So­
ris arsebuli gansxvavebebi, maT Soris, msoflmxedvelob­
rivi sxvaobebi swored komunikaciaSi iCens Tavs. Sesabami­
sad, ena asaxavs im msoflaRqmebs, romlebic opoziciuria
Tavis arsSive, radgan enis saSualebiT gamoixateba Sexe­
dulebebi, ganwyobilebebi, msoflmxedveloba.
dReisaTvis genderuli lingvistika Seiswavlis ro­
gorc qalebis, ise – mamakacebis metyvelebas. aRniSnulia,
rom mamakacebis metyveleba xasiaTdeba lakonurobiT,
garkveuli agresiulobiT, qalis metyvelebaSi ki SeimCneva
garkveuli esTetikuri damokidebuleba, emociuri foni,
mgrZnobeloba. qalur metyvelebaSi xSiria Sorisdebule­
34
bi, kiTxviTi da kiTxva­Zaxilis winadadebebi.
genderuli lingvistika asxvavebs qali avtorebisa da
mamakaci avtorebis mier Seqmnil teqstebSi enobriv for­
mulebs, konceptebs, enobriv saSualebebs, romlebic qali
avtorisa da mamakaci avtoris SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxvagva­
rad gamoiyeneba. genderul lingvistikaSi aseve SeniSnu­
lia, rom qalisa da mamakacis enebs Soris gansxvaveba gansa­
kuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa Targmanze muSaobisas. erTi enidan
meoreze Targmnisas aSkarad vlindeba sqesis kategoria.
genderuli kvlevebis mixedviT, istoriulad qalebs
ar eZleodaT enobriv doneze SemoqmedebiTad gamoexataT
TavanTi msoflmxedveloba. sazogadoebrivi Sexedule­
bis Tanaxmad da genderuli rolebis mkveTri ganawilebi­
dan gamomdinare, qalebis SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba
ZiriTadad iseT sferoebSi vlindeboda, rogorebic iyo:
qsova, qargva, kerva, saojaxo saqme, kulinaria, Svilebis
aRzrda, xolo zogjer sruliad uCveulo formebiTac,
rogorebicaa: mkiTxaoba, jadoqroba, xilvebis qona da a. S.
qalisa da mamakacis opoziciuri wyvili bunebrivi da
fundamenturia adamianuri kulturisaTvis. amisi mrava­
li dadastureba arsebobs. magaliTad, samyaros uZvelesi
warmodgenebis mixedviT, suli aris yoveli arsebis mama,
xolo materia, sxeuli – deda. maTi erTianobis Sedegs ki
warmoadgens yvelaferi, rac arsebobs. meore mxriv, qali
Tavisebur simbolos warmoadgenda qveda samyarosi, yo­
velgvari miwierisa, avisa. klasikur sazogadoebaSi qali
genofondis Semnaxvelis simbolo iyo, mas hqonda buneba­
Si yvelaze faseuli Tviseba: eSva axali sicocxle, gaeg­
rZelebina gvari, rac agrZelebda tradiciebs, es ki, Ta­
vis mxriv, sazogadoebis sicocxlisunarianobas uwyobda
xels. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnulisa, qali sxvadasxva epo­
35
qaSi iTvleboda iracionalur (aristotele), zedmetad
mgrZnobiare (kanti), uamravi arasrulfasovnebiT savse
(froidi) arsebad.
ase rom, dasavlur/evropul kulturebSi qali aris
qaosi, romelsac awesrigebs mamakaci. piTagora miiCnevda,
rom arsebobs dadebiTi principi, romelmac Seqmna wesri­
gi, sinaTle da mamakaci da uaryofiTi principi, romelmac
Seqmna qaosi, sibnele da qali.
qalebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mamakacebis Sexedulebebi
da gamonaTqvamebi da, meore mxriv, qalebis Sexedulebebi
mamakacebis Sesaxeb xSirad aris opoziciuri. sailustra­
ciod moviyvan ramdenime magaliTs:
mamakacebis gamonaTqvamebi qalebze:
jonaTan svifti, irlandieli mwerali (1667­1745): `qa­
lebis Wirveulobas verc klimati gansazRvravs da verc
erovneba: isini ufro metad arian erTnairebi, vidre mamak­
acebs warmogvidgenia~ (svifti 2011, gv. 4).
hainrix haine, germaneli mwerali (1797­1856): `qalebs
Cveni gabednierebis mxolod erTaderTi, xolo gaube­
durebis 30 aTasi xerxi aqvT~ (haine 2011, gv. 20). aseve: `lamaz
qalebze ufro saSiSni gonebrivad ufro srulyofilni da
naklebad momxibvleli qalebi arian~ (haine 2011, gv. 21).
onore de balzaki, frangi mwerali (1799­1850): `qalis
poezia misi keTildReEobaa, iseve, rogorc morTuloba
– misi silamaze~ (balzaki 2011, gv. 15). aseve: `qali Tavisi
arsiT mxolod mamakacis danamats warmoadgens. bunebam is
CvenTvis gamosayeneblad Seqmna, raTa yvelaferi zidos:
bavSvebi, dardi, cema­tyepa da tkivilebi. veravin dagadan­
aSaulebs gulqvaobaSi. e. w. kulturuli erebis yvela
36
kanonTa krebulSi mamakacebma Seitanes kanonebi, romle­
bic qalebis beds ganagebs~ (balzaki 2011, gv. 16).
uiliam somerset moemi, ingliseli mwerali (1874­
1965): `qalebi siamovnebisTvis gauCenia RmerTs, amitom ver
vitan maT sulier pretenziebs, iyvnen megobrebi da saqmis
Tanamonawileni~ (moemi 2011, gv. 10).
andre morua, frangi mwerali (1885­1967): `qali Sei­
Zleba iyos nivTi an pirovneba. is pirovnebaa, roca sayva­
rel mamakacTan damoukideblobas inarCunebs, aqvs Tavisi
Sexedulebebi da azrebi, aris Tavisi sxeulisa da sulis
baton­patroni. xolo nivTia, Tu nebas iZleva, moeqce ro­
gorc nivTs, Tundac mSveniersa da Zvirfass, magram sa­
kuTar nebelobas moklebuls~ (morua 2011, gv. 2).
qalebis gamonaTqvamebi mamakacebze:
aA bigail smit adamsi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidentis, jon adamsis meuRle, feministi (1744­1818):
`yvela mamakaci tirani iqneba, Tu amis saSualebas mi­
vcemT~, aseve: `qalebs gvaiZuleben, rom mamakacebis miReE­
bul kanonebs davemorCiloT~ (adamsi 2011, gv. 26).
Sarlota bronte, ingliseli mwerali (1816­1855): `ma­
makaci Cinurad dawerili gadaSlili wignia. Targmna, in­
terpretacia da gageba sWirdeba. zogjer Targmani imde­
nad rTulia, rom qals kiTxvis xalisi ekargeba~ (bronte
2011, gv. 16).
mMargaret mitCeli, amerikeli mwerali (1900­1949): `ra­
tom siamovnebT mamakacebs qals rom Wkuas aswavlian? ra­
tom sWirdeba qals mamakacs sulelad moaCvenos Tavi, rom
masze gaTxovdes? arada, mamakacebma xSirad ar ician, ra
undaT. Tumca fiqroben, rom yvelaferi ician. imisTvis,
37
rom gauTxovari ar darCe, iZulebuli xar, maT dakrulze
icekvo. am jentlmenebs mxolod mSvidi, mosulelo qalebi
sWirdebaT, romelTac Citis odena Wkua aqvT. arc erTi ma­
makaci ar SeirTavs qals, Tu SeamCnevs, rom mas am cxovreba­
Si masze meti gaegeba. arada, aseTi jentlmenebisTvis didi
moulodnelobaa, roca qorwinebis Semdeg aRmoaCenen, rom
maTi colebi namdvili idiotebi arian~ (MmitCeli 2011, gv.
3­4).
fransuaza sagani, frangi mwerali (1935­2004): `mamak­
acebi mxolod imitom arian Zlieri sqesis warmomadgen­
lebi, rom qalebma esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT uari Tqves
kunTebis dayenebaze~ (sagani 2011, gv. 17).
marta ketro, Tanamedrove rusi mwerali qali: `es sa­
myaro mamakacs ekuTvnoda da isic emorCileboda mas. sa­
kuTrebac mamakacebis xelSi iyo. qals ki misi gaZRola
ekrZaleboda. yairaTiani mepatronis saxeli mamakacs erge­
boda, qals ki mis winaSe qedis moxra evaleboda. mamakaci
xariviT Rrialebda, Tu frCxilis qveS WuWyi moxvdeboda,
qals ki bavSvis gaCenisas xmamaRla kvnesa ekrZaleboda,
raTa qmris simSvide ar daerRvia. mamakacebi yvelafers
ambobdnen, rac enaze moadgebodaT da xSirad ileSebodnen
xolme. qalebs ki maT uxeS sityvebze wayrueba evalebodaT
da Tavs nebas ar aZlevdnen, sayveduri dascdenodaT, roca
mTvral qmars loginSi awvendnen~ (ketro 2011, gv. 41).
qali avtorebis literaturis Seswavlas mivyavarT
mdedrobiTi esTetikis sakiTxTan, romelic qalis enob­
riv gamoxatulebebSi vlindeba. virjinia vulfi erT­erTi
pirveli qali avtori iyo, romelmac aRniSnul aspeqts mi­
aqcia yuradReba. 1928 wels vulfi werda: `albaT is (mwe­
rali qali), rodesac bumbulis kalmiT furcelze werda,
grZnobda, rom sayovelTaod miRebuli arc erTi winadade­
38
ba ar gamoadgeboda werisas... sinamdvileSi, Tavisufleba
da naTqvamis SegrZnebis xelovnebis doneze ayvana qali av­
torebis teqstebSi gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebze ufro
mZafrad gamosWvivis. gamomdinare aqedan, wigni ar Sedge­
ba winadadebebisagan, romlebic dalagebulia erTmaneTis
gverdiT, aramed, Tu suraTis warmodgena dagvexmareba,
winadadebebisagan, romlebic erTmaneTs ki ar mihyvebi­
an, aramed TaRebad da koSkebad arian daxvavebulebi da es
saxec mamakacebis mier aris Seqmnili maTi survilebisa da
miznebis Sesabamisad~ (vulfi 1929, gv. 94).
mxatvrul teqstSi qali avtoris gansakuTrebuli
saTqmelis, qaluri specifikis mqone aqcentebis arsebobis
Sesaxeb pirvelad sakiTxi daisva silvia bovenSenis (Silvia
Bovenschen) kvlevebSi, kerZod, mis programulad motivi­
rebul gamokvlevaSi, saTauriT: `arsebobs qaluri esTe­
tika~ (1979 w.). es sakiTxi male gaxda feministuri kvleve­
bis centraluri Tema. karin rixter­Sroderi wignSi: `qali
avtorebis literatura da qaluri identoba~ (1986 w.) qali
avtorebisa da mamakaci avtorebis mier enis gansxvavebul
komunikaciur gamoyenebas Semdegnairad xsnis: `qali dis­
kriminirebuli iyo enis maSindeli struqturis mixedviT,
qals ar hqonda specifikurad qaluri azrebis gamoxatvis
SesaZlebloba~ (rixter­Sroderi, gv. 36).
barbara lerSs Tavisi wignis saTaurad gamoaqvs SekiT­
xva: `mwerali qalebi – axali ena literaturaSi?~ (1984 w.)
cnebebSi – `qalebis ena~ da `mamakacebis ena~ saqme exeba ara
mxolod formalur, aramed kulturul kategoriebs. lerSi
aRniSnavs: `mdedrobiTi komunikaciis atributebi, rogorc
wesi, aris `piradi gamocdilebis principebis~ gaTvaliswi­
nebiT Seqmnili, xolo mamakacuri – `sazogadoebrivi komu­
nikaciis principebze~ dayrdnobiT~ (lerSi, 1984, gv. 305).
39
 qali avtorebis enaze, stilsa da Txrobis maneraze,
iseve rogorc sxva mxatvrul­gamomsaxvelobiT saSuale­
bebze dakvirveba dRemde aqtualuria dasavlur samyaro­
Si. dReisaTvis kvlevis obieqtia `gansxvavebaTa diskursi~,
qalebi da literaturuli procesi, qali avtoris adgili
meTvramete, mecxramete, meoce saukuneebSi, qali avtoris
sakiTxi Tanamedrove literaturul procesebSi, qali av­
tori da romani, qali avtori da poezia da sxva.
Tanamedrove lingvokulturologiaSi qalis fenome­
nis gaazrebis mizniT aqtiurad Seiswavleba qalis ena, maT
Soris, mwerali qalebis ena, misi buneba, mentaloba, Sina­
gani samyaro, romelic leqsikis, sintaqsisa da verbaluri
da araverbaluri xerxebis saSualebiT aris warmoCenili.
radgan aRiarebulia, rom ena ar aris mxolod komunikaciis
saSualeba, sadac azrebi da Sexedulebebia gadmocemuli,
aramed ena SesaZlebelia miCneuli iyos, rogorc msof­
lmxedvelobis konceptualuri aRqmisa da gamosaxvis, ga­
formebis gza.
rodesac saubroben qalis enaze, unda iTqvas, rom re­
alurad saqme exeba erTi enis or variants: qalis metyve­
lebasa da mamakacis metyvelebas. umravles SemTxvevaSi
gansxvavebebi emyareba fonetikur da morfologiur do­
neebs. yvelaze gavrcelebuli da TvalsaCino magaliTis
mixedviT, rodesac evropelebi pirvelad moxvdnen atlan­
tis okeanis patara kunZulebze, gaocdnen, rom qalebi da
mamakacebi sxvadasxva enaze laparakobdnen. gansxvaveba Zi­
riTadad emyareboda leqsikis (sityvis Ziris da/an fuZis)
nawils da ramdenime gramatikul formas. amasTan, rode­
sac mimarTavdnen mamakacs, iyenebdnen enis `mamakacur va­
riants~, xolo rodesac esaubrebodnen qals, iyenebdnen
`qalur variants”. aRniSnul fenomens enis tabuirebiT
40
xsnidnen. kerZod, imiT, rom kacebi xSirad midiodnen om­
Si, qalebs ekrZalebodaT sityvebis, an sityvaTa formebis
gamoyeneba, romlebsac SeeZloT rame eniSnebinaT mtrebi­
saTvis, gaefrTxilebinaT mtrebi, miezidaT sulebi da a. S.
im enis magaliTad, romelSic tabus sistema genderul
gansxvavebulobas gulisxmobs, n. vaxtins mohyavs zulu­
sebis ena (ingl. Zulus, afrikuli ena, romelzec saubrobs
daaxl. 10 milioni adamiani) da aRniSnavs, rom `zulusel
gaTxovil qals ar SeeZlo warmoeTqva mamis, Zmisa da qmris
saxelebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mas ekrZaleboda warmoeT­
qva bgerebi, romlebic SesaZloa ramenairad asocirebuli
yofiliyo tabuirebul saxelebTan. anu qals ar hqonda uf­
leba warmoeTqva nebismieri, Tundac yvelaze gavrcelebu­
li sityva, Tuki is Seicavda specifikur bgeras, romelic
Sedioda naTesavi mamakacebis saxelebSi. tabus msgavsma
sistemam SesaZloa ena miiyvanos gansxvavebul variante­
bamde, sadac gansxvaveba genderis kategorias emyareba~
(vaxtini 2011). unda aRiniSnos, rom kavkasiuri kulturebi­
saTvis damaxasiaTebelia msgavsi tabuireba. kerZod, osur
kulturaSi qals ekrZaleba mamamTilis, qmrisa da mazlis
saxelebis warmoTqma, aseve, axladgaTxovil qals saer­
Tod ekrZaleba meuRlis ojaxis wevr mamakacebTan sauba­
ri. amas osur kulturaSi Tavisi saxelic hqonda: vaisada­
ga, vaisadagoba da a. S. `osTa yofaSi odiTgan arsebobda
mravali saojaxo tabu. garda religiuri tabuebisa, rom­
lebic mravlad iyo osTa cxovrebis adreul safexurze,
gvianobamde SemorCa aseve sxva kavkasiel xalxTaTvis dama­
xasiaTebeli akrZalvebi.
os mandilosnebs ara hqondaT ufleba qmris saxelis
warmoTqmisa, zogjer sxva mamakaci axloblebisac – ma­
mamTilisa, mazlisa (pirvelad amas yuradReba miaqcia vs.
41
milerma). osi qali qmars ixseniebs saxeliT `фæсномыг~
`лæгай~, `нæ лæг~ (Cveni kaci), `нæ хæдзары хицау~ (Cveni sax­
lis patroni); mamamTils – `нæ зæронд~ (Cveni moxuci),
`махоны фыд~ (Cvenianis mama). garkveuli akrZalvebi mamaka­
cebisaTvisac arsebobda. mamakaci saxeliT ver mimarTavda
meuRles. arsebobda Senacvlebuli mimarTvebi: (`на ус~ Cve­
ni qali)...
os qalebs akrZaluli hqondaT ara mxolod zogierT
salocavSi misvla, aramed maTi saxelis xsenebac (ar SeiZ­
leboda os qals exsenebina RvTaebebi: vasTirji, xeTagi,
miqelgabrieli, TaTarTupi da sxv.)~ (bepievi, popiaSvili
2012).
qalsa da mamakacs saubris gansxvavebuli stili aqvT.
am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba lingvisturi aspeqtebis kom­
pleqsi: fonetikuri, ritmuli, intonaciuri, morfologi­
uri, sintaqsuri, leqsikuri, rac asocirdeba mamakacur an
qalur sametyvelo aqtebTan.
mamakacuri kultura da metyveleba gvaswavlis yu­
radRebis gadatanas moZraobaze da ara mdgomareobaze,
Sedegze da ara procesze. amaze metyvelebs sentencia: `mi­
vel, vnaxe, davipyari~. maSin, rodesac qaluri pozicia kon­
struirdeba daeWvebisa da yoymanis mdgomareobidan.
meoce saukunis 60­iani wlebidan lingvistikaSi dam­
kvidrda sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba qalis enis, metyvele­
bis, azrovnebis, esTetikis Sesaswavlad:
1. qalebisa da mamakacebis enis socialuri buneba;
2. enobrivi qmedebis, komunikaciis, saubris Tavisebu­
rebebi;
3. gansxvavebebis kognituri aspeqtebi.
erT­erTi pirveli naSromi, romelic genderul lin­
gvistikas exeba, aris oto espersenis (Otto Jespersen) naSro­
42
mi `ena~ (`The Language~ 1922: Language: Its Nature, Development,
and Origin), romelSic aris Tavi `qali~ da ar aris Tavi `ma­
makaci~. rac SesaZlebelia imiT aixsnas, rom qalis ena iT­
vleba markirebulad, xolo mamakacis ena literaturul
normebTan srul SesabamisobaSia.
qalebi da mamakacebi saubrisas gansxvavebulad iq­
cevian, gansxvavebulad iyeneben enas saubris proces­
Si. miCneulia, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs aqvT sxvadasxva
strategia rogorc qcevisas, ise – komunikaciisas. f. nicSe
aRniSnavda, rom mamakacis bednierebas gamoxatavs fraza:
`me minda!~ xolo qalis bednierebas – `mas (mamakacs) unda!~.
verbaluri da araverbaluri gamoxatulebebi erTnai­
rad aRniSnavs komunikaciur aqts, informaciis gadacemas.
komunikaciis tipuri situaciebis dros didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba garemo faqtorebs, Tu ra garemoSi, rodis, ra ad­
gilze realizdeba informacia. imdenad, ramdenadac qali
da mamakaci ganekuTvnebian gansxvavebul socialur jgu­
febs da asruleben gansxvavebul socialur rolebs, sazo­
gadoeba maTgan elodeba gansazRvrul enobriv modelebs.
Sesabamisad, enobriv qcevaSi namdvilad arsebobs gende­
ruli diqotomia. komunikatoris mamakacuri jgufi nakle­
bad moqnilia, magram metad dinamikuria da komunikaciisas
naklebad aris mosaubreze orientirebuli. aq igulisxme­
ba isic, rom mamakacs tradiciulad usmendnen. aseve, ma­
makacs ar sWirdeba xmis daZabva, zedmetad xmamaRla la­
paraki. gansxvavdeba klasis, auditoriis, sazogadoebis,
mamakaci maswavleblis, leqtoris, mosaubris mosmenis, yu­
radRebis miqcevis donec qalTan SedarebiT. mamakacebis
mxridan komunikaciis met­naklebad gavrcelebuli Janria
saubari­informaciis gadacema. qalebis komunikacia ume­
tes SemTxvevaSi aris pirad gamocdilebaze dayrdnobili,
43
SeiZleba iTqvas, kerZo saubrebi. qalebi xSirad iyeneben
msmenelis, auditoriis ukukavSirs, aseve, xSirad xmaroben
sityvebs: `xom?~ `diax~, `ara?~ romlebic sulac ar niSnavs
Tanxmobas. swored Tanxmobis es forma aRizianebT mamakac
msmenelebs, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom qali komunikatori
mudmivad eTanxmeba raime sakiTxs, xolo bolos Tavadve
uaryofs mas.
qali komunikatori mamakacze metad aris damokidebu­
li mosaubreze, msmenelze, dialogze, igrZnoba, rom maT­
zea daqvemdebarebuli, sadac mamakaci irCevs da cvlis sa­
ubris Temas.
erTi mxriv, sazogadoebam SeimuSava qcevis iseTi ste­
reotipebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac qali TamaSobs daqvemde­
barebulis rols, meore mxriv, qali mudmivad negatiurad
aris aRqmuli mamakacis mier, rac filosofiuri, istoriu­
li, literaturuli diskursebiTa da politikuri movle­
nebiT naTlad dasturdeba.
sxvadasxva eqsperimentis Catarebisas aRmoCnda, rom
rogorc mamakacebi, ise qalebi qalis warmosaCenad yur­
adRebas aqceven ufro mis garegnul mxares, rogoricaa:
silamaze, Sarmi, sinaze, gracia, vidre Sinagans, rogore­
bicaa: goniereba, sibrZne, taqtianoba da sxva. aseve, aRsa­
niSnavia, rom qalebi ufro kritikulebi arian mamakacebis
mimarT, vidre mamakacebi sakuTari Tavis mimarT. qalebi­
saTvis mamakacuroba ar aris mxolod Zala, simamace, simya­
re, uSiSroba, madliereba, aramed aseve aris sisastike, omi,
tyuili. aseTi mkveTri maxasiaTeblebi ar aris mamakacebis
TviTSefasebaSi.
silamaze qalebisa da mamakacebis mier gansxvavebulad
aRiqmeba. qalebis SexedulebiT, silamaze aris mimzidve­
loba, bunebrioba, axalgazrdoba, qaluroba da a. S. mamaka­
44
cebisaTvis is aris Tmebi, saxe, tani, sxeulis formebi da a.
S. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom genderuli lingvistikis kvleve­
biT gamovlinda, rom sityva – Zalas – mamakacebi 92 sino­
nims uZebnian, xolo qalebi – 61­s.
ena inaxavs tradiciul, xSir SemTxvevaSi, patriarqa­
lur faqtebs, movlenebs. Sesabamisad, enaSi Rrmad aris da­
leqili stereotipebi, romelTa mixedviTac formirdeba
qalis Tvisebebi, romlebsac umetesad negatiuri elferi
aqvs: cnobismoyvareoba, keklucoba, kaprizuloba, iste­
riuloba, alogikuroba, gulubryviloba, sibriyve. uar­
yofiTi konotaciis Semcvelia frazebi: qaluri logika,
qalis tvini, qalis Sedareba mamakacTan mxolod alamazebs
qals da sxva. meore mxriv, dadebiTi konotaciis Semcvelia
mamakacis maxasiaTebeli sityvebi da frazebi: mamakacis
goneba, mamakacis tvini, kacis xasiaTi, kacis logika. qalis
Tvisebad aris miCneuli Woraoba, xolo mamakacis Tvise­
bad: saidumlos Senaxva.
amerikeli mkvlevari debora Taneni, romelic samet­
yvelo strategiebs swavlobs, wignSi: `es ar aris is, rasac
me vgulisxmobdi! rogor qmnis an anadgurebs sasaubro sti­
li urTierTobebs~ (Taneni 1990) aRniSnavs: qalebi da mama­
kacebi enas iyeneben sxvadasxva mizniT: qali saubris dros
enas iyenebs, rogorc mniSvnelovan instruments piradi ur­
TierTobebisaTvis, xolo mamakacebi, piriqiT, enas iyeneben
imisaTvis, raTa gamoavlinon, rom TviTon akontroleben
situacias. ena exmareba mamakacs SeinarCunos damoukideb­
loba da gaamdidros sakuTari statusi. aRniSnulis mizezi
ki, Tanenis azriT, aris gansxvavebuli komunikaciis stili.
Taneni gamoyofs komunikaciis or umTavres maxasiaTebels:
CarTulobasa da damoukideblobas. Taneni aRniSnavs, rom
komunikaciis dros mamakacebi arian damoukideblebi, wam­
45
yvanebi, xolo qalebi arian CarTulni komunikaciaSi, meore­
xarisxovani monawileebi (Taneni 1990).
mamakaci avtorebisa da qali avtorebis leqsikaze
dakvirvebam aCvena, rom mamakacebi metad iyeneben neolo­
gizmebs, axal terminebs, qali avtorebis leqsika ufro
neitraluria, statikuria, masSi xSirad aris gamoyenebu­
li moZvelebuli sityvebi. qalebis metyveleba emociuria,
xSirad gamoiyeneba gansazRvrebebi, metaforebi, Sedare­
bebi, epiTetebi, grZnobebis gamomxatveli sityvebi, ada­
mianis fsiqofizikuri mdgomareobis amsaxveli sityvebi,
evfemizmebi. qalebi eridebian metsaxelebis, Jargonebis,
skabrezuli leqsikis gamoyenebas.
qalisa da mamakacis metyvelebis Seswavlisas gamov­
linda, rom qalebi xSirad iyeneben zedsarTavebsa da
zmnizedebs, aseve – kavSirebs. amasTanave, qalebi xSirad
iyeneben konkretul arsebiT saxelebs, xolo mamakacebi
– abstraqtuls. mamakacebi xSirad xmaroben zmnis aqtiur
formebs, xolo qalebi – pasiurs, rac cxovrebis aqtiuri
da pasiuri wesis aRmniSvnelia. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
ganaTlebis donisa da sazogadoebrivi adgilis/poziciis
Sesabamisad, qalebisa da mamakacebis metyvelebis Tavise­
burebebi icvleba.
j. lakofma gamoikvlia da daadgina, rom mamakacebi­
saTvis gacilebiT ufro naklebi feri arsebobs, vidre –
qalebisaTvis. qalebisaTvis ara mxolod farToa ferTa
gama, aramed iyeneben kidec ferTa saxelwodebebs, qmnian
da adgenen `sakuTar~ ferebs, romlebsac SesaZloa ramde­
nimesityviani axsna­dazusteba dasWirdes. qali avtorebis
ferTa Secnoba Zalze farToa. qali avtorebi ufro xSi­
rad mimarTaven ferTa metyvelebas, vidre – mamakacebi. ma­
makaci avtorebis ferebi konkretulia, miwieria.
46
Tumca, rasakvirvelia, mamakaci mwerlebisTvis damaxa­
siaTebelia ferTa gansakuTrebuli metyveleba:
`cisa fers, lurjsa fers,
maradsa qmnilsa fers.~ (nikoloz baraTaSvili)
an:
`ginaxavT feri dabindul qliavis,
es Cemi samSoblos mTebia.~ (galaktion tabiZe)
da sxv.
qalis ena orientirebulia e. w. Ria socialur prestiJ­
ze, anu sayovelTaod miRebul socialur da enobriv nor­
mebze. mamakaci avtorebis ena metwilad e. w. faruli pres­
tiJis mimdevaria, rac niSnavs damkvidrebuli normebisa da
Sexedulebebisadmi SewinaaRmdegebas, axali normebis dam­
kvidrebis mcdelobas (maslova 2010). qarTuli literatu­
ris magaliTze am kuTxiT sainteresoa ilia WavWavaZisa da
barbare erisTavi­jorjaZis polemika.
qali avtoris metyveleba aris rbili, ukonfliqto,
mSvidi, frTxili – Sexedulebebis gamoTqmis dros, mer­
yevi, rac xazs usvams imas, rom dabalia qalis socialuri
statusi, qali ar endoba sakuTar Tavs da a. S. unda aRiniS­
nos isic, rom Tanamedrove tendenciebis Sesabamisad xde­
ba Rirebulebebis gadafaseba, rodesac ganixileba qalis
dabali socialuri statusi.
47
 genderuli lingvistika da qarTuli ena
enaTa nawili asxvavebs sqesis kategorias. Tanamedro­
ve genderul lingvistikasa da genderologiaSi aRiare­
bulia, rom gramatikuli sqesis kategoria (mdedrobiTi,
mamrobiTi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saSualo sqesi) sruliad
ar niSnavs da arc gamoxatavs genderul kategorias, Tum­
ca miCneulia, rom sqesis kategoria SeiZleba CaiTvalos,
erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis, eris, im enaze molaparake da
moazrovne xalxis fsiqikis filologiur­genetikur sa­
fuZvlad, xolo, meore mxriv, es SesaZlebelia iyos soci­
okulturuli fenomeni, romelic ontogenezisSi aris ga­
movlenili (maslova 2001).
genderuli lingvistikis mTavar amocanas warmoad­
gens enobrivi diskriminaciis neitralizacia da trans­
formacia, rac im enebSi, romlebSic sqesis kategoria
gamoxatulia, niSnavs, rom saubris ZiriTadi aqcentebi
Tanabrad iyos ganawilebuli da ar aRniSnavdes erT kon­
kretul sqess. genderuli lingvistikis damsaxurebad iT­
vleba is, rom sityvebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mamrobiTi
sqesis kategorias miekuTvnebodnen, mdedrobiTi sqesis
daboloebiTac iwarmoeba. mag. germ. der Schuler – die Scnülerin
(moswavle biWi – moswavle gogona), der Student – die Studentin
(studenti biWi – studenti gogona), der Sänger – die Sängerin
(momRerali kaci – momRerali qali). Tumca es midgoma yo­
velTvis ar aris universaluri da calkeuli frazebisa Tu
winadadebebis dros, aseve, mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebi­
sas SesaZlebelia, mamrobiTi sqesis kategoriiT gamoixa­
tos mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi sqesis arsebiTi saxelebi.
germanuli enis magaliTze, winadadebaSi: `Aus 99 Sängerinnen
und einem Sänger zusammen 100 Sänger werden~ (qarTulad: `99
48
momRerali qali da erTi momRerali kaci erTad Seadgens
100 momRerals~, sityvasityviT: 100 momReral kacs). Tav­
dapirvelad aSkarad gamoxatulia mdedrobiTi da mamro­
biTi sqesis kategoriebi, Tumca sabolood, Semajamebel
frazaSi aSkaraa, rom mamrobiTi sqesis sityviT aRiniSneba
mdedrobiTi (am winadadebis mixedviT, 99 momRerali qali)
da mamrobiTi (mocemul teqstSi – erTi momRerali mamaka­
ci) komponentebi.
germanuli enis struqturis analizisas feminologe­
bi swavloben gramatikuli sqesisa da genderis urTier­
TmimarTebis problemebs (Genus-Sexus-Problem). germanuli
enis magaliTze unda iTqvas, rom arsebobs gramatikuli
sqesis sami kategoria:
maskulin (= „mannlich“) – der Verkaufer – der Loffel
mamrobiTi sqesi – gamyidveli – kovzi
feminin (= „weiblich“) – die Verkauferin – die Gabel
mdedrobiTi sqesi – gamyidveli qali – Cangali
neutral (= „sachlich“) – das Geschaft – das Messer
saSualo sqesi – maRazia – dana
germanuli da inglisuri enebis Seswavla genderu­
li lingvistikis TvalTaxedviT aCvenebs, rom mamrobiTi
sqesis sityvebis umravlesoba gamoiyeneba qalisa da mama­
kacis profesiebis dasaxelebis dros. germanelma mkvle­
varma Tromel­plotcma 1982 wels gamoqveynebul naSrom­
Si `qalis ena~ aRniSna, rom enis mier qalis diskriminacia
gamoxatulia ara mxolod sasaubro formebSi, sadac mama­
kaci dialogis wamyvani partnioria, aramed im SemTxveva­
49
Sic, rodesac qali aRiniSneba mamrobiTi sqesis sityvebiT,
rogorebicaa: avtori, personaJi da a. S. (Tromel­plotci
1982). magaliTad, SeiZleba davasaxeloT profesiebis aRm­
niSvneli sityvebi:
Student – studenti, mravlobiTSi Studenten, am sityvas,
bunebrivia, moepoveba mdedrobiTi sqesis aRmniSvnelic,
Studentin, Tumca mravlobiTSi xmarebis dros gamoiyeneba
mamrobiTi formiT Studenten. mag., studentebi movidnen –
Studenten sind gekommen.
Arzt – eqimi. am sityvas germanul enaSi ewarmoeba mded­
robiTi sqesic (die Ärztin), Tumca zogierTi kompoziti mam­
robiTi sqesis kategoriidan aris nawarmoebi. mag., Arztkof-
fer (eqimis CanTa).
Lehrer – maswavlebeli. vinaidan qalebisaTvis male iqca
maswavlebloba profesiad, germanulSi didi xania gamoiye­
neba maswavlebeli qalis Sesatyvisad Lehrerin, Tumca iseTi
sityvebi, rogorebicaa, maswavleblis gazeTi (Lererzeitung)
an maswavlebelTa gadamzadeba (Lehrerfortbildung) mdedrobi­
Ti sqesis aRmniSvnel sufiqss ar Seicavs.
Führer – winamZRoli, mZRoli, miuxedavad imisa, rom aR­
niSnul sityvas ewarmoeba mdedrobiTi kategoriac, Führe-
rin, sxvadasxva kompozits awarmoebs mamrobiTi sqesidan:
Führerausweis – marTvis mowmoba.
genderul lingvistikaSi msgavsi movlenis gamosaxa­
tad ixmareba termini generirebuli, wamyvani mamrobiTi
(germ. `das generische Maskulinum~).
sqesi enaTmecnierebaSi, rogorc gramatikuli katego­
ria, garkveuli enebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. zemoT
ukve aRvniSneT, rom gramatikuli sqesi sruliad gansxvav­
deba biologiuri sqesisagan. Tanamedrove sociologiasa
da filosofiaSi sqesi da genderi urTierTgamomricxav
50
cnebebad, srul antonimebad aris miCneuli. mxolod sqe­
sis klasebis dasaxelebebSi, maT lingvistur termineb­
Si (mdedrobiTi, mamrobiTi...) Cans bunebasTan garkveuli
Sesabamisoba, garkveuli kavSiri Tu kognituri damoki­
debuleba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic, rom im enebSic ki,
romlebSic gramatikuli sqesi gamoxatulia, erTi da igive
sityvebi sxvadasxva sqesis kuTvnilebaa. mag., ZaRli rusul
enaSi (cобака) mdedrobiTi sqesis kategorias ganekuTvneba,
maSin, roca germanul enaSi (Der Hund) mamrobiTi sqesisaa.
aseve, wigni, – rus. книга, mdedrobiTi sqesis sityvaa, germ.
Das Buch – saSualo sqesis kategorias ganekuTvneba. es ki­
dev erTxel adasturebs, rom gramatikuli sqesis katego­
ria ar unda CaiTvalos enobriv universaliad.
qarTuli ena Tavisufalia sqesis kategoriisagan. am
sakiTxs yuradReba miaqcies jer kidev meTerTmete sauku­
neSi, teqstSi `sityua¡ arTronTaT¢s~, saubaria berZnuli
artiklis Sesaxeb, sadac CamoTvlilia `mamali, dedali,
Sua / araromeli~ artiklebi da aRniSnulia, rom artikli
qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivia da es sityvebi artiklis
gareSe unda ixmarebodes. teqsti miewereba efrem mciris
skolas, SesaZloa, Tavad efrem mcires an arsen iyalToels
(uTurgaiZe 1999, gv. 5).
sulxan­saba orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTulSi~ vxvde­
biT gramatikuli sqesis aRniSvnis mcdelobas. sulxan­saba
a bolosarTis meSveobiT mijnavs mdedrobiT da mamrobiT
saxelebs. mag.:
ninveli da ninvela
Wabuki da Wabuka
moxucebuli da moxucebula
rac qarTul poeziaSic iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvde­
51
ba: magaliTad, aleqsandre WavWavaZis `mSvenierTa xelmwi­
fav~:
`mSvenierTa xelmwifav,
mklavs siSore SeniTa.
hkvnesis guli sakvdavaT
mswrafl mCivaris eniTa~.
mdedrobiTi sqesis mawarmoebel a­s k. danelia da z.
sarjvelaZe berZnuli enidan warmoSobilad miiCneven (da­
nelia 1986, gv. 87; sarjvelaZe 1984, gv. 245).
mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamocemul
qarTuli enis gramatikebSi arsebiTi saxelis morfolo­
giur kategoriebad gamoyofilia: naTesavi (sqesi), ricxvi,
brunva da kankledoba (brunvaTa tipi). `ioane qarTveliS­
vili da platon ioseliani samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom
sqesi qarTulSi sityvis mniSvnelobiT irkveva da ara da­
boloebis mixedviT, Tumca iqve, rusuli enis gramatikebis
gavleniT, weren, rom zedsarTavi saxelis, nacvalsaxelisa
da mimReobis sqesis sakiTxi arsebiTTan mimarTebaSi gani­
sazRvreba~ (iluriZe 2006, gv. 62).
qarTul enaSi sqesis kategoria ar aris gamoxatuli.
Tumca mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom qarTul enas un­
da hqonoda gramatikuli sqesi. niko maris SexedulebiT,
qarTvelur enebs gramatikuli sqesi unda hqonodaT (mari
1908, gv. 8). ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, qarTulma enam sqe­
sis kategoria dakarga: `SesaZlebelia, gadaWriT iTqvas,
rom jereT cnobili Zeglebis enis mixedviT qarTuls Zvel
xanaSic gramatikuli sqesi ar hqonia. magram qarTuli dam­
werlobis Zeglebi q. S. V s­ze uwinaresi jerjerobiT ar
mogvepoveba da amis gamo zemoaRniSnuli daskvna uflebas
ar gvaZlevs gadavwyvitoT, gramatikuli sqesis uqonloba
qarTuli enis dasawyisiTgani Tviseba iyo, Tu, sxva enasa­
52
viT, qarTulsac sqesi droTa ganmavlobaSi daukargavs~
(javaxiSvili 1992, gv. 172).
qarTul enaSi aris sityvebis erTi jgufi, romelic
Tavis TavSi moicavs sqess, rogorc kategorias. am mxriv
sainteresoa sityva dedis Semcveli kompozitebi. unda
aRiniSnos, rom am kompozitebs pirvelad ilia WavWavaZem
miaqcia yuradReba. misi mimarTva qarTveli qalebisadmi
iwyeba SesavliT, sadac ilia qalebs dedakacebad moixse­
niebs da iqve cdilobs, es lingvisturi formulireba ar­
gumentirebulad daasabuTos. uTuod mniSvnelovania is
faqti, rom es werili qalebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli mo­
wiwebiT, mokrZalebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, naklebad famila­
rulad, Sinaurulad, dayvavebiT aris dawerili*: `qarT­
velno dedakacno, dRes TqvenTan mindoda patara saubari
gamemarTna, magram pirvel sityvazedve Zalian SevfrTxi,
SevRondi: aq dedakacad gaxseneT Cveni dedebi, Cveni debi,
Cveni meuRleni, erTob didi da patara dedaTa sqesisani
da SevSindi, vai Tu es saxeli iTakiloT, iukadrisoT, gvi­
wyinoT. vai, ra dro movida, rom kacobiT xseneba dedaTa
saTakilod gagvixda!~ (WavWavaZe 1987). rogorc cnobilia,
enis msoflmxedvelobrivi veli Zalze farToa. enisaT­
vis ar arsebobs rTuli da martivi sityva, leqsikuri er­
Teuli. arsebobs sityvebi, romlebic warmoiqmneba enaSi,
Semotanili sityvebi, romlebsac ena Seisisxlxorcebs da
sityvebi, romlebic, miuxedavad Tavisi orTografiuli da
marTlmetyvelebrivi sisworisa, enisaTvis mainc ucxod
* e. w. `qalTa sakiTxisadmi~ ilia WavWavaZis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb ix.
z. kikviZe, `ena, genderi, sazogadoeba~, Tb., gamomc. `universali~, 2010;
l. gafrindaSvili, `OMNIS DETERMINATIO EST NEGATIO~, wignSi `qali
saxe da problema~, gamomc. kavkasiuri saxli, Tb., 2005, gv. 19­34; u. obo­
laZe, `dedaTa saqme anu qalTa sakiTxi ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi~,
Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.
53
rCeba. ilia WavWavaZe sityva dedakacs swored enobrivi
msoflmxedvelobrivi aspeqtidan xsnis. am sityvis ideo­
logiur da konotaciur daniSnulebasa da mniSvnelobas
ilia sxadasxva argumentis moSveliebiT asabuTebs, Slis
kompozits cnebebad, msjelobs kompozitSi Semavali cne­
bebis: `deda~ da `kaci~, – mniSvnelobebze cal­calke, gvTa­
vazobs sociolingvistur da sociokulturul analizs.
sityva kaci ilias am werilSi adamianis sinonimad mohyavs
da bibliuri Sesaqmidan RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmnis
epizods ukavSirebs: `Tqva RmerTman: vqneT kaci xatisamebr
Cvenisa da msgavsebisaebr, da mTavrobdes TevzTa zRvisa­
sa da mfrinvelTa cisaTa da pirutyvTa da mxecTa yovlisa
qveyanisa, yovelTa qvewarmavalTa mavalTa qveyanasa zeda.
da Seqmna RmerTman kaci saxed Tvisad da xatad RvTisa Seq­
mna igi~ (dab. 1, gv. 26­27). (Sdr. `orniv kacni varT, orniv
RvTis saxisa da msgavsebisani~). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
enis metaforuli da mxatvruli buneba gulisxmobs sit­
yvebisa da frazebis mniSvnelobis gafarToebas, enobrivi
azrovnebisa da enobrivi msoflmxedvelobis gaTvalis­
winebas kulturul da sociologiur aspeqtebSi. `indi­
vidis cnobiereba emyareba misive mSobliuri enis koncep­
tualur Taviseburebebs. ena warmoadgens asparezs, sadac
gasaqans poulobs am enaze molaparake eris socio­kul­
turul erTobaSi arsebuli mentaluri sivrceebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze relevanturi Taviseburebani~
(kikviZe 2010, gv. 49­50). ilia WavWavaZis mier enis bunebidan,
enis msoflmxedvelobidan danaxuli sityva dedakaci, ro­
melic, misive Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi ukve aRar iyo
popularuli, sxva semantikuri velis Semcvelia. amitomac
gamoyofs im kompozitebs, romlebic qarTul enaSi analo­
giurad Seicaven sityvas `deda”: `qarTvelebisaTvis `deda~
54
marto mSobeli ar aris. qarTveli RviZls enasac `dedae­
nas~ eZaxis, ufross qalaqs – `dedaqalaqs~, mkvidrs da dids
boZs saxlisas – `dedaboZs~, udidessa da umagress burjs
– `dedaburjs~, samTavro azrs – `dedaazrs~, guTnis gamge­
bel mamakacsac ki – `guTnisdedas”. ramodenad gandidebu­
lia mniSvneloba dedisa, ramodenad gamravalgvarebuli,
gapatiosnebuli, gaZlierebuli, gaRonierebuli da Tavmo­
sawonebeli!.. sidide, simagre da simkvidrec ki aRniSnulia
dedobiT!~ (WavWavaZe 1987) dedaena, dedaqalaqi, dedabo-
Zi, dedaburji, dedaazri, guTnisdeda is sityvebia, rom­
lebSic deda mTavris, ZiriTadis sinonimad aris qceuli.
rogorc g. ramiSvili miuTiTebda, `dedaena mTavar enas
niSnavs da ara visime dedis enas, iseve, rogorc dedaboZi,
dedaqalaqi... dedaqalaqi xom ar aris visime qalaqi, aramed
qveynis mTavari qalaqia!~ (ramiSvili 2000, gv. 9).
enaTmecnieri zaal kikviZe sagangebod ukvirdeba ga­
zeT `iveriis~ publikaciaTa mixedviT genderul aspeq­
tebs da ganixilavs iliaseul `patara sakiTxavs~ wignSi:
`ena, genderi da nacionalizmi~ (Tbilisi, universali,
2010). mkvlevari ilias mier CamoTvlili kompozitebis
Sesaxeb, romlebsac msazRvrelad sityva deda aqvT, aR­
niSnavs: `aucileblad unda gaesvas xazi im faqtsac, rom
es da sxva cnebiTi metaforebi genderuli metaforebia
da ara sqesobrivi~ (kikviZe 2010, gv. 60). mkvlevari sainte­
reso dakvirvebas gvTavazobs sityvaze dedaena da aRniS­
navs, rom sxva enebSi mSobliuri enis aRsaniSnavad gamo­
yenebuli sityvebi germ. Muttersprache, ingl. mother tongue,
gansxvavebuli sociokulturuli motivaciis Semcvelia
da sxva kulturul, lingvistur da eTnografiul aspeq­
tebTan erTad, genderul sakiTxebTanac aris kavSirSi
(kikviZe 2010, gv. 61). kerZod, unda aRiniSnos, rom laTi­
55
nuri ena mamaTa enad (sermo patria) miiCneoda, Suasaukune­
ebis evropaSi, rogorc cnobilia, ganaTlebas mxolod
mamakacebi iRebdnen, xolo saganmanaTleblo ena laTinu­
ri iyo. qalebi, ZiriTadad, saojaxo saqmeebiT, bavSvebis
aRzrdiT iyvnen dakavebulni, maTi saurTierTo ena Svi­
lebTan da sazogadoebasTan mSobliuri ena iyo. rogorc
e. haugeni ganmartavs, `adreul SuasaukuneebSi igi Ziri­
Tadad warmoadgenda kninobiT termins qalebisa da bav­
Svebis, e. i. wera­kiTxvis ucodinari xalxis enis aRsaniS­
navad~ (haugeni 1991, gv. 82). mSobliuri enis Sesatyvisad
dasavleT evropaSi dRemde gamoiyeneba sityva dedaena,
magram am sityvas socialuri cnebis mniSvneloba gaaCnia
da niSnavs ganviTarebadi qveynidan migrirebulis mSob­
liur enas. mag., germaniaSi zrdasruli migrantebisaTvis
saxelmwifo enis swavlebisas, pirvel safexurze meTodo­
logiurad gaTvaliswinebulia Semswavlelma mSobliur
enis gramatikuli aspeqtebi (morfologia, artikli (ar­
sebobis SemTxvevaSi), aseve ricxvisa da sqesis kategori­
ebi, sintaqsuri konstruqciebi, mag., Semasmenlis adgili
winadadebaSi da sxva) gaiTvaliswinos da garkveuli para­
lelebi gaavlos Sesaswavl germanul enasa da mSobliur
enas Soris (germanuli rogorc ucxo ena 2005).
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom qarTul enaSi sityva
deda garkveul TavsarTadac iqca da sityvaTa deriva­
cia dResac mimdinareobs. mag., dedaeklesia, dedauniver­
siteti da sxv. rogorc z. kikviZe SeniSnavs, `Rirsacnobia
agreTve isic, rom qarTulSi deda Sorisdebulis fun­
qciiTac ixmareba da am SemTxvevaSi igi Tavisuflad Cae­
nacvleba RmerTo-s:
(13a) deda, es ra damemarTa?!
(13b) RmerTo, es ra damemarTa?!
56
niSandoblivia, rom rogorc (13a), ise (13b) inglisu­
rad erTnairad iTargmneba~ (kikviZe 1999, gv. 145).
genderuli lingvistikis kvlevis mTavari obieqtia
sityvebis konotacia, romelic SesaZloa sruliad gan­
sxvavdebodes qalisa da mamakacis konteqstebSi. am mxriv
qarTul enaSi ramdenime sityvis mniSvnelobas ukve mieqca
yuradReba. saintereso dakvirvebas vxvdebiT l. rexviaS­
vilis statiaSi `momeci/mogecis~ ena – genderuli ierar­
qiebi qarTulSi”. statiis avtori aRniSnavs: `Cveni ena ase­
ve savsea Zveli da axali terminebiT, romlebic mudmivad
xazs usvams qalis subordinacias da qalis komodifikaci­
as axdens. erT­erTi aseTi Semawuxebeli sityvaa `gaTxove­
ba”... davfiqrdeT, ras niSnavs zmna `gavaTxove”? magaliTad,
vflob sagans; maqvs ufleba es sagani ganvkargo; Sesabami­
sad, SemiZlia vinmes gadavce. rodesac am zmnas `gavaTxo­
ve~ Svilis, SviliSvilis, megobris, mezoblis daqorwine­
bis miSvnelobiT vxmarobT, adamians, am SemTxvevaSi (da ara
SemTxveviT) qals, vasagnebT... roca mamakacis daojaxebas
ganvixilavT, Sinaarsobrivad sul sxvagvar zmnas vxmarobT
– `coli moiyvana~ (rexviaSvili, internetresursi). aqve
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia zogierT seqsualur qcevasTan
dakavSirebul terminze. mag., `momca~, `misca~, `miveci~ da
aRniSnulia, rom `sityvebi, romlebic Cveni leqsikonis na­
wilia, ar SeiZleba `neitralurad~ aRviqvaT. yvela sityvas
mniSvneloba aqvs da garkveul socialur konstruqcias av­
lens... aq magaliTebad moyvanili terminebis arseboba imi­
tom ki ar mawuxebs, rom isini Seuracxmyofelia – bevri Se­
uracxmyofeli sityva arsebobs – magram aravin Tvlis, rom
es sityvebi damamcirebelia. CemTvis gamosavali maTi gaq­
roba ki ara – maTi mniSvnelobis ganxilva/gacnobierebaa~
(rexviaSvili).
57
 gramatikuli sqesis sakiTxi enaSi Tanamedrove qa­
rTveli mwerlis, ana korZaia­samadaSvilis erTi moTxro­
bis saTauradac iqca.
universitetis saiubileo wignisaTvis daweril
moTxrobaSi sul sami personaJia: kaci, romelic mTaSi
cxovrobs da ori qali: mTxrobeli da hana ­ universite­
tis profesori qali. avtori cdilobs iyos minimalis­
turi. personaJebisa da garemos aRwerac mxolod ZiriTad
Strixebs moicavs. aq mTavaria ambavi: gramatikuli sqesi da
universiteti...
moTxrobis gmirebi gramatikuli sqesis sakiTxze sau­
broben. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul enaSi gramatikuli
sqesis kategoria ar arsebobs, mwerali qali enis mxatvru­
li bunebidan, qalisa da mamakacis poziciebidan gvaCvenebs
sityvis genderuli bunebas.
nawyvet­nawyveti frazebi, dialogis fragmentebi
da xangrZlivi pauzebi avtoris Txrobis stils warmoad­
gens. am moTxrobis mixedviT, saqarTvelos yvelaze maRali
mwvervali, Sxara mTxrobelisTvis kacia, mTaSi mcxovrebi
mamakacisTvis ki – qali:
„... mere mkiTxa:
– ai, magaliTad, es Cveni Sxara qalia Tu kaci?
arc davfiqrebulvar­meTqi, kacia. kacia, aba ra! man
miTxra, rom Zalian vcdebi. rom axlos Tu mival, mivxvde­
bi, rom qalia – rogori lamazia, rogori rTulia, wylebs
Rvris...
ra meTqmoda.
– hoo... – miTxra hanam. marTla rTuli sakiTxia. Tvi­
Ton sityva „mTa“, TqvenTvis medrobiTi sqesia, Tu mam­
robiTi?
me vuTxari, rom Cveni ena aseTebs ar scnobs“ (korZaia­
58
samadaSvili 2013, gv. 39­40).
personaJebis saubari gramatikul sqesze grZeldeba.
literatura da humanitaruli dargebi yvelaze arasando
da arazusti mecnierebebia, ­ fiqrobs hana, ­ ena da grama­
tika ufro zusti dargia da misi mecnieruli ndobac ufro
maRalia, Tumca gramatikuli sqesis kategoria moTxrobis
personaJi universitetis profesorisaTvis, hanasaTvis
Zalze arasandoa, xolo qalTan mimarTebaSi, sruliad dis­
kriminaciulic:
„– erTaderTi, enas Tu endobi kaci, – ambobs hana. ena
marTalia. ai, naxe ra: mxolod sruliad avadmyofi da far­
Caki indoevropelis TavSi Tu daibadeboda azri, rom ai, es
magida, – hana xelisgulebiT magidas daeyrdno, – an qalia,
an kaci. avadmyofobaa, sruli perversia.
mecineba. hanac micinis.
– ra, ara? an saSualo sqesi rad Rirs! ras niSnavs, xom
ver metyvi? naxe ra: „qali“ mdedrobiTi sqesia, „gogona“ –
saSualo. ibadeba kiTxva: ratom? Zalauneburad fiqrob:
imitom, rom jer reproduqciisTvis ar varga. ase araa?
hoda, gulisamrevia!“ (korZaia­samadaSvili 2013, gv. 40).
Tumca ara gramatikuli, aramed, genderuli sqesi
moTxrobaSi aSkarad arsebobs: Tu mTaSi mcxovrebi ma­
makacisaTvis Sxara qalia, universitetis profesori ha­
nasaTvis universiteti mamakacia: „universiteti kacia.
roca masTan xar, ggonia, rom Senia da bevrs bedav: raRace­
ebs uwuneb, erCi, sTxov, aeWvianeb. mere garbixar, toveb,
ggonia, rom umisodac kargad iqnebi, ufro kargadac iqne­
bi, vidre masTan, magram ara, ara... araferi gamogiva (ko­
rZaia­samadaSvili 2013, gv. 420).
literaturuli recefciebi gramatikuli da gender­
uli sqesis Sesaxeb im enis magaliTzec ki, romelsac grama­
59
tikuli sqesis kategoria ara aqvs gamoxatuli, mecnieru­ teraturaSi, enebSi safuZvlianad CaRrmaveba da mravali
lad Rirebul sakvlev sakiTxs warmoadgens. diskriminaciuli faqtis, movlenis uCveulo, gaugonari,
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom ena xSirad asaxavs gen­ sastiki sakiTxis warmoCena. kvlevebSi mravali evropeli
deruli diskriminaciis tendenciebs iseve, rogorc – gen­ mecnieri, maT Soris, lingvistic iyo Cabmuli. swored maTi
derul Tanasworuflebianobas. qarTuli ena genderuli mecnieruli dakvirvebebis Sedegad Seicvala da dazustda
lingvistikis WrilSi sul ramdenime samecniero kvlevas, mravali termini, romlebic qalis mimarT aratolerantu­
ZiriTadad, ramdenime statias moicavs. unda aRiniSnos is lad CaTvales. magaliTad, Tanamedrove genderologiaSi
tendenciac, rom am mxriv jer kidev saTanadod ar dainte­ gamoiyeneba termini – qalis adamianis uflebebi* – rome­
resebulan qarTveli enaTmecnierebi. es sakiTxi TiTqos lic swored qalis uflebebze orientirebuli cnebaa da
garkveulad tabuirebulia qarTul Tanamedrove ling­ romelsac mraval ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad qveyana­
vistikaSi, vinaidan iTvleba, rom enaSi genderuli aspeq­ Si aqvs legitimacia.
tebis kvleva­Zieba naZaladevi, Tavsmoxveuli, zogjer –
ideurad sruliad miuRebeli sakiTxia, rom qarTuli ena,
iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos mTliani istoria, kultura,
literatura, yovelTvis pativs scemda qals, rom saqar­
TveloSi ar arsebobda genderuli disbalansi, qali da ma­
makaci mudmivad Tanasworuflebianebi iyvnen da, Sesabam­
isad, TiTqos igulisxmeba, rom genderul lingvistikaSi
muSaoba, qarTuli enis bunebaSi genderuli konotaciebis
gamoyofa daakninebs da sruliad damamcirebels gaxdis
TviT sakiTxis dasmisTanave sakvlev sferos – qarTul
enas.
unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT,
genderuli problematika da zogadad, qalis uflebebi­
saTvis brZola daiwyo dasavleTSi, amerikasa da evropaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTi aseve tolerantuli iyo
da aris sazogadod genderuli Tanasworuflebianobisad­
mi, SeniSnuli da warmoCenili iyo mravali iseTi aspeqti,
romlebSic qalis saxe, roli, sakiTxi namdvilad iyo ugu­ * qalis adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. julia merTu­
si, florens butegva, doroTi q. Tomasi, margaret a. Suleri, `qalis
lebelyofili. dasavlur, gansakuTrebiT ki, evropul sa­
adamianis uflebebi nabij­nabij~, Tb., 2001, gamomcemloba `logos­
zogadoebas, mouxda sakuTar istoriaSi, kulturaSi, li­ presi~.
60 61
 genderi, qali da adamiani
„Cven ar davemorCilebiT kanonebs,
romelTa miRebaSic aranairi wvlili ar
migviZRvis da romlebic sruliadac ar
warmoadgens Cvens interess“.
abigail smit adamsi
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis,
jon adamsis meuRle, pirveli sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli feministi qali.
Tanamedrove Sexedulebebis mixedviT, sityva da ter­
mini adamiani (ing. Man; germ. Der Mensch; frang. homme;
Turq. insan, adam; espan. hombre; ital. uomo; rus. человек) er­
TmniSvnelovnad maskulinuria. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebuli lingvisturi da istoriuli tradiciis
mixedviT, sityva `adamiani~ ZiriTadad mamrobiTi sqesis
aRmniSvneli xdeboda. zogierT enaze dakvirvebac cxad­
yofs, rom sityva `adamiani~, iseve rogorc qarTulSi, sxva
enebSic bibliuri pirveli mamakaci adamianisagan, adamisa­
gan momdinareobs. germanul enaSi ki adamiani (Der Mensch)
sityva mamakacTan (Der Mann) Zalian axlos dgas, aseve,
`adamiani~ enaTa umravlesobaSi, sadac sqesis kategoria
gamoyofilia, mamrobiTi sqesisaa. `sityva `adamiani~ isto­
riulad imdenad iyo kacuri Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis ma­
tarebeli, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom TanamedroveobaSi
es sityva orive sqesis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, qalebTan
mimarTebaSi misi gaTaviseba ar amowurula~ (sabedaSvili
2006, gv. 8). cneba `adamianis~ ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobis
qalisa da mamakacis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa da enobrivi
xatebis Sesaxeb amerikeli mwerali da Jurnalisti, Helen
roulendi (1875­1950) werda: `Teoriac ki SevimuSave: mamak­
aci adamianuri arsebis erTgvar sabazo models warmoad­
62
gens. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom bevr enaSi `mamakaci~ da `ada­
miani~ erTi da igive sityvaa, qali ki `adamians~ plus kidev
bevri, bevri ram. ara `sabazo kompleqtaciiT~, aramed se­
riozuli gadawyobiT, romelic warmoudgenel damatebiT
SesaZleblobebs iZleva~ (roulendi 2011, gv. 40).
qarTuli literaturis magaliTze unda iTqvas, rom
sityva adamiani xSirad gaigivebuli iyo mamakacTan. SoTa
rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ tarielis saZebnelad wasu­
li avTandili asmaTs sTxovs ucxo moymis Sesaxeb uambos.
asmaTis uaris Semdeg, avTandili sxvadasxva xerxs mimar­
Tavs, rom qals rogorme tarielis Sesaxeb rame aambobinos,
bolos ki exveweba:
`etyoda: sule! ramc giyav? kaci var, adamiani~*.
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom
ilia WavWavaZis `kacia adamianis?!~ saTauri swored `vef­
xistyaosnis~ aRniSnuli pasaJidan iRebs saTaves. ilia Wav­
WavaZis moTxrobis saTauris axsnisa da amoxsnis Sesaxeb
sxvadasxva versia arsebobs, maT Soris, erT­erTi Sexedu­
lebiT, aq igulisxmeba mwerlis ritorikuli SekiTxva: yve­
la kaci adamiania?! an: ramdenad aris yvela kaci adamiani?!
unda aRiniSnos, rom xedvis imave xazis gagrZelebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos galaktion tabiZis striqonic:
`rogor bevria Svili adamis,
rogor cotaa adamiani~.
qarTul enaSi sityva kacis leqsikuri veli Zalze far­
Toa da ar aRniSnavs mxolod mamrobiTi sqesis adamians. qa­
rTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aRniSnulia, rom ka­
cis pirveli mniSvneloba aris adamiani:
* SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ kacisa da adamianis urTierT­
mimarTebisa da azrobrivi urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix.
v. nozaZis naSromi: `vefxistyaosnis~ `kaci var, adamiani”. Jurn. `kavka­
sioni~, 1981, XX, gv. 93­116.
63
 kac-i (kacisa) 1. adamiani. kaci – kaciTao, nadiri – tyi­
Tao (andaza). gana kaci eCo aris, sul Tavisken miiTlides?
(xalx.). kacsa marTals da mtyuansa kacnive gaarCeveno
(xalx.). ar varga kaci umtero, arc egre mtermoreuli!
(xalx.). Tu kacsa codna ara aqvs, gastanjavs wuTisofeli
(d. guram.). moispo erTisagan meoris adamianobis gaqelvis
mizezi, kaci kacad aRiares (ilia). WkuiT srulsa da grZno­
biT aRvsil kacs ver SeaSinebs ubedureba (akaki). Sen Sroma
aTavisufle. aswie kacis saxeli (g. leon.). mama­Cemi... iseTi
gulkeTili da sawyalis Sembralebeli kaci iyo rom mTeli
Cveni sofeli mas pativiscemiTa da siyvaruliT ucqeroda
(n. lom.). 26 wlis manZilze... leninis mavzoleumi 27 mil­
ionamde kacma inaxula (`kom.~). 2. mamakaci. `naTesavs rom
qali ar mivsce, kaci gawyvetila qveyanaze?!~ (ek. gab.). mov­
ida ori cxenosani, erTi – qali, da erTi – kaci (e. ninoS.).
qali, kaci, gogo, biWi ezideba zamTris sarCos (r. erisT.).
xuTmetiode qalma da kacma gadaWra gza da dimitris ezo­
saken gamoemarTa (s. kld.). RvTisavari... xerxeuliZeTa erT
saflavis qvas dascqeroda. sadac gulxeldakrebili kaci,
iaraRi da guTani iyo amoWrili (m. javax.). 3. saub. qmari.
`maS me raRa vqna? Cemebi bevrni wavidnen laSqarsa: Cem kaci,
Zmani samnive, ar mohklebian amqarsa!~ (vaJa). `arc mama­
Cemi iyo Tanaxma, rom Cems kacs gavyolodi, magram ...~ (l.
qiaC.). `albaT, faTeraks gardekida Cemi dis kaci~ (i. maCab.
Targm.). 4. Zv. batonis msaxuri mamakaci. rom mebatones­
Tan glexi pirnaTlad gamosuliyo, rasakvirvelia, mebato­
nis kaci unda daswreboda namuSevaris Sin Semotanis dros
(ilia). `orjer gikiTxes, Cemo batono, giorgi saakaZis da
zurab aragvis erisTavis kacebma~ (S. aragv.). 5. Zv. Sikri-
ki. mzes rom kaci mouvida, mze Zalian gajavrdesa (xalx.).
man dasturi SemoTvala, momivida kaci mali (r. eriT.). 6.
64
ganusazRvr. nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelbiT vinme. `wre­
vandeli zafxulis sayvedurs kaci ver ityvis~ (e. ninoS.).
7. rTuli fuZis meore Semadgeneli nawili. muSakaci. ma­
makaci. dedakaci... ◊ kacuri kaci namdvili kaci (mniSv. 1),
namdvili adamiani, patiosani adamiani (iTqmis Cveulebriv
mamakacis Sesaxeb). ◊ Zveli kaci xnieri, gamocdili mamak­
aci. || moxuci. `ra aris biZa­Cemo, rom am Zvel kacebs agre
giyvarT Rvino?!~ (z. anton.). Zveli kacia abrami (m. javax.).
◊ Tavi kaci ix. Tavi. erTobis (axalTaobis) kaci ◊ saub.
revoluciuri moZraobis monawile 1905 wlis revoluciis
dros. `Se kai kaco, imTaviTve ityodi, erTobis kaci var­
Tqo!~ (i. gedev.) qalaqSi laparakoben axalTaobis kacebi (n.
lorTq.). ◊ martoxela (martoxeli) kaci, uojaxo mamaka­
ci; erTi muSa­xeli ojaxSi. rogorc mogexsenebaT, martox­
eli kaci var (ilia). siko ki martoxela kaci iyo da ojaxic
jer mouwyobeli hqonda (e. ninoS.). ◊ kaco! Se kaco! saub.
mimarTva – Segonebis gasaZlierebeli an wamoZaxili – gak­
virvebis, ukmayofilebis gamomxatveli. `kaco, baqar, Zneli
dRe dagvidga da Senc damexmare rameSi!~ (v. barn.). `dama­
caT, kaco, aRar damacdiT, ...rom [Tofi da xmali] movixs­
na?!~ (T. razik.). `arafers garTmevT, Se kaco!~ (n. lorTq.).
◊ kacma rom Tqvas CarTuli gamoTqmaa – swore giTxraT,
marTali rom iTqvas, marTlac­da. gogias Civili da drtv­
inva, rom Tqvas kacma, ar iyo umizezo (e. ninoS.). ◊ rogorc
kaci! CarTuli gamoTqmaa – namdvilad, ueWvelad, WeSmari­
tad. `sjobia, rogorc kaci, sjobia!~ (n. lorTq.). ◊ qudze
kaci yvela mamakaci (yvela, visac qudi xuravs). `Cveni saxl­
idan yvelani qudze kaci gavediT!~ (s. mgalob.). `qudze ka­
cis gasvla, ...diacTa SeiaraRebac nu Tu aras gviSvelis?!~
(S. aragv.) aq irxeoda xmebi laSqrulis da qudze kaci fexze
dgeboda (i. noneS.). ◊ komlze kaci – TiToeul komlze erTi
65
mamakaci. gzirebi dadiodnen kardakar da komlze kacs eZa­
xdnen sasofloze (melan.). ◊ kacia da guneba ix. guneba.
marTalia, kacia da gunebao, magram kacsac da gunebasac
Tavisi sazRvari aqvs (ilia) (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni 1955, gv. 1102­1103).
aseve, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kacis Semcveli kom­
pozitebic qarTulSi xSirad adamianis ganmazogadebel
cnebebs warmoadgens. mag: kaciSvili, kacTmoyvare, kacT­
moZule, kaciWamia da sxv. unda iTqvas, rom sityva da ter­
mini `adamiani~ yvela enaSi Tavis TavSi moicavs mdedrobiT
da mamrobiT subieqtebsac, es aris sayovelTao termini,
romlis antonimebia: cxoveli, frinveli da sxva. qarTuli
enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT:
adamian-i (adamianisa) 1. cocxali arseba, romelsac
aqvs azrovnebisa da metyvelebis unari da garkveul ci­
vilizebul saarsebo pirobebSi cxovrobs. adamianebi gana
marto mayureblebi arian cxovrebisa, aramed moqmedi pir­
nic (ilia). nu daecemi, dadeg, gamagrdi, gaxsovdes, rom xar
adamiani! (m. gur.). − raze laparakobT? − daiwivla nikim,
− me adamiani ara var? (aka morC.). 2. ganusazRv. nacvalsax.
mniSv. kaci, vinme. magram ara, Tqven adamiani ver gendobaT (S.
aragv.). ise daiWerdnen saqmes, rom xorciel adamians ar
gaagebinebdnen (ilia). ◊adamiano! mimarTva mosaubrisad­
mi Segonebis gasaZliereblad. ra gayvirebs, adamiano? − ga­
dasZaxa... darejansa (ilia). ras ambob, adamiano, netavi vi­
code? (ilia). ◊ adamianis Svili igivea, rac adamis Svili
(Ze), adamiani (mniSv. 1). adga is sacodavi adamianis Svili...
erTi kidev Caikra gulSi xeli da gaemarTa saxlSi Sesas­
vlelad (ilia). ◊ adamianis (kacis, kaciSvilis) WaWaneba
ar aris sruliad aravin, Zexorcieli ar aris. mTaze da mis
axlomaxlo adamianis WaWaneba ar iyo (j. qarCx.). adamianis
66
uflebebi pirovnebis, rogorc ama Tu im sazogadoebis wev­
ris moraluri, socialuri, politikuri, samarTlebrivi
statusi. adamianis faqtori adamianis pirovnuli da pro­
fesiuli Tvisebebis mniSvneloba sazogadoebrivi cxovre­
bis sxvadasxva sferoSi. adamianis faqtoris aqtivizacia
saWiroa organulad Seerwyas adamianis Tavisufali yovel­
mxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis pirobebis Seqmnas (ekon. leqs.).
adamianuri resursebi igivea, rac SromiTi resursebi
(qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 2008, gv. 194­195).
Tumca literaturasa da sazogadoebaSi damkvid­
rebuli Sexedulebebis gamo, aseve imis gamo, rom qalTa
uflebebis mkvlevarTa azriT, termini adamianis ufle­
bebi Tavis TavSi bolomde da erTmniSvnelovnad ar gu­
lisxmobs konkretulad qalTa uflebebs, saWiro gaxda,
terminis – adamianis uflebebi – damatebiTi definicia,
rac Semdegnairad formulirda: qalis adamianis ufle­
bebi. es termini, erTi mxriv, yuradRebas amaxvilebs is­
toriul diskriminaciaze, rodesac adamianis uflebe­
bi orientirebuli iyo mamakacebze, xolo, meore mxriv,
xazs usvams sakuTriv qalTa uflebebs, romlebic, SesaZ­
loa damatebiTi funqciis matarebeli iyos da moiTxov­
des sakuTriv qalis uflebebze orientirebas, maT So­
ris, qalTa sxvadasxva socialuri da eTnikuri jgufebis
uflebebis dacvas (mag., gaTxovili qalebi, devnili qa­
lebi, martoxela dedebi da sxv.).
specialur literaturaSi miTiTebulia: `fraza qalis
adamianis uflebebi gamoiyeneba, raTa aqcenti gakeTdes im
faqtze, rom qalis ufleba adamianis uflebaa, ufleba,
romelic qalebs aqvT, radgan isini ubralod adamianebi
arian. es azri aerTianebs qalTa uflebebis Temas adami­
anis uflebebis moZraobaSi da amavdroulad aerTianebs
67
adamianis uflebebis principebs qalTa uflebebis moZra­
obaSi~ (branderi 2004).
unda iTqvas isic, rom feministi mkvlevrebi bolom­
de ver Tanxmdebian terminis zust lingvistur definici­
aze. zogi mosazrebis mixedviT, qalis adamianis uflebebi
kvlavac ver asaxavs naTlad mis Sinaarss da umjobesi iqne­
boda terminis, qalis uflebebi – damkvidreba.
zogierT kulturaSi qalis aRmniSvnel sityvas cal­
saxad uaryofiTi mniSvneloba aqvs. mag., rusul enaSi sit­
yva qali (женщина). rogorc kulturologebi aRniSnaven,
`TviT sityva qals aqvs negatiuri warmomavloba: yvela
sityva, romelic bolovdeba щина­ze rusul enaSi nega­
tiuri konotaciis mqonea (abuCad amgdebia, an damamcire­
belia). magaliTad: деревенщина, казенщина, групповщина,
чертовщина (qarTulad: sofleli, eSmakiseuli, banda, eS­
ma). sityva qali (женщина) warmoiSva slavuri жено­sagan
da miiRo damamcirebeli konotacia. civilizaciis ganvi­
TarebasTan erTad ki dazustda sityvis mniSvnelobisa da
gamoyenebis areali~ (maslova 2001).
sityva qali (Turq. kadin) negatiuri mniSvnelobis mqo­
nea Turqul enaSic. sasaubro TurqulSi qali aRniSnavs
arasrulfasovan, meorexarisxovan arsebas. swored damam­
cirebeli Sinaarsis gamo ara mxolod Turquli literatu­
ruli samyarosaTvis, aramed Turqi mwerali qalebisTvisac
ki qali avtoris cneba uxerxuli, zedmeti da miuRebelia.
Tanamedrove Turqi qali avtori, afeT ilgazi wers: `Cven
vcdilobT, sityva `qals~ miveCvioT. Turqulma sazoga­
doebam mas uaryofiTi mniSvneloba mianiWa. qalurobis Za­
lian gvrcxvenia, zogierTi Cveni Tanamemamule saerTod
ar aRiarebs mas. mec maT rigebSi viyavi, orhan qemals `ma­
makac mwerals~ uwodebs vinme? maSin me ra uflebiT miwo­
68
debT qal mwerals. Tumca axla vxvdebi, rom Cven swored
amgvari damokidebulebis gamo ver viRebT da viTavisebT
cneba `qal mwerals~, riTac qalurobaze vambobT uars da
migvaCnia, rom qalad yofna mxolod sqesis TvalsazrisiT
gansxvavebas niSnavs~ (durakbaSa 2012, gv. 16). qali avtori,
rogorc termini, Turqi mwerali qalebisaTvis miuRebe­
li aRmoCnda imis gamo, rom TurqulSi sityva qals sxva
socialuri statusi aqvs. `im mwerlebis damokidebule­
bas, romlebic cneba `qaluri literaturis~ winaaRmdegi
arian, didad ganapirobebs sazogadoebrivi ganwyoba. sit­
yva `qali~ qalebis sazogadoebaSi marginalur statusTan
aris asocirebuli... sasaubro enaSi sityva qali `meorexa­
risxovanisa~ da `gansxvavebulis~ mniSvnelobas atarebs...
TurqulSi sityva `qali~ mxolod sityva `mamakacisgan~
gansxvavebis mniSvnelobiT ar ixmareba. mas araqaliSvili
gogonas qaliSvili gogonasgan gansxvavebis mniSvnelobac
aqvs. sasaubro enaSi `qali~ dabali statusis maCveneblia,
radgan termini uSualod ukavSirdeba sqess. amisi naTeli
magaliTia sityva `qalis~ `damlageblis~ mniSvnelobiT ga­
moyeneba~ (buskivaZe 2013).
inglisur leqsikonebSi qalis Semcveli sityvebi um­
Tavresad negatiuri da uaryofiTi konotaciis Semcvelia.
mag., roJes leqsikonSi, rubrikaSi `untidy~ (mouwesrigebe­
li) yvela sityva miekuTvneba qals. mag., (ulamazo qali,
romelic Zvel tansacmels atarebs) frump, xolo rubrikaSi
– ganaTlebuloba: yvela sityva kaczea, garda orisa, rom­
lebic ganaTlebulobaze pretenzias gamoxataven: pedant-
ess (pedantis mdedrobiTi sqesis forma, pedanti Tavisi
adreuli mniSvnelobebiT gamoiyeneboda ganaTlebasTan
dakavSirebiT. mag. vinc swavlas gansakuTrebul mniSvn­
elobas aniWebs), bluestocking. (ingl. cisferi winda. aRniS­
69
navs qals, romelsac ganaTlebis miReba surs. meTvramete
saukuneSi inglisSi arsebobda am saxelwodebis qalTa sa­
ganmanaTleblo moZraoba. termins Tavdapirvelad negati­
uri, ironiuli konotacia hqonda.).
qarTul enaSi termins „qali“ aseve sxvadasxva mniSvnelo­
ba aqvs. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT:
qal­i (qalisa) 1. dedrobiTi sqesis adamiani, – dedakaci
(sapirisp. vaJi). igrZnon, rom gmiri aqac gvyolia, rom qali
vaJis Tanatolia (i. griS.). yovel qals gverdiT Zma, qmari an
mama edga (m. javax.). ◊ qalia Tu vaJi? ix. vaJi. qali da kaci
yvela erTobliv. ojaxi awrialda, qali da kaci garbi­gamor­
boda (n. lorTq.). ferxulSi... Caeba qali da kaci, didi da
patara (l. qiaC.). || asakSi Sesuli, gasaTxovari dedrobiTi
sqesis adamiani. Cemi esma axla qali Seiqna, qali! (g. wereT.).
◊ qals iTxovs ix. iTxovs. ◊ damdgari qali ix. damdgari.
◊ Tavdadebuli qali ix. Tavdadebuli. 2. Svili dedro-
biTi sqesisa – asuli (sapirisp. vaJi, Ze). papunas gasaTx­
ovari qali algeTSi gadavarda (m. javax.). Seni qali aRar
minda, gaaTxove, ganmaride! (rusTaveli). ◊ qalsa sTxovs
ix. sTxovs. 3. kuTx. (imer. gur. raW. aWar. leCx.) igivea, rac
coli (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, VII, Tb., 1962).
Tumca, aRniSnulis, garda, sityva „qali“ qarTulSi
sxva mniSvnelobebiTac gvxvdeba: damlagebeli qali. mag.:
saqmes marto veRar audioda da qali aiyvana, an: TviTon
mxolod sadils amzadebda, danarCen saqmeebSi qali ex­
mareboda. ZiZa. mag.: bavSvisTvis qali aviyvane. damxmare
qali. mag.: mindorSi qalebs amuSavebs da sxv.
Sesabamisad, zogierTi kulturologiuri aspeqtis mi­
xedviT, sityvebi: qali da adamiani SesaZloa bolomde ver
gamoxatavdes im arsebiT da siRrmiseul mniSvnelobebs,
romelic aRniSnul terminebSi moiazreba.
70
qali avtori –
literaturul-istoriuli
diskursi
vin iyo pirveli qali avtori? saidan iwyeba qalTa li­
teratura? am SekiTxvebs verasodes gaecema zusti pasuxi,
radgan rogorc msoflio, ise erovnul literaturebSi
qali avtori, rogorc cneba, rogorc fenomeni, didxans ar
arsebobda. Tumca, bunebrivia, avtorTa Soris, TviT mxat­
vruli literaturis dasawyisSive, SesaZloa vigulisxmoT
qali avtorebis Semoqmedebac. am mxriv mdidari masala
jer kidev zepirsityvierebaSi, folklorul literatu­
rul teqstebSi moipoveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRemde
rTulia ipovo mkveTri gansxvaveba qalisa da mamakacis mi­
er daweril da/an SeTxzul teqstebs Soris maSin, rode­
sac literatura da, zogadad, mwerloba erTmniSvnelov­
nad mamakacur saqmianobad miiCneoda, qali avtorebis mier
Seqmnili teqstebis definicia folklorSi mainc advilad
aris SesaZlebeli Janrobriv da Sinaarsobriv elementebze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT. kerZod, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi
arsebuli iavnana, Zilis win samRerali, dedis locvebi/da­
locvebi da sxva prozauli da poeturi teqstebi aSkarad
miuTiTebs, rom maTi avtor(eb)i da/an Tanaavtor(eb)i qal(eb)i un­
da yofiliyo/yofiliyvnen. aseve specifikurad qaluria
micvalebulis datireba, xmiT natirlebs umTavresad qa­
lebi asrulebdnen (Tumca aqve SevniSnavT, rom kavkasiel
xalxebSi saxvadasxva saxis brZolaSi daRupuli gmiris
datirebas – sagmiro­saraindo simRerebs, kacebic as­
rulebdnen).
Tu koleqtiuri, folkloruli teqstebis literatu­
71
rul gagrZelebad saavtoro literaturas miviCnevT da
antikur epoqas gadavxedavT, aSkarad davinaxavT, rom uZ­
veles literaturaSi qali avtori ukve Tanaarsebobs mra­
valricxovan mamakac avtorebs Soris. rogorc cnobilia,
berZeni poeti qali safo platonma aT saukeTeso mweralTa
Soris daasaxela.
Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac ZiriTad saganmanaTleblo
kerebs eklesia­monastrebi warmoadgenda, sadac SesaZle­
beli iyo wera­kiTxvis Seswavla da wignebis kiTxva, evro­
paSi qalebisaTvis arsebobda garkveuli SesaZleblobebi
monastris wiaRSi bavSvis aRmzrdelis profesiis dasauf­
leblad (ZiZa, guvernanti qali, aRmzrdeli qali) garkve­
uli swavla­ganaTleba mieRoT. unda aRiniSnos, rom mo­
nasterSi qalebs gansazRvruli hqondaT saswavlo masala,
vinaidan RvTismsaxurebaSi qali ar iRebda monawileobas,
aseve, zogierTi biologiuri mizezis gamo, qals ekrZale­
boda srulfasovani ritualebis Catareba. garda amisa, vi­
naidan isedac rTulad mosapovebeli iyo xelnaweri samec­
niero, maT Soris, religiuri literatura yvelasaTvis,
qalebisaTvis kidev ufro miuwvdomeli iyo kanonikuri
teqstebi, maT Soris, religiuri da Teologiuri teqste­
bi, sxvadasxva swavlebani, ris gamoc, zogierTi mecnieris
azriT, xSiri iyo qalebis mxridan misticizmiT gatacebis
SemTxvevebi, es ki Semdgom sxvadasxva ukiduresobaSi gar­
daisaxeboda, rogorebicaa: mkiTxaoba, jadoqroba da sxva
(petersi 1988), rac kidev ufro miuRebels xdida qalebis
sayovelTao ganaTlebis sakiTxs.
renesansisa da humanizmis xanaSi, rodesac adamiane­
bis individualoba, TviTSecnoba da sakuTar TavSi wvdo­
mis survili gaizarda, gaCnda garkveuli SesaZleblobebi
qalTa ganaTlebisaTvis. dRis wesrigSi dadga orive sqesis
72
ganaTlebis sakiTxi, rogorc ojaxSi idealuri humanistu­
ri urTierTobebis amosavali da winapiroba. mag., agrifa
fon neteshaimi da erasmus fon roterdameli mxars uWer­
dnen qalTa ganaTlebis sakiTxs. qalTa ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli sajaro diskusiebis wyalobiT, humanizmis xanaSi
Tavadaznauruli warmoSobis qalebs ganaTlebis miRebis
saSualeba hqondaT. ana maria fon Surmani swored erT­er­
Ti aseTi ganaTlebuli qali iyo. mis literaturul mem­
kvidreobaSi moipoveba laTinur, berZnul da ebraul eneb­
ze SeTxzuli leqsebi. mas Semdeg, rac, miuxedavad mravali
enis codnisa da farTo ganaTlebisa, igi universitetSi
saswavleblad ar miiRes, man pirvelma gamoaqveyna sakuTa­
ri Sexedulebebi qalis inteleqtualuri Tanabaruflebi­
anobis Sesaxeb.
gasakviri ar aris, rom im humanistebs Soris, romlebic
qalebisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis uflebas mxars uWerdnen
da garkveul qmediT nabijebsac dgamdnen amisaTvis, arse­
bobdnen iseTebic, romlebic qalTa ganaTlebas mecniere­
bisa da literaturis miRma ganixilavdnen. am yvelafer­
ma ki gamoiwvia is, rom ganaTlebuli qalebi martosulad
grZnobdnen Tavs. isini ar ekuTvnodnen `bunebriv erTia­
nobas, romelic, rogorc wesi, unda yofiliyo adamianuri
erTianobis suraTis msgavsi, romelic sazogadoebis uZve­
les saxes warmoadgens~ (endresi 1980, gv. 9).
germaneli mecnieri, ursula hesi humanizmis epoqis
ganaTlebuli mwerali qalebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs: `huma­
nizmis epoqaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli TiTqmis yvela mwerali
qalisaTvis arsebobda fsiqologiuri problemebi, Tavisi
axali, jer SeuCveveli da gauTavisebeli pozicia, rogorc
swavlulisa da literatorisa, sakuTari Tavisa da sazo­
gadoebisaTvis waredgina da daecva. eqskluziurad mama­
73
kacur, laTinurenovan literaturul samyaroSi SeRweva,
tradiciulad Semofarglul wreSi sakuTari adgilis pov­
na xSirad mdedrobiT xmas axSobda da iwvevda eWvebs, agre­
sias, sarkazms~ (hesi 1988, gv. 124).
humanizmis epoqaSi ganaTlebamiRebuli qalebis mcde­
loba, sakuTari niWi da SesaZleblobebi warmoeCinaT da
sazogadoebriv da literaturul cxovrebaSi monawile­
oba mieRoT, aRqmuli iyo umetesad, rogorc mdedrobiTi
bunebis, mdedrobiTi xasiaTis, mdedrobiTi JReradobis
maCvenebeli, riTac umeteswilad dakninebuli iyo qali av­
torebis mier Seqmnili literaturuli teqstebis aRqma
da analizi. gamomdinare qalsa da mamakacs Soris arsebu­
li garegnuli da Sinagani rolebidan, rodesac ganaTleba
sayovelTaod miRebul mamakacur speqtrSi moiazreboda,
literatori qalebi garkveul gamonaklisebad iTvlebod­
nen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT, rogorc qalebs, eqmnebo­
daT identobis garkveuli problemebi. es problemebi Tavs
iCenda qalTa teqstebSic, amitomac, qalis Sinagani, gacno­
bierebuli identobiT nakarnaxevi teqstebi arc iyo mosa­
lodneli.
evropuli reformaciis epoqaSi kvlavac Semovida Sua­
saukuneebis idealebi aRmzrdeli qalis, ZiZis institutis
Sesaxeb da qalebs kvlavac agzavnidnen monasterSi saWiro
ganaTlebisa da unar­Cvevebis SesaZenad. germaneli moaz­
rovne martin luTeri qalis dedobis sakiTxs umTavres
amosaval wertilad miiCnevda. bibliis interpretaciis
Semdeg luTerma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom yvela qali val­
debuli iyo gaTxoviliyo, bavSvebi gaeCina da aRezarda,
riTac karg saqmes gaakeTebda. amis gamo luTeri mouwo­
debda ZiZebs, daetovebinaT monastrebi da sakuTari oja­
xebi SeeqmnaT.
74
luTeris bibliis interpretacia qalis rolis Sesa­
xeb da luTeris mosazrebebi qalis, rogorc meuRlis, ide­
alis Sesaxeb, axali siZneleebis winAAaSe ayenebda qalebs,
riTac qalebis literaturuli moRvaweoba praqtikulad
gamoricxuli iyo. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac qals sammagi
roli da movaleoba hqonda: diasaxlisis, meuRlisa da de­
disa, bunebrivia, didi survilisa da monacemebis miuxeda­
vad, naklebad mosalodneli iyo qalisaTvis literaturu­
li teqstebis avtoroba. qali avtorebi mudmivad idgnen
garkveuli safrTxis winaSe, literatorebad wardgenis
SemTxvevaSi, aRqmuliyvnen, rogorc cudi diasaxlisebi,
cudi meuRleebi da cudi dedebi (Trederi 1988, gv. 25). qa­
li avtorebi ver aRwevdnen legitimurobas, rogorc li­
teraturuli teqstebis avtorebi da mxolod erTeulebs
hqondaT SesaZlebloba, gamoeqveynebinaT sakuTari teq­
stebi da amiT sajaro gaexadaT sakuTari fiqrebi, azrebi,
Sexedulebebi.
meCvidmete saukunidan moyolebuli, mkveTrad gai­
zarda mwerali qalebis ricxvi. am periodSi qalTa umrav­
lesoba garkveuli garemoebebis SEesaxeb werda, rac calke
Janradac Camoyalibda, rasac SemTxveviTi poezia daerqva.
(ingl. Occasional poetry, germ. Die Gelegenheitsdichtung, frang.
pièce d’occasion) da Tavis TavSi moicavda im literaturul
nimuSebs, romlebic garkveul RonisZiebebTan da garemo­
ebebTan dakavSirebiT iwereboda. mag., rogorebicaa: qor­
wilis, naTlobis, dabadebis dRis, iubiles, dResaswaulisa
da sxv. aRsaniSnavad dawerili prozauli Tu poeturi teq­
stebi. qalebisaTvis samwerlo asparezisa da literaturu­
li produqtiulobis amgvari Semofargvla SemTxveviTad,
RonisZiebebis mixedviT nawarmoebebis Seqmnis kuTxiT, ar
iyo Tavisufali arCevanis Sedegi. sazogadoebrivi gan­
75
wyobilebidan da zogadi suraTidan gamomdinare, sruli­
ad gasagebi iyo, rom, mamakacebisagan gansxvavebiT, aravin
iTxovda da aravin moeloda qali avtorebisagan did, Rrma
poetur­ritorikul codnas da maRalmxatvruli litera­
turuli nawarmoebebis Seqmnas. saxlsa da ojaxSi Caketili
qalebisaTvis sakuTari msoflxedva da samyaros aRqmis su­
raTi, SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, sruliad piradul
sferoSi rCeboda da ver aRwevda sazogadoebamde. swored
es iyo mizezi, rom poeziisa da zogadad, literaturisaken
midrekili qalebi cdilobdnen sakuTari Sexedulebebi,
SegrZnebebi da mimarTebebi enobriv yalibSi moeqciaT da
qalebisaTvis daTmobil JanrSi ecadaT bedi. gamomdinare
zemoTqmulidan, literaturaTmcodneobaSi Cndeba kiT­
xva, iyo Tu ara SesaZlebeli, swored qalebisaTvis gamoyo­
fil literaturul JanrSi asaxuliyo specifikurad qali
avtorebis mier Seqmnili da gaazrebuli diskursi, sadac
naTlad warmoCndeboda qaluri identoba, romelic lite­
raturulad ganviTarebasa da gaRrmavebas ganicdida.
garemoebebis (dResaswaulebis) Sesaxeb dawerili teq­
stebi, `SemTxveviTi poezia~ ufro xSirad, ganaTlebuli
da swavluli mamakacebis mxridan iyo gaazrebuli da Sefa­
sebuli, radgan literaturis kritika mamakacebis mier iyo
dominirebuli. `radgan qals mamakacur kulturaSi surda
monawileobis miReba, mas unda daekmayofilebina tradici­
uli moTxovnebi da unda gahyoloda tradiciebs, raTa mi­
si Semoqmedeba swored tradiciul masStabebSi moazrebu­
liyo, da, radgan qal avtorebs es yvelaferi ar gaaCndaT,
igulisxmeboda, rom aRniSnul tradiciaSi qali avtorebi­
saTvis, qaluri emociebisaTvis ar iyo gansazRvruli adgi­
li~ (firestoni 1975, gv. 150).
miuxedavad imisa, rom qalebi sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi
76
cdilobdnen qalebis mier gancdili da qalis gamocdile­
baze dayrdnobili samyaro eCvenebinaT, qalTa Semoqmede­
ba ar iyo saTanadod aRqmuli, ar arsebobdnen qali kri­
tikosebi. mamakaci kritikosebis mier qalTa Semoqmedeba
ar qceula ganxilvis sagnad. qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba
mxolod qalis perspeqtividan unda yofiliyo Sefasebu­
li, qali mkiTxvelebisa da qali kritikosebis perspeqti­
vidan gaazrebuli da danaxuli SeiZleboda Caswvdomoda
qali avtoris namdvil da WeSmarit saTqmels. mxolod qal­
Ta sazogadoebas SeeZlo qali avtorebis teqstebis swori
Wvreta, azrebisa da mniSvnelobebis SegrZneba, rac, aRniS­
nul epoqebSi, mamakacurad formulirebuli literatu­
ruli tradiciebis fonze, jer kidev miuRweveli iyo.
romantizmis epoqaSi qalebi umetesad werilebs wer­
dnen, romlebic iSviaTad ibeWdeboda. qalebis mxridan
werilebis wera iTvleboda, rogorc mamakacebisaTvis ga­
cemuli pasuxi, romelic saSineli cxovrebis galamazebi­
sa da gamSvenierebisaTvis naTqvami samadlobelis pasuxi
iyo. werilebi iyo qalebisaTvis `erTaderTi nebadarTuli
forma, romelic qals saSualebas aZlevda sakuTari azre­
bi naxevrad sajarod gamoeTqva~ (beutini 1994, gv. 182). Tu
qalebis mier dawerili werilebis adresati cnobili ro­
mantikosi mamakacebi iyvnen, werilebs dauyovnebliv aq­
veynebdnen, radgan es werilebi romantikosi avtoris Se­
saxeb mniSvnelovan masalas Seicavda. Sesabamisad, qalebis
mier dawerili werilebi mamakaci romantikosi avtoris
pirad dokumentebSi qveyndeboda. karolina Slegel­Se­
lingi (Caroline Schlegel-Schelling), doroTea Slegel­vaiTi
(Dorothea Schlegel-Veit), rahel varnhageni (Rahel Varnhagen),
betina fon arnimi (Bettina von Arnim) da sxvebi, cnobilni
gaxdnen ara rogorc originaluri avtorebi, aramed ro­
77
gorc colebi, sayvarlebi, Seyvarebulebi, muzebi, debi Tu
mamakacebis megobrebi an partniorebi. `aRniSvnis Rirsia
ienis wris qalbatonebi: karolina, avgust Slegelis me­
uRle, romelic mas ienaSi Camohyva da Semdeg germaneli
filosofosisa da germanuli idealizmis fuZemdeblis,
fridrix Selingis coli gaxda da doroTea feiti (Doro-
thea Veit), fridrix Slegelis erTguli meuRle. ienis wre­
Si mtkiced iyo gamefebuli karolinas kulti. Tumca mis
kalams ar Seuqmnia arc leqsi, arc prozauli nawarmoebi,
Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime literaturul mcdelobas da­
sawyisSi, romelic maleve miatova. samagierod, igi Tavad
iTvleboda sicocxlisa da kulturis iseT SesaniSnav fe­
nomenad, romelsac ganmarteba da gamocnoba sWirdeboda~
(qarTuli romantizmi... 2012, gv. 107). rogorc biografebi
miuTiTeben, cnobili germaneli mwerali da filosofosi
fridrix Slegeli didi gulisyuriTa da interesiT adev­
nebda Tvals karolinas. `lucindeSi~ ki aRniSnavda, rom
karolinas SeeZlo im kiTxvebzec ki gaeca pasuxi, romle­
bic misTvis jer aravis daesva. Slegeli karolinas am Tvi­
sebas misi naTelmxilvelobiT xsnida.
doroTea feiti (Dorothea Veit), fridrix Slegelis me­
uRle, mudmivad iyo Tavisi qmris Crdilis qveS. mas ekuT­
vnis saintereso romanic, magram am romans doroTeasTvis
aRiareba ar moutania. `qalebs romantikul gaerTianebeb­
Si SehqondaT uSualoba, swored is, rac ase aklda maT me­
tismetad ganaTlebul da brZen megobar mamakacebs. qale­
bi upirispirdebodnen wignis Wiebs, pedantebs, aseTebi ki
blomad iyvnen romantikosTa Sorisac... swored karolina­
sa da doroTeas damsaxurebaa, rom romantikosebi mTli­
anad ar gaemijnen cxovrebas. isini maT cxovrebaSi asru­
lebdnen natifi `gamaubraloeblis~ funqcias~ (qarTuli
78
romantizmi... 2012, gv. 108).
didi germaneli mwerlisa da sazogado moRvawis, iohan
fon goeTes vaJis, avgust fon goeTes meuRle, otilie fon
goeTe cnobili iyo, rogorc vaimaris literaturuli sa­
lonis damaarsebeli, 1829 wlidan, goeTes xelSewyobiT man
daaarsa yovelkvireuli literaturuli Jurnali „qaosi“,
romelsac goeTes gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1832 wlidan, da­
moukideblad gamoscemda.
otilie fon goeTe iyo ganaTlebuli qali, werda
leqsebs, Tumca ar aqveynebda. mis literaturul salons
stumrobdnen iseTi cnobili mwerlebi, filosofosebi da
moazrovneni, rogorebic iyvnen: artur da adele Sopenha­
uerebi, adam mickeviCi, betina fon arnimi, frenc listi da
sxvebi. otilies axlo urTierTobebi hqonda aseve goeTes
pirad mdivanTan da bolo wlebis TanamgzavrTan, ekerman­
Tan. goeTes gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1832 wlis seqtember­
oqtomberSi, otilie fon goeTe ekermans swers: „Tqven
iciT, Zvirfaso ekerman, ra xSirad miTqvams uari mwerlis
saxelze. mudam winaaRmdegi viyavi amisa, magram vfiqrob,
qalis daniSnuleba (da asec ganvsji sakuTar Tavs) marto
is ar aris, rom TavisTvis sasiamovno saqme akeTos; an ki Se­
iZleboda amaze meti msxverplis gaReba?!“ (otilies weri­
li ekermans, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv. 49).
otilie fon goeTe, rogorc moazrovne, advilad da­
uaxlovda goeTes da mis ojaxs, iyo Tavad goeTes muzac,
goeTem mas 1820 wels, meore vaJis dabadebis aRsaniSnavad
miuZRvna leqsi. mecnierTa azriT, goeTes maradqaluris
idea otilies pirovnebiT iyo STagonebuli. am azrs aviTa­
rebs poeti da gamomcemeli, gustav kiurne. goeTes „faus­
tis“ meore nawilSi vkiTxulobT:
„yovelive warmavali
79
 aris miniSneba;
TavSeudgmel­naklovani
aq Tvals ecxadeba;
aRuwerel­arnaxuli
aq xorcieldeba,
maradiul­qaluri ki
maRla gvezideba“.
(Targmani naTela xuciSvilisa)
otilie didi goeTes gverdiT iyo misi sicocxlis uka­
nasknel wuTebSic.
Tavis sirTuleebiT aRsavse cxovrebaSi otilie fon
goeTe qalisaTvis wilxvedri mravali gamocdis winaSe id­
ga. 1830 wels gardaicvala otilie fon goeTes meuRle, av­
gust fon goeTe. qalma amis Semdeg 42 weli icocxla. mas
hyavda oTxi Svili, ori vaJi da ori qaliSvili, meoTxe Svi­
li otilie fon goeTes SeeZina meuRlis gardacvalebis
Semdeg. otilies orive qaliSvili gardaecvala. misi da
avgust fon goeTes qorwineba uiRblo aRmoCnda. otilies
ar uyvarda meuRle. 1830 wels, avgustis gardacvalebam­
de cota xniT adre, igi Tavis megobarsa da mesaidumles,
adele Sopenhauers swers: „me mxolod avgustis dabrune­
ba maZrwunebs, viTarca ubedurebis mauwyebeli Rrublis
gamoCena caze da grZnobebiT gamTbarma werilma, romelic
man milanidan gamomigzavna, ufro SemaSfoTa, vidre damam­
Svida. werilSi is aRiarebs, Tu raoden usamarTlod mep­
yroboda da imeds itovebs, rom momavalSi Seicvleba, me ki
yovelives, rac am jaWvs gawyvetda, mxolod mivesalmebi“
(otilies werili adele Sopenhauers, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv.
48).
otilie fon goeTes moRvaweoba scildeba erT sfe­
ros. is iyo uflebebis damcveli, poeti, moazrovne, didi
80
goeTes Tanamoazre, Tumca yvelaferTan erTad, otilie
iyo emansipirebuli qali, romlisTvisac yvelaze mTavari,
cxovrebis azri da arsi iyo siyvaruli, romelic misTvis
mtanjveli da uzomod didi tkivilebis momtani iyo. sim­
boluria otilies leqsi: „locva“, sadac poeti qali RmerTs
mxolod siyvaruls sTxovs:
„ufalo, mflobelo yovlisa,
momec me siyvaruli!
miage sxvaTa dideba, pativi,
uboZe oqro da fuli.
maT dauloce naTeli gzebi,
mihmadle sviani xvedri!
ufalo, mflobelo yovlisa,
me mxolod siyvaruls gvedri!“
(Targmani nino baqaniZisa, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv. 41)
otilie fon goeTe iyo napoleonis winaaRmdeg ganma­
Tavisuflebeli brZolis erT­erTi moZraobis damaarse­
beli. man, adele SopenhauerTan erTad, daaarsa „imedis
ordeni“, romlis mTavari mizani iyo omis invalidebisa da
jariskacTa qvrivebis daxmareba. otilie iyo cnobili mdi­
dari mecenati qali, Tumca meuRlis gardacvalebis Sem­
deg (radgan meored gaTxoveba ganizraxa 22 wlis inglisel
student samuel neilorze, Tumca Semdeg gairkva, rom ne­
ilori sxvaze iyo daniSnuli), igi goeTes anderZis Tanax­
mad, memkvidreobis gareSe darCa. swored aRniSnul faqts
exeba otilies leqsi „vaimareli maTxovari“.
„qalbatonebs da batonebs mivmarTav,
sakuTar WerqveS glaxaki ginaxavT?
mec vcnobdi dReebs laJvard ferebiT,
pirvelTa Soris masaxelebdiT.
Rataki dedakaci var axla
81
 da Tqvens winaSe vgmob Cems beds msaxvrals.
ukan ar viTxov dalxenil yofas,
Sors aris bedi, Sors darCa trfoba“
(Targmani nino baqaniZisa, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv. 42).
otilie ganicdida goeTes CrdilSi yofnas. miuxe­
davad misi, rogorc dedis mcdelobebisa, verc vaJeb­
ma miaRwies warmatebebs da isinic goeTes SviliSvilebad
SemorCnen istorias. es ki mgrZnobiare qalisaTvis da mo­
azrovnisaTvis garkveuli protestis sababi iyo. cnobi­
lia, rom goeTes dabadebidan 100 wlis iubiles vaimarSi
ar daeswrnen otilie da misi vaJebi. mogvianebiT otilie
finansuri siduxWiris gamo daxmarebas iTxovs. misTvis
TiTqos yvelafers azri daekarga, yvelaze Zvirfass, yve­
laze sanukvarsac ki. misTvis sakuTari Semoqmedebac ki
aRar aris is gansakuTrebuli, romelic misi sulisa da oc­
nebebis gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. ekermanisadmi miwe­
ril werilSi vkiTxulobT: „merwmuneT, SesaZlebelia Cemi
nawarmoebebi patara krebulis saxiT gamoices. ai, aseTia
Cemi ganzraxva. aqamde arc ki mifiqria, rom isini marTlac
gamocemis Rirsia, Tumca CemTvis es ukve absoluturad su­
lerTia. mxolod is mainteresebs, rom romelime gamomce­
melma am saqmeSi fuli gadamixados. axla Cemi didi Txovna
iqneba, drodadro gadaxedoT am nawerebs, raTa maT Soris
SedarebiT Rirebulni amoarCioT. iqneb romelime gamom­
cemelTan Suamdgomlobac SeZloT, romelic, rac SeiZle­
ba Sors iqneboda Cemgan, vTqvaT, hamburgSi, konigsbergSi,
Sveicariis romelime kuTxeSi an breslauSi, hainkes gamo.
gigzavniT or nawarmoebs, romelTac Tqven jer ar icnobT,
magram SeZlebisdagvarad unda moicaloT maTTvis“ (oti­
lies werili ekermans, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv. 49).
otilie fon goeTes saxeli didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
82
dakavSirebuli iyo, erTi mxriv, iohan volfgang fon go­
eTesTan, xolo, meore mxriv, misi epoqis moazrovneebTan,
mwerlebTan da filosofosebTan, romlebTanac hqonda
mimowera. otiliesa da artur Sopenhaueris werilebi ga­
moqveynebulia artur Sopenhaueris naSromebTan erTad.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom otilie gansakuTrebiT wuxda
artur Sopenhaueris dis, adele Sopenhaueris werilebisa
da dRiurebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc miswera kidec artur So­
penhauers werili, xolo am ukanasknelma vrceli weriliT
upasuxa otilies, sadac aRniSnavs: „adeles werilebsa da
dRiurebTan dakavSirebiT nu gefiqrebaT, rom maT vinme
borotad gamoiyenebs; radganac isini ukve didi xania, Sev­
TavazeT gamomcemlebs“ (artur Sopenhaueris werili oti­
liesadmi, ix. baqaniZe 2011, gv. 51).
Tanamedrove kvlevebis mixedviT, romantizmis epo­
qis qalebis werilebi ar unda iyos ganxiluli mamakaci
avtorebis Semoqmedebis konteqstSi da arc romantikosi
mamakacebis Semoqmedebis gverdiT an paralelurad unda
Sefasdes, aramed qalebis werilebi aRqmuli da ganxilu­
li unda iyos, rogorc sruliad damoukidebeli litera­
turuli teqstebi. frederiksenis azriT, imis gamo, rom
qali sakuTari mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebis gamosaxa­
tavad irCevda werilebs, `is amiT irCevda literaturul
mediums im tradiciaSi, romelic meTvramete saukunidan
daiwyo, rodesac werili subieqtur­piradulidan subieq­
tur­literaturul mediumad gadaiqca, ris gamoc werili
mravali qalis literaturuli Janri gaxda~ (frederikse­
ni 1980, gv. 99).
swored amis Semdeg werilis Janrma ganicada cvlileba
da romanis JanrSic damkvidrda, rogorc werili­romani,
romelsac individualuri gamoxatvis forma aqvs, subieq­
83
turi forma, saubris imitacia, Warbi emociuri foni, rac
qalebisaTvis sruliad bunebrivia.
vfiqrob, aRniSnuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Sesabamisi kvleviTi meTodologiiT unda wavikiTxoT qa­
rTveli romantikosis, nikoloz baraTaSvilisa da misi su­
lieri megobris – maiko orbelianis mimowera.
cnobilia, rom maiko orbeliani poetis guliTadi
megobari iyo, xSirad megobar qalTan miweril poetis wer­
ils Tan axlavs baraTaSvilis axali leqsi. maiko orbeli­
ani inaxavda werilebs, rogrc uZvirfases relikvias. 1841
wels baraTaSvils Tavisi leqsebis xelnaweri krebulic
gaugzavnia maiko orbelianisaTvis. minawerSi vkiTxulobT:
„dao, maiko! es leqsebi iqonie Cemeulad. vici, rom wamkiTx­
veli maTi moigoneb bevrTa saamoTa dReTa ymawvilobisaTa
da Seibraleb Sensa yaribsa Zmasa“ T. n. baraTaSvili“ (bara­
TaSvili 1991).
miuxedavad imisa, rom romantizmis epoqaSi qals Se­
saZlebloba hqonda, werilebis saxiT gamoexata sakuTari
Sexedulebebi da azrebi, es mainc ar iyo sakmarisi zogier­
Ti qali avtorisaTvis. karolina fon gunderrode (Karoline
von Günderrode), rogorc qali avtori, imave problemebis
winaSe idga, romlis winaSec – misi epoqis sxva qali avto­
rebi. swored am sakiTxze amaxvilebs igi yuradRebas 1801
wels Tavisi megobris, gunda brentanosadmi (Gunda Brenta-
no) miweril werilSi: `xSirad gamCenia survili, sasaklao­
Si Cavvardniliyavi da movmkvdariyavi. ratom ar var kaci!...
Cems sulSi SeuTavsebeli survilebia. da yvelaferi ise
unda darCes, rogorc aris, radgan me var qali da maqvs ma­
makacis survilebi mamakacuri Zalis gareSe. amitomac var
aseTi cvalebadi da aseTi meryevi Cems TavSi~ (gunderrode
2000, gv. 109).
84
inglisis dedofali viqtoria, romelic, erTi mxriv,
imisi magaliTi iyo, rom qalebs, mamakacebis msgavsad, nam­
dvilad SeeZloT, yofiliyvnen mmarTvelebi, maT Soris,
saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebi, meore mxriv, ufrTxoda
Tavisi qaluri bunebis sajarod warmoCenas. amisi das­
turi isic iyo, rom igi, Tavisi meuRlis gardacvalebis
Semdeg, mudam SavebSi Semosili dadioda, riTac viqto­
rianuli stilis damamkvidreblad da erTgvar simbolo­
dac iqca. dedofali viqtoria iTvleba mSobiarobis dros
anesTeziis pirvel gamomyeneblad. misi SexedulebiT, qa­
li mraval gansacdels itans. Tavad dedofali viqtoria
iqca gansxvavebuli qalis simbolod, gansxvavebiT Tavisi
epoqis qalebis didi umravlesobisagan, viqtoria iyo sim­
bolo qalisa, romelsac gaaCnia Zalaufleba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom dedofali viqtoria Tavisi sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobiT da gavlenebiT sruliad Tavisufali iyo
genderuli diskriminaciisagan, is mainc miiCnevda, rom
mamakaci bevrad prioritetuli iyo qalTan SedarebiT.
1858 wels viqtoria Tavis orsul qaliSvils, viqtorias,
romelic gaTxovili iyo prusiaSi da fexmZimed iyo pru­
siis mefe vilhelm meoreze, swerda: „orsulobisa da mSo­
biarobis dros mgonia Zroxebs an ZaRlebs vemsgavsebiT;
roca Cveni ubadruki arseba cxovelis msgavsi da araesTe­
turi xdeba... Cveni sqesis yvelaze naklebad unda Surdes
kacs“ (boki 2002, gv. 93).
mwerali qalebi fixtesaTvis mxolod maSin arian war­
mosadgenni, Tu isini iseT teqstebs Seqmnian, romlebic
qalebisaTvis popularuli nawerebia, aRmzrdelobiT Te­
mazea an mdedrobiTi sqesis wes­Cveulebebis swavlebazea
(fixte 1992, gv. 409). anu, qals SeeZlo ewera teqstebi, rom­
lebic qalebisaTvis da qalebis Sesaxeb iqneboda Seqmnili.
85
es Sexedulebebi ki, im dros dasabuTebuli iyo qalis bu­
nebidan, aseve, im valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, romle­
bic qals, rogorc meuRles da rogorc dedas, odiTganve
gaaCnda.
sakuTari, qaluri azrebi da Sexedulebebi rom daec­
vaT da TavianTi nawarmoebebi gadaerCinaT, aseve, mkiT­
xvelebis pozitiuri Sexedulebebi gamoewviaT, mravali
qali avtori iZulebuli iyo gaqceoda sakuTar saxels
da mamakacis fsevdonimiT ewera. me­18 da me­19 saukune­
ebSi qalebi werdnen anonimurad, sakuTari xelmoweris
gareSe an mamakacis fsevdonimiT. amgvari SeniRbva er­
TaderTi gza iyo mravali qalisaTvis, SeeRwiaT mamaka­
cebisaTvis legitimur da mamakacebisaTvis gankuTvnil
samwerlo samyaroSi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom anonimu­
roba an fsevdonimiT wera saerTo iyo rogorc qali, ise
mamakaci avtorebisaTvis, Tumca aRniSnul fenomens qali
avtorebisaTvis sxva datvirTva hqonda, xolo mamakaci
avtorebisaTvis, sruliad sxva. kerZod, mamakacebisaT­
vis literaturul SeniRbvas araferi hqonda genderul
sakiTxebTan saerTo, aramed, mamakaci avtorebisaTvis
fsevdonimiT an anonimurad wera erTgvari Tavdacva iyo
pirvelad gamoqveynebuli teqstebis kritikis winaSe. Se­
sabamisad, mamakaci avtorebisaTvis fsevdonimi iqca li­
teraturul samyaroSi Sesasvlel pirvel nabijad. xo­
lo Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo qali avtorebisaTvis
fsevdonimi, amis Sesaxeb wers fani levaldi (Fanny Lewald)
Tavis avtobiografiaSi `Cemi cxovrebis istoria”: `Zalze
xSirad gamigonia kritikuli Sexedulebebi ama Tu im li­
teraturuli formis Sesaxeb, rodesac saqme qalis xeli­
dan gamosul teqsts exeboda. amis gamo, me Cemi pirveli
namuSevrebi Cemi biZaSvilis, levaldis saxeliT gavag­
86
zavne, ris gamoc mamakacis saxeliT iyo niSandadebuli. me
mindoda Cemi `ufleba~ mqonoda. arc meti, arc naklebi~
(levaldi 1980, gv. 257).
anonimurobasa da mamakacis saxelis fsevdonimad ga­
moyenebas qali avtorebi identobis konfliqtamde mihyav­
da. sazogadoeba mkveTrad asxvavebda qalisa da mamakacis
saxelebiT gamoqveynebul teqstebs. qalebs literaturul
samyaroSi ar hqondaT Tanabaruflebianobis SesaZleblo­
bebi da ganviTarebis Sesabamisi pirobebi. qalebi, romle­
bic mamakacebis mier gaazrebul literaturul samyaroSi
Seabijebdnen, cdilobdnen, yvelanairad morgebodnen ma­
makacuri azrovnebis CarCos, ris gamoc, kritikosTa Sexe­
dulebiT, qalebi sruliad moklebulni iyvnen saSualebas,
qalur interesebze morgebuli teqstebi eweraT, riTac
gaCndeboda uSualod qaluri nawerebis ganviTarebis Se­
saZlebloba, aseve, gaCndeboda garkveuli tradicia da qa­
luri samwerlo gamocdileba. is, rom qalebi mamakacebis
fsevdonimiT werdnen, aseve is faqtori, rom qali avtore­
bi werdnen mamakacebis mibaZviT, maT mier Seqmnili samwer­
lo tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT da amave tradiciebisa
da saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, aSkarad miuTiTebs ormagi
identobis diskursze, radgan qalebi TavianT nawerebSi,
erTi mxriv, arsebul partiarqalur molodinebs usworeb­
dnen Tvals, xolo, meore mxriv, sakuTar, qalur survileb­
sa da gamocdilebaze werdnen.
safrangeTis revoluciis Sedegad, 1830 wels, qalTa
sakiTxi gaaqtiurda. mravali qali avtori, TavianT leq­
sebsa Tu romanebSi exmaureboda safrangeTis revolu­
ciisaTvis aqtualur TiTqmis yvela Temas Tu problemas,
romlebic exeboda qalis adgilsa da rols sazogadoebaSi.
luize astonisa (Louise Aston) da luize otos (Louise Otto)
87
socialur­politikurad angaJirebul lirikasa da emansi­
patorul romanebSi kiTxvis qveS dadga sakiTxi, ratom un­
da iyos qalis adgili mxolod ojaxSi.
qalis uflebebis sakiTxebze orientirebuli politi­
kuri lirika iqmneboda mecxramete saukunis bolos im qa­
lebis mier, romlebsac sazogadoebaSi garkveuli statu­
si ukve hqondaT mopovebuli. klara miuleri (Clara Müller)
da ema doltci (Emma Döltz) sakuTar teqstebSi aRwerdnen
samuSao garemos, sadac qalis adgili TiTqmis ar iyo, wer­
dnen sakuTar gamocdilebaze, Tu rogor SeZles eSovaT
samsaxuri. amiT poeti qalebi mouwodebdnen sazogadoe­
bas, CarTuliyo diskusiaSi, gaeumjobesebina qalebisaTvis
samuSao garemo, mieca maTTvis muSaobis ufleba da saSua­
leba. am Temebis irgvliv, mecxramete saukunis qalTa poe­
ziaSi, mkveTrad ismoda qalebis adamianuri da politiku­
ri Tanasworuflebianobis mowodebebi.
qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb dawerili qali avtorebis
poezia mecxramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis da­
sawyisSi qali avtorebis biografiulma teqstebma Secva­
la. vinaidan avtobiografiuli Janri im droisaTvis mimdi­
nare literaturul procesSi mWidrod iyo damokidebuli
individis sulier ganviTarebaze, es literaturuli asax­
va, rogorc Cans, genderuli aspeqtebisagan damoukideb­
lad, mamakacis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis sakiTxebTan
iyo dakavSirebuli, Tumca avtobiografiuli Janri qale­
bisTvisac saintereso TavSesafari aRmoCnda, sadac qali
avtorebi sakuTar socialur rolebze, mogonebebze, ga­
mocdilebebsa Tu saojaxo qronikebze werdnen. Sesabami­
sad, qali avtorebis avtobiografiuli nawerebi iyo `sxva~
avtobiografia, sxvanairi SedgenilobiT, sxvanairi Sina­
arsiT.
88
amerikeli da evropeli mkvlevrebis azriT, qali avto­
rebis mier Seqmnili avtobiografiuli teqstebi mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda mamakaci avtorebis mier Seqmnili avto­
biografiuli teqstebisagan, radgan am ukanasknelTa bi­
ografiebSi mTavari Tema iyo – me da samyaro, yovelgvari
genderuli da sqesobrivi sakiTxebis gamoricxviT, anu ka­
ci da samyaro. qali avtorebis SemTxvevaSi ki avtobiogra­
fiuli teqstebis mTavari Tema iyo genderuli identoba,
anu qalis Tema, qalis problema, qalis sakiTxi. es ki imas
niSnavda, rom qalebi axali TviTSemecnebis damkvidrebas
cdilobdnen.
sazogadoebrivi diskusiebis paralelurad, sadac
qalTa uflebebis sakiTxebi iyo wamoWrili, sul ufro me­
ti qali cdilobda sakuTari biografia gamoeqveynebina.
amiT is sakuTar gamocdilebas, sakuTar warmatebebsa Tu
warumateblobas, saojaxo da sajaro cxovrebas, upirve­
les yovlisa, sxva qalebisaTvis, aseve, zogadad, qalebisa
da mamakacebisaTvis, anu sazogadoebisaTvis asajaroebda.
biografiuli detalebis gamoqveynebas gansakuTrebiT es­
wrafvodnen is qalebi, romlebsac, fani levaldis msgav­
sad, sxvadasxva Ria Tu dafaruli brZolis, SeniRbvisa Tu
gaxsnilobis Sedegad, ukve mopovebuli hqondaT sakuTari
saxeli da avtoriteti sazogadoebaSi. levaldma avtobi­
ografiuli teqsti `Cemi cxovrebis istoria~ (1861­1862)
dawera im mizniT, rom rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, mkiTxvel
qalebs Sexedulebebi da warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze ae­
maRlebinaT da levaldis cxovrebis magaliTiT gamxneve­
buliyvnen da es teqsti qalebs sakuTari Tavis amocnobaSi
daxmareboda.
qali avtorebis mier Seqmnili avtobiografiuli
teqstebi zrdida da aviTarebda qalur TviTSemecnebas.
89
amasTan, cxovrebiseuli istoriebis aRwera emsaxurebo­
da qalTa moZraobis inicirebas, qalebis mier solidaro­
bas. mecxramete saukuneSi qalTa moZraobis gaaqtiureba
swored mwerali qalebis Semoqmedebis paralelurad mo­
iazreba. qalebi sakuTar, pirad gamocdilebas ukavSireb­
dnen TavianT Tanadroul socialur da politikur pro­
cesebs.
90
qali avtori meoce saukunis evropul
literaturaSi
meoce saukunis dasawyisidan qalTa sakiTxis ir­
gvliv mravali formalur­samarTlebrivi cvlileba
moxda. daarsda gogonaTa umaRlesi skolebi, rac SesaZ­
lebels xdida, qalebs mieRoT sauniversiteto ganaTle­
ba, qalebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda mravali profesia
da samuSo adgili, romlebic manamde mamakacebs hqondaT
dakavebuli. meoce saukunis ocian wlebSi evropelma qa­
lebma miiRes arCevnebSi xmis micemis ufleba. bunebrivia,
sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi aisaxa im epoqis qali avto­
rebis SemoqmedebaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom qali avtorebis mier Seqmnili teq­
stebis gmirebi aRar arian qalTa uflebebisaTvis meb­
rZolni, aramed personaJebs ukve aqvT sxvadasxva pro­
fesia da isini, umetes SemTxvevaSi, warmatebuli qalebi
arian. miuxedavad imisa, rom personaJi qalebi profesiul
sferoSi moRvaweoben, isini ar arian tradiciuli qalu­
ri Temebisadmi, rogorebicaa: siyvaruli, dedoba, oja­
xis wevrebze zrunva da a. S., gulgrilni. aseT teqstebSi
qorwineba miCneulia rogorc bednieri dasasruli, ra­
sac personaJi qalebi sakuTari warmatebuli profesiis
Semdgom imsaxureben. aRniSnuli perspeqtiva gamowveu­
li iyo qalis tradiciuli modelis arsebobiT. im dros
SeuZlebeli iyo qalis rolis gadaazreba, tradiciuli
CarCodan gamosvla, qalis daniSnulebis bolomde Sev­
seba profesiuli moRvaweobiT, xolo mamakacis rolis
datvirTva ojaxiTa da bavSvebiT. qali kmayofili unda
yofiliyo imiTi, rom mas hqonda profesia da adgili sa­
zogadoebaSi.
91
 mweral qalebsa da maT Semoqmedebas meoce sauku­
nis meore naxevramde iSviaTad aqcevdnen yuradRebas.
am mxriv ikveTeba konkretuli epoqebisaTvis `miRebu­
li~ ramdenime qali avtori. magaliTad, sofia fon la
roSe (Sophie von La Roche), betina fon arnimi (Bettina von
Arnim), Sarlota da emili bronteebi (Charlotte and Emily
Bronte), Jana austeni (Jane Austen), virjinia vulfi (Virginia
Woolf ) da sxvebi. qali avtorebis, maTi teqstebis mimarT
uyuradREeboba ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini naklebad
iRebdnen monawileobas, an saerTod ar monawileobdnen
literaturul procesebSi. safuZvliani dakvirvebisa da
mecnieruli Ziebis Sedegad ki Cans, rom qali avtorebis
mier Seqmnili teqstebi Seicavs ramdenime gansakuTre­
bul niSans, riTac gansxvavdeba mamakaci avtorebis mier
Seqmnili teqstebisagan. am niSnebs Soris SeiZleba dava­
saxeloT sixarulisa da bednierebis, aseve, mwuxarebis,
tkivilis recefciebi.
qa li av to re bis mi marT nak le bi yu rad Re bis ga­
max vi le ba da ara Ri a re ba mWid rod aris da mo ki de bu li
im dro in del sa zo ga do eb riv­po li ti kur faq tor Tan,
ro de sac ro le bis ga ge bis tra di ci u li Se xe du le biT,
ma ma ka ci aq ti u ri, do mi nan ti ro lis mqo ne iyo, xo lo
qals pa si u ri ro li hqon da da sa ja ro cxov re ba Si mo­
na wi le o bis nac vlad oja xur ga re mo Si moR va we ob da da
ojax ze zru nav da. aseT iden ti fi ka ci as: ma ma ka ci – sa­
zo ga do e ba, qa li – oja xi sa bo lo od mih yav da qa lis ro­
li gar kve ul nak lo va ne be bam de da gar kve ul bi na rul
opo zi ci e bam de, ro mel sac qal sa da ma ma kacs So ris gen­
de rul sa fuZ vel ze aR mo ce ne bu li gan sxva ve be bi Se ad­
gen da. mag.:
92
mamakaci qali
Zlieri susti
mamaci mSiSara
racionaluri emociuri
meoce saukunemde qali avtorebis mier Seqmnil te­
qstebSi miCneuli iyo, rom trivialur literaturas da
qalis swrafvas ganaTlebisa da mecnierebisaken da qali
avtorebis mcdelobebs, mamrobiTad dominirebul lit­
eraturaSi sakuTari adgili daemkvidrebinaT, mxars ar
uWerdnen.
evropeli qali avtorebi, magaliTad, virjinia vulfi
da simone de bovuari (Simone de Beauvoir) werdnen diskri­
minaciis Sesaxeb da cdilobdnen am gziT sazogadoebaSi
Tanasworobisa da TanabaruflebianobisaTvis ebrZolaT
qalis perspeqtividan. vulfi yuradRebas aqcevs sakiTxs,
Tu ratom aris qali damokidebuli finansurad mamakac­
ze da ratom ar aqvs qals finansuri damoukidebloba.
bovuari wers ufro metad qalis fsiqosocialur cdune­
bebze, romelic patriarqalurad ganwyobil sazogadoe­
baSi qals, rogorc sxva genders aRiarebs da akritikebs
biologiurad determinirebuli da gabatonebuli sqe­
sobrivi rolebis dadgenil saxes cnobili fraziT: „qa­
lebad ar ibadebian, qalebad yalibdebian“ (bovuari 1992,
gv. 334).
simon de bovuari, feministuri moZraobis ideolo­
gi, mwerali da filosofosi, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi qalis
mravalwaxnagovan, sirTuleebiTa da problemebiT savse
cxovrebas aRwerda, sadac qali naturaluri, SeuniR­
bavi da gaulamazebelia, mTeli Tavisi meryeobiT, iste­
93
riulobiT, nervuli bunebiT. bovuaris gmiri aris qali,
romelic unda gaumklavdes saojaxo saqmeebs, Svilebis
aRzrdas, meuRlis moTxovnilebebs, asakis matebas, sam­
saxuris movaleobebs... bovuaris cnobili nawarmoebi _
`sasowarkveTili qali~ 1967 wels gamoqveynda. es aris
sami patara romani sami qalis Sesaxeb, sami sxvadasxva is­
toria, sami sxvadasxva realoba da sami sxvadasxvanairi
tkivili. pirvel istoriaSi _ `TavdaWerilobis asaki~
_ mwerali asaxavs pensiaze gasuli qalis gancdebs. See­
brZolo asaks, yvelasaTvis rTulia, miT ufro, qalisaT­
vis, amitomac literatori qalis yovelgvari warumate­
bloba asaks braldeba. nawarmoebis mTavar gmirs uwevs
erTnairad ebrZolos sakuTar asaks, mecnieri qmris
depresias kvlavac asakTan dakavSirebiT da SeinarCunos
siyvaruli, rac misTvis mTavari da masuldgmulebelia.
meore istoria _ `monologi~ _ sasowarkveTili qalis
monologs warmoadgens. misma qaliSvilma Tavi moikla,
CamoarTves dedobis ufleba da vaJi mamasTan izrdeba.
TviTon ki umZimesi depresia aqvs. `mamakacebi erTmaneTs
mxars uWEren naZirlebi usamarTlo kanoni qalis winaaR­
mdegaa mimarTuli is galeniani kacia yvelas moqrTa­
mavs sasamarTlo damnaSaved me mcnobs da ganqorwinebis
uflebas ar momcemen~ (bovuari 2013, gv. 132). mwerali
SeSlilobis zRvars miRweuli qalis sulieri mdgomare­
obis saCveneblad gmiris monologSi zogjer ar iyenebs
sasven niSnebs, imeorebs sityvebs, azrebs, winadadebebs,
raTa martosuli qalis isteriuli mdgomareoba kidev
ufro TvalsaCino gaxdes. `sasowarkveTili qali~ wignis
mesame istorias hqvia. teqstis mTavari gmiri aqac qalia,
romlis qmaric sayvarels gaiCens. meoce saukunis meore
naxevarSi, parizSi mcxovrebi qali iZulebulia, Seeguos
94
aseT xvedrs, gaugos sayvarel mamakacs, romelTanac
ocdaorwliani Tanacxovreba da ori qaliSvili akav­
Sirebs da surs ibrZolos qmris dasabruneblad, Tumca
sabolood, imedgacruebuli da sasowarkveTili rCeba.
meoce saukunis 70­iani wlebidan mimdinare feminis­
turi da Semdgom – genderuli procesebi eyrdnoboda,
erTi mxriv, politikur­ekonomikur da socialur sa­
kiTxebs, ris gamoc qalTa moZraoba qmnida Teoriebs da
ayalibebda axal Sexedulebebs, xolo, meore mxriv, – aR­
niSnuli sazogadoebriv­politikuri moZraobebis kval­
dakval, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, winswrebiT, xolo zogjer,
qalTa moZraobis paralelurad, iqmneboda qali avtore­
bis literaturuli teqstebi, garkveuli literaturu­
li procesi, romelic male gaxda mecnieruli interesis
sagani da ukve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dasavlur literatu­
raSi garkveul Janrad, literaturaTmcodneobis calke
dargad, Camoyalibda. germaneli mkvlevari iurgen serke
qalTa moZraobis paralelurad germanul literatura­
ze dakvirvebisas Semdegnairad xsnis am fenomens: `amaso­
baSi qalebi qmnian germanuli literaturis axal Tavs,
sakuTari gamocdilebis Sesabamisad, mamakacuri romanis
samyaroSi arsebul madam bovaris, ana kareninasa da efi
bristis samyaros toveben. qali avtorebis mier aRweril
miTosSi aSkarad ikveTeba qaluri TviTdamkvidreba. qa­
lebi emijnebian arsebul literaturul gamocdilebas,
romlis mixedviTac, isini mxolod cxovrebis obieqtebi
da mamakacis sayvarlebi iyvnen~ (serke 1988, gv. 11).
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mas Semdeg, rac qali avto­
rebis Semoqmedeba calke mecnieruli dakvirvebis sagani
gaxda, gaCnda aucileblobac qali avtorebis Semoqme­
debis periodizaciisa da istoriul­kulturuli Semo­
95
sazRvrulobisa. am mxriv, mecnierTa nawilis azriT, mi­
uxedavad imisa, rom qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba Zalze
farToa da sxvadasxva istoriul periods moicavs, qa­
lTa literaturis teqstebis kvleva unda daiwyos qal­
Ta moZraobis gaaqtiurebis periodidan, anu im droidan,
rodesac qali avtori sruliad gaazrebulad da cno­
bierad qmnida mxatvrul literaturas da swored qali
avtoris poziciidan, axali literaturuli xedviT, sa­
dac yuradRebis centrSi qali, misi samyaro, misi xedva,
perspeqtivebi da interesebi iyo. xolo im dros, rode­
sac qali ubralod Tanamonawileobda literaturul
procesebSi, rodesac jer kidev ar arsebobda genderu­
li definicia literaturaTmcodneobaSi, rodesac qali
iZulebuli iyo Tanamonawile yofiliyo literaturuli
procesisa, romelic mkveTrad mamakacuri iyo, rodesac
qali mamakacis fsevdonimiTac ki sargeblobda imis gamo,
rom misi Semoqmedeba saTanado seriozulobiTa da inte­
resiT aRqmuliyo, qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba, bunebri­
via, ver asaxavda im xasiaTsa da literaturul Sinaarss,
riTac qalTa literatura SemdgomSi daitvirTa. Tumca,
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba
xSirad saerTo niSniT, arsebuli istoriuli da sazoga­
doebrivi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganixileba.
qalis uflebebis sakiTxi, aseve, qalis istori­
uli rolis gadaxedvisa da gadafasebis aucileblobis
moTxovna mniSvnelovani gaxda xelovnebis sxva dargeb­
Sic. mxatvari qalebis konceptualuri gamofenebi, aseve,
gamocemebi da instalaciebi meoce saukunis 70­iani wle­
bidan dREemde mniSvnelovan konteqsts Seicavs da vizua­
lurad asaxavs im yofiT detalebs, razec qali avtore­
bic amaxvileben yuradRebas. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
96
sainteresoa amerikeli da evropeli mxatvari qalebis:
klair breteCeris (Claire Bretėcher) (safrangeTi); eva h.­s
(doqtori eva Hheleri), Eva H. (Dr. Eva Heller – dasavleT
germania); barbara heningeris (Barbara Henninger – aRmosav­
leT germania); hoglis (amelia glinkes – Hogli (Amelia
Glienke – (dasavleT germania); nikole holanderis (Nicole
Hollander), (amerika) kmos (elisabed kmolingeri) Kmö (Elisa-
beth Kmölinger – avstria­germania); doris lerxes (Doris
Lerche – dasavleT germania); marie marksis (Marie Marcks),
(dasavleT germania); erToblivi gamocema germaniaSi 1985
wels konceptualuri saTauriT: `Putz! Frauen~ (Frankfurt am
Mein, 1985). wignis saTauri emyareba germanul sityvas: Die
Putzfrau, mravlobiT ricxvSi Die Putzfrauen – rac niSnavs
damlagebel qals, romelic dalagebis sanacvlod iRebs
fuls. Die Putzfrau warmoadgens kompozits, sadac pirveli
sityva – Putz (putren) niSnavs dasufTavebas, xolo meore –
Frau – aRniSnavs qals. aRniSnuli wignis saTauri – `Putz!
Frauen~ – warmoadgens sityvaTa TamaSs, garkveul enobriv
eqsperiments: Putzfrauen (damlagebeli qali) – `Putz! Frauen~
daalage(T)! qalo (qalebo).
97
 barbara henigeri (Barbara Henniger), 1985.

wignis yda

`ufro kargad rom gamopranWuliyavi, metad momewonebodi~!

barbara henigeri (Barbara Henniger), 1985.
98 99

`Tqven, vinc aq SemoabijebT, yovelgvar imeds unda
gamoemSvidoboT~.
eva h. (doqtori eva heleri) Eva H. (Dr. Eva Heller), 1985.
100
Tanamedrove evropuli qalTa
literaturis kulturologiuri da
genderuli aspeqtebi
kultura, tradicia da literatura mniSvnelovan
fenomens warmoadgens, sadac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebu­
lia RirebulebaTa erToblioba, anu is, rac Camoyalibe­
buli (kultura), damkvidrebuli (tradicia) da asaxulia
(literatura). mxatvrul literaturaSi warmoCenilia is
Rirebulebebi, romlebic xSirad aris realizebuli ama Tu
im kulturaSi, an, zogadkulturulia da kulturul uni­
versalias warmoadgens. meoce saukunis meore naxevridan
genderuli kvlevebisa da genderuli Teoriebis warmoSo­
bisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad damkvidrda mosazreba, rom
genderi aris kulturuli konstruqti, romlis fargleb­
Sic gansxvavebuli kulturebi gansxvavebul rolebs, Ri­
rebulebebs, pasuxismgeblobebs aniWeben qalebsa da mamak­
acebs. Sesabamisad, aRiarebulia, rom genderuli rolebi
formirdeba kulturis meSveobiT. es ki, Tavisebur asaxvas
hpovebs literaturaSi, maT Soris, qali avtorebis te­
qstebSi.
struqturalizmisa da poststruqturalizmis mixed­
viT, ena da is, rasac vambobT an vwerT, ar aris sinamdvilis
zusti asaxva da arc imisi zusti warmoCena, rac da risi Tq­
mis survilic ideaSi, azrSi iyo, aramed ena aris garkveu­
li konstruqti da konstruqtebis erToblioba, romelic
diskursebisagan Sedgeba. amitomac naTqvami da dawerili,
anu literaturuli teqsti, enis diskursuli gamoxatu­
lebaa. teqsti ar aris samyaros xati, samyaros suraTi, ara­
med is aris, erTi mxriv, iseve rogorc yvela sxva enobrivi
gamoxatuleba – sinamdvilis konstruqtebisagan Semdga­
101
ri erToblioba, xolo, meore mxriv, diskursis garkveu­
li fragmenti, romelic sxva diskursisagan momdinareobs,
riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba samyaros xatis garkveuli dis­
kursuli aRwera miRebuli da/an arsebuli modelis mixed­
viT. Sesabamisad, is ar aris erTi avtoris individualuri
produqti, aramed mxatvruli teqsti aris socialuri fe­
nomeni, enobriv­kulturuli kodebisagan Semdgari dis­
kursebis erToblioba, radgan TviT avtoric aRniSnuli
diskursis Tanamonawilea da aRiarebs arsebul sazRvrebs.
literaturuli teqsti, Sesabamisi diskursidan gamom­
dinare, SesaZloa aRqmuli iyos, rogorc istoriuli do­
kumenti. genderuli kvlevebis mixedviT, literaturuli
teqstis gaazrebisas swored sazogadoebrivi diskursia
mniSvnelovani. literaturuli teqstebi Tavis TavSi mo­
icaven diskursis indikatorebs, romlebSic kulturuli
konstruqtebis gamocalkeveba da gadacema sruliad SesaZ­
lebelia. amavdroulad, es indikatorebi warmoadgenen im
sakiTxebsa da sferoebs, romlebic SesaZlebelia ganviTar­
des, Seicvalos rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis mixedviT da
amiT sazogadoebaze garkveuli gavlena moaxdinos. es exe­
ba genderul konstruqtebsac, kerZod, mamakacisa da qalis
Sexedulebebs, warmodgenebs, aseve, maT mier literaturu­
lad asaxuli teqstis diskurssa da enobriv konceptebs.
msoflio poeziaSi qalis saxe mravalferovania, Tumca
qali ZiriTadad mainc aris cxovrebis gamamSvenierebeli,
cxovrebis yvavili.
qalisa da mamakacis gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi
statusi da rolebi asaxulia mxatvrul literaturaSi,
sadac genderi or aspeqtSia mocemuli: 1. qaluri Tema; 2.
qali avtoris teqstebi (qaluri literatura).
uTuod sainteresoa, Tu ra Temebs moicavs qali avto­
102
rebis mier Seqmnili teqstebi, rogori da romeli litera­
turuli formebi viTardeboda qalTa literaturaSi, aris
Tu ara qali avtorebis mier Seqmnili mxatvruli litera­
tura calke literaturuli Janri, da Tu aris, ra gamomsax­
velobiTi saSualebebiT yalibdeba igi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom mraval garemoebasTan da problemasTan aris dakavSi­
rebuli qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis amgvari tipologiu­
ri kvleva, konkretuli tendenciebisa da qali avtorebi­
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis dasaxeleba da gamoyofa,
mainc cxadia, rom qali avtorebis literaturuli teqste­
bis esTetikuri da specifikuri xasiaTi aSkarad arsebobs.
qalTa literaturis Tematika imdenad mravalferova­
nia, ramdenadac Tavad literatura SeiZleba iyos mraval­
ferovani, Tumca qali avtorebis literaturuli teqste­
bis analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa erTi ZiriTadi Tematuri
jgufi, kerZod, teqstebis did umravlesobaSi centralu­
ri gmiri aris qali, romelic mudmivad eZebs sakuTar iden­
tobas, qaluri identobis damadasturebel niSnebs, rome­
lic yovel jerze darwmunebiT qaluria.
Tanamedrove mwerali qalebis teqstebis ZiriTadi
aqcenti kvlavac qalze, mis cxovrebaze, siZneleebsa da
dabrkolebebzea gadatanili. mwerali qalebis Semoq­
medebaSi nawarmoebebis mTavari personaJebi ZiriTadad
qalebi arian: TavianTi sisusteebiTa da tkivilebiT, rac
qali avtorebis mier Rrmad aris gaazrebuli da warmoCe­
nili. frangulenovani mwerlis, margerit diurasis Semo­
qmedebaSi siyvaruli mTavari Temaa, mTavari gmirebi ki,
qalebi arian. fransuaz saganis nawarmoebebi gulwrfel
grZnobebze, gzaareul da cxovrebaauwyobel adamianebze
mogviTxrobs, sadac mTavari personaJebi aseve qalebi ari­
an.
103
 Svedi mwerlis, nobelis premiis laureatis, selma la­
gerlofis Semoqmedeba naTelisa da bnelis Widilis fonze
aRwers adamians. misi saxelganTqmuli romanis, `mefornes~
mTavari gmiri qalia, mowyalebis da, romelic Ratakebs
exmareba. adamianSi sikeTis povna da borotis gardaqm­
na swored fizikurad susti, magram Sinaganad myari da
Zlieri da ediTis ukideganod mowyale da uangaro si­
yvarulis Sedegad xdeba SesaZlebeli. mZime da duxWiri
cxovrebisagan gaborotebuli daviTi ediTis daJinebuli
mcdelobebis Semdeg xvdeba Tavis Secdomebs da ukanask­
nel wuTebSi inaniebs.
afroamerikuli literaturis erT­erTi TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlis, nobelianti toni morisonis teqstebi
rasobrivi diskriminaciis, TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa
Tanacxovrebis mZime epoqebs exeba. mas nobelis premia 1993
wels mianiWEes, Tumca manamdec da mis Semdegac araerTi
aRiareba moipova. romani `wyaloba~ (`A Mercy~) 2008 wels
gamoqveynda da wlis aT saukeTeso romans Soris dasaxel­
da. romani meCvidmete saukunis amerikis cxovrebas asaxavs.
dramatulad aris aRwerili rasobrivi da klasTaSorisi
gansxvavebuloba, TeTrkanianisa da DSavkanianis, mdidrisa
da Raribis, batonisa da monis urTierTobebi mudmivi
daZabulobis fons qmnis, sadac adamianebi cxovroben, qm­
nian da kargaven. romanis mTavari gmirebi qalebi arian.
miuxedavad imisa, rom teqstis mTavari Tema qalTa dis­
kriminacia ar aris, am mimarTulebiT mwerali qali mraval
saintereso aqcents svams. `coli sWirdeboda, romelic
megobaric iqneboda, Tanac araeklesiuri da bavSvebsac
gauCenda. morCili unda yofiliyo da ara _ ampartavani,
damoukidebeli, magram amave dros mzrunvelic. sayvedurs
ver aitanda~ (morisoni 2013, gv. 24). aseT cols eZebs ro­
104
manis gmiri, fermeri vaarki, rac romanSi aRwerili epoqis
Sexedulebebs zustad asaxavs.
nawarmoebis mTavari personaJi, Savkaniani mona ve­
rafriT xvdeba, ratom moiglija dedam kalTidan da ratom
gaasxvisa. dramatulad gaviTarebuli Txroba mravaljer
gvaxsenebs Savkaniani gogonas tkivils, romelic dedis
am nabijma gamoiwvia, Tumca romanis bolos am kiTxvasac
gaecema pasuxi: dedas jer kidev sruliad norCi gogonas
Seuracxyofisa SeeSinda: `samosi mkerds Zlivs gifaravda,
batonma Tvali dagadga~ (morisoni 2013, gv. 182)... `CvenT­
vis Seuracxyofis moyeneba Cveulebrivi ambavia... kacebi
yvelafers bilwaven: qalebs, pirutyvs, wyals, mcenareT.
viTom araferiao, ise gviwvaven saxlebs da gvaoxreben.
rasac ver anadgureben, gasayidad miaqvT. vazis lerwebiT
gvabamen erTmaneTze da ise migvaTreven~ (morisoni 2013,
gv. 180), _ ismis dedis xma.
qali avtorebis didi nawilisaTvis literaturuli
recefciebis amosavali wertili sakuTari gamocdile­
baa, is mikrokosmosia, romliTac mTeli samyaros gaxsna
da amoxsna aris SesaZlebeli. subieqturi gamocdilebis
literaturulad asaxva qali avtorebis teqstebs aniWebs
avTenturobas da xazs usvams qalebis mier specifikurad
danaxuli samyaros gansxvavebul xedvas, aseve, gansxvave­
buli kulturuli realobisa da qali avtorebis teqste­
bis Sesabamisi sicxadiT aRqmis sakiTxebs.
qaluri identobis Secnobisa da damkvidrebis gzaze
qali avtorebi sakuTar warsuls uRrmavdebian. warsuli
gamoiyeneba, rogorc mediumi imisaTvis, rom sakuTar aw­
myoSi gaTviTcnobierdes. bavSvobisdroindeli gancdebi­
sa da gamocdilebis gaxseneba da mxatvrul­literaturu­
li gadamuSaveba qali avtorebisaTvis did mniSvnelobas
105
iZens. maT surT gamoxaton, Tu rogori iyo qalad yofna
partiarqalurad ganwyobil sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi, ra
siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli sakuTari pirovnuli da
mzardi qaluri bunebis warmoCena da damkvidreba da ra ga­
remoebebTan aris dakavSirebuli ukve zrdasruli qalis
cxovreba. mraval teqstSi, romelSic qaluri me aSkarad
aris gamoxatuli, Svilsa da mSoblebs Soris gansxvavebu­
li Sexedulebebis gamo konfliqti gardauvalia, radga­
nac patriarqaluri struqtura Tavis TavSi moicavs qalis
mimarT mtrulad ganwyobil garemos, romelic ojaxSive
iRebs fundaments. Sesabamisad, piradi konfliqti Sem­
dgomSi politikurad angaJirebul dapirispirebaSi ga­
daizrdeba, sadac qali unda gaumklavdes sazogadoebriv
stereotipebs, konkurencias, sxvadasxva saxis dapirispi­
rebas, ibrZolos sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Tanabaruf­
lebiani ganviTarebisaTvis, ibrZolos bednierebisaTvis,
maT Soris, qaluri bednierebisaTvis.
qaluri Temebis, iseve rogorc, ojaxuri Temebis mi­
Tis dekonstruqcia da qalisa da mamakacis Tanacxovrebis
demiTizacia qali avtorebis TxzulebebSi tradiciulad,
gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs. Sesabamisad, xSiria qa­
li avtorebis mier ojaxuri Tanacxovrebis bednieri gag­
rZelebis nacvlad im problemebis warmoCena, romlebic
mxolod qalis poziciidan aris niSandoblivi. ojaxuri
ierarqiebi, dadgenili rolebi, qalsa da mamakacs Soris
arsebuli gamijnuli movaleobebi, sadac qali gacilebiT
met wvrilman, uxilav, magram, amave dros, mniSvnelovan da
saWiro saqmianobas unda eweodes, vidre mamakaci, ojaxuri
ZiriTadi da meoreuli funqciebi, sadac qals, miuxedavad
Tavisi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Zlieri saojaxo datvirTvi­
sa, mainc meoreul rolSi uwevs cxovreba, feministi qali
106
avtorebis nawarmoebebis ZiriTadi Tema gaxda. subieqtisa
da obieqtis definiciebi, sadac qalsa da mamakacs Soris,
umTavresad, subieqti mamakacia, Tavisi survilebiTa da
nebiT, xolo obieqti qalia, morCilebisa da moTminebis
valdebulebiT – amgvari ierarqiebis Cveneba qali avtore­
bis teqstebSi xSirad gvxvdeba.
qali avtorebis nawarmoebebSi mdedrobiTi identobis
damkvidrebis paralelurad, aSkarad igrZnoba qalebis yo­
veldRiurobis detalurad aRwerisadmi midrekileba, sa­
dac qali avtori cdilobs aCvenos qalis yofiTi cxovreba
ara momxibvlelad, aramed Seulamazeblad, dramatulad
da problemurad. qalis cxovrebis detalur aRweras ori
mizani aqvs: erTi mxriv, aRniSnuli faqtori warmoadgens
qalebisaTvis saerTo da ganmazogadebel, yvela qalisaT­
vis advilad Sesacnob sakiTxs, risi meSveobiTac Cndeba
SegrZneba sxva qalis mimarT solidarobisa da garkveuli
kavSirisa qalebs Soris, xolo, meore mxriv, qali avtorebi
qvecnobierad mimarTaven mamakacebs, maT yuradRebas amax­
vileben qalebis yoveldRiurobaze, im gaucxoebaze, rasac
qali grZnobs da ganicdis sakuTari, specifikurad qalu­
ri movaleobebis Sesrulebis dros da mis miRma. aCvenebs
mamakacs, Tu ra da rogori problemebis winaSe dgas qali,
magaliTad, orsulobis dros, dedobis dros, bavSvis aR­
zrdisas, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac, paralelurad,
qali, iseve rogorc mamakaci, SesaZloa profesiuli gamow­
vevebis winaSe idges, magaliTad, ganaTlebis, profesiuli
cxovrebis, sazogadoebrivi aqtiurobis, SemoqmedebiTi
cxovrebis, iseve rogorc sakuTriv qalurad Secnobili
siyvarulis SemTxvevaSi.
sakuTari, piradi cxovrebis, aseve, qalebis yofiTi
detalebis aRweriT qali avtorebi sazogadoebas disku­
107
siisaken mouwodeben, sadac sasurvelia sazogadoebrivi
da socialuri cvlilebebi. swored sazogadoebis yurad­
Rebis moTxovniTaa gamsWvaluli qali avtorebis nawerebi,
vinaidan `angaJirebulma mweralma icis, rom wera aris vaW­
roba, man icis, rom wera Secvlas gulisxmobs da maSin wer,
rodesac Secvla ginda~ (sartri 1997, gv. 26).
qali avtorebis nawarmoebebis saerTo niSnebidan da
Tematikidan unda gamoiyos agreTve qalis sxeulisa da misi
mgrZnobelobis sakiTxebi, sadac qalebi sakuTari sxeulis
aRmoCenasa da seqsualobas literaturul Temebad gardaq­
mnian da am gancdebs uqvemdebareben, an ar uqvemdebareben
mamakacebis mier dadgenil normebsa da Sesabamisobebs. qal­
Ta literaturis mkvlevrebis mier aRiarebulia, rom aRniS­
nuli Tema mkveTrad gansazRvravs qali avtorebis litera­
turuli teqstebis xasiaTs, sadac sxeuli ar aris obieqti,
xolo survilebi da SegrZnebebi ar aRiqmeba damamcirebel,
dasamal Temebad, aramed es aris qaluri socialuri xasia­
Ti, riTac qalia gamsWvaluli. aRniSnuli Tematuri xazis
gagrZelebaa e. w. qaluri siyvaruli, dedisa da Svilis (Cvi­
loba, bavSvoba) urTierToba, aseve, martosulobis SegrZne­
bebi da asakis matebis, xanSiSesulobisa da moxucebulobis
qaluri gancdebi.
rac Seexeba dedisa da Svilis urTierTobas, aq gamoi­
yofa kidev erTi Sida Tema – dedisa da qaliSvilis urTi­
erToba, romelic saTaves iRebs mdedrobiTi genealogi­
idan, qalTa istoriebidan, didi bebiisa da bebiis, bebiisa
da dedis, dedisa da qaliSvilis istoriebis aRweriT ki
iqmneba miTiuri kvlavdabrunebis idea, sadac kvlavac Se­
sacvlelia qalis cxovreba ukeTesobisaken, sadac kvlavac
mosalodnelia konfliqtebi da brZolebi, tkivili da si­
xaruli, gamarjveba da damarcxeba.
108
meoce saukunis meore naxevridan, feministuri da gen­
deruli kvlevebis Sedegad gamoikveTa qali avtorebis
teqstebis kvlevis axleburi meTodebi. amasTan, unda iT­
qvas isic, rom TavisTavad cnobieri da genderulad dat­
virTuli gaxda Tavad qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba. qali
avtorebis nawilisaTvis, romlebic swored genderuli
kvlevebis fonze da feministuri kvlevebis Suqze qmnidnen
sakuTar Semoqmedebas, zogierTi feministuri mosazre­
ba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. aq igrZnoba, rom qali avto­
ri Rrmad ukvirdeba, erTi mxriv, Tavad qalis uflebebs,
qalis istoriul da Tanamedrove rolebs, meore mxriv –
qalis sulier da fizikur bunebas, Sesabamisad, zogjer
mkveTr xazs avlebs feministur ideebsa da sakuTar Sexe­
dulebebs Soris, Tumca is rCeba avtorad, romlis Semoq­
medeba erTmniSvnelovnad qaluria.
cnobili holandieli avtori, feministi iovone kronen­
bergi romanSi: `SemiZlia gavcvalo?~ wers: `feministi xar?~
– mekiTxeba germaneli mkvlevari sruliad seriozulad...
– me davfiqrdi. adre daufiqreblad vityodi: – `ki~, Tu
SemekiTxebodnen, var Tu ara feministi, magram axla femi­
nistebs Soris arian iseTebic, romlebTanac ar minda raime
saerTo mqondes. ra Tqma unda, vTvli, rom qalebs sazoga­
doebaSi iseTive SesaZleblobebi unda hqondeT, rogoric
– mamakacebs da qalebic imdensave unda gamoimuSavebdnen,
ramdensac – mamakacebi. magram es yovelTvis rTulia, rad­
gan damsaqmeblebi Tanabaruflebianobis Temas protests
ucxadeben, vinaidan qalebi da maTi uflebebi Zviri ujde­
baT. bavSvebis movla fuli Rirs da ufro martivi iqneboda,
Tu qalebi saxlSi darCebodnen da zRaprebs waukiTxavdnen
TavianT Svilebs, vidre kompiuteris specialistad an gan­
yofilebis ufrosad imuSaon~ (kronenbergi 1993, gv. 9­10)*.
109
 kronenbergisaTvis Zvirfasia qali, misi samyaro, misi
buneba, misi daZleuli da dauZleveli siZneleebi, qali,
romelic ibrZvis, qali, romelic nebdeba, qali, romelic
mudmiv konkurenciaSia mamakacebTanac da qalebTanac.
kronenbergi qalis bunebas aRwers. misTvis yoveli qali
pirvel pirSia, yvela `me”­a, `me~, romelic sustia, `me~, ro­
melic Zlieria, `me~, romelic Seyvarebulia, romelsac
hyavs sayvareli mamakaci da `me~, romelic martoa. miuxe­
davad imisa, rom kronenbergi qals gulSematkivrobs, is ar
aris imdenad subieqturi, rom yvelgan da yvelaferSi ma­
makacis danaSauli dainaxos, yvelaferSi mamakaci gaamtyu­
nos, yvelgan daCagruli qalis roli airCios.
`me ar vfiqrob, rom mamakacebma moilaparakes, rom qa­
lebi daamciron. isini xom SeSlilebi iqnebodnen. sabedni­
erod, qalebi yvelafers akeTeben, rom TviTon ganviTard­
nen da erTmaneTic ganaviTaron...
me imedi mqonda, rom qalebi dasaqmebis birJas Stur­
miT aiRebdnen, Cvilebs bagaSi miabarebdnen, sarecxs Ta­
vianT qmrebs miayridnen, Tuki rame ar moewonebodaT, mag­
ram ase ar moxda. miuxedavad imisa, rom arseboben qalebi,
romlebmac kariera daiwyes, mainc bevri qali anebebs pro­
fesias Tavs, rodesac deda xdeba. es yvelaferi albaT
hormonebzec aris damokidebuli. buneba tvirTavs qals
Cvilis movlisa da dedobrivi SegrZnebebis valdebule­
bebiT. Citebs, kvercxis dadebis Semdeg, mkerdze anTeba
uviTardebaT, bumbuli scvivaT da civ kvercxebTan Sexeba
siamovnebT, rac maTTvisac kargia, Torem sxva SemTxvevaSi
arcerTi Citi ar gamoCekda budeSi bartyebs. adamianebSic
ar aris sxvagvarad~ (kronenbergi 1993, gv. 10­11).
kronenbergi aRwers qals, mis xasiaTs, Cvevebs, aRwers
mis samyaros, im nivTebs, romelsac qali mudmivad, xSirad,
110
Tu iSviaTad iyenebs. avtori xedavs im winaaRmdegobebsac,
rac qalis arsebaSi mudmivad arsebobs, ukiduresobebs, ur­
TierTgamomricxav faqtorebs, romlisganac Sedgeba qalis
samyaro. kronenbergisaTvis es yvelaferi savsebiT bunebri­
via, gasagebi, radgan swored es winaaRmdegobebi qmnis qals.
`ra unda qals?~ – kiTxulobda froidi da am kiTxvaze
ar hqonda pasuxi.
me vici: qals unda saxli. albaT mas aseve unda manqana
da bavSvebi da albaT qmaric ki, magram yvelaze metad qals
unda saxli...
saxlis gareSe qals ar SeuZlia simSvide ipovos, ami­
tomac yovelTvis daaqvs erTi cali Tan. qalisaTvis saxli
gzaSi – es aris CanTa. sayidlebis CanTa, xelCanTa an, SesaZ­
lebelia, orivec. CanTaSi mas udevs saxlidan wamoRebuli
nivTebi, romlebis gareSec igi saxlidan gareT ar gamo­
dis. cxvirsaxoci, safule cotaodeni fuliT, Svilebis an
katis suraTebi, savarcxeli, romelsac ar iyenebs, Zveli
pomada. da aravis, aravis aqvs ufleba, es CanTa amoqeqos!~
(kronenbergi 1993, gv. 82­83).
tradiciuli rolebis cvlis aucileblobam moitana
qalis uflebebis axleburi gaazreba. qalebi Seicvalnen.
Seicvalnen mamakacebic. nuTu maT gaiges qalis buneba? ga­
iges is, ris gamoc qali amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi obieqtad
iTvleboda da ara subieqtad? iovone kronenbergis azriT,
bolo xans mamakacebi gaumjobesdnen. `mamakacebs bolo
wlebSi winsvla emCnevaT. winaT mamakaci batoni iyo. yove­
li uwyinari vaJi yvelanairad cdilobda, ramdenadac Se­
saZlebeli iyo, swrafad gamxdariyo batoni...
qalebisaTvis batoni sasjelia. isini rTuli xasiaTiT
gamoirCevian da umravlesoba umaduria. amis gamo wamoviw­
yeT qalTa moZraoba, rom mamakacebis batonoba SegveCerebi­
111
na. mamakacebis batonobis mcireoden formebs Cven dRemde
mainc vxedavT: mamakacebi, romlebic ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg
mucels wamoizrdian da sawolSi saTburad gamoiyenebian.
Tanamedrove mamakaci aRar aris batoni, aramed aris
Wabuki~ (kronenbergi 1993, gv. 87).
qalTa literaturis evropuli diskursi qalisa da
mamakacis tradiciuli rolebis gadaazrebas gulisxmobs.
genderuli aspeqtebi xSirad ejaWveba kulturologiur,
sazogadoebriv da socialur sakiTxebs, imas, raSic qalsac
da mamakacsac mudmivad uxdebaT cxovreba.
112
qali narTebis eposSi
narTebis eposi vaJkacuri, sagmiro Tavgadasavlebis
epopeaa. es uzarmazari zRaprul­miTologiuri samyaro
gvxiblavs keTilSobilebis, sulgrZelobis, sikeTisa da
sxva amaRlebuli ideebis gamoxatulebiT. masSi mxatvru­
ladaa asaxuli narTebis wes­Cveulebebi: sayovelTao sa­
Temo wesebi, vaJkacobis dauwereli kodeqsi – sustebis
gamosarCleba, dev­gmirebTan Serkineba, ufrosumcro­
sobis adaTis dacva, stumris RvTis gamogzavnilad miCne­
va, RvTaebis pativiscema da uamravi amgvari, rac maT dam­
cvelTa Rirsebaze da maT maRal zneobriv principebze
metyvelebs.
sagangebod unda SevexoT iseT Temas, rogoricaa qalis
Tayvaniscema narTebis eposSi. marTalia, kavkasiel xalxTa
folklorSi qalis Tayvaniscema, mis mimarT mowiweba­mok­
rZaleba sakmaod Zlieradaa warmoCenili, magram iseTi mo­
numenturi saxe qalisa, rogoricaa saTanas saxe narTebis
eposSi, Znelad moiZebneba sxvagan. akad. v. abaevi aRniSnavs:
`CvenTvis rom ekiTxaT, ra aris narTebis eposSi yvelaze
SesaniSnavi, daufiqreblad vupasuxebdiT: saTanas saxe.
qalebi bevr epopeebSi figurireben, magram Cven romeli­
me sxva eposSi amaod davuwyebdiT Zebnas iseTi siZlieris,
iseTi mniSvnelobis, iseTi gaqanebis da iseTi sicxovelis
qalis saxes, rogoric narTi saTanaa~ (abaevi 1988, gv. 7).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saTanas cikli mravalmxriv aris
gamorCeuli. is, rom qali „RvTis danabadia“, aq pirdapir
aris gacxadebuli („saTanas dabadeba“). narTebis eposis mi­
xedviT igi vasTirjis Svilia. rom moizarda, „iseTi lamazi
da gonieri qali dadga, rom misi silamaze bnel Rames dRe­
saviT anaTebda. azrovneba ki basr danaze maxvili hqonda
113
da isarze ufro mizanmimarTuli“ (narTebi 1988, gv. 57).
saTana aris didebuli saxe ojaxis diasaxlisisa, ro­
melic gamoirCeva WkuiT, gonierebiT, sazrianobiT. misi
rCeva narTebs yovelTvis moswonT. igi ojaxis namdvili
burjia, mas baraqiani xeli aqvs, mTel narTebs is apurebs
SimSilobis dros. saTana ara mxolod kargi diasaxlisia,
aramed narTebis tomisaTvis sasicocxlo maragis damcve­
li da sworad gamanawilebelic aris. saTanas roli narTe­
bis eposSi sakmaod damajerebeli, saintereso da farToa.
Tu narTebis eposis warmoSoba qristianobamdel xana­
Sia sagulvebeli, saTanas saxis Zieba kidev ufro Soridan
iwyeba: `mtkiceba imisa, rom saTanas saxe matriarqatidan
modis – Ria karis mtvrevas udris. matriarqatis Tvisebebi
yvela uZveles eposSi uxvadaa gafantuli, magram iseTi mo­
numenturi qalis figuris arsebobas swored osur eposSi,
rogoric saTanaa, gansakuTrebuli istoriuli mniSvnelo­
ba aqvs~ (abaevi 1988, gv. 8).
sainteresoa isic, rom saTana erTdroulad lamazi qa­
li, mijnuri, jadoqari da kargi diasaxlisia. mas SeuZlia
SeZras dedamiwa, erT RameSi moiyvanos Svid zamTars mosas­
vleli Tovli, atexos qariSxali, esaubros frinvelebs,
cxovelebs da, amavdroulad, iyos daucveli da sabralo,
iqve ki, sazriani da brZeni. saTana narTebis eposis mixed­
viT maradiuli qalia. misi saxe eposs bolomde mihyveba
Tan. saTana epizodurad Cans narTebis yvela ciklSi, igi
narTebis diasaxlisia, maspinZeli, ojaxis, tomis, xalxis
kargi deda.
saTanas saxe sakuTar TavSi, sakuTar mosazrebebsa da
survilebSi damajereblad darwmunebuli qalis saxea. misi
gadawyvetilebebi ki is kanonzomierebebia, romlebic gar­
dauvlad Sesasrulebelia. narTebis eposi mogviTxrobs,
114
Tu rogor gaxda saTana uruzmagis coli (saTana da uruz­
magi da­Zmani arian).
saTanas gaTxovebis dro rom movida, `fiqrobda, arCev­
da da angelozebs Sorisac ki uruzmagze brZeni da Zalgu­
lovani veravin aRmoaCina. da gulSi CaiTqva: `Tu uruzmagi
SemirTavs, xom kargi, Tu ara da, sulac ar gavTxovdebi!”
ra qnas axla saTanam: Tavisi piriT Tqmas ver ubedavs,
sxvisi daxmarebiT Caagdos gulisxmaSi, arc es unda. bolos
moifiqra: `modi, rac aris aris. me TviTon gavumxel~ (nar­
Tebi 1988, gv. 64).
Zmis uaris Semdeg saTana garkveul xerxs mimarTavs da
uruzmagis colis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi coli xde­
ba. da aqedan iwyeba misi, rogorc aqtiuri, Seyvarebuli,
grZneuli, brZeni, Zlieri qalis rolic.
uruzmagze gamijnurebuli saTana sxva drosac xSirad
mimarTavs grZneulebas imisaTvis, rom qmars kidev ufro
Seuyvardes, rom kidev ufro moxiblos Tavisi silamaziT,
gonierebiT, sazrianobiT.
narTebis eposi gviambobs:
`grZneulma saTanam moxucebuli qalis iersaxe miiRo
da uruzmags SesCivla:
– uruzmag, me ojaxis diasaxlisad veRar gamogadgebi.
sanam cocxali gyevar, sxva coli SeirTe.
uruzmagi uarze dadga:
– saTana, sanam suli gidgas, sxva colis SemrTveli ara var!
saTanam qmars xelmeored dauwyo Segoneba:
– uruzmag, gamigone, me veRaraferSi gamogadgebi da
narTebis samive gvarSi mimxedavis gareSe darCenili, dai­
Rupebi. sanam cocxali var, girCev, colis SerTvaze ifiq­
ro~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 64).
daujera uruzmagma cols da boraTebis asuli moiy­
115
vana colad. saTanam kvlav axalgazrduli saxe daibruna.
dainaxa es uruzmagma da boraTebis asuls axlosac ar gah­
karebia.
ase Tamamad da vnebianad uyvars saTanas qmari, ase
cdilobs yovelTvis Tavi moawonos, kidev ufro rom uy­
vardes. aseTi siyvarulis ambavi albaT Tanamedrove li­
teraturuli gmirisaTvis Tu iqneboda damaxasiaTebeli,
uZveles droSi ki, roca narTebis eposi Seiqmna, qalis
amgvari saqcieli mxolod qalis mniSvnelovan rolze
migvaniSnebs.
TqmulebaSi: `rogor eyreboda uruzmagi saTanas~
vkiTxulobT:
`erTxel uruzmagi Tavis cols Zlier gaubrazda da
uTxra:
– RvTis gulisaTvis, gamSordi, wadi Sens samSobloSi!
rac ki mogwons am saxlSi, waiRe. Tu ram Zvirfasi ganZi gag­
vaCnia, sul Seni iyos, oRond Tavi damanebe, aRar SemiZlia!
– Zalian kargi, – uTxra saTanam, – raki meti gza aRar
damrCenia, unda dagemorCilo, kaco. waval, oRond erTi
saTxovari maqvs da amisrule. me narTebis purmarili mimi­
Ria, aseve, narTebsac Cemi naxelavi ugemiaT. ukanasknelad
wveuleba gamarTe da narTebi damipatiJe, pativiscemis
niSnad minda nuazani* mivarTva~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 67).
daeTanxma uruzmagi da wveuleba gamarTa. saTanam sa­
ucxoo sufra gaSala. narTebi erTi kviras usxdnen uxv
sufras, bolos, roca yvela wavida, uruzmagi daTvra da
daeZina.
`saTanam Seaba napativebi xarebi uremSi, jinSi Tomi Ca­
afina, gadaafara xaliCa, daago zed leibi, Caawvina mZina­
re qmari Sig da Tavis samSoblosken gaudga gzas. saxlidan
* nuazani (osurSi) pativiscemis niSnad mirTmeuli sasmeli.
116
srulebiT araferi ar wamouRia.
roca gaivakes da barSi Cavidnen, uruzmags gamoeRvi­
Za. am xanSi kidevac gamofxizlda. xedavs, gverdiT saTana
uzis, saxriT xarebs erekeba da borxvenas foTlebiT bu­
zebs ugeriebs.
`es ra saocrebaa, rom veraferi gamigia?~ – fiqrobs
uruzmagi.
– sad mivdivarT, qalo? – hkiTxa kacma qals.
– albaT dagaviwyda saxlidan rom gamomagde, ara? sam­
SobloSi mivdivar, – upasuxa qalma.
– kargi da patiosani, magram erTi es gamagebine, me sad­
Ra migyavar? – hkiTxa uruzmagma.
– roca samSobloSi mistumrebdi, xom miTxari: `Tu ra­
me Zvirfasi ganZi gagaCnia, Seni iyos, waiReo”. me cxovreba­
Si Senze Zvirfasi da sayvareli ganZi sxva ara gamaCnia ra
da wamogiyvane; sxva ganZisTvis xelic ar mixlia~ (narTebi
1988, gv. 67­68).
aseTia pasuxi qalisa, romelsac unda, rom marad meuR­
lis gverdiT egulebodes Tavi. qalisa, romelic am survi­
lis gamo aTasgvar eSmakobas mimarTavs, rom kidev ufro
lamazad, marjved da sazrianad gamoiyurebodes, raTa mis
sibrZneSi darwmunebuli meuRle erTgulad eweodes col­
qmrul uRels.
am Tqmulebas bevri paraleli SeiZleba daeZebnos sxva­
dasxva xalxis folklorul wyaroebSi. `cxadia, nebismieri
xalxis sazRapro eposSi xSirad gvxvdeba, egreT wodebuli,
moaruli siuJetebi. upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeba msgav­
si, kliSirebuli redaqcia xalxTa yofisa da yofierebis
analogiur an TiTqmis erTnair socialur­istoriul pi­
robebze. xalxebis xangrZlivi da mSvidobiani keTilmezob­
lobis procesSi xdeba esTetikuri Rirebulebebis bunebri­
117
vi gacvla. miT umetes, kavkasiis xalxebs Soris, romlebic,
TiTqosda bedis mier Tavmoyrili arian mcire teritori­
aze imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTs gauwion keTilmezobloba
da gaumJRavnon keTili grZnobebi~ (jusoiTi 2002, gv. 2).
saTanas saxe marTlac STambeWdavia narTebis eposSi
da qalis rolis amdenad gavrcobas mkiTxveli Tqmule­
bebis yvela ciklSi aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs. maSinac ki,
roca narTi acas umcrosma vaJma, acamazma, mSvenierebiT
ganTqmuli agunda­mzeTunaxavi moiyvana colad, mraval
gamocdas gauZlo, mravali dabrkoleba gadalaxa da wmin­
da vasTirji agundas xelismomkided dadga, patarZlis
narTebSi miyvanisas saTanas, rogorc narTebis maspinZels
umRerian:
`oi, Cveno didebulo diasaxliso saTana!
oi, dovlaTiani cxovrebis saTana!
oi, Sen gimReriTo,
oi, Sen, Cveno diasaxliso saTana!~ (osuri zepirsi­
tyviereba 2005, gv. 290).
sityva `diasaxlisi~ (фысым) Zalze Rrma da mravlis­
momcveli cnebaa osurSi. masSi igulisxmeba maspinZelic,
gamkiTxvel­Semfarebelic da Rirseuli pirovnebac. qar­
TulSi aq mxolod qali igulisxmeba, osurSi фысым qalic
SeiZleba iyos da kacic. am sityviT gamoixateba krZalva,
pativiscema im adamianis mimarT, vis epiTetadac ixmareba
es cneba.
epizoduri rolic ki axali StrixiT avsebs saTanas
mxatvrul saxes. TqmulebebSi misi epizoduri gamoCenac
ukve calke, mTliani da dasrulebuli saxea gmirisa.
mravali ram SeiZleba iTqvas saTanas, rogorc qalis
Sesaxeb, magram albaT upirvelesad is, rom narTebis eposis
mixedviT swored qalis, swored saTanas saxels miewereba
118
ludis warmoSoba. `qalTa Soris upirvelesis da ukeTesis
– saTanas pirovnebasTanaa dakavSirebuli sasmelebs Soris
aseve pirveli da saukeTeso, os­alanebis sayvareli sasme­
lis, ludis gaCena. eTnografiuli da lingvisturi mona­
cemebi miuTiTeben ludis kulturis siZvelesa da gansa­
kuTrebul gavrcelebulobaze osebSi~ (abaevi 1988, gv. 9).
miTologiur TqmulebaSi, `rogor gaCnda ludi~ moT­
xrobilia, rom uruzmagma saTanasTan gabruebuli Citi
miiyvana, romelsac manamde sviisa da alaos marcvlebi ae­
kenka. `dafiqrda gonieri saTana da mixvda, ramac gaabrua
Citi. gamoxada qerisagan ludi, safuarad sviis yviTeli
foTlebi gamoiyena da amis Semdeg narTebs mSvenieri, saa­
mo sasmeliT umaspinZldeboda~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 98).
osur folklorSi mravali poeturi qmnileba eZRvneba
ludis xarSvas, mis warmoSobas da yvelgan saTanas saxelia
moxseniebuli:
`oi, ludi, noyieri ludi,
noyieri ludi, bedis ludi.
mas Semdeg viswavleT misi momzadeba.
didxans icocxlos im Citma,
ufro met xans ki – saTanam!~ (osuri zepirsityviereba
2005, gv. 34).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saTana ara mxolod saTanasa
da uruzmagis ciklis mTavari gmiria, aramed igi mTeli nar­
Tebis eposis, narTebis xalxis Tanamdevi figuraa. igi yvela
epizodSi, sxva centraluri gmirebis gverdiTac ki gamor­
Ceuli, gansakuTrebuli saxea. qalis rolis amgvari gafar­
Toeba iSviaTia folklorSi. gansakuTrebiT iSviaTi – zRap­
rul­miTosur TqmulebebSi. swored amitom miiCnevda akad.
v. abaevi: `yovelive es uflebas gvaZlevs saTanasa da masTan
dakavSirebul siuJetebsa da motivebSi davinaxoT erT­er­
119
Ti yevlaze Taviseburi movlena aramarto osur, aramed
msoflio xalxur­epikur tradiciaSic~ (abaevi 1988, gv. 11).
mravali xalxis folklorSi figurirebs qali, ro­
gorc siwmindis, sibrZnis, simtkicis, erTgulebis sim­
bolo. mravali xalxis zepirsityviereba icnobs mijnur
qalebs, mefe­qalebs, mxevlebs, didebulebs, dedebs, qal­
wulebs, debsa da colebs, romlebic TavianTi raindebis
gverdiT ibrZvian, magram osur folklorSi sxva gmiri qa­
lebis gverdiT aris qalis, saTanas saxe, romelic erTna­
irad nacnobi da popularuli gmiria rogorc narTebis
poeziaSi, aseve calkeul Tqmulebebsa Tu zRaprebSi da
romelic yvelgan Seucvlelia. albaT swored amitomaa,
rom arsad aris moTxrobili saTanas aRsasrulis Sesaxeb.
Cven vigebT, rogor iRupebian calkeuli gmirebi, vigebT,
rogor dadga narTebis aRsasruli, rom maT gadawyvites
`maradiul sicocxles maradiuli dideba gvirCevniao~,
magram arsad gvxvdeba miniSneba saTanas sikvdilis Sesaxeb.
qali narTebis eposSi mxolod saTanas saxiT ar amo­
iwureba. mis gverdiT arian qalebi, romelTac aseve didi
roli aqvT narTebis TqmulebebSi.
mzeTunaxavi Zerasa meuRlis erTguli qalia, romelic
gardacvlil qmars RvTaebasTanac ar Ralatobs.
narTebis eposSi, iseve rogorc sxva xalxTa folklor­
Si, qali xSirad gansakuTrebuli raindis, marjve, Zlieri,
sazriani vaJkacis mZebnelia. asevea qosar­mzeTunaxavi,
romelic mfrinav koSkSi cxovrobs da im rainds elodeba,
romlis natyorcni isaric miaRwevs mis koSkamde.
sainteresoa moaruli siuJetis, bayayad qceuli qalis
narTebiseuli versia. bicenoni bicineTebis asulia, rome­
lic xamicma moiyvana colad. qali dRisiT ulamazesi asu­
lia: `iseTi lamazi iyo, misi brwyinvalebiT mzes sinaTle
120
miemata, dedamiwas – mSveneba. mxrebze gadmoRvrili Tma
koWebamde swvdeboda. misma brwyinvalebam saxli ise gaa­
naTa, TiTqos Werze mzes gamoenaTebinos~ (narTebi 1988,
gv. 209). RamiT ki bayayad iqceva. rogorc cnobilia, fol­
kloruli gmiris aseT saxes aucileblad axlavs akrZalva.
qali iseTi jiSisaa, romlebic dacinvaze avad xdebian, xo­
lo sayvedurze ixocebian. xamicma coli nixasSi* waiyvana.
narTebis saubedurod dabadebulma sirdonma qalsa da xa­
mics dascina. amis gamo bicenoni samSobloSi brundeba. qa­
lis faqizi bunebis amgvarad aRqma, uTuod saintereso da
mravlismTqmelia. `eposi yovelTvis idealur yofas gvixa­
tavs. narTebis yofac idealuria, anu is pasuxobs xalxis
idealebs, miswrafebebs, imedebs, molodinebs, romelTac
dRemde yavli ar gasvliaT. Tumca misi samyaro gamwarebu­
li wuTisoflis realuri xatic aris, romelic savsea gau­
tanlobiT, muxanaTobiT, veragobiT, oinbazobiT, sulmok­
leobiT, nihilizmiT, rac kidev ufro warmoaCens gmirebis
keTilSobilebas, uangarobas~ (kiknaZe 2005, gv. 17).
qali folklorSi xSirad mamakacTa gmirobisa da ra­
induli Tavgadasavlebis mTavari RerZia. asevea narTebis
eposSic. baTraZi aqula­mzeTunaxavis SesarTavad qaliS­
vilisagan miRebul davalebas asrulebs. agunda­mzeTu­
naxavis siyvaruliT Sepyrobili acamazi siyvarulisgan
gaSmagebuli jadosnur salamurs amtvrevs, Semdeg qalis
pirobas asrulebs da, amis miuxedavad, qalis mamisagan
uars iRebs. sabolood, isev qals rCeba gadamwyveti sit­
yva. sainag­aldarma roca Seatyo, mis qaliSvils, agundas
saxelovani raindi acamazi gulSi Cavardnoda, mxolod ma­
Sin gadawyvita, Tavisi erTaderTi qali acamazisTvis mieT­
xovebina.
* adgili, sadac narTebi bWobdnen sxvadasxva saWirboroto sakiTxze.
121
 narTebis eposi icnobs mamakacebis gverdiT meomar
qalebs, romlebic sakuTari patiosnebis dasacavad Tu
mtrisgan Tavdasacavad uSiSrad ibrZvian. aseTia xazna, xu­
gaTi milos da, romelic lekebma moitaces. qali muxanaT
mters moklavs da Tavs eklesias Seafarebs (sainteresoa,
rom mas qarTveli mRvdeli Seifarebs).
aseTi siuJetebis gverdiT narTebis eposSi gvxvdeba
epizodebi, romlebic sainteresoa qalis saxis Taviseburi
gaazrebiT. baTraZis ciklSi moTxrobil TqmulebaSi: `nar­
Tebis Tavyriloba~ – vkiTxulobT: narTebSi dafasebulia
is, vinc mamaci da znekeTilia, vinc sma­Wamis zoma icis da
mucels ar asdevs da vinc `qalTan urTierTobaSi yvela­
ze wesieri gamodgeba, vinc Tavis diasaxliss yvelaze mets
mouTmens~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 256.). am Rirsebis gamo manve
daimsaxura winaparTa danatovari sami ganZi. narTebma ga­
dawyvites, baTraZi gamoecadaT. bunebrivia, baTraZma wi­
naswar araferi icoda, magram samive gamocdas Rirseulad
gaarTva Tavi. TqmulebaSi vkiTxulobT:
`axla, baTraZis Sin aryofnisas mis cols mwyemsi miug­
zavnes. baTraZma mas Tavis sawolSi miuswro: qals mwyemsis
mklavze eZina. baTraZma cols TavqveSidan mwyemsis mklavi
gamoacala da mwyemss Tavi colis mklavze daadebina. Tvi­
Ton ezoSi gamovida, Zirs nabadi daigo, TavqveS unagiris
ToqalTo daido, dawva da mzis amosvlamde fexic ar gaun­
Zrevia~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 257).
msajulebma baTraZs winaparTa samive ganZi gadasces
da gamohkiTxes, Tu saidan unda hqonoda SeZenili fola­
dovan gmirs es Tvisebebi. qalTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb
baTraZi yveba: ocdacxrameti narTi mxedari salaSqrod wa­
vida da erT saxls miadgnen, sadac erTi qaliSvili da xan­
SiSesuli deda daxvdnen. maspinZlebma mSvenieri vaxSami
122
gaSales. vaxSmobis Semdeg stumrebs logini or oTaxSi da­
uges, erTSi cxrameti kaci moaTavses, meoreSi – oci. dasa­
Zineblad dawolil baTraZs deda­Svilis saubari esmoda:
`– gogo, me ori paraskevi­Ra midevs win, rodis amom­
xdeba suli, ar vici: rodisRa gavixareb, rodisRa ras vi­
siamovneb. Sen RmerTma didi xnis sicocxle mogces, Torem
verc daiTvli, imden siames moeswrebi. modi, ase moviqceT:
ocs me vcem pativs, cxramets Sen miefere.
– dedaCemo, sikvdilma ufros­umcrosi ar icis: kvicis
tyavis TofraSi qeri bevr cxens uWamia. me jer ra micoc­
xlia, ra minaxavs; vnaxav Tu ara rames, egec sakiTxavia. Sen
ki gicxovria, bevri ginaxavs~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 259).
deda­Svilis saubris Semdeg baTraZi aseT daskvnas
akeTebs: `da maSin mivxvdi, ra sabralo yofila qali, dro­
dadro Turme ra mZime wuTebi udgeba! iq davifice, rom
mamaCemis keraze Cems saxelze Semosul qals arasodes vu­
Ralatebdi; Tu TviTon Seecdeboda, mainc ar davadanaSau­
lebdi~ (narTebi 1988, gv. 259).
mTis xalxTa mZime cxovreba, klimaturi pirobebi, yo­
fiTi sirTuleebi, gaWirvebis gadatanisa da Tavis gatanis
aucileblobebi erTnairad vrceldeba mamakacebsa da qa­
lebze. cnobilia, rom qali kidev ufro mZime Sromas ewe­
va mTaSi, vidre – mamakaci. albaT amis gamo, mTis xalxebSi
TiTqmis dRemdea SemorCenili sworferobis instituti,
gasaTxovari qalisa da dasaqorwinebeli mamakacis waw­
loba. aRniSnul tradicias icnobs aRmosavleT saqarTve­
los maRalmTianeTi. mravali leqsi Tu Tqmuleba swored
sworferobas eZRvneba. rogorc Cans, mTaSi miRebuli Sexe­
dulebebis mixedviT, qals gaTxovebis Semdeg Zalze didi
tvirTi adgas da gasaTxovrobaSi garkveul legitimacias
iRebs.
123
 osebis winapari narTebi mTis xalxi iyo. maTTvis, iseve
rogorc sxva mTis xalxebisTvis, ufrosumcrosobas, ada­
Tebsa da wes­Cveulebebs, zogadad – zneobas didi, zeaR­
matebuli mniSvneloba hqonda. zneobrivia narTebis yvela
dadebiTi gmiri, maT Soris – qalebi. Cven zemoT vaxseneT
Zerasa mzeTunaxavi, saTanasa da uruzmagis deda, romelic
gardacvlil qmars ar Ralatobs, TviT RvTaeba vasTirjis
colobas motyuebiT daaRwevs Tavs, xolo gardacvalebis
Semdeg Svilebs daubarebs, sami dRe udarajon mis cxedars,
rom vasTirjim muqara ar aasrulos. aseTi magaliTebis
gverdiT baTraZis saqcieli, roca colis gverdiT mZinare
mwyemss naxavs da meuRlis mklavze daadebinebs Tavs, ase­
ve deda­Svilis saubris mosmena da TviT baTraZis dafice­
ba: `da maSin mivxvdi, ra sabralo yofila qali, drodadro
Turme ra mZime wuTebi udgeba! iq davifice, rom mamaCemis
keraze Cems saxelze Semosul qals arasodes vuRalateb­
di; Tu TviTon Secdeboda, mainc ar davadanaSaulebdi~,
TiTqos ucnaur, mTis xalxisTvis warmoudgenel saqcie­
lad unda CaiTvalos, kavkasieli vaJkacis eTika TiTqos
darRveulia, aratradiciuli da daujerebelia msjelo­
bac da qmedebac, magram es yvelaferi ganpirobebulia qa­
lis pativiscemis, misi mZime xvedris Secnobis surviliT.
Tumca TqmulebaSi aRniSnuli epizodi damajereblad da
STambeWdavad aris warmodgenili, dadebiTi kuTxiT aris
moxmobili. dadebiTia TviT am ambis mTavari gmiri – baT­
raZi. misi yoveli qmedeba zneobrivia. adaT­wesebidanac
baTraZi mxolod saukeTeso, zneobriv, humanur principebs
asrulebs. bunebrivia, im sazogadoebaSi, narTebis nixasSi,
sadac baTraZi cxovrobs, es ambavi ar iTvleba tradicie­
bis gadaxvevad, darRvevad, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, am Tvi­
sebaTa sanacvlod baTraZi winaparTa ganZs ver moipovebda.
124
narTebis eposidan moyvanili magaliTi sainteresoa
mravali kuTxiT. dReisaTvis Zalze aqtualuria qalis
rolisa da uflebebis gansazRvra rogorc Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi, aseve sxvadasxva xalxis tradiciebsa da
istoriaSi, literaturasa da xelovnebaSi. mravali samec­
niero Tu sxva saxis kvleva swored qalis istoriul, arqa­
ul rols, qalTa uuflebobasa da emansipacias eZRvneba.
aRniSnuli epizodi albaT interesmoklebuli ar iqneboda
msgavsi saxis kvlevebisTvisac.
tradiciulad, mTis xalxTa wesebi icnobs qalis ufle­
bebis SemosazRvrulobas, gansakuTrebiT ki – mamakacebTan
urTierTobaSi. soslanis ciklis TqmulebaSi – `rogor Se­
irTo soslanma qoseri~ – moTxrobilia, rom gzad mimaval
soslans patarZali Sexvda, romelsac gmiri soflis ambavs
ekiTxeba, xolo patarZali ver pasuxobs, radgan vaisadagas
wess icavda. oseTSi, ise rogorc mTis sxva xalxebSi, arse­
bobda wesi, rom pativiscemis, moridebis niSnad axal pa­
tarZals ojaxSi ufrosebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki, mama­
kacebisaTvis xma ar unda gaeca. `es grZeldeboda wlobiT,
zogjer mTeli sicocxlec. xmis gaucemlobis wess vaisadi­
ni erqva, xolo mis Semsrulebel rZals – vaisadaga rZali~
(narTebi 1988, gv. 376). TavisTavad, es tradicia mraval­
mxriv zRudavs qals. amave TqmulebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom
soslani TviTon sTxovs patarZals daarRvios tradicia
da SekiTxvaze gasces pasuxi:
`– Tu RmerTi gwams, daanebe Tavi mag rids da miTxari,
ra iqna Cemi sofeli, sad aiyara xalxi?~ (narTebi 1988, gv.
140). patarZali mxolod amis Semdeg pasuxobs raindis Se­
kiTxvas.
sagulisxmoa, rom iseT mZime situaciaSic ki, rogori­
caa mtris Tavdasxma, rZals ekrZaleba mamamTilTan sauba­
125
ri. man icis moaxloebuli safrTxis Sesaxeb da patara biWs
gzavnis ojaxis ufrosTan ambis Sesatyobineblad. mxolod
mamakacs aqvs neba, darTos ufleba rZals, rom mas xma gas­
ces. didsulovani ojaxis ufrosi asec iqceva, rZals Se­
niSvnas aZlevs, ra dros umZraxobaao da pirveli TviTon
daelaparakeba, Tumca mxolod aseT mZime situaciaSi. es
osebSi da saerTod, mTis xalxSi iTvleboda mamakacis pa­
tiviscemad. aqve unda SevniSAnoT, rom qorwilSi patarZali
kuTxeSi idga mTeli saqorwino ceremonialis dros (rac
xandaxan ramdenime dRe da Rame grZeldeboda). sagulis­
xmoa is faqtic, rom rogorc salocavSi, ise nixasSi qali
ver gaiWaWanebda. mas ufleba ar hqonda kacebTan bWobisa,
sityvis Tqmisa.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania isic, rom qalis dabadeba
ojaxSi ar iyo didi sixarulis momtani (es saerTod, mTel
kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi iyo, Yzeimobdnen
mxolod vaJis dabadebas). qmars ekrZaleboda sxvis dasa­
naxavad qals an bavSvs mofereboda. qals saxeliTac ar mi­
marTavdnen da ganzogadebul saxels, diasaxliss eZaxdnen.
aq ikiTxeba albaT tabuireba, rac SeiZleba krZalvas ufro
gamoxatavs, vidre daknineba­damcirebas, rogorc amas zo­
gierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs.
bunebrivia, aseTi mcire mimoxilviTi naSromi odnava­
dac ver amowuravs qalis rolisa da saxis Cvenebas narTebis
eposSi. narTebis eposi mravali saintereso Temis, siuJe­
tis, ambis, ideis sabadoa. aq xSiria is idealisturi mimar­
Tebebi, rasac mkiTxveli sxvadasxva xalxis folklorSi
xSirad naxavs, Tumca narTebis eposi originaluri da in­
dividualuri msoflgancdiTac gamoirCeva, sadac xSirad
swored qals aqvs miniWebuli mTavari roli da sadac swo­
red qalis saSualebiT miiRweva mTavari mizani.
126
qali avtori da islamuri
aRmosavleTis literatura
`is, rom qali xarT, ukve niSnavs, rom
damnaSave xarT, Tu SeZeliT da qalTa sakiT­
xi dRis wesrigSi daayeneT da cota warmate­
basac miaRwieT, ormagad damnaSave xarT. me
realistis TvaliT vuyureb qalTa sakiTxs
da Cemi megobrebis Sefasebas, rom `me qalur
zRaprebs vyvebi~, ar veTanxmebi. mimaCnia, rom
TurqeTSi es sakiTxi ufro Rrma kvlevis sa­
gani unda gaxdes”.
nezihe arazi (Turqi mwerali qali)
aRmosavluri literatura Tavisi tradiciebiTa da
diqotomiiT bevrad ufro `mamakacuri~ iyo, vidre evro­
puli, rac, pirvel rigSi, aRmosavleTis bunebiT aris gan­
pirobebuli. qali, rogorc trfobisa da morCilebis obi­
eqti, mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu axerxebda sakuTari
interesebis, survilebisa da miswrafebebis literaturu­
lad gardasaxvasa da asaxvas. aRmosavleTi bevrad ufro
mkacri iyo qalis mimarT da es damokidebuleba religiuri
dogmebidan iRebda saTaves.
islamuri qveynebis literaturis ganviTarebas Tan
dahyveba mistikuri tradiciebi, rac aRniSnuli litera­
turebisaTvis dRemdea damaxasiaTebeli. gansakuTrebiT
didi gavlena mistikuri tradiciebisa Cans satrfialo
teqstebSi, sadac siyvaruli ormag WrilSia warmodgeni­
li: miwier da zeciur mniSvnelobebSi. mistikuri enis ambi­
valenturoba moiTxovda met Tavisufal garemos imisaT­
vis, rom yvelaferi moecva da yvelaferze esaubra, Tumca
127
islamuri garemo amas codvad Tvlida da tabus adebda.
swored amitomac satrfos qeba, misi Tvalebis, gamoxed­
vis xotba, yvelaze miRebuli norma iyo, raSic Tavsdebo­
da mTeli Sinaarsi trfobisa. poezia, musika da cekva aR­
mosavluri mistikisa da eqstazis Semadgeneli nawilebia,
rac emociurad gamoxatavs trfialebas da swrafvas, ro­
melic nawerSi sxeulis enis nacvlad aisaxeba, Sesabamisad,
iqmneba aRmosavluri garemo sxeulis enisa Tu enis sxeu­
lis formebSi. mxatvrul literaturas Tavis fundamen­
tSi Zalze cota ram aqvs saerTo islamur misticizmTan,
romelic qalTan dakavSirebiT kidev ufro mZime formebSi
iyo gamovlenili.
qali avtori islamuri aRmosavleTis kulturebSi:
CadrSi, TavSalSi Tu TavSalmoxdili – maT Soris ar unda
iyos didi gansxvaveba. Tu avtori qali CadrSia, es niSnavs,
rom is jer ar Sesjaxebia mZafrad Tavisi survilebiTa da
SexedulebebiT tradiciebs, magram is aucileblad ibrZo­
lebs sakuTari survilebisaTvis. Tu qali TavSliT dadis,
es niSnavs, rom misTvis Zvirfasia is tradiciebi, romle­
biTac aRizarda, Tumca TavSali am SemTxvevaSi misTvis
garkveul kulturul atributad qceula, qali avtori
Tavsafris gareSe – e. i. miaRwia imas, rac yvelaze elemen­
tarulia.
es definicia, bunebrivia, Zalze pirobiTia, mxolod
garegnuli da sruliad subieqturi.
islamuri samyaro gansakuTrebiT mWidrod aris da­
kavSirebuli qalis fenomenTan. qalis, rogorc kulturis
Semnaxveli konstruqtis, Teoria aRmosavluri tradicie­
bidan momdinareobs. `jer kidev islamuri qveynebis kolo­
nializaciis dros miaCndaT, rom islamuri sazogadoebis
Secvla da evropeizacia qalebze iyo damokidebuli. qal­
128
Si xedavdnen axali Taobis aRmzrdels, romelsac yvelaze
mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti roli hqonda momavali Ta­
obis identobis formirebaSi~ (xamenei 2003, gv. 54). amasve
ambobs Tanamedrove sirieli novelisti emigraciaSi, za­
qaria Tamiri: Cveni sazogadoebis problemaTa gadawyveta
qalSia. qali unda iyos Tavisufali da ara ­ mona, radgan
mona ver gazrdis Tavisufal da Tavisuflebis moyvarul
adamians.
islamuri kultur(eb)isaTvis tradiciulad damaxasi­
aTebelia sami ZiriTadi tabu, romelsac ar unda Seexos av­
tori:
1. religia
2. politika
3. seqsualoba
qali avtorebis Semoqmedeba, romelic aseve tradici­
ulad islamur samyaroSi sruliad minimalizirebuli iyo,
Tavisi arsiT samive tabus ewinaaRmdegeboda.
unda iTqvas isic, rom aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs,
rogorc mudmiv opoziciaSi, dapirispirebaSi myof samya­
roebs, mudmivad aqvT erTmaneTis SiSi. dasavleTi SiSobs,
rom aRmosavleTi Tavisi mravalricxovnebiT, qaoturo­
biT, xmauriTa da qaosiT, fundamentalizmiTa da orTo­
doqsiiT gaanadgurebs, xolo aRmosavleTi fiqrobs, rom
dasavleTi Tavisi civilizaciiTa da komfortiT, Tana­
medroveobiTa da modernulobiT SeZlebs miimsgavsos, ga­
moiwvios aRmosavleTi da misi kultura, TviTmyofadoba,
religia da tradiciebi gadaagvaros, Secvalos. amitomac
aRmosavleTi mudmivad eZebda da eZebs, qmnida da qmnis da­
savleTis alternatiul models, ayalibebda da ayalibebs
sakuTar identobas.
129
 arabuli romantizmi da qalTa sakiTxebi problemad qceva, qalTa uflebebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasma
arab ganmanaTleblebsa da romantikos mamakacebs ekuTvniT.
aRmosavlur kulturaSi qaliSvilis SeZena arasasur­
aRniSnuli garemoeba aixsneba imiT, rom, erTi mxriv, es iyo
velad iTvleboda. Tu qals vaJi ar SeeZineboda, mamakacs
swored ganmanaTleblobisa da romantizmis gamoZaxili, xo­
ufleba eZleoda, sxva coli moeyvana. vaJis dabadeba ki
lo, meore mxriv, arabulenovan literaturul samyaroSi
did sixarulTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
qali avtori ar sargeblobda imxela gavlenebiT, rom qal­
miuxedavad am tendenciebisa, meTvramete saukunis me­
Ta uflebebis sakiTxi rezonansuli da sazogadoebisaTvis
ore naxevarSi amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da evropaSi
angariSgasawevi Tema gamxdariyo. `arabi ganmanaTleblebisa
dawyebulma qalis uflebebisaTvis brZolam erTi sauku­
da romantikosebis moRvaweobis periodSi (miTumetes manam­
nis dagvianebiT, mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi, ara­
de) qals raime roli sazogadoebaSi ar gaaCnda. igi mokle­
bul samyaroSic pova gamoZaxili. qalis uflebebis sakiTxi
buli iyo yovelgvar uflebas, ekrZaleboda sazogadoebaSi
arabul kulturaSi pirvelad daayena arabuli aRorZinebis
gamoCena, zedmetic iyo laparaki mis sazogadoebriv saqmi­
moZraobam (nahada), arabuli romantizmis epoqaSi ki msj­
anobaSi monawileobaze. garda amisa, qali ver sargeblob­
eloba qalis uflebebis Sesaxeb ufro aqtualuri gaxda.
da didi uflebebiT ojaxSic ki. ar iyo aRiarebuli is didi
kerZod, rogorc cnobilia, arabuli romantizmi Seiq­
roli, romelic mas hqonda rogorc dedas, ojaxSic da mis
mna da ganviTarda evropuli romantizmis gavleniT mec­
gareTac qals uyurebdnen rogorc monas, romlis daniSnu­
xramete saukunis bolos da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da
lebas Seadgens mxolod mamakacis movla da misi survilebis
masSi aSkarad SeimCneva evropuli romantizmisaTvis da­
usityvo Sesruleba~ (quTelia 2009, gv. 107).
maxasiaTebeli Temebis win wamoweva. rogorc prof. g. qu­
maskulinuri sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel par­
Telia SeniSnavs wignSi `arabuli romantizmi~: `arabul
tiarqalur yofaSi, sadac religiuri Tu sxva tradiciuli
literaturaSi XX saukunis dasawyisidan faqtobrivad er­
wesebisa da Cveulebebis mixedviT, qalis roli amdenad aris
TmaneTis paralelurad viTardeba sentimentaluri, ro­
dakninebuli da qalis monawileoba sazogadoebriv saq­
mantikuli da realisturi mimdinareobebi. maT win uswrebs
mianobaSi sruliad minimumamdea dayvanili, uTuod mniS­
saganmanaTleblo moZraoba (XIX s­is II nax.)... arabul niadag­
vnelovania is, Tu rogor iqneboda SesaZlebeli, Tundac
ze romantizmisa da sxavdasxva evropuli mimdinareobebis
amerikuli da evropuli azrovnebis gavleniT, qalis sa­
Casaxva da ganviTareba, isic erTi saukunis dagvianebiT
kiTxis, qalTa uflebebisa da Tanasworuflebianobis Teme­
evropasTan SedarebiT, nayofia arabul qveynebSi im soci­
bis Sesaxeb diskusia, miT ufro, swored mamakacebis wreSi.
alur­politikuri cxovrebis gamococxlebisa da kul­
arabuli romantizmis Casaxvis erT­erTi ZiriTadi mi­
turuli yofis aRmavlobisa, rasac adgili hqonda aq XIX
zezi napoleonis laSqrobis Semdeg arabuli samyaros ev­
s­is II naxevarsa da XX s­is I naxevarSi~ (quTelia 2009, gv. 7).
ropuli civilizaciis pirispir dadgomasTan erTad emig­
niSandoblivia, rom arabul samyaroSi qalTa sakiTxis
ranti mwerlebis mogzaurobebia. maTi nawili evropaSi
130 131
(ZiriTadad, safrangeTSi) mogzaurobisas ukvirdeba qalis
rols, qalTa ganaTlebis mniSvnelobas, qalTa socialur
mdgomareobas, qalebis monawileobis sakiTxs sazogado­
ebriv cxovrebaSi. cdiloben, paraleli gaavlon evropel
da arab qalebs Soris, aRniSnaven arabul samyaroSi qalis
uuflebo mdgomareobas. am mxriv uTuod aRsaniSnavia eg­
vipteli ganmanaTlebeli at­tahtavi (1801­1873), romelmac
imogzaura safrangeTSi. mas qveynis CamorCenis erT­erT
mTavar mizezad egvipteli qalis uuflebo mdgomareoba
miaCnda. igi iyo erT­erTi moTave qalTa skolis Seqmnisa.
misi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, gogonaTa da vaJTa saswavleble­
bi ar unda yofiliyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. 1873 wels
gamocemul mis naSromSi qalis uflebebis sakiTxi, iseve
rogorc qalTa ganaTlebis sakiTxebi, farTod aris asa­
xuli. imave wels at­tahtavis iniciativiT kairoSi gaixsna
qveyanaSi pirveli qalTa skola.
warmoSobiT qurTi, egvipteli ganmanaTlebeli kasim
amini (1865­1908) dainteresebuli iyo qalis uflebebiT. man
ori nawarmoebi uZRvna am problemas: `qalis gaTavisufle­
ba~ da `axali qali~. am nawarmoebebSi saubaria qalisa da ma­
makacis Tanasworuflebianobaze, qalisaTvis ganaTlebis
xelmisawvdomobaze, qorwinebis sakiTxebze, mravalcolia­
nobaze. kasim amini mravalcolianobis winaaRmdegac gamodis
da aRniSnavs, rom qalebsa da mamakacebs Tanabari uflebebi
unda hqondeT rogorc qorwinebisas, ise – ganqorwinebisas.
arabi ganmanaTleblebis mier dawyebuli qalTa ufle­
bebisaTvis brZola kidev ufro ganaviTares arabma roman­
tikosebma. `jebranma qalis roli sazogadoebaSi ganmanaT­
leblebTan SedarebiT kidev ufro aamaRla da mas mianiWa
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eris ZlierebaSi~ (quTelia 2009,
gv. 110) Tumca, bunebrivia, arab romantikosTa Soris qalTa
132
sakiTxebis irgvliv ar arsebobda sruli Tanxmoba. arabi ro­
mantikosi al­manfaluti ar iziarebs jebranis mosazrebebs,
rom qalsac SeuZlia airCios meuRle, aseve, winaaRmdegi iyo
qalis ganaTlebisa, qalisa da mamakacis Tanaswori uflebe­
bisa, Tumca isic xedavs qalis uuflebobas. al­manfalutis
azriT, qalis ubedurebis mTavari mizezi misi uuflebobaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom is ojaxis sulia, mainc sruliad uar­
yofilia misi didi roli da damsaxureba, misi wvlili ojaxis
keTildReobaSi, Svilebis aRzrdaSi (ese – `guSin da dRes~).
unda iTqvas, rom arab romantikosebSi evropuli ro­
mantizmis gavleniT gaCnda siyvarulis gagebisa da gada­
azrebis axleburi, evropuli tendenciebi, kerZod, `sxva~
siyvaruli, ormxrivi grZnoba, romelic saerToa, an saer­
To unda iyos qalisa da mamakacisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia,
aRmosavluri samyaro mTlianad orientirebulia siyvaru­
lisa da arSiyis motivebze. qali mudmivad aris trfobis
obieqti, Tumca qalis grZnobebs, mis survilebsa da arCe­
vans aranairi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. qals SeuZlia Wirve­
uloba, raTa satrfos kidev ufro Seayvaros Tavi, SeuZ­
lia didxans alodinos masze Seyvarebuli mamakaci, magram
qals aramc da aramc ar SeuZlia gaakeTos Tavisufali ar­
Cevani. swored arabuli romantizmis epoqaSi gadamuSavda
siyvarulis Tema da qalis arCevans garkveuli roli mieni­
Wa. egvipteli mwerali da sazogado moRvawe muhamad husa­
in haiqali (1888­1959) moTxrobebSi – `zeinabi~ da `ase Se­
iqmna~ – Seecada eCvenebina, rom qals SeuZlia siyvaruli,
Tumca im sazogadoebaSi siyvarulis uflebis mopoveba ar
aris yovelTvis ioli. erT moTxrobaSi glexis qalis siyva­
ruls tragikuli finali aqvs (`zeinabi~), xolo meore te­
qstSi, qalaqSi mcxovreb qals ukve mopovebuli aqvs Tanas­
woris statusi da bednieria (`ase Seiqmna~).
133
 qali avtori, rogorc
qalis bediswera arabul literaturaSi
miuxedavad imisa, rom arabulma romantizmma qalis
uflebebis sakiTxi literaturuli damuSavebisa da, Sesa­
bamisad, ganxilvis sagnad aqcia, qalis mdgomareoba vrcel
arabulenovan samyaroSi dRemde mZimea. mravalcolianoba,
naadrevi qorwinebebi, problemebi qalTa ganaTlebaSi, qa­
lis dabali socialuri uflebebi, moraluri da sazogado­
ebrivi statusi, dRemde rCeba gadaulaxav dabrkolebebad.
Tanamedrove arabulenovani qali avtorebisaTvis yve­
laze mniSvnelovan Temebad qalis mdgomareobis aRwera
rCeba. tradiciebi da akrZalvebi, tkivili, romelic qa­
lisaTvis Tanmdevad iqca, egvipteli mwerlis, alifa ri­
faTis Semoqmedebis mTavari xazia. alifa rifaTis cxov­
rebac missave qal personaJebs hgavs, mas universitetSi
ar uswavlia. rifaTis survils, rom swavla gaegrZelebina
xelovnebaTmcodneobis fakultetze, mSoblebma winaaR­
mdegoba gauwies da policielze gaaTxoves. meuRle ki we­
ras ukrZalavda da qali avtori nawarmoebebs fsevdonimiT
aqveynebda. Tumca mainc werda, werda swored imaze, rac
did tkivils aniWebda da rac sasowarkveTaSi agdebda. al­
baT swored am uSualobisa da bunebriobis gamo mas arabu­
li prozis varskvlavad moixseniebdnen. isedac mtkivneul
Temas, rogoricaa, egvipteSi gogonebis winadacveTa, kidev
ufro mwvaved, mTeli sicxadiT, albaT, mxolod qalisaT­
vis gasagebi simZafriT aRwers avtori qali moTxrobaSi:
`vin iqneba is mamakaci?”: `qalebma Cems das wre Semoartyes
da haerSi fexebi aawevines. al­haja vardam, soflis bebia­
qalma, RmerTi axsena da misken gaemarTa; Tavisi gaZvaltya­
vebuli TiTebiT sxeulis saTuT nakecebSi dauwyo qeqva.
134
cota xanSi xorcis patara naWeEri ekava xelSi da TiTebiT
sresda~ (rifaTi 2009, gv. 124­125).
arabi qalisaTvis yvelaze mtkivneul da saTuT Temaze
wers sudaneli mwerali qali busaina xadar maqic. moTxro­
baSi: `wes­Cveulebani~. mwerali qali xatavs arabuli qor­
wilis tradiciebs, romelic lamazi da mravalferovania
da, amave dros, nabij­nabij, SesavlebiTa da pauzebiT Sevy­
avarT avtors arabuli garemosaTvis, qalebisaTvis gansa­
kuTrebiT mtkivneul samyaroSi da gvacnobs tradicias,
romelic qalis winadacveTas moiTxovs. ocdaoTxi wlis
gaTxovil qals, ori Svilis dedas qmari sTxovs Caitaros
operacia. coli ver acnobierebs, ratom unda es qmars. ami­
tomac, Tavdapirvelad uars ambobs: `ar gavikeTeb... ocda­
oTxi wlisa var da arafers Sevcvli Cems sxeulSi – Tu ar
mendomeba. dae, mimatovos da vinc moswons, is eZebos~ (maqi
2009, gv. 207). am gadawyvetilebis Semdeg qmari aRar elapa­
rakeba. qali, romelsac uWirs sayvareli adamianis gareSe,
pirveli midis Sesarigeblad. qmari grZnobs am siyvaruls
da swored amas iyenebs iaraRad, swored siyvarulis saxe­
liT aiZulebs qals Caitaros es damamcirebeli da mtkiv­
neuli operacia: `Tu marTla giyvarvar, gaakeTe es~ (maqi
2009, gv. 207). am iZulebas, Txovnasa da moTxovnas – qmris
survils ki qali srul sicarielemde mihyavs.
quveiTeli romanistisa da novelistis, leila osma­
nis moTxrobis `mze da misi duha~ mTavari gmiri mxatvari
qalia, romelsac mama siyvaruls ukrZalavs da sxva kacze
aTxovebs. qalis erTaderTi nugeSi xatvaa, Tumca asako­
vani qmari saRebavebis suniT wuxdeba da saxelosnoSi sia­
ruls ukrZalavs. sabolood, qali sakuTari Semoqmedebisa
da siyvarulis sasargeblod iRebs gadawyvetilebas.
`– Tu gaxval, sabolood gageyrebi!
135
 – o, rogor minda, rom gamaTavisuflo...
– an mogklav!
mivutrialdi da zizRiT vuTxari:
– nuTu fiqrob, rom es jer ar gagikeTebia?! sixaruli
Camikali! axalgazrdoba wamarTvi... fermixdil Semodgo­
mad miqcie... dRis sinaTles Cemi saxis danaxva aukrZale...
duhas mzes – Cemi xel­fexis gaTboba... waval... dRes aRara­
feri damabrunebs ukan... ar mainteresebs ra moxdeba da ras
ityvian... sakmarisia...“ (osmani 2009, gv. 174). Tumca miuxeda­
vad amisa, mxatvari qali ver poulobs bednierebas.
leila osmanis moTxrobaSi „erTi qalis sasamarTlo
saqmidan“ naCvenebia 14 wlis asakSi xanSiSesul mamakacze
gaTxovili, ufro zustad ki, aTas dinarze, as sul cxvar­
sa da oc jiSian dedal aqlemze gacvlili gogonas tragi­
kuli bedi. mSoblebis iZuleba, jer kidev sruliad bavSvis
bavSvuri survilebisa da ocnebebis msxvreva, sulisSem­
Zvreli tkivili, romliTac gogona mudmivad itanjeba,
TiTqos TavisTavad gulisxmobs tragikul finals.
arabulenovani qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis mZafri
xazebi, qaluri da feministuri Temebi aSkarad gvagrZno­
binebs, rom mwerali qalebisaTvis im mtkivneuli realo­
bidan gamosasvlel erTaderT TavSesafrad swored mwer­
loba qceula: „am ukiduresad mwvave, basri samarTeblis
pirze daweril ambebSi qalebi umetesad sakuTar Tavze,
sakuTar vnebebsa da sasowarkveTaze weren. weren saoca­
ri sicxadiT, siTamamiT, weren gamudmebiT, Seusveneblad,
SepyrobiliviT“ (dolenjaSvili, internetresursi).
leila, – es aris fsevdonimi safrangeTSi mcxovrebi
arabi (marokouli) warmoSobis qalisa, romelsac ekuTvnis
bolo periodSi Zalze gaxmaurebuli avtobiografiuli
romani `iZulebiT gaTxovili~ (`Married by Force~).
136
msoflioSi yovelwliurad milionobiT gogona iZule­
biTi qorwinebis msxverplia. mxolod safrangeTSi iZule­
biT gaTxovil gogonaTa ricxvi weliwadSi ormocdaaTi
aTass aRwevs. `leila mqvia, ocdaerTi wlis var. davibade
safrangeTSi. warmoSobiT ki marokoeli var. warmomav­
lobis yovlisSemZleobas dRes Cems gverdiT mdgomi mama­
Cemi ganasaxierebs.
is arc religiuri fanatizmiTaa gamorCeuli da arc
borotia – mas pativs scemen da rCevas ekiTxebian. roca qa­
liSvili ar emorCileba, scems. man ase aRmzarda, surs mor­
Cili da damjeri viyo. mcema, rom colad gavyolodi kacs,
axla Cem win kibeze rom adis~ (leila 2013, gv. 3) – ase iw­
yeba Txroba romanSi, romelic pirvelive frazebidan gva­
ziarebs aRmosavleli, arabi muslimi qalis tkivilebsa da
dards, evropis SuagulSi, safrangeTSi, parizSi mcxovre­
bi patriarqaluri ojaxis cxovrebas da qalis umZimes,
uuflebo xvedrs, sadac yvelaferi cemiTa da ZaladobiT
isjeba: sigaretis mowevac, megobrebTan erTad seirnobac,
telefonze laparakic, Tmebis SeWrac, yurebis gaxvretac,
makiaJic... jer kidev sruliad mcirewlovans saojaxo saq­
meebiT tvirTavdnen. marokodan safrangeTSi gadmosaxle­
buli ojaxi, im imediT, rom ufro meti Semosavali eqnebo­
daT, ara evropuli, aramed, arabuli wesebiT cxovrobs.
leilas dedam ar icis franguli, is sul saxlSia. leilas
aTi Zma hyavs da iZulebulia, maT moemsaxuros: gauSAalos
da aulagos sufra, dauwmindos da miarTvas fexsacmelebi,
gaurecxos da gauuToos tansacmeli...
leilas ar aqvs sakuTari oTaxi, ar aqvs ganmartoebis
saSualeba da ufleba. yvelaferze fizikurad da moralu­
rad isjeba. mas ar aqvs imisi uflebac ki, rom TviTon air­
Cios Tavisi cxovrebis momavali Tanamgzavri. `mxolod
137
mogvianebiT davfiqrdi, rogor arTulebs arabuli warmo­
mavlobis gogonebisa da biWebis siyvaruls mudmivi sicrue.
saidumlo Sexvedrebi, mSoblebis motyueba, aTasnairi xri­
kis gamogoneba megobrebis an biZaSvil­mamidaSvil­deidaS­
vilebis daxmarebiT, romlebmac yvleaferi ician, magram
xmas ar iReben, radgan saqme maT debs ar SeexebaT” (leila
2013, gv. 114).
miuxedavad imisa, rom leilas ojaxi safrangeTSi cxov­
robs, bavSvebi frangul skolebsa da kolejebSi swavloben,
ufrosebi frangebTan erTad muSAaoben da cxovroben, isini
ojaxSi arabul tradiciebsa da wes­Cveulebebs misdeven.
vinc ar emorCileba wesebs, sastikad isjeba, leilas ojaxSi,
aseve, mis nacnob arabul ojaxebSi isjebian mxolod qale­
bi, Tumca imis gamo, rom amis gamxela sircxvilia, veravis
uyvebian, verc eqims, verc policiels, maswavlebels, Tana­
tols, verc frangs da verc arabs: `es sazareli sircxvili
dabadebidanve Tan gdevs. sircxvili imis gamo, rom gce­
men, Sinidan ar giSveben, ZaliT gagaTxoves. sircxvili imis
gamo, rom bednieri adamianebi unda moatyuo, rom ar gyof­
nis gambedaoba da saSualeba, oci wlis asakSi yvelafers
miafurTxo da kari gaijaxuno~ (leila 2013, gv. 165).
leila ramdenjerme gaiqca ojaxidan, Tumca imis gamo,
rom ar hqonda damoukideblad cxovrebisa da Tavis gata­
nis Cvevebi, aseve, radgan ojaxSi Tavidanve ucxos mimarT
SiSs mieCvia, ukanve brundeboda. `ojaxi Cveni erTaderTi
Tavsesafaria samyaroSi, romelSic ver viswavleT da­
moukideblad cxovreba. imitom, rom mSoblebi bavSvobi­
dan ar gviSveben am samyaroSi. masTan pirispir darCenil­
ni, ganiaraRebuli, pirovnulobis gareSe, tradiciebiT,
akrZalvebiTa da SiSiT varT SeboWili. da kidev, Cveni saku­
Tari mSoblebi gviyvars. maRribel gogonas ar SeuZlia am
138
damakavSirebeli Zafis gawyveta. Zalian unda ase moiqces,
mudam makratlis ZiebaSia, magram ukanasknel momentSi mis
xelSi aRebas xels uSlis mitovebis, martod darCenis SiSi.
es Zafi dabadebidanve gvaxrCobs, suls gvixuTavs sikv­
dilamde, imis miuxedavad, rom safrangeTSi davibadeT~
(leila 2013, gv. 279). leilasaTvis cema ukve Cveulebriv
wesad iqca, Tumca aranormalurma fizikurma da moral­
urma stresebma gogonas fsiqikuri janmrTeloba Searyia,
ramdenjerma dakarga goneba, emarTeboda gulyrebi. lei­
las eqimisac rcxvenoda, fsiqologebisac da fsiqiatrebi­
sac. ramdenjerme Tavis mokvlac scada: dalia saZile abe­
bi, gadaiWra venebi, gegmavda fanjridan gadaxtomas. ojaxi
amCnevda leilas garTulebul mdgomareobas, amCnevda,
rogor sWirdeboda gogonas mSoblebis siyvaruli, Tanad­
goma, sul erTi bewo Tavisufleba rogor gaabednierebda
maT Svils, magram es wesi ar iyo, amitomac, gogona morig
tragediamde miiyvanes: igi iZulebiT gaaTxoves, rac kidev
ufro Rrma ufskrulSi agdebda isedac TviTmkvlelobi­
saken midrekil, depresiaSi myof, tradiciebis tyveobaSi
martod darCenil axalgazrda qals.
avtorma romani fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna. ukidures­
ad gulaxdili gandoba, misTvis da misnairi qalebisaTvis
sasicocxlod aucilebeli gamxela tkivilisa, sakuTari
gamocdilebis, jer mxolod meoTxed saukunes rom iTv­
lis, savaldebulo gaziareba avtorisaTvis daniSnulebas,
misias hgavs. `mkiTxvels Cemi Tavgadasavali fsevdonimiT
vuambe. is, rac zustad da Seulamazeblad movyevi, imaTT­
vis, vinc gardasuli drois Sexedulebebs ebRauWeba, Tavis
moWra da provokaciaa. maTgan unda davicva CemTvis Zvir­
fasi adamianebi. dRes asea. erT mSvenier dRes, da imedi
maqvs, amas moveswrebi, Cemi ambavi warsulis monaTxrobad
139
iqceva~ (leila 2013, gv. 293). sparsuli literaturis qaluri sakiTx(av)ebi
arabuli literatura dRes 22 arabul saxelmwifos mo­
icavs. es aris uzarmazari samyaro mdidari literaturiT, `poezia CemTvis is sarkmelia, romel­
sac rogorc ki miuaxlovdebi, TavisTavad
romelic xiblavs mkiTxvels egzotikiTa da mSveniere­
iReba. me vjdebi am fanjarasTan: viyurebi,
biT, sirmebiT, ornamentebiT, arabeskebiTa da CuqurTme­ vmReri, vRrialeb, vtiri, xeebis anarekls
biT, sadac TviT arabuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli vuerTdebi da vici, rom fanjris iqiTa
mravalkulturuloba, mravalenobrioba (enebica da dia­ mxares sivrcea. iq viRacas aucileblad
leqtebic) iseTive SesagrZnobia, rogoric aRmosavleTis esmis Cemi; viRacas, romelic sulerTia,
mcxunvare mze da mSrali hava. swored am literaturaSi, 200 wlis Semdeg mova Tu 300 wlis winaT
cxovrobda. poezia CemTvis kavSiris sa­
romelic saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iqmneboda da ixvewebo­
Sualebaa yofierebasTan da arsebobasTan
da, qalis xma da aRmosavleli/arabi qalis warmoudgenlad – am sityvis yvelaze ufro vrceli mniS­
mtkivneuli bediswera, weris, Txrobis, qmnis mZafri sur­ vnelobiT”.
vili, arabi qalis tkivilebiTa da Tavisuflebis wyurvi­ foruy faroxzadi
liT savse teqstebi, qalebis erTi nawili emigraciaSi rom sparsi poeti
gadaxvewa, SesaZloa, im xidad gamodges, romelic aRmosav­ `me poezia wignebis kiTxviT ar miswav­
leTsa da dasavleTs Soris unda gaidos, raTa am orma, an­ lia. Torem axla albaT Cveulebrivi, tra­
tagonisturad ganwyobilma da sruliad dapirispirebul­ diciuli yasidebisa da yazalebis mwera­
ma kulturam, SeZlos erTmaneTis ukeT Secnoba. li viqnebodi da meti araferi”.
foruy faroxzadi
sparsi poeti
sparsuli poezia didi xania msoflio literaturis
kuTvnilebaa. es aris literatura, romelmac mraval cno­
bil motivs daudo safuZveli, literatura, romelic sa­
ukuneebis ganmavlobaSi asazrdoebda dasavlur azrov­
nebasac. sparsul poezias, miuxedavad Tavisi, erTi mxriv,
viwro da specifikuri xasiaTisa, aRmoaCnda farTo da zo­
gadadamianuri veli, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev iohan
volfgang fon goeTe werda. sparsuli poeziis tkbilx­
movanebam Teimuraz pirvels aTqmevina: `sparsTa enisa sit­
kboman masurva musikobani”.
sparsul literaturaSi klasikur epoqaSive Seiqmna
140 141
garkveuli lirikuli universaliebi. maT Soris, unda aRi­
niSnos satrfos saxe, rogorc garkveuli universalia,
romelsac Tavisi mkveTrad gamoxatuli niSnebi da maxasi­
aTeblebi gaaCnda. vaxuSti kotetiSvili aRniSnavda: `jer
kidev klasikuri epoqis gariJraJze, rudaqisa da misi Ta­
namedrove poetebis SemoqmedebaSi ukve Seiqmna satrfos
garkveuli tipi, romelic momdevno saukuneTa poeturma
azrovnebam mTlianad aiTvisa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Sablo­
nadac aqcia. iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos eqvsi saukunis
manZilze yvela poets erTi arsebisaTvis mieZRvnas mTeli
Tavisi Semoqmedeba~ (kotetiSvili 1977, gv. 20­21). sparsu­
li poeziisaTvis saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi satrfos uni­
ficirebuli tipi garegnuladac da Sinaganadac sruliad
standartulia. v. kotetiSvili CamoTvlis satrfos gareg­
nul maxasiaTeblebs: `lalisferi bageebi, mTvaris msgavsi
saxe, varskvlavebiviT (an margalitiviT) mokiafe kbilebi,
sarosaviT aSoltili tani, mSvildiviT moziduli warbebi,
romelnic mzeras isariviT tyorcnian, muSkisa da amaris
surnelovani zilfebi, vardisa da titas Rawvebi da a. S.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom garegnul niSanTa identurobas zed
erTvis sulier mxareTa saocari msgavsebac. es idealu­
ri satrfo silamazisa da sinazis, momxiblavi nakvTebisa
da momajadoebeli saTnoebis miRma amJRavnebs garegnul
mxareTa sruliad sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebs: igi gulqvaa
da sastiki, cbieria da macduri, mas arafrad uRirs mij­
nurTa gulebiT TamaSi da misi dapirebebi iseTive sandoa,
rogorc sizmareuli Cvenebani, Tu udabnos miraJi~ (kote­
tiSvili 1977, gv. 21). miuxedavad imisa, rom satrfo (qali)
aRqmulia, rogorc eSmaki da macduri, mas mainc ar aqvs
aranairi arCevanis ufleba. mas SeuZlia mxolod aTamaSos,
arSiyiT gaabruos mamakaci, tanjos, raTa kidev ufro sa­
142
surveli gaxdes misTvis, Tumca qals mamakacis grZnobebze
sruliad uaris Tqma, bunebrivia, ar SeuZlia.
aRmosavluri tradiciebis Sesabamisad, qalis roli
sparsul literaturul samyaroSi aseve mkveTrad unifi­
cirebuli iyo. mecxramete­meoce saukunidan, iseve ro­
gorc arabul samyaroSi, evropuli literaturuli proce­
sebis gavleniT, sparsul literaturaSic, gansakuTrebiT,
prozaSi, iwyeba qalis uflebebze saubari. qalis uflebe­
bi da Tanasworobis sakiTxi meoce saukunidan sparsuli
prozis aqtualur Temad iqca, prof. m. burjanaZe, stati­
aSi: `qalTa literatura Tanamedrove iranSi~ aRniSnavs:
`am problemaze werda yvela, vinc samwerlo arenaze Canda
saukunis dasawyisSi. werdnen hedaiaTi, alavi, Cubaqi, mir
sadeyi, al-ahmadi, beh-azini da sxvebi. Tumca am mweralTa
Soris ar iyvnen qalebi – isini, visi bedic ase aRelvebdaT
humanist mwerlebs. ar iyvnen erTi banaluri mizezis gamo
– am periodis iranSi mwerali qalebi ar arsebobdnen~ (bur­
janaZe 2009).
pirveli sparsi mwerali qali, simin daneSvari, ro­
melic mweral jalal al ahmadis meuRle iyo, meoce sau­
kunis 40­ian wlebSi swored qaluri saTqmeliT gamovida
literaturul asparezze. niSndoblivia, rom iraneli qa­
li avtorebis umravlesobisaTvis garda literaturuli
tradiciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Temebisa, Zalze mniS­
vnelovania swored qalis uflebebi da es sakiTxic, umrav­
les SemTxvevaSi, swored maTi biografiidan iRebs saTaves.
Tanamedrove iraneli mwerali, goli Tarayi 2005 wels, sa­
qarTveloSi yofnis dros interviuSi prof. giorgi lobJa­
niZesTan aRniSnavs: `Cveni samSoblo patriarqaluri qveya­
naa da Zalian didi, didi xnis manZilze, mamakaci mwerlebi
qal mwerlebs ainunSiac ki ar agdebdnen, yuradRebis Rir­
143
sadac ara Tvlidnen. Tumca rogor ara! – qalbatoni simin
daneSvari, romelic mweral jalal al ahmadis meuRle iyo,
mudam sayovelTao mowiwebiTa da pativiscemiT gaxldaT
garemosili. magram me vnaxe, ra uqnes foruy faroxzads
– qals, romelmac gabeda yofiliyo marTla Tavisufali;
rogor awamebdnen, rogor aviwrovebdnen, ras aRar ambob­
dnen zurgsukan mis Sesaxeb... aseT viTarebaSi, bunebrivia,
qalebs, brZolis meti, sxva aRara darCeniaT da am patriar­
qalur, muslimur qveyanaSi qalebi marTlac ibrZvian ise,
rogorc SeuZliaT~ (Tarayi, 2005).
Tanamedrove sparsuli literaturis klasikosis, fo­
ruy faroxzadis (1935­1967) Semoqmedebac mWidrodaa da­
kavSirebuli mis tragikul bedTan, qalis tvirTTan da
tkivilTan, romelic mas mravali satanjvelisa da gamoc­
dis saxiT evlineboda. zedmetad Tamami leqsebis gamo sax­
lidan gaZeveba, uiRblo qorwineba, CamorTmeuli dedobis
ufleba mwerali qalis saTuT grZnobebs tragizmiT avsebs.
giorgi lobJaniZe, romelmac qarTul enaze Targmna fo­
ruy faroxzadis leqsebi, aRniSnavs: `mogvianebiT, foruy
faroxzadi leqsSi, romelsac Tavis Svils miuZRvnis, it­
yvis: `aq Camqralia yvela varskvlavi, aq peplis cremli ar
uRirT groSad, aq eklebs ufro meti fasi aqvs, vidre si­
naziT gadaSlil SroSans~. es erTi SexedviT tkbilxmovani
leqsi ar aris `iavnana~, Svils rom umRerian. es Tavis mar­
Tlebaa da imavdroulad mxilebaa sazogadoebisa, sadac
ara Rirs SroSaniviT sinaziT gaiSalo, radgan yvavilobas
– siyvarulsa da sifaqizes – aravin gapatiebs~ (lobJaniZe
g. internetresursi).
qalis tragikuli xvedri da amis gamo tkiviliani de­
doba foruy faroxzadis Semoqmedebis erT­erTi mTavari
xazia, xandaxan umZimesad tragikulic ki. es aris deda, ro­
144
melsac ar esmis Svilis xma, atirebuli da martod darCe­
nili deda, romelsac Svili tkivilad eqca, sicarieled,
verasodes rom ver Seivseba.
`vuwyi, rom axla Sori saxlidan
gaqra sicocxlis lxini da Sveba.
vici, rom axla bavSvis saxidan
udedod yofnis naRveli Cndeba~
(foruy faroxzadi, `mitovebuli saxli~, Targmani ma­
ri sadRobelaSvilisa).
rodesac sparsul literaturaSi qalur esTetikazea
saubari, pirvel rigSi, foruy faroxzadis Semoqmedeba
xdeba ganxilvis sagani, radgan is aris Tanamedrove iranel
qalTa literaturis mTavari figura.
foruy faroxzadis Semoqmedeba mis biografiul aspeq­
tebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. amitomac mis teqstebs
mudmivad ixilaven biografiasTan erTad. misticizmi da
siyvaruli, martooba da Sinagani kavSirebi miwasTanac da
zecasTanac, dedaSvilobis saocari, travmirebuli gan­
cdebi da grZnobebi faroxzadis teqstebis ZiriTadi Teme­
bia. dedis mZafri tkivilia gamoxatuli leqsSi `avadmyo­
fi~:
`mZinare Cvili sicxisgan borgavs,
nazi loyebi wiTlad uRvivis.
misi kululi aqoCrils mohgavs,
gaTenebamde tkivils uRimis.
TrTis da kankalebs xelis mtevnebSi
misi gamxdari TiTebis wyeba.
SegTxov, ufalo, mudmiv kvnesaSi,
Cems suls mogiZRvni, mas miec Sveba.
145
 zogjer Cems smenas misi xma swvdeba:
`deda~ da guli dardisgan tiris.
yalbi sawoli TvalebSi mxvdeba,
vgrZnob, bavSvi sicxis alisgan Rvivis~.
(foruy faroxzadi, `avadmyofi~, Targmani mari sad­
RobelaSvilisa).
miuxedavad imisa, rom foruy faroxzadis Semoqmede­
ba qalis tkivilebiT savse cxovrebis anareklia, poet qals
kargad esmis mwerlobis daniSnuleba, is, rom Semoqmedeba
SiSvel emociebze maRla dgas, rom mxolod STabeWdile­
bebi ver asazrdoebs literaturul teqsts, rom mwerals
gacilebiT didi pasuxismgebloba aqvs. erTi­erT intervi­
uSi foruy faroxzadi ambobs: `me vfiqrob, rom xelovneba,
poezia gacnobiereba unda iyos, gacnobiereba cxovrebi­
sa, arsebobisa da Tqven warmoidgineT, im vaSlisac ki, ro­
melsac vkbeCT, an CakbeCas vupirebT. SeuZlebelia mxolod
SiSveli vnebebiT cxovreba. an ufro ukeT: xelovans ar Se­
uZlia da arc SeiZleba – icxovros mxolod SiSveli vnebe­
bisa da grZnobebis xarjze. adamiani kargad unda xedavdes
Tavis Tavsa da Tavis samyaros da swored es aucilebloba
ubiZgebs mas SemdgomSi fiqrisaken. xolo roca azrovneba
iwyeba, kacs SeuZlia ukve myarad dadges fexze. ise ar gami­
goT, TiTqos vambobde – poezia Cafiqrebuli an filoso­
fiurad Sefiqrianebuli unda iyos-meTqi. ara, ra sisule­
lea! amiT imis Tqma mindoda, rom poezia xelovnebis sxva
dargebis msgavsad, unda iyos azrovnebiT gamobrZmedil
da gawvrTnil SegrZnebaTa da wvdomaTa nayofi~ (faroxza­
di, `me dabadebam ocdaaTi wlis zRurblTan momiwia...~ (in­
ternetresursi).  meti lirizmiTaa aRbeWdili~ (burjanaZe 2009).
is, Tu ra gza gaiara xelovanma, vidre sabolood xelo­
vanad Camoyalibdeboda, kargad Cans poeti qalis sityveb­
146
Si: `iyo dro, roca poezias garTobisa da TavisSeqcevis
saSualebad miviCnevdi. mwvanilis rCevas rom moviTavebdi
xolme, yurs movifxandi da vityodi: axla waval da barem
erT leqssac Camovarakrakeb-meTqi. mere iyo sxva droc,
rodesac vfiqrobdi, rom Tuki leqss davwerdi, raRaca
ueWvelad Sememateboda. axla ki, roca leqss vwer, ase mgo­
nia, raRaca makldeba~ (faroxzadi, `me dabadebam ocdaaTi
wlis zRurblTan momiwia...~ (internetresursi).
iranis islamuri revoluciis (1979 wlis 1 aprili)
Semdeg qalis uflebebis sakiTxisadmi damokidebule­
ba garkveulwilad Seicvala. qveyana daubrunda SariaTis
normebs, pirbades (Cadrs) da urwmunoebisadmi Seuwyaleb­
lobas, Tumca, garkveuli legitimacia moutana qalebs,
konstituciurad da samarTlebrivad qalebi mamakacebs
gauTanabrdnen, qalma miiRo ganaTlebis ufleba, arCevneb­
Si xmis micemis ufleba da sxva. gaizarda iranis sazogado­
ebriv procesebSi qalis monawileoba, Sesabamisad, Tana­
medrove sparsuli mwerloba qali avtorebis xmiT Seivso.
`qalebis simravlem literaturis asparezze SesaZlebeli
gaxada „qalTa literaturaze“ saubari. ise ar unda gavi­
goT, TiTqos dRevandeli iraneli mwerali qalebi yvelani
feministebi arian. Tumca, ramdenadac isini Tanamedrove
qalis problemebs ganixilaven da cdiloben, gansazRvron
qalis adgili sazogadoebaSi, amdenad, garkveulwilad,
feministuri elferi yoveli maTganis Semoqmedebas dah­
kravs. iranel mweral qalTa Semoqmedeba formisa da Si­
narsis TvalsazrisiT daaxloebiT iseTivea, rogoric ma­
makaci mwerlebisa. eg aris mxolod, qalTa nawarmoebebi
iraneli qali avtorebis erTi nawili iqca emigrantad
swored im mizeziT, rom qalis xma da sakuTari Semoqmedebi­
147
Ti individualoba daecva. emigraciaSic ki iraneli qalebi
axerxeben iyvnen obieqturebi rogorc iranuli kulturis
mimarT, ise – evropuli kulturisa da garemos mimarT. po­
litikuri, kulturuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri konteq­
stebi erTmaneTs cvlian, kanonebi da tradiciebi, survi­
lebi da molodinebi mudmivad aqtualuri Temebia iraneli
qali avtorebisaTvis da, raRa Tqma unda, es yvelaferi qa­
lis irgvliv, qaluri sakiTxebiTa da qaluri sivrciT aris
gajerebuli.
iraneli mwerlis, zoia firzadis teqstebi qaluri Te­
mebiT, qalisaTvis niSandoblivi esTetikiT aris datvir­
Tuli. novela `erTi sicocxle~ axladgaTxovili qalis
ocnebebze gvesaubreba. `erTi kvira iyo, rac daqorwine­
buliyvnen da jer kidev ver bedavda qmris TvalebisaTvis
Seexeda~ (firzadi, Targmani ani glurjiZisa). qalis es
mdgomareoba aRmosavluri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebe­
li da TiTqos, bunebrivicaa. ayvavebuli xis yurebisas qa­
li iwyebs ocnebas, xis ayvavebasTan erTad, yovelwliurad,
ufro zustad ki, yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel, ramdeni sa­
siamovno ram SeiZleba moxdes; jer: pirveli aTi wlis bo­
los gogona SeeZineba, oci wlis Semdeg gaizrdeba gogona,
Tavadac SeamCnevs gazafxulze ayvavebul xes da TviTonac
yvavils daemsgavseba, xolo mesame aTwleulis bolos go­
gona saqorwino, TeTr kabas Caicvams.
mwerali qali am mcire novelaSi ar cdilobs mZafri
disonansebis Semotanas, qalis ocnebebi ar ingreva rome­
lime mamakacis mier, arc konfliqti, arc uufleboba ar
Cans, lirikulad dawyebuli teqsti lirikuladve gveub­
neba, rom qalis ocnebebs axdena ar uweria, rom es yovel­
gvari konkretuli mizezis dasaxelebis gareSec aSkaraa da
Tanac aSkaraa imave wuTas, vidre qali fanjaras moscil­
148
deba: `jer kidev fanjarasTan dgas. marto. qari TiTqos
yvavilebs uRitinebs, magram yvavilebi ar icinian. yvavile­
bi daiRalnen~ (firzadi, Targmani ani glurjiZisa).
iraneli mwerali qali, goli Tarayi emigraciaSi cxov­
robs, Tumca sakuTar nawerebs mudmivad aqveynebs iranSi.
samSoblo misTvis ar aris kicxvisa da gandgomis obieqti,
romelic unda uaryo, an unda amxilo imisaTvis, rom iyo
bednieri. goli TarayisaTvis samSoblo ufro metad aris
is mTlianoba, romelic sruliad misaRebi da gasagebia.
misTvis samSoblos nakli ar aqvs, arc hqonia. is sirTu­
leebi, romlebic arsebobs sazogadoebaSi, sxvadasxva sfe­
roSi, goli Tarayis TvalSi odnavadac ver ayenebs Crdils
samSoblos didebulebas. miuxedavad amisa, goli Tarayi
TvalnaTliv xedavs im problemebs, romlebic qalis uf­
lebebis irgvliv arsebobs Tanamedrove iranSi. misi na­
warmoebis gmirebi qalebi arian: martoxela qalebi, Sahidi
qalebi, didi da patara, sakuTari da sazogado sevdiTa da
tkiviliT, problemebiTa da gancdebiT datvirTuli qa­
lebi. mahin banu martoxela qalia, romelis martoobasac
globalizaciisa da revoluciis saxeli hqvia. misi Svilebi
revoluciisa da omebis gamo msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi
mimofantulan da, SesaZloa, Tavs kargad da komfortula­
dac grZnoben, magram TviTon ar SeuZlia wavides, miatovos
saxli, gaacios kera, zurgi aqcios mogonebebs, warsuls,
xsovnas. da romc SeZlos, mainc arsad miesvleba, mainc mar­
tos mouwevs darCenili dReebis gatareba. `amdeni dangre­
uli cxovrebis fonze saeWvod Cans TiTqos amaRlebuli
revoluciuri idealebis faseuloba. amitomaa, yvela hu­
manisti mwerali skeptikurad ekideba omisa da revoluci­
is monapovars: rac ar unda keTilSobiluri idea amoZra­
vebdes am movlenebs, maTi Sedegi mudam sisxlia, cremli,
149
ngreva, usaxlkaroba, fizikuri da sulieri ganadgureba
(burjanaZe 2009).
Tanamedrove sparsuli literaturis Sesaxeb unda
iTqvas isic, rom qalebis monawileoba xelovnebis sfero­
Si, maT Soris, literaturaSi, paradoqsulia. erTi mxriv,
iranis istoriaSi dRemde ar yofila amdeni qali avto­
ri, mxatvari, scenaristi, reJisori, fotografi, Jurna­
listi, musikosi, msaxiobi, ramdenic bolo aTwleulebSi
moRvaweobs. meore mxriv ki, isev ZalaSia ideologiuri da
moralisturi reglamentireba qalebisa iranis fundamen­
talisturi politikis fonze. amitomac masobrivad aris
daculi da normirebuli qalis garegnuli formebi: tan­
sacmeli, gamoxedva, qceva.
150
qali avtori Turqul literaturaSi
Turqulenovani samyaro qalis upirveles movaleo­
bad dedobas miiCnevda. `saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osmale­
Tis imperiaSi islamuri samarTali dominirebda, romelic
qals uuflebo arsebad ganixilavda. osmalur kanun­name­
ebsa da sxva sakanonmdeblo dokumentebSi qalis mdgomare­
oba TiTqmis ar icvleboda da qali kvlavindeburad inar­
Cunebda uuflebo mdgomareobas~ (buquri 2012, gv. 3).
yurani morwmuneebs qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobas
uqadagebda: `(4:19) – hoi, Tqven, romelTac iwameT! nebadar­
Tuli ara gaqvT, ZaliT aiyvanoT memkvidreobaSi colebi.
da nu dauSliT waiRon imis nawili, rac migiciaT maTTvis,
garda – Tuki cxadi mruSoba Caidinon. keTilad moepyariT
maT, xolo Tu SeiZuleT – iqneba Tqven gZuldeT rame, al­
lahs ki didi sikeTe Caedos masSi~ (silagaZe 2009, b:30).
islamis winaswarmetyveli mamakacebs qalebis Sesaxeb
ase moZRvravs:
`isini samoselia Tqveni da Tqvena xarT samoseli maTi~
(silagaZe 2009, a:28).
miuxedavad amisa, islamis revoluciam kidev ufro
daamZima qalebis mdgomareoba, qalis bedis ganmkargavi
mTlianad mamakaci gaxda, qals ar SeeZlo TviTon mieRo
gadawyvetilebebi, maT Soris, saojaxo saqmianobaSi (gar­
da mxolod qalisaTvis gankuTvnili saqmisa), ar hqonda
fulis gankargvis ufleba, qals ar SeeZlo ganqorwineba
sakuTari surviliT, aseve, mas ekrZaleboda memkvidreo­
bis miReba meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. `islamis
ganviTarebis Sedegad SeizRuda qalTa uflebebi. adgi­
lobrivi Zveli tradiciebi Seicvala SariaTis moTxovne­
bis Sesabamisad. islamma TandaTanobiT qals CamoarTva is
151
uflebebi, romlebic maT manamde gaaCndaT. male qali aR­
moCnda damcirebul mdgomareobaSi mamakacTan SedarebiT.
Semdgom kanonmdeblobebSi da zne­CveulebebSi ufro da
ufro izRudeboda maTi uflebebi~ (buquri 2012, gv. 23).
TurqeTSi qalis uflebebisaTvis brZola gansakuTre­
biT aqtiuri da nayofieri iyo meoce saukunis 20­iani wle­
bidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom reformebis Sedegad SemuSavda
qemalisturi qalis saxe, romelsac sazogadoeba garkveul
moTxovnebs uyenebda: `Turqi qali ganaTlebuli, sakuTar
nacionalur identobaSi gacnobierebuli da, gamomdinare
aqedan, kargi deda da meuRle unda yofiliyo~ (gobenli
1999, gv. 23). qalTa sakiTxebis win wamoweva TurqeTSi meore
sakonstitucio fazis epoqaSi daiwyo zia gioqalfis (Ziyâ
Gökalp) (1876­1924) dros, misi SexedulebiT, ojaxi nacio­
naluri saxelmwifos fundamenti iyo. goqalfma Seqmna Ta­
namedrove/nacionalisturi ojaxis Teoria, es iyo axali
identobis Camoyalibebis mcdeloba, rodesac kidev uf­
ro gamZafrda Turquli nacionalizmi da daiwyo osmanuri
qalTa moZraoba, rac TurqeTis respublikaSi qemalistu­
ri saxelmwifo feminizmiT dasrulda.
1924 wels miRebuli TurqeTis respublikis konsti­
tucia mniSvnelovani dokumenti aRmoCnda qalis uflebe­
bis dacvis kuTxiT, qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobisa da
Tanabaruflebianobis mxriv, Tumca aRniSnuli konstitu­
ciac mraval diskriminaciul formulirebas Seicavda.
`poeturi niWis mqone qali unda yofiliyo ufro iR­
bliani da organizatoruli talantis mqone, vidre mamaka­
ci, Tu mas realurad surda Tavisi talantis gamovlena da
ganviTareba. amisi mTavari piroba sparsuli enis Seswavla
iyo, rac SemdgomSi axlo aRmosavleTis lirikuli poeziis
klasikis Semecnebas gauadvilebda. aseTi ganaTleba nebis­
152
mieri SeZlebuli axalgazrda mamakacis codnis Semadgene­
li nawili iyo, magram amas qalTagan mxolod erTeuli Tu
axerxebda~ (buquri 2012).
meoce saukunis 70­iani, 80­iani wlebidan TurqeTSi
iqmneba qalTa literatura, romelic swored qalis sa­
kiTxebzea orientirebuli. qalebis Semoqmedeba aSkarad
mianiSnebda, rom aqamde mamakacuri esTetikiT savse lite­
raturuli samyaro ganaxlebas saWiroebda.
Turqi mwerali qalebis aRiareba rTuli procesi iyo,
radgan is dakavSirebulia qalis uflebebTan, zogadad, qa­
lis aRiarebasTan rogorc sazogadoebriv, ise, gansakuT­
rebiT, religiur konteqstSi. Turqi mwerali finar qu­
ri erT­erTi pirveli iyo, vinc Turqul samyaroSi qalis
uuflebobisa da eqspluataciis sakiTxi mwvaved da daufa­
ravad daayena. quris nawarmoebi `qali saxrCobelaze~ rea­
lur qargas emyareba da moTxrobilia istoria, romelSic
mTavari msxverpli qalia, mas adanaSauleben yofili mamo­
bilis, SemdgomSi ki – qmris mkvlelobaSi, asamarTleben da
CamoxrCobas miusjian, Tumca yvela darwmunebulia, rom
meleqi udanaSauloa, rom swored qalia msxverpli, magram,
meore mxriv, sazogadoebaSi miRebuli Sexedulebebis Ta­
naxmad, gaTxovili qalis oficialuri patroni aris qmari
da rasac unda, imas moimoqmedebs, rom qmars ar gansjian,
rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi qali iTvleba damnaSaved.
qali avtorebi cdiloben daamsxvrion TurqeTSi ar­
sebuli tradiciuli Sexedulebebi qalis rolis Sesaxeb
rogorc sazogadoebaSi, ise ojaxSi qaliSvilis, colisa
da dedis rangSi. es ki xSirad mamakacebis damokidebule­
bis kritikiT miiRweva, radgan aSkaraa tendencia, romlis
mixedviTac, mamakacs SeuZlia iyos ufro Tavisufali da
damoukidebeli ojaxisagan, valdebulebebisagan da pasu­
153
xismgeblobebisagan. im dros, rodesac qali saojaxo saqme­
ebiT aris dakavebuli, mamakacs SeuZlia gaerTos. es tradi­
cia Tu sazogadoebrivi norma damamcirebel elfers iZens
qalisaTvis: `mamakacebi yvelgan erTnairad iqcevian. ara
mxolod saxlSi, ara mxolod colTan. maT SeuZliaT kafe­
ebsa da barebSi isxdnen da xmamaRla isaubron, icinon. maT
SeuZliaT quCaSi iseirnon, maT SeuZliaT nasvamebi movid­
nen saxlSi. Cven, qalebi ki unda visxdeT da Cveni qaluro­
ba SevinaxoT maTTvis, xolo Tu isini gabrazebulebi arian,
Cven xma ar unda gavceT, rom ar gavabrazoT. Cven mxolod
Tavdaxrilebi unda velaparakebodeT maT~ (ozakini 1991,
gv. 87­88).
araRiarebis garda Turqi mwerali qalebi mudmivad
emigracias ukavSirdebian. elif Safaqi Tanamedrove mwe­
rali qalia, romelis nawarmoebic `stamboleli nabiWvari~
(Turquli saxelwodebiT: `mama da nabiWvari~) erTdrou­
lad gamoqveynda Turqul da inglisur enebze 2006 wels.
romanSi stambolis multikulturuli cxovrebaa aRwe­
rili. elif Safaqi wignis prezentacias ase ixsenebs: `Ce­
mi wignis prezentaciaze sixaruls ver vmalavdi. vin aRar
movida: alavidebi, sunitebi, feministebi, konservatore­
bi, memarcxeneebi, liberalebi, mistikosebi, agnostikose­
bi. es erTad Serwymuli Turquli xmebia, romelTac qvey­
nis momavali unda Camoayalibon. saiT wava Cemi qveyana?
es damokidebulia ara mxolod misi xalxis keTil nebasa
da demokratiis Zalaze, aramed – evropis unarze, miiRos
stabilurad sekularuli islamuri qveyana. mravalferov­
nebaSi cxovreba ioli saswavli namdvilad ar aris, magram
am gamocdas mxolod TurqeTi ar gadis~ (Safaqi, interne­
tresursi). Safaqis romanSi somexTa genocidzec aris sa­
ubari, ramac mwerali qali sasamarTlomde miiyvana. mas
154
sami wliT sapatimro emuqreboda, Tumca sabolood gaa­
marTles Sesabamisi mtkicebulebebis arqonis gamo.
qali, misi cxovreba, misi samyaro, interesebi da molo­
dinebi, sixaruli da tkivili, qalis yoveldRiuroba da
siZneleebi Tanamerove Turqi mwerali qalis, elif Safa­
qis Semoqmedebis erT­erTi mTavari Temaa.
`siyvarulis ormoci wesi~ misi inglisurenovani roma­
nia, romelsac didi gamoxmaureba mohyva mTel msoflioSi.
yovlad uzenaesi grZnobis, siyvarulis saxeliT dasavle­
Tisa da aRmosavleTis paradoqsuli dakavSireba romanis
mTavari Temaa. amerikeli sami Svilis dedisa da erTguli
meuRlis, elas cxovrebaSi erTdroulad iWreba siyvaru­
li da aRmosavleTi.
romanis mTavari gmiri, warmoSobiT ebraeli amerike­
li, ormoc wels miRweuli qalia, materialurad uzrunve­
lyofili, romelsac Svilebsa da meuRleze uwevs zrunva.
ela kargi diasaxlisia, TviTon amzadebs kerZebs, saxlSi
acxobs purs, raTa ojaxs tradiciebi ar daekargos, raTa
ojaxis yvela wevrisaTvis saxli kvlavac Zvirfas da mniS­
vnelovan fenomenad darCes. elas ar sjera siyvarulis.
misTvis es grZnoba sruliad zedmeti ramaa, rac Taname­
drove cxovrebaSi arc ki arsebobs. Seyvarebul qaliS­
vils ela ase pasuxobs: `Svilo, romel saukuneSi cxovrob?
gaige, rom qalebi aRar Txovdebian imaTze, vinc uyvarT.
saqme saqmeze rom midgeba, qali imas irCevs, vinc, misi az­
riT, kargi mama da sando qmari iqneba. siyvaruli sasiamov­
no grZnobaa, magram aseve swrafad midis, rogorc modis~
(Safaqi 2012, gv. 14).
ela qalis erTferovani, saojaxo cxovrebiT cxov­
robs, rac mis TviTSefasebas aSkarad Crdils ayenebs. sao­
jaxo saqmianoba, romelic diasaxlisisavis erT dros sia­
155
mayis obieqti iyo, ukve kargavs Tavis dadebiT elfers. Tu
adre qmarsa da sam Svilze mzrunveli deda ojaxSi saqmi­
anobis gamo Tavisufal dros saerTod ver poulobda, mas
Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizardnen, elas cxovrebaSi bev­
ri kiTxvis niSani gaCnda: `ubeduri diasaxlisi... Suaxnis
qali, romelic rogorc xafangSi, ise moemwyvda uiRblo
qorwinebis marwuxebSi... ho, sul es var... aseTad mxedav­
en Svilebi... qmaric... megobrebic... mezoblebic... albaT,
zurgs ukan Cum­Cumad yvelas vecodebi~ (Safaqi 2012, gv. 14).
elas cxovreba dRiTidRe icvleba mas Semdeg, rac
literaturul saagentoSi iwyebs muSAobas. pirvelive te­
qsti, romlis wakiTxvac uwevs, bevr safiqrals aRuZravs.
ela iwyebs romanis avtorTan mimoweras, rac, sabolood,
usazRvro siyvaruliT mTavrdeba.
elif Safaqis `siyvarulis ormoci wesi~ mkiTxvels ao­
cebs ukidegano ganswavlulobiT, aRmosavluri misticiz­
mis, yuranis, sufizmis fundamenturi codniT, gaazrebiTa
da gadaazrebiT, religiuri Temebi literaturulad da­
muSAvebulia sagrZnobi simsubuqiTa da maRali ostatobiT.
Turqi mwerali qalis, aiSe kulinis cxovreba da Semo­
qmedeba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. misi
mSoblebi, – bosnieli warmoSobis mama da Cerqezuli war­
moSobis deda osmanuri tradiciebisadmi morCilebasa da
siyvaruls unergavdnen, Tumca mogvianebiT, stambulis
amerikul qalTa kolejSi swavlobda literaturaTm­
codneobas, riTac tradiciebisa da kulturebis mraval­
ferovneba axalgazrda qalisaTvis Semoqmedebis erT­erT
impulsad iqca. aiSe kulini sxvadasxva dros muSaobda Ju­
rnalistad da redaqtorad. gamocemuli aqvs or aTeulze
meti wigni, dajildoebulia sxvadasxva literAAaturuli
premiiT. avtobiografiuli romani `mas hqvia ailini~ 1997
156
wels stambolis universitetma wlis romanad daasaxela.
aiSe kulinis romanebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
erTi mxriv, qalTa sakiTxebTan, xolo meore mxriv, poli­
tikur TemebTan. simboluria kulinis erT­erTi cnobili
romanis, `fureias~ epigrafic: `eZRvneba TurqeTis re­
spublikis yvela xelovan qals, vinc realobad aqcia Cveni
ocneba civilizaciaze~. romani `erTi dREe~ mogviTxrobs
qalTa problemebze TurqeTSi, aseve, romanSi ZiriTadi
aqcenti dasmulia Turqul­qurTuli konfliqtis irgv­
liv. romani `viwro biliki~ ori qalis istoriis fonze
qalis mZime xvedrze gviyveba, sadac aseve mTavar prob­
lemad Turqul­qurTuli konfliqtia moazrebuli. aiSe
kulinis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia tabuirebuli
Temebis, tradiciuli sazogadoebisaTvis aranormirebu­
li da zogjer sruliad miuREebeli sakiTxebis mimarT gan­
sakuTrebuli interesi da CaRrmaveba.
qalTa uflebebi TurqeTSi ara mxolod Turqi qali
avtorebisaTvis aris mniSvnelvani. Turqi nobelianti
mwerlis, orhan famuqis SemoqmedebaSi aRmosavluri
tradiciebi da dasavluri Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs cv­
lian. mwerali xSirad aRwers Tanamedrove Turqul gare­
mos, sadac vesternizmisa da islamizmis konfliqti Za­
lze mZafrad SeigrZnoba da sadac qali, misi uflebebi da
sazogadoebrivi ganwyobilebebi erT­erT mTavar sazomad
aris qceuli.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Turqi qali avtorebis Se­
moqmedeba garkveuli geografiuli definiciiTac SeiZle­
ba iyos ganxiluli. mediha gobenli gamokvlevaSi: `Tana­
medrove Turquli qalTa literatura~ aRniSnavs: Turqi
mwerali qalebisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebeli is aris, rom
maTi umravlesoba TurqeTis udides qalaqebSi, metropo­
157
liebSi cxovrobs, ZiriTadad, stambulSi da zogjer, an­
karaSi da es sakiTxi mwerali qalebis SemoqmedebaSic aris
asaxuli, kerZod, moTxrobebsa da romanebSi Txroba um­
Tavresad mimdinareobs stambulSi, iSviaTad, ankaraSi (go­
benli 1999). es ki marTlac yuradRebamisaqcevi faqtoria,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT TurqeTis respublikis masStabebs.
unda iTqvas isic, rom, rogorc cnobilia, metropoliebi
civilizaciisa da ganviTarebis, xolo provinciebi tradi­
ciebisa da konservatizmis garkveul sayrdens wamoadgens.
qali mwerlebi Tanamedrove Turqul literatura­
Si gansakuTrebiT saintereso literaturul tendencias
qmnian. qalisa da mamakacis istoriuli, tradiciuli da
Tanamedrove rolebis analizi, qalis momavali Turqul
samyaroSi, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kulturuli da
genderuli dapirispirebebi qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis
mTavari Temebia. maSinac ki, rodesac qali Tavisufalia
Tavis arCevanSi, is mainc ar aris Tanaswori. Turqi qali
mwerlebi cdiloben polarizebuli samyaro gardaqmnan,
Tumca, bunebrivia, es ase martivi ar aris. sazogadoebrivi
normebi dRemde mraval sakiTxs gansazRvravs, maT Soris,
literaturul normebsac.
158
qali avtori da qarTuli literatura
iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic litera­
turuli tradiciebi ar iyo avtor qalebze orientirebu­
li. literaturul gemovnebas da literaturul suraTs
ZiriTadad mamakaci avtorebi qmnidnen.
saqarTvelos istoria icnobs saqarTveloSi moRvawe
qalebs, romlebsac garkveuli roli SeusrulebiaT Cveni
qveynis cxovrebaSi da maTi Rvawli istoriasac Semouna­
xavs. rodesac saqarTveloSi qalis uflebebze msjeloben,
umravles SemTxvevaSi saubroben qarTul tradiciebze da
aRniSnaven, rom qarTveli qali yovelTvis iyo mamakacis
Tanaswori, mas farTo uflebebi hqonda da a. S.
qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis analizisas ramdenime Zi­
riTadi Tematuri xazi gamoiyofa:
1. qali avtorebi, romlebic motivirebulebi arian
qalTa uflebebis, qalis diskursis win wamoweviT:
weren ZiriTadad qalebze, qalebis istoriebze, ra­
Ta mZafrad SesagrZnobi gaxdes qalis faqtori, qa­
lis xma da saxe literaturuli damuSavebisas. es Se­
iZleba CaiTvalos istoriul Tematur kategoriad,
radgan, rogorc qali avtorebis Semoqmedebaze dak­
virvebam gvaCvena, tradiciulad, epoqebis ganmav­
lobaSi, qali avtorebis Semoqmedebis warmoSoba da
ganviTareba qalebis uflebebis, qalebis mdgomare­
obis warmoCeniT mimdinareobda;
2. qali avtorebi, romelTaTvisac mxolod emociurad,
ganwyobilebebisa da survilebis mixedviT aris li­
teraturuli procesi mniSvnelovani;
3. qali avtori da seqsualuri ganwyoba: qali da mama­
kaci;
159
 4. qali avtorebi, romlebic dainteresebulni arian
literaturuli da politikuri miswrafebebiT, ra­
Ta sakuTari azrovnebiTa da SemoqmedebiT gavle­
na iqonion garkveul Sexedulebebze, daamsxvrion
stereotipebi, SesaZlebeli gaxadon literaturul
tradiciebSi, sazogadoebasa da kulturaSi dainer­
gos axali xedva;
5. qali avtori – dedis xma;
6. qali avtori da patriotuli teqstebi.
es da sxva tendenciebi sxvadasxva simZafriT aris ga­
moxatuli qarTveli mwerali qalebis SemoqmedebaSic.
qarTul literaturaSi qali avtoris sakiTxi sx­
vadasxva WrilSi da sxvadasxva simZafriT iyo dasmuli.
istoriuli diskursis zerele mimoxilva, vfiqrob, Cemi
mxridan sruliad gaumarTlebelia, amitomac am sakiTxs
sxva kvlevis farglebSi gadavitan, Tumca unda AaRiniSnos
is, rom dREesac qarTul, iseve rogorc dasavlur da/an aR­
mosavlur literaturul garemoSi, azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa
imasTan dakavSirebiT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara qalebisa da ma­
makacebis mier Seqmnili teqstebi erTmaneTisagan konkre­
tuli maxasiaTeblebiT. Tanamedrove qarTuli liter­
aturis erT­erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino avtori, naira
gelaSvili werilSi: `qali – saxe da problema~ aRniSnavs:
`iTvleba, rom sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan qalis gam­
orTvam, istoriis, saxelmwifos, cxovrebis erTpirovnul­
ma marTvam mamrobiTi sqesis mier kacobrioba calfrTian
TviTmfrinavs daamsgavsa, romelic iZulebuli gaxda
agresiuli maskulinuri fsiqikis mier ganadgurebuli
sasicocxlo sivrcis landSaftSi daSvebuliyo. ekolo­
giuri da feministuri msoflmxedvelobebi daewyvila,
160
magram aSkaraa arsebiTi siZnelec: rom qalis diskrimina­
ciiT aRbeWdilma xangrZlivma istoriam amasobaSi uricx­
vi qali kacs daamsgavsa~ (gelaSvili 2005, gv. 17). mwerali
da mTargmneli lela samniaSvili aRniSnavs: `mwerloba,
rogorc TviTrealizaciis erT­erTi gza, antikuri xani­
dan gamonaxes mamakacebma. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu kaco­
briobis istoriis gariJraJze matriarqatis, rogorc
Tavdapirveli da yvelaze ufro bunebrivi sazogadoebis
wyobilebis Sesaxeb baxofenis Teorias gaviTvaliswinebT,
literatura mainc darCeba saukuneebis manZilze patri­
arqalur movlenad~ (samniaSvili 2005, gv. 187). mwerali ana
korZaia­samadaSvili eWvqveS ar ayenebs qalis gansxvave­
bul msoflaRqmas. erT­erT interviuSi aRniSnavs: `qali
mwerali, rasakvirvelia, sxvagvarad xedavs msoflios. vin
Tqva, rom mamakacis mier aRqmuli ufro sainteresoa?~
Tumca iqve dasZens: `mkiTxvelebi qalebic arian da kace­
bic. gana qali mkiTxvelebi marto qalis dawerils unda
kiTxulobdnen? ar SeiZleba mwerlebis definicireba sqe­
sis mixedviT~ (interviu ana korZa­samadaSvilTan). Zalze
sainteresoa cnobili kritikosis, mTargmnelis, Rrma da
saintereso kvlevebis avtoris, prof. levan bregaZis mo­
sazreba qalTa literaturasTan dakavSirebiT: `me ver
vamCnev arsebiT gansxvavebas qal da mamakac prozaikosTa
(verc poetTa) nawarmoebebs Soris verc Tematikis da verc
Temis mxatvruli damuSavebis TvalsazrisiT. arc sxvasTan
wamikiTxavs rame amis Taobaze. inteleqtualurad qali da
mamakaci erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebian (adre egonaT,
gansxvavdebiano; gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi „daadgines“,
analizis unari (mecnieruli analizi igulisxmeba) qal­
sa da mamakacs Tanabrad aqvT ganviTarebuli, oRond qa­
lebs sworad Catarebuli analizidan daskvnebis gamotana
161
uWirTo, magram ar gamodga marTali – analizic exerxebaT avtobiografiuli komponentebi,
da arc daskvnebis gamotanis unari SeswevT mamakacebze rogorc TviTidentifikacia qalTa
naklebad. me­20 saukunis bolos dasrulda adamianis ge­ literaturaSi
netikuri „rukis“ Sevseba da biologebi gvarwmuneben, iq
TviTidentifikaciis biografiul ganzomilebaSi moq­
garkveviT ikiTxeba, rom qali mamakacze niWieriao~ (levan
ceva saerToa mravali avtorisaTvis. swored es exmareba
bregaZe, ix. litinterviuebi eblitfoze). qali avtoris
individs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebaSi. cnobilia, rom
sakiTxi, genderulad markirebuli literaturis adgili
individi `verafers daemyareba sakuTari Tavis gareT. ara­
da roli qarTul literaturaSi sruliad Seuswavlelia.
viTari sayrdeni da orientiri individs garedan ar eZle­
sakiTxis mravalmxrivoba, aseve qarTul literaturul
va, man TavisTavze dayrdnobiT, sakuTari riskiT unda ga­
sivrceSi arsebuli rogorc istoriuli, ise Tanamedrove
ikvalos gza... Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi sayrdenisaken,
procesebi da tendenciebi aSkarad mowmobs, rom problema
rogorc Tavisi xsnisaken~ (popiaSvili 1988, gv. 141). aseTi
mravalmxrivi kvlevis wyaro unda gaxdes.
sayrdeni zogierTi mwerlisaTvis swored mis winaparTa
vinaidan Cemi gamokvleva miznad isaxavs qali avtoris
genealogiuri sulieri memkvidreobaa, romelTan miaxlo­
sakiTxis Seswavlas sxvadasxva WrilSi: literaturuli,
ebac, romelSi Cawvdomac, xSirad swored TviTidentifika­
kulturologiuri, genderuli aspeqtebi, aseve, imis gamo,
ciis erTaderT saSualebad miiCneva.
rom qarTul literaturaSi sagangebod ar aris Seswav­
2009 wels gamoica naira gelaSvilis wigni `Cveni grZe­
lili qali avtoris sakiTxi, ganzraxuli maqvs am Temis
li ambavi”. wigni sagvareulo sagis Janrs ganekuTvneba.
irgvliv calke naSromis momzadeba, amitomac am etapze mx­
unda aRiniSnos, rom naira gelaSvils ramdenime avto­
olod qali avtorisa da Tanamedrove qarTuli literatu­
biografiuli/dokumenturi Janris nawarmoebi ekuTvnis.
ruli procesebis zogierT sakiTxze SevCerdebi.
romani `Cveni grZeli ambavi~ gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
mwerlis identobebis kvlevis kuTxiT.
mwerali sagis JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txrobis
mSvidi kiloTi, fsiqologizmiTa da martivi siuJeturi
ganviTarebiT gviyveba sagvareulo istoriebs. wignis ga­
rekanic winaprebisa da mwerlis bavSvobisdroindeli fo­
toebis kolaJisagan Sedgeba.
swored kolaJuri, mozaikuria wignSi moTxrobili is­
toriebic da Tavad Txrobis stilic. xSirad erT movlenas
win uswrebs meore, romelic, rogorc Semdeg irkveva, mas
unda mosdevdes. qronologiuri CarCo zogjer icvleba,

162 163
Tumca es qronologiuri monacvleoba sulac ar qmnis dis­
harmonizms da arc mkiTxvels uWirs, gaerkves mwerlis ge­
nealogiis labirinTebSi.
naira gelaSvili romanSi `Cveni grZeli ambavi~ TviT­
identobis ZiebaSia. marTalia, Txroba mesame pirSi war­
mogvidgens Tavad avtors, magram igi yvelgan aris, nawar­
moebis yvela personaJs, winapars exeba. mwerali ar aris
ubralo mesage, an pasiuri `meteqste”. mwerali Tavisi
emociebiT, Sinagani damokidebulebiT, Taviseburad, anu
Tavis mier gaazrebulad Tu danaxulad warmogvidgens
wignis TiToeul gmirs, Tavis bebiebsa da papebs, deidebs,
mamidebs, biZebs, bicolebs, ded­mamas, Zmebs, axlo Tu
Soreul naTesavebs, mezoblebsa da megobrebs. `droTa,
anu mkvdarTa da cocxalTa, kavSiris maRiarebeli tradi­
cia adamianobis normad winaparTa, sul cota, Svidi Tao­
bis vinaobis damaxsovrebas Tvlida; da normadakargul
yofnaSi aRar Canda gardasulebis bedisweraTa mozaika,
romlis Tvalis gadavlebac egeb gaaTvaliswinebinebda im
Tvisebebsa da maTgan momdinare winsvlasa Tu uiRblobas,
miswrafebebsa da naRvels, romlebic Turme meordebian
sagvareulo xis totebSi, Tundac sul zemoT, Sors fes­
vebisagan, radgan kenweros uwevs Turme wveni – xeSi moZ­
ravi~ (gelaSvili 2009, gv. 11).
biografiuli pasaJebi efuZneba zepir istoriebs. wign­
Si ganviTarebuli ZiriTadi ambebi kaxeTSi, ufro zustad
ki, qiziySi, uwindel `kambeCovanSi~ xdeba. mwerlis, naira
gelaSvilis ena am nawarmoebSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba misi
sxva, prozauli Tu poeturi, aseve, rasakvirvelia, publi­
cisturi enisagan. faruli da aSkara sarkazmi, iumori, ro­
melic yvelafers kidev ufro detalurad da saintereso
ferebSi warmogvidgens, araiSviaTi dialeqtizmebi wigns
164
kidev ufro sainteresos xdis mkiTxvelisaTvis.
mwerlis arcTu Sefaruli iumori itevs winaprebis bi­
ografiebis iseT mniSvnelovan epizodebs, sadac TiToeu­
li nabiji, TiToeuli moZraoba istoriul mniSvnelobas
iZens. `da ai, SemoiRo kari, ufro zustad, SemoexeTqa:
ugonod mTvrali valodia gelaSvili Sua oTaxSi daerWo,
Soridan nasroli isariviT abarbacda... Tvali moavlo im
`butusurebs~, zurgSi darCenilebs, samSoblos gamar­
jvebis sadRegrZeloebs rom Sesdgomodnen ukve, mere gas­
wia, jiqur mivida nino nozaZesTan da gadaexvia... ris Semde­
gac meyseulad aRmoCnda iatakze Tarazul mdgomareobaSi:
radgan ganrisxebulma qaliSvilma SesaSuri Zal­Ronis
gamovleniT moiwyvita da moiSora – ese igi, metismetad
Zlierad hkra xeli demobilizebul leitenants. oRond
amjerad pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, Torem gadataniT xom
imTaviTve nakravi hqonda~ (gelaSvili 2009, gv. 109).
Tumca es wigni, raRa Tqma unda, ar aris mxolod wi­
naparTa istoriebis, Tavgadasavlebis krebuli. romanSi
`Cveni grZeli ambavi~ saTanado adgils sruliad samar­
Tlianad da safuZvlianadac poulobs dro. aq bevri droa.
aq aris winaprebis droc da avtoris droc da es yvela dro
Sesabamisad aisaxeba kidec wignSi, rac qmnis erTdroulad
ramdenime identobas.
sakuTari, anu axlandeli, Tundac mimdinare, awmyo
drois Sesaxeb avtori SesavalSive aRniSnavs:
`Jami idga ucnauri, Tan profanuli Zalian. TiTqmis
veraferi vargobda, da igi monakveTi istoriisa, kosmo­
goniuri teqstebis naRvliani perifraziT SeiZleboda
gadmocemuliyo ase:
odes wyali ar iyo, sinaTle ar iyo.
siTbo ar iyo, puri ar iyo,
165
 gza ar iyo, codna ar iyo,
imedi ar iyo, sindisi ar iyo,
iyo martooden: demokratia,
romelic aseve ar iyo...
maSasadame, Zveli wyobis nangrevebze idga qveyana da
adamianTa mcire nawili cdilobda, raRac axali da kargi
aewyo, oRond ar gamosdioda~ (gelaSvili 2009, gv. 7).
winaprebis dro is istoriuli droa, rodesac saqa­
rTveloSi ramdenjerme Seicvala saxelmwifoebrivi wyo­
bileba: erekle meoris mefobis periodi, georgievskis
traqtati da saqarTvelos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Ses­
vla, Semdeg batonymobis gadavardna Tu gadagdeba, Semdeg
menSevikebis mosvla xelisuflebaSi, bolos, bolSevikebis
gabatoneba­damkvidreba avtorisa da Cvens qveyanaSDi. kax­
eTis, kerZod ki, qiziyis erT­erTi ulamazesi soflis,
nukrianisa da misi mimdebare raionuli centrisa Tu so­
flebis, mTlianad qiziyis, aseve kaxeTis magaliTze, mwe­
rali swored am istoriul cvlilebebs warmogvidgens. aq
bevri biografiuli epizodia. am istoriuli movlenebi­
sadmi arc naira gelaSvilia gulgrili da, miTumetes,
arc misi winaprebi. piriqiT, isini aqtiuri da uSualo
monawileebi arian aRniSnuli istoriuli procesebisa. mw­
erlis winaprebis Tavgadasavlebi xSirad saocrad erwymis
saqarTvelos istoriul ambebs.
`gaemarTnen zurgze Tofebgadakidebuli kola da basa
Turme im adgilisaken da gawvnen xSir da nairgvar balaxSi,
welamde rom swvdebodaT. aqaoda, maqsimalur sabrZolo
sifrTxiles viCenTo. miforTxavdnen iqiT, sadac mteri
egulebaT da miadgnen Turme paloze dabmul, lamis taxi­
viT Rors. esao Tavisi moZraobiTa da RrutuniT mtris yu­
radRebas miipyrobso da amouZriaT rkinis palo Turme mi­
166
widan... ubRotialiaT sabas da kolas da misdgomian raRac
Calis qoxs. aq uTqvams basas: `kolav, xo xedav, ara yrian
e mkvdarZaRli menSevikebi da egeba patara xans SevideT
am tial qoxSi, suli moviTqvaTo~ (gelaSvili 2009, gv. 62­
63). marTlac, oriveni qoxSi Sesulan, daunTiaT cecxli,
amouRiaT TavianTi sagzali da WaWis arayi da, `roca saba
ukve `udrood wasulebis~ sadRegrZeloze gadavida da
roca amis gamo fexze wamodgnen oriveni, Tumca, taroaanT
kola Calis qoxSi mTlad rigianad ver gaimarTa, – dasWyiv­
les kidec Turme garedan:
– alyaSi xarT! iaraRi dayareT, Torem ukve dagadgaT
Tavze miqel­gabrielio!
ukve SeJuJunebulebs miqel­gabrieli ratomRac sa­
dRegrZelosTan, anu udrood wasulebTan daukavSirebiaT
da zemoT auxediaT, magram Tofis gasrolas gamourkvevia.
angelozebi daufrTxeso, rom vTqvaT, cota gadaWar­
bebuli iqneba, radgan aRqma ukve moblagvebuli hqoniaT,
magram myudroeba aSkarad daerRvaT Turme~ (gelaSvili
2009, gv. 63­64).
bolSevikebma, basam da kolam, menSevik Tanasoflelebs
wasulebis sadRegrZelos daleva SesTavazes, razec sami
menSevikidan ori uyoymanod dasTanxmda, mxolod mesame
menSeviks gamouTqvams sastiki protesti:
`– maS, basa da kola, ara? aba, gamodiT exlave, gaCvenebT
me Tqven adgilis dedasa! – `udrood wasulebs~ mainc ver
Sebeda, marqsistul­materialisturi folkloriT ga­
JRenTilma, im yovlad gaurkveveli adgilis dedaze iyara
javri da mauzeric daaZro Turme. ar dascaldaT basasa
da kolas am arsebis didxans Tvaliereba areuli mzeriT,
radgan uceb raRac saSineli xaviliTa da qSeniT CauSligi­
nebia sul axlaxan maT mier TavisuflebaminiWebul taxs da
167
adgilis dedaze gadaseirnebuli menSeviki gamqrala...
– ra uyoT exla, jo! Cvena magi damWerebi varT? – xe­
lebs Slidnen Turme menSevikebi.
– erTi magi patroni dedac! kinaRam adgili deda ar
Sagvigina! – warmouTqvams sefe sityva taroaanT kolas da
Semosxdomian koxtad oTxiveni cecxlsa.
hoda, Serqmevia im adgils baskoliani, basasa da ko­
las saxelebis SeerTebiT, da axlac ase hqvia da ase unda
moixsenios, sadac wesi da rigia, yvelam~ (gelaSvili 2009,
gGv. 64­65).
wignSi: `Cveni grZeli ambavi~ xSirad vxedavT mwerlis
istoriul ambebidan mziral gmirebs. da iq, sadac mwerlis
winaprebi uSualod ar monawileobdnen, mwerali sxvadasx­
va dokumentur masalas imowmebs gazeTebidan, wignebidan,
Canawerebidan da sxv.
mwerlis identobisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs weris
stilsa da maneras. naira gelaSvili, Tavisi mravalmxrivi
moRvaweobidan da Semoqmedebidan gamomdinare, ar aris
mxolod `tkbilxmad moubari~ mwerali. naira gelaSvili
aris mwerali, romlisTvisac umniSvnelo ar aris arc qar­
Tuli da arc msoflio procesebi. Tumca mis SemoqmedebaSi
xandaxan waSlilia zRvari qal da mamakac avtorTa Soris,
romani `Cveni Zveli ambavi~ aSkarad mianiSnebs, rom is qali
avtoris Txrobis maneriT aris dawerili. rogorc Cans, es
mwerlis gacnobierebuli arCevania, radgan qali am roman­
Si ocdameerTe saukunis genderuli kvlevebis Suqzea dan­
axuli, gancdili da warmoCenili.
romanSi vkiTxulobT: `qalbatoni mesagis warmosaxva
wyvets yovelgvar muSakobas da kidev erTxel aRiarebs
Tavis mudmiv zafras im gogonebisa da qalebis gamo, rom­
lebsac mTel jalabTan erTad or Tu erT Tval saxlSi
168
mravali Tvalisa da yuris winaSe unda gaetarebinaT mTeli
cxovrebis, aseve Taflobis Tvis Rameebi da dReebi. Zneli
dasajerebelia aumRvrevloba ima Taflisa, romlis aum­
Rvrevlobis uflebas aravin scnobda. xolo is amRvreuli
Tafli maleve mwardeboda da albaT qalebis mZime da mware
xasiaTis CamoyalibebaSi gviandeli, magram Zlieri safuar­
is rolsac asrulebda.
ase da amrigad, es siRaribe, es simcire saxlis sivrcis
Tu oTaxebisa, gvarianad Zarcvavs mTel warsuls roman­
tikisagan...
pirveli SviliT poziciebi gaimyara Tu ara, nucam Ta­
visi nebac Tamamad gamoavlina: calke cxovreba moisurva
qmar­SvilTan erTad da sakuTarive iniciativiT imave or­
RobeSi, oRond cota zemoT, – ubnis centrisaken – kuWaan­
Ta saxlis nawili daiqirava. esodeni damoukidebloba da
emansipacia ucxo ram xilad iTvleboda lamis mTeli erTi
saukunis Semdegac ki, roca saqarTvelom damoukidebloba
moipova da iseTma yovlad ucxo cnebebma, rogoric gax­
lavT, magaliTad, `genderi~ da `feminizmi~, TviT sofel
nukrianis orRobeebSic ki daiwyo aseirneba­Caseirneba~
(gelaSvili 2009, gv. 41­43).
2009 wels gamovida naira gelaSvilis kidev erTi wig­
ni: `pirveli ori wre da yvela sxva”. SeiZleba romani do­
kumenturi prozis Janrs ar mivakuTvnoT, magram aSkaraa,
rom is Seicavs biografiul, avtobiografiul pasaJebs da
mogviTxrobs 1988­1990­ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdi­
nare movlenebs. romanTan dakavSirebiT malxaz xarbedia
aRniSnavs: `axali ambavi ar aris, rom dRes Tanamedrove qa­
rTuli literatura Zalianaa mowyvetili realur Taname­
droveobas, istorias, Cvenive qveynis axlo warsuls Tu
bolo dros momxdar movlenebs. CvenSi TiTqmis ar iwereba
169
dokumenturi Janris nawarmoebebi, iSviaTad naxavT proza­
Si areklil saqarTvelos bolodroindel Tavgadasavals,
mwvaved dasmul kiTxvebs.~
cxadia, warmoSoba, winaprebi – TviTidentifikacia
aisaxeba avtobiografiul JanrSi da esaa identobis erT­
erTi markeri. mwerlis identobas xSirad warmoSobasTan
erTad is kulturac gansazRvravs, romelSic avtors ux­
deba cxovreba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa iseTi SemTx­
vevebi, rodesac mwerali sxva kulturis nawili xdeba.
iaponuri warmoSobis mwerali ioko Tavada 1960 wels
tokioSi daibada. 12 wlis asakSi dawera pirveli romani,
romelsac fotoaslebis meSveobiT avrcelebda. 1982 wli­
dan Tavada germaniaSi cxovrobs da muSaobs. pirveli wigni
man germaniaSi 1987 wels gamosca. iaponiaSi misi wigni 1992
wels gamoica. ioko Tavada wers iaponur da germanul en­
ebze prozaul da poetur teqstebs. miRebuli aqvs sxva­
dasxva premia literaturis dargSi rogorc germaniaSi,
ise – iaponiaSi.
ioko Tavadas 2000 wels germaniaSi gamoqveynebuli
wignis saTauria `Tilisma~ (`Talisman~) (tubingeni, 2000).
wignis pirveli prozauli teqstis saTauria: `mSobli­
uri enidan enis mSoblisaken”. teqsti mogviTxrobs mwerl­
is pirvel STabeWdilebebze ucxo qveyanaSi, sadac misTvis
yvelaferi axali, yvelaferi ucnobi da rTulad aRsaqme­
li iyo. mentalurad sxva samyaros, sxva kulturis warmo­
madgeneli mwerali qalisaTvis is siaxleebi, rasac evropa
warmoadgenda, Znelad gasaazrebeli aRmoCnda. moTxroba
ase iwyeba: `germaniaSi Camosvlidan erTi wlis ganmavloba­
Si cxra saaTze meti meZina, rom bevri STabeWdilebisagan
damesvena. yoveli Cveulebrivi samuSao dRe CemTvis iyo ga­
mocanaTa wyeba. iseve, rogorc biuroSi momuSave yvela ada­
170
miani, mec garemoculi viyavi sxvadasxva saxis saweri nivTe­
biT. swored amitom, Cemi garemo Cemze ucxo STabeWdilebas
axdenda: germanuli fanqari TiTqmis ar ganirCeoda iapon­
urisagan. magram mas aRar erqva `enpicu~ (`Enpitsu~), aramed
fanqari (Sdr. germ. `Bleistift~). sityva fanqari (germ. `Bleistift~)
iseT STabeWdilebas miqmnida, TiTqos raime axal nivTTan
mqonda saqme. uxerxulobis grZnoba mqonda, rodesac axali
saxeliT unda momexseniebina.
es daaxloebiT im grZnobas hgavda, Cemi axladgaTxo­
vili nacnobisTvis Tavisi axali gvariT rom mimemarTa~
(Tavada 2000, gv. 14).
avtobiografiuli Janris germaneli mkvlevrebi, ul­
rix breueri da beatrice zandbergi aRniSnaven: `avto­
biografiis TeoriaSi ori problemaTa kompleqsi qmnis
avtobiografiis Janrs: identobis problema da enis prob­
lema. orive problema mWidrod aris damokidebuli erT­
maneTze... avtobiografiuli teqstebi sam maxasiaTeblad
SeiZleba davyoT. pirvel rigSi, es aris ara mxolod av­
tobiografiebi, aramed werilebi, dRiurebi, samogzauro
Canawerebi, leqsebi, piesebi da romanebi. meore, avtobio­
grafiebi mkveTr sazRvars avlebs fiqciasa da realobas
Soris an literaturasa da ara­literaturas Soris... mesa­
me, sakuTari, gamokveTili identobisagan ar midis Sors~
(breueri, zanbergi 2006, gv. 10).
enobriv da kulturul identobebs Soris gansxvaveba
iaponuri warmoSobis mwerlisaTvis kidev ufro TvalsaCi­
no xdeba amave wignis Semdeg gverdebze, amitomac, avtori
garkveul eqsperiments mimarTavs; iq, sadac germanuli
ena misTvis bolomde sakmarisi ar aris Tavisi identobis
gamosaxatavad, wigni orenovani xdeba.
wignis am Tavis saTauria: `wigni wignSi~. moTxrobas
171
ki hqvia `leqsikonis sofeli”. aRsaniSnavia, rom wignis
es Tavi orenovan mwerals iaponur enaze dauweria, xolo
iaponuridan germanul enaze uTargmnia ara Tavad, aramed
– peter portners.
vladimer kamineri warmoSobiT rusi ebraelia, ro­
melic civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropaSi cxovrobs
da germanul enaze aqveynebs romanebs. 2000 wels gamovida
misi romani `rusebis disko~ (`Russendisco~) da didi yur­
adReba xvda wilad. rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen,
vladimer kamineri, romelic germaniaSi enis codnisa da
finansebis gareSe Camovida, cnobili mediasaxe gaxda. `ka­
mineris avtobiografiuli sadebiuto romani milita­
ruli musika (`Militärmusik~) gvpirdeba avtoris identobis
sakiTxebSi sinaTle Seitanos. Tu romans CavuRrmavdebiT,
is kidev ufro migvaaxlovebs avtoris identobasTan, ro­
melic zedapirulad Sexedvisasac ki amJRavnebs identobis
problemebs~ (karelina 2007, gv. 102).
identobis sakiTxi literaturis Tu zogadad, kultu­
ris analizis fonze mudmivad warmoSobs damatebiT gadaW­
rad Tu gadauWrel sakiTxebs, kiTxvebs, problemebs, rac
avtobiografiuli Janris teqstebSi kidev ufro TvalsaC­
ino xdeba.
172
qarTuli postsabWoTa literatura
da qali avtori
mxatvruli literatura avtoris, Semoqmedis samya­
roa, romeli samyaroc savsea avtoriseuli aRqmiT, avtori­
seuli warmodgenebiT, STabeWdilebebiT, SexedulebebiT,
survilebiT, miznebiTa da ganzraxviT da kidev mravali
da mravalze mravali maxasiaTebliT, rac mxatvrul teq­
stSi isaxeba. SegrZnebebi, warmodgenebi da mimarTebebi
sayovelTaoa da arc gansxvavdeba genderulad. mxatvru­
li teqsti erTnairad itevs qalTa da kacTa da, zogadad,
sakacobrio, zogadadamianur survilebsa da molodinebs,
magram xSirad qali avtoris mier aRqmuli da mxatvrulad
Camoqnili saTqmeli gansxvavdeba „Zlieri sqesis~ warmo­
madgeneli avtoris mier naTqvamisagan rogorc emociuri
SeferilobiT, ise – teqstis arqiteqtonikiT, SinaarsiT,
dasawyisiTac da finaliTac. Tundac borena dedoflis
(bagrat IV­is meuRle) leqsi rad Rirs:
„romelman ege evas miuzRe vali,
hrqui raY gabriels: `var uflisa m£evali~,
maSin istumre queynad mavali,
– daem£Po Zali, pirqve sisxl­damTrvali;
qalwulo, miP£Psen borena Wirmravali!~
(qarTuli poezia 1963)
Tu samwerlo tradiciebs mivmarTavT da gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom avtorebs Soris, saqarTveloSic da sxvaganac,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mamakacebi dominirebdnen. „msof­
lio literaturis istoriisaTvis Tvalis erTi gadavlebac
sakmarisia, raTa SevniSnoT: qalebi saukuneebis manZilze
`obieqtis rols sjerdebodnen~ literaturaSi. ra Tqma un­
da, es roli literaturis istoriaSi Tavisi xasiaTiT udaod
173
mniSvnelovani da mravalferovania. garkveuli Tvalsazri­
siT, qali antikuri xanidan moyolebuli, SeiZleba litera­
turis mTavar, mamoZravebel muzadac ki CaiTvalos, magram
aranairad – subieqtad, avtorad~ (samniaSvili 2005, gv. 267).
meoce saukunem qalis roli gaaaqtiura, xolo ocdame­
erTem – kidev ufro gaaZliera. qali avtorebis Semoqmede­
ba Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebisa da kulturis
konteqstSi damatebiTi identobiT itvirTeba. maskulinu­
ri literaturis gverdiT aRmocenebuli qalTa, qal av­
torTa literatura, miuxedavad Tavisi mcire periodisa,
ukve garkveul tradicias qmnis. „Tanamedrove mamakacu­
ri TviTgacnobierebuli teqstebis gverdiT, romlebic
avtonomiur da individualur idealebs afuZnebdnen, vi­
Tardeba mecnierulad argumentirebuli da gansazRvruli
qalTa literatura, romelic Janrobrivad gansxvavdeba
mamakacurisagan~ (Spraitceri 1999, gv. 15). qalTa litera­
tura Tavis TavSi moicavs qalebis mier, qalebze da qale­
bisaTvis Seqmnil teqstebs. qali avtori ukve calke iden­
tobas warmoadgens, radganac igi gansazRvrulia qaluri
kodirebiT, femininuri sawyisiT, emociuri, mgrZnobiare
damokidebulebebiT, mdedrobiTi delegantebiT.
qali avtorebi, anu qali­mwerlebi sabWoTa saqarTve­
loSi aucilebloba iyo, TiTqmis iseTive, rogoric – qali
traqtoristi, an – qali­mZRoli. amitomac, muxran maWava­
rianis, mixeil qvliviZis leqsebisa da oTar WilaZis roma­
nis gverdiT ibeWdeboda ana mxeiZis moTxrobebi („ciskari~,
1981, gv. #2), besik xaranaulis da jansuR Carkvianis poe­
ziis gverdiT ki – malvina mukbanianis leqsebi da janeta
qoriZis moTxroba („ciskari~ 1984, #gv. 9). gamodioda qali
avtorebis rCeulebic, leqsebisa, moTxrobebisa, ibeWde­
boda qali avtorebis romanebic, magram, bunebrivia, saqar­
174
TveloSi qalebi imdens ver da ar werdnen, ramdensac – ma­
makacebi.
literaturis moyvaruli qalebi, umTavresad, mecni­
erul kvleva­ZiebaSi erTvebodnen, xdebodnen ra aspiran­
tebi an maZieblebi, icavdnen disertaciebs da Semdgom,
yvelaze saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, xdebodnen umaRlesi sas­
wavleblis leqtorebi da Tu kidev axsovdaT TavianTi
poetur­literaturuli ganwyobilebebi, mTlianad uZ­
Rvnidnen dasavleTevropuli literaturisa Tu qarTuli
literaturis istoriebis swavlebas. Tumca isic unda iT­
qvas, rom arsebobdnen kargi mZRolebic, maT Soris qalebi
da arsebobdnen marTlac kargi mwerali qalebi, maT Soris,
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi. qali avtori, rogorc calke iden­
toba, gamokveTilia postsabWoTa qarTul literaturaSi.
bunebrivia, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi mamakaci avtorebis
SemoqmedebasTan erTad iqmneboda qali avtorebis Semo­
qmedeba, romelic dRemde xiblavs mkiTxvels Tavisi
gamorCeuli SinaarsiTa da JReradobiT. maT Soris, gansa­
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ana kalandaZis leqsebi. unda iTq­
vas, rom ana kalandaZes, misi leqsebis emociuri Zalisa da
Sinaarsobrivi muxtis gamo, `mamakacur gons~ uwodebdnen.
Tumca sakuTari msoflgagebis CvenebiT, garemos filoso­
fiuri aRqmis drosac SeigrZnoba mis leqsebSi wminda qal­
uri sinaze, Sinagani qaluri wva da SEesabamisi usaTuTesi
qaluri ganwyoba:
`lamis saxlSi SemoiWras TuTa,
lamis welze Semomxvios xeli...
damiZaxebs, Tvals Camikravs mudam
xe maRali, xe zurmuxtisferi...
ra CurCuli esmiT CemTa yurTa!
175
 ra CurCuli!... damdagveli, mwveli...
lamis saxlSi Semovides TuTa,
lamis welze Semomxvios xeli~.
(ana kalandaZe, `TuTa~)
poetma qalma TbilisisTvis Cveuli erovnuli mraval­
ferovneba, sworedac rom qaluri poeturi fotokadriT
gagvixsna:
`dgaxar quCis ganapiras,
iebs hyidi...
– Cemo kargo,
arabi xar?
– iezidi...
rogorc ia
Tavdaxrili buCqis Ziras,
morcxvi xar da
rogor gSvenis kdema didi...
– Tqvi, SavTvalav,
– arabi xar?
– iezidi”.
(ana kalandaZe, „arabi xar?“)
qali avtorebis samwerlo asparezze gaaqtiureba pos­
tsabWoTa epoqaSi axali RirebulebebiTa da „qalis saT­
qmelis~ gamokveTis aucileblobiT gaxda ganpirobebuli.
amasTan, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qalTa literatu­
ra dasavleTSi damoukidebel xazad viTardeboda gansa­
kuTrebiT meoce saukunidan.
niSandoblivia, rom qali, rogorc mdgomareoba, qali,
rogorc problema, calke interesis sagani gaxda.
lia sturuas leqsis lirikuli gmiri tkivilebiTa da
176
problemebiT savse, daRlili qalia, magram mainc misi Tva­
lebi, misi fanjara gansxvavebulad umzers cxovrebas.
`am qals TvalebSi
metastazebis totebi uCans,
rogorc fanjaraSi,
laparakze borkili adevs,
SiSi muclis Ziridan modis,
borkili – Tavidan,
aiZulebs sagani iyos saganTa Soris
da ara sityva maTi gamomxatveli,
rac damatebiT tkivils miayenebda.
televizorSi
Jurnalistebis gaxelebis temperatura
afeTqebas uaxlovdeba,
Tavs vuSveloT!
im qalidan gamovixedoT,
romelic gamWvirvalea
gazafxulis fanjarasaviT~.
(lia sturua)
Tanamedrove qarTveli qali avtorebis Semoqmede­
ba, bunebrivia, gansxvavebulia mravali aspeqtis mixedviT,
radgan gansxvaveba bevri mizeziT aris gamowveuli, romel­
Ta Soris SegviZlia davasaxeloT iseTi obieqturad ganmas­
xvavebeli mizezebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, inteleqti,
ganaTleba, gamocdileba, aseve, gansxvavdeba qali avto­
rebis Semoqmedeba avtor qalTa socialuri statusisa da
ojaxuri mdgomareobis kuTxiTac. `normatiuli diskursi
qmnis ara marto qalis models, anu misi siuJetis invari­
ants, aramed ayalibebs im wesebsa da kanonebsac, romelsac
qali Tavisi cxovrebis gzaze (Tavis siuJetSi) unda emorCi­
lebodes~ (`qali – saxe da problema~ (2) 2005, gv. 159).
177
 qalisa da sarkis maradiuli megobrobisa da gansakuT­
rebuli urTierTobis Sesaxeb yvelas kargad moexseneba.
jer kidev saavtoro literaturis Camoyalibebamde, maSin,
roca folkloruli, anu xalxuri literatura moicavda
individisa da koleqtivis mxatvrul azrovnebas, qalebi
sarkeSi ixedebodnen da cdilobdnen daenaxaT ara mxolod
is, rac zedapirulad Canda, vTqvaT, sakuTari saxe, an saxis
romelime detali, aramed isic, rac imis miRma iyo:
„sarkev, sarkev, miTxari, vin aris Cemze lamazi?~
da sarkec pasuxobda...
sarke is idumali da amoucnobi nivTia, romelic ara
mxolod areklavs sinamdviles, aramed TiTqos sxva samya­
rosac warmoaCens da warmoadgens.
meoce saukunis cnobili mwerali virjinia vulfi qa­
luri sicxadiT warmogvidgens qalis sarkesTan urTier­
Tobas (`qali sarkeSi~). vulfisaTvis qalis sarkeSi imaze
meti ram Cans, vidre Cveulebriv vxedavT. es aris sakuTari
anareklic, saxlis nawilic, baRic, gzac, imedebic, survi­
lebic, amitomac ar SeiZleba datovo sarke da iyo mSvidad.
`adamianebma arasodes ar unda datovon sakuTar oTa­
xebSi kedelze Camokidebuli sarkeebi, iseve, rogorc ga­
daSlili sabanko wignakebi anda werilebi, romlebSic sa­
zareli danaSaulia aRiarebuli.
SeuZlebeli iyo, zafxulis im dRes sarkeSi ar Cagexe­
da, romelic did oTaxSi ekida. sastumro oTaxSi divanze
daZinebuls sworedac rom amisTvis gaeRviZa. divnis siR­
rmidan italiur sarkeSi ara mxolod sakuTari anareklis,
aramed zustad mis win mdgomi marmarilos magidisa da ba­
Ris erTi nawilis danaxvac SeiZleboda. grZel, abalaxe­
bul gzasac dainaxavda, grZelkisera yvavilebiT mofenil
gazonebs Soris rom gadioda, kuTxes Wrida da oqrosfer
178
rkals qmnida~ (virjinia vulfi, `qali sarkeSi~).
naira gelaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi sarke ar aris mxo­
lod qalis Cveulebrivi da aucilebeli atributi. sarke
aris movlena, idumaleba, romlis miRmac uamravi ram ar­
sebobs. mwerals sagangebod daurqmevia kidec Tavisi erT­
erTi romanisaTvis „sarkis natexebi~ (pirveli gamocema,
Tb., 1999), xolo meorisaTvis, „Cveni grZeli ambavi, anu
mcdeloba sarkis gamTelebisa~ (2009). am metad simboluri
saTaurebis garda, naira gelaSvils ekuTvnis avtobiogra­
fiuli moTxrobebi, sadac sarke mTavari gmiria, xolo bi­
ografi mwerali – TanapersonaJi.
„Tu sarkesTan Zalian axlos miitan saxes, Seni sun­
TqviT daiorTqleba (gansakuTrebiT siciveSi) da veRara­
fers dainaxav... mere xeli unda gadausva, orTqli gadaw­
mindo da ukan daixio, garkveuli manZiliT daSorde, raTa
isev gamoCnde Sig~... (gelaSvili 1999, gv. 209).
am moTxrobaSi mwerlisTvis sarke misi cxovrebaa, sar­
ke misi bavSvobacaa, romlis areklvasa da Cvenebasac swo­
red am teqstebis, anu sarkis natexebis daxmarebiT cdi­
lobs: „da ai, Zalian axlos mivitane TvalebTan is, rac
odesRac Cavirekle, rac CemSi iyo Caburuli, ganzavebu­
li... im yvelafers dRis sinaTle miadga da sityvebma mTlad
moaTaves: siRrmidan zedapirze amoitanes CrdilebiviT
erTmaneTSi Securebuli, mouxelTebeli anareklebi, er­
TmaneTs TviTneburad mowyvites, TviTneburad miakres da
mkveTri konturebiT sruliad arazusti gaxades~ (gelaS­
vili 1999, gv. 209).
sarke – es aris sxva emocia, sxva fiqri da sxva samyaro,
romelsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi versad vxedavT da mxolod
masSi irekleba. naira gelaSvilis moTxrobaSi „didi sarke~
vkiTxulobT: „sarke, romelSic yvela da yvelaferi Cans,
179
isic, rac uCinaria: rasac sxeuli aRara aqvs, an arc hqonia:
sulebi, mkvdrebi, landebi, aCrdilebi, dasabadebelni...
Cans is, rac aris, rac aRar aris, rac ar yofila, rac
jer ar aris, rac iqneba~... (gelaSvili 1999, gv. 208).
qali avtoris, rogorc damatebiTi fenomenis mdgo­
mareoba icnobs da gamoxatavs gansxvavebuli, mxolod qa­
lisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xelweriTa da gancdebiT savse
samyaros: `sarke, romlis nawilebia: bunebis ueno sagnebi,
arsebebi, bavSvebi... xolo Cven misi natexebi varT, radgan
CvenSi mTeli araferia, arc mexsiereba...
natexebi varT, Tumca es sarke ar tydeba, mudam mTe­
lia, ar Zveldeba, sul axalia~ (gelaSvili 1999, gv. 208).
sarke idumalebasTan ziarebuli nivTia, aramxolod
qaluri, magram qalTaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani da aqtu­
aluri, romelic qali avtorebisaTvis mxatvruli asax­
vis obieqtad qceula. sarkes, rogorc amoucnob fenomens
aRiqvams da aRwers axalgazrda mwerali qali – mariana
nanobaSvili. moTxrobaSi `zRvari~ avtori gvacnobs anas,
romelsac deqstrokardia, anu organoebis sarkiseburi ga­
daadgileba sWirs, magaliTad, guli aqvs marjvniv. es sar­
kiseburi cvlileba gaxdeba kidec anas sarkesTan mijaWvis
mTavari mizezi. mas ufrosma megobarma gogom sarkis uc­
naurobaze moaruli ambavi gaumxila, romlis mixedviTac,
sibneleSi sarkesTan danTebuli sanTlis Suqis fonze go­
gonebi TavianTi bedis gansazRvras SeZlebdnen. sarkidan
an lamazi feria gamovidoda, an – dedaberi. ferias gamoCe­
na bednierebas niSnavda, dedaberisa ki – sikvdils. sarkes­
Tan Tavidanve biologiurad dakavSirebulma anam SiSi ig­
rZno, maSin pirvelad mixvda, rom es nivTi ucnauri Zalisa
da ucnauri gavlenisa iyo. ana landebs xedavda, roca mar­
to iyo, am landebs gogona sarkes ukavSirebda. `amitom ana
180
sarkeebs naWrebs afarebda xolme. erTxelac Camoxsna da­
aviwyda da dedam naxa. gagiJda, ra giqnia, ase saxlSi roca
micvalebulia, maSin akeTebeno. es aRarasodes gaimeoroo~
(nanobaSvili 2007, gv. 61).
mariana nanobaSvilis personaJisaTvis sul male sar­
ke uaxloes megobrad, pirvel da erTaderT siyvarulad
iqceva. gogona sarkeSi xedavs Tavis gulisswors, akas, mas
xmamaRla esaubreba kidec.
rogorc Cans, sarke qali avtorebisaTvis mTeli uki­
degano samyaroa, Tanac iseTi, sadac uCinarica da Ceni­
lic, usxeuloca da gansxeulebulic, sulica da xorcic,
realurica da irealuric, Sobilica da jerarSobilic,
yvela da yvelaferi irekleba. Tanac mis metamorfozul
mexsierebaSi yvelaferi ise momajadoeblad moCans, rom
im kaleidoskopur samyaroSi moxvedrils mojadoebuli­
viT nusxavs, Tavis wiaRSi iTrevs, wamiT wyvets yvelasa da
yvelafers, droTi SeuzRudav, ganuzomel sibrtyeSi Ca­
iTrevs, raRacas ararsebuls mimzidvel arsebulad war­
mousaxavs, mere ki, nanaxiT gabruebuls, sadRac sul sxva
ganzomilebaSi moaqcevs. am samyaros TavdaRweuli ki im ne­
tarebas ukve Tavdaxsnil­gadarCenilis aRtacebiT gviyve­
ba, gvTavazobs – rogorc namdvilsa da arsebuls.
ratom aris, rom sarke, rogorc fenomeni, Tavisi amo­
uxsnelobiTa da Seucnobeli samyaroTi qals andamativiT
izidavs (Tumca araerTi mamakaci avtoris SemoqmedebaSi
dominirebs sarke – Tundac givi margvelaSvilis `mowmeni
sarkeSi~, sadac sarke cneba­simbolod aRiqmeba). cnobie­
ri da qvecnobieri analogiebi qalisa da sarkis mimarTe­
bis dros ufro naTlad ikveTeba, vidre sapirispiro sqe­
sis SemTxvevaSi. SesaZlebelia amisi erT­erTi mizezi isic
aris, rom qals ufro izidavs warmosaxulTan siaxlove,
181
Tavisi fsiqologiuri ganwyobiT ufro metad aqvs Tavis
oreulTan (da ara marto oreulTan) urTierTobis (Sexed­
va­gasaubrebis) survili. qaluri mgrZnobeloba, irealur­
Tan miaxloebis impulsi, sarkis samyaroSi SeRwevis udides
survils aRuZravs mas. iqidan TavdaRwevis Semdegac kidev
ufro xSirad uCndeba masTan kvlavmibrunebis survili.
wminda `qalur TemebSi~ qali avtoris roli da daniS­
nuleba xSirad ufro metad ikveTeba. grZnobebi da Tanag­
rZnobis survilebi qali avtorebisaTvis mTavari da Ziri­
Tadi maxasiaTebelia. amitomac maTi Semoqmedeba aRsavsea
mravalferovani gancdebiT, romliTac qali gangebas dau­
jildoebia.
qali avtorebis teqstebSi gansakuTrebuli qaluri
simZafriTa da mgrZnobelobiT ixateba emociebi. moWar­
bebuli mgrZnobeloba mxatvrulad aris damuSavebuli da
gazavebuli:
`gamoaReT sarkmeli
sxeuli – kedeli...
kedlis iqiT – sxva samyaro...
gamoaReT sarkmeli! –
dardi unda gadavyaro...
velodi da ar movida
ocnebebis raindi.
me ki, RmerTo, rogor msurda,
erTxel mTvarec amenTo,
varskvlavebTan mqoneboda
cota raRac saerTo~...
(barbaqaZe 2003, gv. 32)
qaluri sawyisis aseTi mZafri emociebiTa da gancde­
biT gamoxatva gvagrZnobinebs, rom avtorisaTvis aRar
182
aris sakmarisi is sivrce, romelic dRemde misi yofierebis
TavSesafari iyo. Ria sivrceSi gasvla leqsis mTavari aq­
centia da sarkmlis gamoReba simbolurad im Caketili siv­
rcidan Tavis daRwevas da, amave dros, saocnebo gmirTan
miaxlebis survils gulisxmobs, romelTan siaxloviTac
daiZleoda martoobis, Caketilobis damqancveli erTfe­
rovneba. es survili ki ise uSualod da gulwrfelad aris
gamJRavnebuli, rom swored qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gasaocari emociurobiT gvxiblavs.
qalurobisa da qalis Tema kato javaxiSvilis leqsebis
simboluri aqcentebia. misi Semoqmedeba sevdisa da iduma­
lebis saufloa. maia jaliaSvili aRniSnavs: `mTavari mainc
is emociaa, romelic gadamdebi sevdis TanxlebiT SemoiW­
reba gulSi da mzerasa da fiqrs raRac uxilvelis dasanaxa­
vad gagvifaqizebs. warmosaxvaSi siurrealisturi suraTe­
bi wamoiSlebian – Tundac aseTi – cidan iisferi striqonebi
bardnis da es TviTon poetia, romelic amgvarad cdilobs
yvelgan, yoveliveSi ganefinos, raTa SeigrZnos sicocxlis
arsi, rom ufro ioli dasaZlevi gaxdes martooba~ (ja­
liaSvili, `maia jaliaSvili kato javaxiSvilis Sesaxeb~).
kato javaxiSvilis leqsebis gmiri umTavresad mainc
qalia. misi poeturi fsevdonimic qalis, erekle meoris
asulis, Tekla batoniSvilis saxels ukavSirdeba, iqneb
amitomac ar surs poets, mxolod `sawigne ilustraciad~
iqcnen da daviwyebas miecnen saukuneebis miRmidan momzi­
rali qalebi:
`am qalebs (raRac erTi saukunis win
ferumarilis qveS naoWebs rom ar aCendnen),
ijda poeti, iyenebda mxolod sawigne
ilustraciad, Sav konturad, rom saCvenebel,
misTvis gamarTul saRamoze gadaeweraT
183
 leqsi mkiTxvelebs, avtorebs Tu cru
momxseneblebs.
Sen, dReis Semdeg arc gabedo gameoreba
am wlebis, Tundac usaxelo dReebis Semdeg.
am qalebs, erTi Ramis peplebs, ukve daCrCilul
verSenaxuli samosebis galereidan,
saxis ferebi makiaJiT rom waiCrdiles
da striqonebSi melanic ki ver gauvidaT,
vin gaixsenebs SuaRamis melan­aCrdilebs,
rom gadian da Semodian Ria karidan~.
(kato javaxiSvili, `personaJi~)
xSirad qali avtorebi arc cdiloben bolomde SeniR­
bon teqsti da `qaluroba~ Camoacilon. arcTu iSviaTia
qarTul postsabWoTa literaturaSi iseTi nawarmoebi,
romelic dedobis, dedaSvilobis ulamazes SegrZnebebs
exmianeba da poeturad gamoxatavs kidec.
sazogadod, TiTqos marTlac ar arsebobs mamakacuri
Tematika da qaluri Tematika. konceptualurad msgavsi da
gansxvavebuli Temebis damuSaveba erTsac uxdeba da meo­
resac. magram uaRresad specifikuria im grZnobaTa aRqma­
gadmocema, risi gadatanac qals uxdeba mSobiarobis dros
(amas verc is aneitralebs, rom zogjer mSobiarobas kaci
eswreba da verc is, rom SeiZleba gancdaTa siRrmiseuli
gadmocemiT romelime kaci poeti ufro gamoirCeva, vidre
– qali). amitomacaa, rom uaRresad qalurad SeiZleba CaiT­
valos TviT Tema – sakeisro kveTa:
„es cis gaxsnas gavs. skalpeli – elva.
da RmerTis Tvali – magidisken – farnad inTeba
– Tvalyurs adevnebs eqimis xelebs da Sens saxes,
gadafiTrebuls – nakvTebs rom cqeriT ver daulagebs~.
(lela samniaSvili, „sakeisro kveTa~)
184
qali aSkarad grZnobs, Zalian mniSvnelovanis molodi­
niT damuxtul atmosferoSi, dedisa da saerTod, irgvliv
myofTaTvis daZabulobiT savse dros RmerTis neba unda
gacxaddes, unda moxdes axali saswauli – axali ucodve­
li suli unda iSvas am codviT savse dedamiwaze. amitomac,
dedasTanaa, upirvelesad, TviT „RmerTis Tvali~. „igi~ Se­
moqmedis pasuxismgeblobiT savse mzeras faraniviT miaSu­
qebs magidas, sadac deda wevs, „Tvalyurs adevnebs eqimis
xelebs~ da dedis „saxes, gadafiTrebuls~. aq aSkaraa, Caq­
rebi Tu ainTebi axali sicocxliT, es uzenaesis nebaa mxo­
lod. erT sivrceSi xarT am dros ukve Sen – mTavari gmiri,
„is~, Seni zeciuri mfarveli da eqimi, miwieri aRmsrulebe­
li RvTiuri nebisa. iqve, Sens TavTan mdgari qmari ki, ro­
melic aqamde yovlisSemZle gegona, sxva araferia, Tu ara
mxolod nebis aRsrulebis ubralo mowme, romelic bolos,
Tu „man~ ineba, „axal varskvlavs peSviT waiRebs.~ ufali da
bnel derefanSi moxetiale sulebi (albaT gardasul ax­
lobelTa, gulSematkivarTa sulebi) SenTan arian mxolod,
SenTan da Sens eqimTan, RvTis nebis aRsrulebas rom daex­
maroT, mere ki „is~ saswauliT movlenilsac SenTan erTad
Seifarebs Tavis frTeTa qveS. es yvelaferi saswaulia, me­
taforulad „cis gaxsnas gavs~ da ase gadmoicema poeti qa­
lis mier:
„qmari – Sens TavTan – garantia,
rom Tu Caqrebi, axal varskvlavs peSviT waiRebs.
cis gaxsnas gavs – ucabedi,
rogorc sikvdili katastrofaSi – yovelgvari
preludiis,
samSobiaro tkivilebis gareSe – miRma Savi xvrelis –
bneli derefnis – sulebi rom mimodian am samyaroSi~.
(lela samniaSvili, „sakeisro kveTa~)
185
 dedis sruliad damoukidebeli, uaRresad qaluri da
qalisaTvis gasagebi samyaro ixateba lela samniaSvilis
leqsSi `dilispiruli~. leqsis saTauridanve Cans, rom
teqsti postmodernuli eqsperimentebiTa da tendencie­
biT iqneba gajerebuli. marTlac, aq gaTeneba rZiani sawo­
varaa, romelic axali dRiT kvebavs Cvils, zrdis – dRes,
kviras, Tves, wels da drosTan erTad uamrav mniSvnelo­
vansac matebs.
`xeli – martivad – saTamaSos – bavSvis
sawolTan qoqavs.
sxva xeli – sul ubralod – cis TaRs asworebs.
ase TandaTan garTuldeba saswaulebi.
me da Sen erTad gaoceba unda viswavloT.
gaTenebebi – es rZiani sawovarebi –
ivsebian da iclebian Tvalebis gaswvriv.
dRe – TvalebisTvis – mobibine saZovaria,
xeli – joxia – jadosnuri – damwyemsavs,
gawrTvnis – SegrZnebebs, sagnebs~.
(lela samniaSvili, „dilispiruli~)
dedisa da Cvilis saocari urTierToba, kavSiri, rome­
lic dabadebamde iwyeba, yrmis mxolod dedisaTvis niSan­
doblivi da gasagebi moZraobebi, axal imedebsa da survi­
lebs badebs. deda jer warmosaxvaSi, Semdeg ki sawovaras
miwodebisTanave amzadebs Svils yvelaferi ucxos gaSi­
naarsebisaTvis, cis TaRze xelis SevlebisaTvis, anu sam­
yaros SecnobisaTvis. am aRmafrenas ki jer mxolod sit­
yvebiT uxsnis, unergavs, es jer kidev maSin, roca ToTo
TiTebSi bavSvs sawovaras daWeras aswavlis da gulis Za­
febiT mimagrebul am TiTebs efereba, romlebmac TviTon
unda daiWiron momavalSi vaSli, sarTavi, maxvili…. dRes ki
186
jer es yvelaferi ucxoa da Seucnobeli CvilisTvis, rom­
lisTvisac xval `garTuldeba saswaulebi~:
`jer Seni xeli pataraa – Cems xels dayveba
da eg TiTebic Cemi gulis Zafebs marTaven;
xelSi – maxvili, xelSi – vaSli,
xelSi – sarTavi – misTvis ucxoa
da yvelasTan aris marTali~.
(lela samniaSvili, „dilispiruli~)
dedobrivi gancdebia diana anfimiadis `dedis locve­
bis~ Temac. qalis – momavali dedis SegrZnebebi da fiqrebi
wmindad qalur grZnobebs aRviZebs, survilebs wamoSlis.
es faqtori fsiqologiaSi didi xania damuSavebuli da ax­
snilia.
`pirSi wyali rom Cavigubo
mucelSi wyali Cagubdeba?
iq oqros Tevzi, oqros farflebiT icurebs?
vwyvet xmas, romelic aRara maqvs
vwyvet leqss, romelsac veRar davwer
vwyvet rZes, romelsac mkvaxe mkerdidan viwurav~.
(diana anfimiadi, „dedis locvebi~)
avtori dedis fiqrebs gviziarebs, jer arSobilisa Tu
Cvilis garSemo moZalebul fiqrebs. dedis gonebaSi Svil­
ze fiqris masStabi ukideganoa, mas ara aqvs konkretuli da
SemosazRvruli adgili, Tavisi niSa.
`da vfiqrob Senze, gamudmebiT vzivar da vfiqrob
miznisTvis lupis damizneba – Tvalis mibjena
aRmosavleTze – mze amodis, sxivi gadatyda,
vismen rZis suns da rom ver vambob rZis suns,
vmunjdebi.
da vfiqrob Senze gamudmebiT vzivar da vfiqrob
es hgavs marsze wylis aRmoCenas. mTvaris kraterebs
187
 warmosaxviTi SaqriT vavseb – iqneb CemsaviT
giyvars feradi karameli – varskvlavTa mtveri~.
(diana anfimiadi, „dedis locvebi~)
Svilis dabadebis sixaruli, dedis gancdebi diana an­
fimiadis leqsSi `Svili~ gansakuTrebuli pasaJebiT ikve­
Teba. aq erTmaneTs sakuTriv qaluri fundamenti dedobas
da Svilobas erwymis. qali­poeti aris Svilic da aris mSo­
belic, ramac gansakuTrebuli emociebi aRuZra da sakuTa­
ri Tavi axleburad Seacnobina.
`dRes diliT
Tbili qveynebidan frTebi dabrundnen
miwaze CrdiliT gamobmuli
Cems Tavs davSordi
me moviwamle Cemi TaviT...
balbis qoTanSi Cargul mamas wyali davusxi,
miwiT dasvrili gavuwminde paltos sayelo~...
(diana anfimiadi, „Svili~)
qali avtori zogjer yofiTi cxovrebisaTvis Cveu­
lebrivi sazrunaviT garemoculi, monotonuri prozauli
yofidan moulodnelad poetur samyaroSi inacvlebs. ci­
vilizaciis uaRresad damRlelma da mosawyenma, yofiTi
aucileblobis gamo gaaqtiurebam masSi ver Cakla bunebas­
Tan da silamazesTan urTierTobis poeturi ganwyoba:
`ukan mrCeba gaZvirebuli eleqtroni
da gazis suni,
pasiuroba, TiTqos, iebi,
iqiT mwyveten,
majebis daucveloba
reklamirebuli samarTeblis winaSe~.
(lia sturua, „gazafxuli“)
qali avtoris Semoqmedeba itevs iseT yofiT pasaJebs,
188
romlebsac mxolod qali xedavs, qali ganicdis. es ar aris
mxolod emociebi, arc moWarbebuli mgrZnobeloba. qali
avtorebis teqstebSi bunebis movlenebic qalur simbolo­
ebze sublimirdeba (lia sturuas `gazafxuli~). Seucnobe­
li SegrZnebebiT savse weliwadis es dro, dro ganaxlebisa,
gaRviZeba­amoqmedebisa, iseTi simZafriT Semodis qali av­
toris SemecnebaSi, rom wamsac ar utovebs mosafiqreblad,
samsjelod, neli moqmedebisaTvis da gaocebuli am saswa­
ulis sidiadiT, veRar axerxebs Cveulebriv nel moZraobas
da instiqturad iZrobs saburvels, zamTrisaTvis sxeulis
dasacavad ukve Seguebuls, Tbils da SenivTuls. iZrobs
iseTi siswrafiT, rogoriTac gazafxulze mdinareebi un­
da aquxdnen, tyemlebi unda afeTqdnen da adamianis sisxli
aCqroldes. am tempSi ki jer mxolod leqsad ametyvele­
buli suli jdeba, sxeuli jer TiTqos Tvlems, sanam sis­
xlis Cqrolva sxeulsac, xorcsa da Zvalsac ar moedeba. es
nakverCxali ucbad Rvivdeba gareT da sulSi, xorcsa da
Zvals ki nel­nela edeba, igi ver uZlebs am niaRvariviT mo­
xeTqil temps da es sityvebic – `Sals vixdi, lamis, kania­
nad, gazafxuli SememTxva~, – swored amisi dasturia.
qalisa da garemos urTierToba, qaluri gadasaxedi­
dan, qaluri substanciidan danaxuli, xSirad aris qarTu­
li postsabWoTa literaturis Tema.
qalis fenomeni urTierTsapirispiro aqcentebis sava­
nea. nino darbaiselis Semoqmedeba `qaluri cxovrebis~ im
xazs mihyveba, romelic zogierT SemTxvevaSi wmindaqalu­
ri, martooden qaluria. TiTqos SesaZlebelia kanonieri
da ukanono colebis, qalebis arseboba, xolo qalisaTvis,
sazogadoebrivi da tradiciuli moralidan gamomdina­
re, es dauSvebelia. mamakacis Ralati da qalis TavSekave­
ba, Segueba realobasTan, es nino darbaiselis moTxrobis
189
`okribuli programa~ ZiriTadi Temaa. avtori ar cdilobs
Tavisi `qaluri poziciis~ Cvenebas, moTxroba ori qalis
dialogs warmogvidgens, sadac ufrosi, dedamTili, um­
cross, rZals Tavisi cxovrebis im epizodebs uyveba, ro­
ca qmarma uRalata da man xma ar amoiRo, Ralatis moTmenis
samagiero – qmrisgan naCuqari Zvirfaseuloba ojaxur re­
liqviad miaCnia qals.
`– kargi, axla, nu meiklav Tavs! kacia da gakravs sacxa
fexs, aba ras izams! ojaxi magis gulobiza romel Wkvians
doungrevia!
– gasagebia, magram me ar unda dammarToda es! – dabe­
jiTebiT daviwye da – me xom, me xom ...me uar... – wkmutun­
knaviliviT gamomivida.
– didaia! me ar unda dammarTodao?! ar xar Sen pirve­
li. meuRle raa, Seyvarebulis Ralatis ambavsac rom gei­
gebs, araa adamiani, mase rom ar fiqrobdes. damijere me.
pirvelaTaa yoliferi ase Zneli, Tvara mere ...
axla, Sens mamamTils rom uyureb, magferi ki ar iyo,
Teli raioni eWira xelSi ase, a! – Cemi dedamTili uceb maR­
la aSveril marjvenas muStad kravs, zustad ise, leninis
Zegls rom qonda qudi mobRujuli da SeZagZagebamde uW­
ers, mere adunebs, gulTan miaqvs, marcxenaTi alersianad,
Tanmimdevrulad imasaJebs da ganagrZobs:
– ganaTleba, Sen rom gaq, imferi unda, mara sxva Wkua
sWiria ojaxs, Tvara ar gamova araferi.
komunistebis dros viTom kamandirovkaSi rom daarbe­
niebden Cven kacebs, icoda yvela qalma, rais kamandirov­
kac iyo igi, mara qe viyaviT CumaT.
xmas rava ameviRebdi, ojaxSi naTqvams da momxTars ga­
reT rava gevitandi! ase damaCvies baRnobidan~.
pativSelaxuli, damcirebuli qali `xmas rava amo­
190
iRebda~, es xom Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. kacis Ralati sa­
laparakodac ar SeiZleba gaxdes. aq Semotanili `kamandi­
rovkis Temac~ pirdapir kavSirSia RalatTan. magram qalma
mtkivneulad ar unda aRiqvas es. sul sxvaa qalis Ralati.
is upatiebelia, masze didi codva ar arsebobs. is SeiZle­
ba amis gamo Caaqvaon, an saerTod anaTemazec gadascen. ka­
cis Ralati ras hqvia, es Ralati ki araa, Cveulebrivi Tan­
mxlebia `kamandirovkebisa~ anu saxlidan gareT gasvlisa.
amoiReb xmas qali? – isev Sen daisjebi. ar amoiReb xmas?
– sanacvlod `Zvirfas saCuqars miiReb~ (an SeiZleba saCu­
qari ver miiRo, magram ar daisjebi, gana es cotaa?). samar­
Tlianobis am sawoniT izomeba yvelaferi da dedamTilTan
saubris Semdeg rZalic egueba Ralats. mas ukve SeuZlia
warmoidginos, rogor moumzadebs Sin dabrunebul moRa­
late qmars saWmels naxevarfabrikatebisagan. esaa Rirse­
bis daTrgunvis magaliTi. mweralma kargad icis, rom ase­
Ti sasjeli mravali qalis xvedria, swored imitom, rom
sxvadasxva sazomi miuyena sazogadoebam qalisa da kacis
mier Tanabrad Cadenil codvas – ojaxis Ralats. msgavsi
Secodebis SemTxvevaSi araTu ar gaaTanabra garemom isini
erTmaneTTan, qalis dasasjelad ganuzomeli uflebebis
mqone kacTan SedarebiT SezRuda, sityvis Tqmis uflebac,
xmis amoRebis uflebac ar misca qals.
eka RaRaniZis moTxrobaSi viTareba kidev ufro dra­
matizebulia. mTavari gmiri meuRlis Ralats sasowarkve­
Tilebamde mihyavs. avtoris gadawyvetilebiT, mivlineba­
Si wasuli qmris Ralats colis TviTmkvleloba mohyveba.
Ralatis gacnobiereba qali personaJisaTvis damRupveli
aRmoCndeba. `qalma sakuTari Svilebis, qmris Tvalwin pir­
Si Caido pistoleti da wiTeli laqebiT mosvara saxlis
kedlebica da Cveni cxovrebac. im wyeuli qmris pirad sa­
191
buTebSi napovni werilis mizeziT lamazma qalma ulama­
zod gaasrula sicocxle. visi gulisTvis? wurbelasaviT
orgula qmris gamo~ (RaRaniZe 2005, gv. 386). qali avtoris
Sinagani damokidebuleba da qali personaJis mimarT Ta­
nagrZnoba teqstis mraval adgilas ikiTxeba.
umravles SemTxvevaSi siyvarulis `gadamrCen­Semnar­
Cuneblebad~ qalebi gvevlinebian. gamomdinare maTi emo­
ciuri mgrZnobelobidan, TiTqos marto isini saWiroeben
siyvarulis gancdas.
diana anfimiadis leqsebSi qali gamokveTili avtor­
egoa. qalis saTqmeli ki yvela sferos, yvela aqcents moi­
cavs da swored qalis TvalTaxedviT warmoCndeba. Tundac
es globaluri daTbobis Tema da sakiTxi iyos. leqsSi glo­
balur­ekologiuri problemebi sasiyvarulo gancdebis
fonze iSleba, sadac siyvarulic gadasarCenia, iseve – ro­
gorc msoflio.
`avdgeT da davrCeT!
isini ki adgnen, wavidnen,
mere ra, Tuki
Cveni myudro sawolis nacvlad
jojoebi da bayayebi uduRT Waobebs
WurWlis Zvirfasi minanqari –
Seni saxis faqizi wyoba
am ucnauri nestisagan
sul mTlad daobda,
mere ra,
Tuki mwvervalebic mTlianad dadna~...
(diana anfimiadi, `globaluri daTbobis Sedegebi~).
qali avtorebisaTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi femininuri
faqtori sruliad garkveulia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saz­
Rvari qalisa da mamakacis Semoqmedebebs Soris arc arse­
192
bobs. `TavisTavad sasiamovno faqtia qal prozaikosTa
ricxvis zrda. ara mgonia, raRac gansakuTrebuli sxvaoba
arsebobdes qarTvel qal da mamakac prozaikosebs Soris.
da mainc, albaT, erT­erTi niSani SeiZleba `qaluri buneba~
iyos. es qaluri buneba nawarmoebis siuJetiT ki ar ikveTe­
ba, aramed avtoris an misi personaJis moWarbebul emoci­
ebSi Cans; ufro zustad rom vTqva – `tanjulobaSi~. qali
avtori mamakac avtorTan SedarebiT ufro metad iTxovs
TanagrZnobas~ (eka RaRaniZe). es TanagrZnoba sazogadoeba­
Si naklebad Cans, an saerTod ar Cans. amas xan tradiciebiT
xsnian, xan – gaugebari argumentebiT. zogjer ise Tvalis­
dauxamxameblad sjian da/an gansjian qals, arc dafiqrde­
bian, imsaxurebda Tu ara amas. xSirad samarTlianad damsa­
xurebuli TanagrZnobis gamoxatvisac eSiniaT, am qaliviT
maTac raime ar daswamon.
postsabWoTa qarTul literaturaSi qali avtori
calke identobaa, romelic meoce­ocdameerTe saukune­
ebis socialuri da kulturuli procesebis fonze ga­
moikveTa. gamoikveTa da Camoyalibda, rogorc qarTuli
postsabWoTa identobis erT­erTi Semadgeneli, romelic
qalis safiqraliT Semovida literaturaSi. is sakuTar
TavSi itevs qalur saTqmels, romelic Tavisi arsobrivi
aqcentebiT gansxvavebul femininur elfers Seicavs.
193
 daskvna
literaturuli teqsti cxovrebis sarkea. amasTan, li­
teraturuli teqsti did gavlenas axdens kulturaze, sa­
zogadoebaze.
Cemi kvlevis mizani iyo qali avtoris Sesaxeb ZiriTadi
tendenciebis gamokveTa, Tanamedrove midgomebis, Temebi­
sa da poziciebis Cveneba da im Taviseburebebis markireba
da gamovlena, romlebic qali avtoris sakiTxebs ukavSird­
eba, problemaTa identificireba da analizi. Sesabamisad,
aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove literaturuli
garemo da qali avtori, rogorc mdgomareoba, ramdenime
sakvlev sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli. maT Soris ara mxo­
lod literaturul sakiTxebTan.
1. qali avtori da literaturuli tradiciebi (lit­
eraturis istoriuli foni);
2. enobrivi sakiTxebi (erTi enis ori varianti: qalis
ena da mamakacis ena);
3. genderuli Tanasworobis sakiTxebi;
4. demokratiuli Rirebulebebi;
5. qali da mSvidobis mSenebloba;
6. socialuri sakiTxebi (qalis roli da adgili sazoga­
doebaSi);
7. politikuri sakiTxebi (qali da politika, qalis
roli qveynis/qveynebis, qveynebsSorisi politikis,
diplomatiis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi);
8. kulturologiuri sakiTxebi (qalis adgili sx­
vadasxva xalxis kulturaSi);
9. religiuri sakiTxebi (qali da religia, qalis adg­
ili sxvadasxva religiur sistemebSi rogorc isto­
riulad, aseve Tanamedrove mdgomareobis mixedviT);
194
10. qalis saxe literaturaSi (qali personaJebi);
11. Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi da qali
avtori (e. w. `qalis Tema~).
bunebrivia, igulisxmeba isic, rom CamonaTvali Sesa­
Zloa kidev gagrZeldes da isic, rom TiToeuli sakiTxis/
problemis SigniT kidev moiazreba ramdenime sakvlevi
sfero. sakvlevi sakiTxebis mravalferovneba imiT aris
ganpirobebuli, rom, erTi mxriv, Tavad literatura,
mwerloba asaxavs da warmoaCens sazogadoebrivad mniS­
vnelovan problemebs, xolo, meore mxriv, qalis, rogorc
Semoqmedis, sakiTxi calke aRZravs literaturul, kul­
turologiur, religiur da sxva recefcias, azrs; gamo­
yofs saWvret obieqtebs, Sesaswavl sferoebs, ayalibebs
axlebur midgomebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dRemde ar
yofila sagangebo da specialuri msjeloba genderulad
markirebul literaturaze, genderuli literaturis Te­
oriaze, qali avtorebis teqstebze, amis gamo Cemi kvleva
moicavs im sakiTxebs, romlebic qali avtoris diskur­
sisaTvis mniSvnelovan da sakvanZo etapebs warmoadgens:
feministuri da genderuli literaturis Teoriebi, gen­
deruli lingvistikis Teoria, qali avtori dasavlur,
aRmosavlur da qarTul literaturasa da kulturaSi.
Tumca mravali sakiTxi Tu Tema, bunebrivia, kvlavac saWi­
roebs gaRrmavebas.
195
 danarTi
Tanamedrove literaturuli procesi mudmivad
cvladi da swrafmavali samyaroa. Znelia, dRevandeli teq­
nologiebisa da tiraJirebis epoqaSi Seafaso da gaaana­
lizo is, rac yovel wams iqmneba da qveyndeba. kidev ufro
rTulia mimdinare literaturuli procesebis markireba
da markirebuli Sefaseba, anu definiciac da Sefasebac.
wignze muSaobisas ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi gamo­
ikveTa, romelTa kvlevac sainteresod miviCnie rogorc
zogadad literaturuli da genderuli aspeqtebidan, ise
uSualod, literaturis tendenciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
zogierTi sakiTxi uSualod exeboda Tanamedrove litera­
turul procesebs. Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad CavTvale
Tanamedrove mweral qalebTan gasaubreba, interviuebis
Cawera, raTa is procesebi, romlebic amJamad aqtualuria
literaturaSi qali avtorebis, feministuri literatu­
ris Teoriisa da genderulad markirebuli literaturis
kvlevisaTvis, CemTvisac da mkiTxvelisTvisac kidev ufro
TvalsaCino yofiliyo.
interviuebi Cavwere avstriel mweral qalTan – re­
nate velSTan, qarTvel mweral qalebTan:L naira gelaSvil­
Tan, bela CekuriSvilTan, lela samniaSvilTan, rusudan
kaiSaurTan, mariana nanobaSvilTan. saubrebi Sedga 2013
wlis maissa da ivnisSi.
TiToeul qal­avtorTan gasaubrebam da erTnair Tu
msgavs kiTxvebze araerTgvarovanma da aramsgavsma pasu­
xebma damarwmuna, rom wignSi danarTis saxiT mizanSewo­
nili iqneboda am interviuebis dabeWdva. vfiqrob, qali
avtoris TemiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelSi moxmobili sa­
ubrebi kidev ufro did interess gamoiwvevs.
196
saubrebi
Tanamedrove qal avtorebTan
interviu renate velSTan
renate velSi (Renate Welsch), avstrieli mwerali.
daibada 1933 wlis 22 dekembers venaSi. izrdeboda
bebia­papasTan, radgan deda adre gardaecvala. 1955­57
wlebSi swavlobda venis universitetSi inglisursa da
espanurs, aseve, enaTmecnierebas, Tumca universiteti ar
daumTavrebia. gaTxovda da 1959 wlamde muSaobda venaSi,
britaneTis sakonsuloSi mTarmnelad. 1962 wlidan Tavi­
sufali mTargmnelia. xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Semdeg,
1969 w. daiwyo sabavSvo wignebis wera. 1975 wlidan Tavisu­
fali mweralia. 1988 wlidan wers wignebs ufrosebisTvi­
sac. 1992 wels mieniWa profesoris wodeba.
misi yvelaze cnobili wignia `Das Vamperl~, (`patara vam­
piri~) dajildoebulia mravali premiiT, maT Soris, 1977,
1978, 1984, 1989, 1997, 2003 wlebSi avstriis saxelmwifo
premiiT, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1998 wlebSi
venis saxelmwifo premiiT. 1992 wels mieniWa avstriis sa­
patio premia, 2003 wels – germaniis akademiis didi premia,
2006 wels – niderosterraixis sapatio premia literatu­
ris dargSi.
hyavs sami vaJi. cxovrobs venaSi.
gamoqveynebuli wignebi: `Der Enkel des Löwenjägers~,
1969; `Alle Kinder nach Kinderstadt~, 1974; `Empfänger unbekannt
– retour~, 1976; `Einmal 16 und nie wieder~, ca. 1977; `Das Vam-
perl~, 1979; `Johanna~, 1979; `Der Brieftaubenbeamte~, 1983; `Wie in
fremden Schuhen~, 1983; `Wen die Musen küssen~, 1984; `Das kle-
197
ine Moorgespenst~, 1985; `Empfänger unbekannt – zurück!~, 1988;
`Drachenflügel~, 1988; `In die Waagschale geworfen~, 1988; `Stefan~,
1989; `Constanze Mozart. Eine unbedeutende Frau~, 1990; `Sch-
neckenhäuser~, 1986; `Das Haus in den Bäumen~, 1998; `Spinat auf
Rädern~, 1991; `Besuch aus der Vergangenheit~, 1999; `Sonst bist
du dran~, 1994; `Das Gesicht im Spiegel~, 1997; `Disteltage~, 1997;
`Dieda oder Das fremde Kind~, 2002; `Liebe Schwester~, 2003; `Das
Lufthaus~, 1994; `Drittes Bett links~; `Eine Hand zum Anfassen~, 1985;
`Eine Krone aus Papier~, 1992; `Julie auf dem Fussballplatz~; `Karo-
lin und Knuddel~; `Martin in der Seifenschale~, 1993; `Mäusespuk~;
`Max, der Neue~; `Melanie Miraculi~, 1990; `Sechs Streuner~; `Die
schöne Aussicht~, 2005; `Gut, dass niemand weiß~, 2006; `… und raus
bist du~, 2008; `Großmutters Schuhe~ Roman, 2008; `Ohne Vamperl
geht es nicht~ Roman, München 2010.
– qalbatono velS, rodis daiwyeT wera? ra iyo
TqvenTvis pirveli impulsi?
– me `yovelTvis~ vwerdi. CemTvis, rogorc mousvenari
da ubeduri bavSvisaTvis, wera iyo erTaderTi saSualeba,
erT adgilze vmjdariyavi. mozrdilobaSi amaod vcdilob­
di axali literaturuli formis aRmoCenas. es, bunebriv­
ia, ar gamomivida da Semdeg vmuSaobdi mTargmnelad. 1968
wlidan CemTvis axali gamowveva gaxda mniSvnelovani: maT­
Tvis, visac garkveuli mizezebis gamo, sakuTari ena sWird­
ebaT, mewera da mebrZola gansxvavebulobis dasacavad. ase
Seiqmna Cemi sabavSvo wignebi, Semdgom ki, intensiuri kv­
levebisa da muSaobis Sedegad, romanebi ufrosebisaTvis.
– Tqveni nawarmoebebi xSirad exeba gogonebs, qa-
lebs, maT emociebsa da gancdebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
feministi avtori xarT?
– iq, sadac qalTa uflebebi ar aris saTanadod dacu­
198
li, me feministi var. Tumca me feminizms qalebisa da ma­
makacebis mtrobasTan ar gavaigivebdi. vfiqrob, aq saqme
ufro metad exeba adamianis uflebebs rogorc warsulSi,
ise, gansakuTrebiT, TanamedroveobaSi, dRevandelobaSi,
radgan jer kidev arsebobs kacobriobis daucveli nawili
qalebis saxiT.
– Tqveni azriT, arsebobs `genderulad markirebu-
li literatura~? arsebobs gansxvaveba qalTa liter-
aturasa da mamakacTa literaturas Soris?
– me ar var kmayofili terminiT `qalTa literatura~
(germ. „Frauenliteratur“), iseve, rogorc ar momwons `sabavSvo
literatura~ (germ. „Kinderliteratur“). literatura, pirvel
rigSi, aris literatura, Tavisi kanonebiTa da kriteriume­
biT, romlebic ar icvleba maSinac ki, Tu sxva cnebiT an ter­
miniT aRiniSneba. qali avtorebis mier dawerili teqstebi is­
eve gansxvavebulia, rogorc Tavad qalebi, romlebic qmnian
am nawarmoebebs. analitikuri da mwvave, nazi, meamboxe, nos­
talgiuri, braziani, ironiuli, sakuTar TavSi Seyvarebuli,
poeturi, moTamaSe, mebrZoli... TiTqmis ar arsebobs zed­
sarTavi, romelic ar Seefereba avtori qalis mier daweril
nawarmoebs.
– ra aris dRes mTavari problema literaturaSi?
– me vfiqrob, literaturis umTavresi problema aris
is, Tu ramdenad seriozulad aRiqmeba, ramdenad kiTxu­
loben mas siRrmiseulad, radgan xSiria literaturuli
teqstebis SemTxveviTi recenziebi. me vfiqrob, rom es
problema mniSvnelovania literaturis samomavlo ganvi­
Tarebis kuTxiTac, radgan axla veRar vxvdebiT, saiT mid­
is literatura.
199
 interviu naira gelaSvilTan
naira gelaSvili – mwerali, mTargmneli, germanisti,
publicisti, sazogado moRvawe; daibada 1947 wels siRna­
Ris raionis sof. nukrianSi. 1970 wels daamTavra Tbili­
sis saxelmwifo universitetis dasavleT evropis enebisa
da literaturis fakulteti. 1970­73 wlebSi swavlobda
aspiranturaSi dasavleT evropisa da amerikis literatu­
ris specialobiT. 1975­1982 wlebSi kiTxulobda leqciebis
kurss `sazRvargareTis literaturis istoriaSi~ Tbili­
sis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo univer­
sitetSi. 1982 wlidan muSaobda mxatvruli Targmanis mTa­
var saredaqcio kolegiaSi redaqtorad da mTargmnelad.
1993 wlidan xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos kulturul
urTierTobaTa centrs `kavkasiur saxls~, romelic ko­
legebTan erTad daafuZna mTargmnelTa kolegiis bazaze.
Targmnili aqvs germanuli filosofiisa da poeziis
mniSvnelovani nimuSebi: f. holderlinis, novalisis, f.
Selingis, f. nicSes, r. m. rilkes, g. Traqlis, g. haimis, e.
lasker­Siuleris, m. haidegeris, T. manis, h. heses, g. mar­
gvelaSvilis da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi.
gamocemuli aqvs wignebi: `moTxrobebi~ (1983). `ambrni,
umbrni da arabni~ (mcire romani, 1983). `dedis oTaxi~ (ro­
mani, 1987); `mTvariT ganaTebuli baRi~ (moTxrobebi, 1990).
`tragikuli gradacia~ (werilebi qarTuli da germanuli
literaturis problemebze da sazogadoebriv­politi­
kur movlenebze, 1991); r. m. rilke. `malte laurids briges
Canawerebi~ (romani, Targmani germanulidan, 1991); `saqa­
rTvelo – samoTxe nangrevebSi~ (dokumenturi proza, ger­
manul enaze, 1993); `simSvidis, sixarulis, mwuxarebisa da
nugeSis Sesaxeb~ (oTxi poema, 1997); `avtobiografiuli, me­
200
tismetad avobiografiuli~ (romani, literaturuli zRa­
prebi, poemebi, leqsebi da simRErebi, 1999); `goliaTebis
mwvane kunZuli da ltolvili gogona nia­nia~ (zRapari
musikaluri diskiT. teqsti da musika naira gelaSvilis,
orkestrireba nukri abaSiZis, 2004); `sabavSvo religiuri
da saero simRErebi~ (musikaluri diski. teqsti da musika
naira gelaSvilis, orkestrireba nukri abaSiZis, 2004);
troleibusi astarioni da misi mgzavrebi~ (sabavSvo ro­
mani, 2005); `pirveli ori wre da yvela sxva~ (romani, 2009);
`Cveni grZeli ambavi, anu mcdeloba sarkis gamTelebisa~
(romani, 2009); `me is var~ (Zveleburi ambavi mozardebisT­
vis) romani, 2012.
– qalbatono naira, SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, rogor
daiwyeT mxatvruli teqstebis wera?
– wera daviwye ubralod. roca cota dro gamiCnda
(roca bavSvi cota wamoizarda), avdeqi da didi tanjvisa Tu
`Sinagani wvis~ gareSe davwere erTi moTxroba, mere – meore.
magram es pirveli moTxrobebi ar gamomiqveynebia. Tumca,
iyo xalxi, visac isini moswonda. mere aseve davwere Semde­
gi ori moTxroba da didi yoymanis Semdeg waviRe dasabeW­
dad Jurnal `mnaTobSi~, sadac mTeli weli yoymanobdnen,
daebeWdaT Tu ara, radgan miiCnies, rom maTSi iyo `raRac
araqarTuli~. verasodes gavacnobiere, es ras niSnavda.
wera arasodes iyo CemTvis tanjva­wameba (Torem ra
damawerinebda! cxovreba isedac gvarianad iyo dakavebuli
Cemi wrTobiT da TviTgvemis survilisTvis adgils aRar
mitovebda). magram cxovrebisaTvis, konkretulad: qalis
dRisaTvis saaTebis wagleja, raTa isini sawer magidasTan
damexarja, marTlac mtanjveli ZalisxmeviT miiRweoda
da Tan danaSaulis gancdiTac majildoebda. radgan Cems
201
ojaxur mikrosamyaroSi yvelas da yvelafers mTlianad
vWirdebodi. aseve, did satanjvelad meqca JurnalebTan,
gamomcemlobebTan da redaqtorebTan – erTianad masku­
linur samyarosTan urTierToba. bevrjer vinane, beWd­
va rom daviwye. aq yvelgan iyo axalgazrda avtorisTvis
raRac Seuracxmyofeli.
– qali avtori da qalTa literatura. fiqrobT, rom
mwerali qalebis teqstebi markirebulia da gansxvavde-
ba mamakaci avtoris teqstebisagan?
– rac qalsa da mamakacs saerTo aqvT, isic Zalian mniS­
vnelovania da isic, rac maT ganasxvavebT. orivesTvis saer­
To unda iyos niWis Zala, Sinagani patiosneba da ganaTle­
ba. agreTve es: isini mxolod imitom ki ar unda werdnen,
rom wera SeuZliaT, aramed imtomac, rom ar SeuZliaT, ar
werdnen. rac Seexeba gansxvavebas: Tu qalSi qaluri sawyisi
(goeTe rom gavixsenoT: `maradqaluri~) cocxalia, da Tu
qali kacs ar baZavs, maSin mis Semoqmedebas, wesiT, raRac
gansakuTrebuli mgrZnobeloba unda gamsWvalavdes saer­
Tod, sicocxlis, yvela cocxali arsebis mimarT: raRac
Semnaxav­Semfarebeli. es Cans kidec karg qarTvel poet
qalebSi. am TvalsazrisiT ar mikvelevia qarTuli litera­
tura, me upirvelesad germanisti var, magram raRac dak­
virvebebi maqvs da, pirvel rigSi, ana kalandaZisa da esma
onianis poezias davasaxelebdi. aris am orive did da idum­
al poeziaSi raRac dedofluri da, amave dros, deduri,
raRac Zalian nazi da Zalian Zlieri erTdroulad.
– Tqven genderul Temebze wera adre daiwyeT. Tqvens
nawarmoebebSi, sadac personaJebi qalebi arian, Cans qa-
luri TanagrZnoba, feministuri da genderuli xedva.
SegiZliaT TqvaT, rom feministi avtori xarT?
– ar vTvli Tavs feminist avtorad, radgan feminizmi
202
ukve ideologiaa. mwerali yvelanair usamarTlobaze da
tanjvaze reagirebs. ra Tqma unda, mec, rogorc qali, subi­
eqturi var da vTvli, rom mamakacze gaugebari da mtanjve­
li arseba RmerTs ar gauCenia, magram, rogorc mwerali, am,
Tavis gaugebrobaSi gaxlarTuli mamakacis wvalebas iseve
vxedav da aRvwer, rogorc misgan nervebdaglejili qali­
sas, an – piriqiT.
– ramdenad iyo da aris qarTuli literatura avto-
ri qalebisaTvis Sesaferisi garemo?
– qarTvel mweral kacTa samyaroSi sanTliT saZiebeli
iyo da aris rainduli damokidebuleba qalTan. ubralod,
keTilSobileba. saerTod, es umZimesi samyaroa da did
travmebs miayenebs yvelas, vinc mwerals raRac sulier si­
maRleebTan da mamakacis Rirsebis kodeqsTan akavSirebs.
iyo gamonaklisebic. magaliTad, mwerali jemal qarCxaZe
da erTi­ori sxvac.
– ramdenad mniSvnelovania biografiuli aspeqtebi
mwerlis SemoqmedebisaTvis?
– Cemi azriT, mTeli Semoqmedeba biografiaa da
sxva araferi. radgan biografia yvelaferia: yvela da
yvelaferi, rasac cxovrebaSi exebodi: rac Tvalebma nax­
es, rac yurebma gaigones, rac nestoebma SeisunTqes, rasac
tuCebi ambobdnen, rasac Seni xelebi akeTebdnen, rasac Seni
kani ganicdida: Sens cxovrebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi, mwer­
lebi, mxatvrebi, maTi nawarmoebebi, cxovelebi, mcenareebi,
yvelaferi... mwerlis cxovrebis konkretuli detalebi ki
mTel mis SemoqmedebaSia gafantuli... zogi wers e.w. bio­
grafiul romans am sityvis viwro azriT, zogi – ara...
203
 interviu rusudan kaiSaurTan
rusudan kaiSauri daibada 1957 wlis 20 aprils Tbi­
lisSi, daamTavra 62­e sajaro skola. ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTuli
filologiis fakultetis damTavrebis Semdeg muSaobda
ganaTlebis saministroSi, Tbilisis 116­e sajaro skolaSi
qarTuli enisa da literaturis maswavleblad. 2001 wli­
dan muSaobs kulturul urTierTobaTa centr `kavkasiur
saxlSi~. gamocemuli aqvs 3 poeturi krebuli: `leqsebi,
2002~; `cocxebis gadafrena, 2004~; `saxedridan mernamde,
2012”.
misi leqsebi Targmnilia rusul, azerbaijanul, lit­
vur, estonur, holandiur, inglisur da sxva enebze.
monawileobda saerTaSoriso poetur festivalebze:
litva, 2010; poloneTi, 2012; baTumi, 2013.
2012 wels misi leqsebi Sevida poeziisa da prozis po­
pularizaciis proeqt `oqros fondSi~.
hyavs xuTi Svili.
– qalbatono rusudan, rogor daiwyeT wera?
– mas Semdeg, rac Cemi Tavi Sevicani da raRacnairad
gamovyavi sazogadoebidan da samyarodan, Sevatyve, rom
sxvebTan SedarebiT mZafrad aRviqvamdi bevr rames. es Cems
naklad mimaCnda da amas Zalian ganvicdidi da vcdilobdi,
rom maqsimalurad davmsgavsebodi sxva adamianebs, radgan
me amis gamo Zalian miWirda: arsebobac miWirda, komunika­
ciac miWirda. vxedavdi, rom sxvebi ufro advilad cxov­
robdnen, advilad iyvnen sazogadoebaSic adaptirebulebi
da amitom raRac saSvels veZebdi, roca bavSvi viyavi, maSi­
nac ki, imitom, rom bavSvsac sWirdeba Tavi daimkvidros. am
204
Zebna­ZebnaSi aRmovaCine, rom Cemi saTqmeli leqsad meTqva.
aman Zalian gamaxara imitom, rom Cemi TavSesafari iyo da iq
kargad vgrZnobdi Tavs. aRar miwevda arc TamaSi, arc Cemi
Zalebis daZabva da ase daviwye wera. maxsovs, arsenaze vnaxe
filmi da Zalian bevri ram ar momewona, aman Cemze Zalian
imoqmeda da raRac leqsi davwere. ra Janris iyo, aRar max­
sendeba, magram Cemi damokidebuleba gamovxate. vfiqrob,
Cemi gansxvavebuloba imitomac mawuxebda, rom me mSobleb­
Tan ar vizrdebodi, bebiasTan vizrdebodi da esec Zalian
gamomarCevda sxvebisagan. mudmivad mSoblebisa da Zmebis
natvraSi viyavi, TumcaRa bebiaCemic Zalian miyvarda da
isic menatreboda xolme, roca mSoblebTan viyavi. aq vi­
yavi, iqiT mindoda da – piriqiT, Zalian gaorebuli viyavi.
meore mxriv, axla rom vfiqrob, RmerTma Zalian Zvirfasi
garemo maCuqa, im mxriv, rom tolerantuli damokidebu­
leba gansxvavebulobisadmi bavSvobidanve Camomiyalibda.
bebia iyo naxevrad osi, icoda osuri, gvyavda osi naTesave­
bi, vizrdebodi am xalxSi, os naTesavebTan da Zalian Tbili
urTierTobebi maxsovs. mTel zafxuls vatarebdiT orjo­
nikiZeSi, maSin vladikavkazs ase erqva da me da Cemma erTma
Zmam osuric vicodiT. mogexsenebaT, urTierToba sofel­
Si sxvagvaria. esec iyo CemTvis erT­erTi mizezi, ratomac
Tavs sxvanairad vTvlidi.
– bavSvobaSi bevri wers, gansakuTrebiT, aRmosav-
leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, saidanac Tqvena xarT war-
moSobiT, leqsebis Txzva TiTqos bunebrivia. rogor
ganviTarda Tqveni Semoqmedeba da rogor SeZeliT, rom
Tqveni Sinagani samyaro gamogyolodaT sityvebad da
riTmebad.
– ra Tqma unda, garemoc axdenda Cemze zegavlenas da
bevr xalxur mTqmels vicnobdi, magram Semdeg ukve qalaq­
205
Si mixdeboda cxovreba da Cemi leqsebi mexmareboda imaSi,
rom me amewyo adamianuri urTierTobebi, Tavic damemkvid­
rebina, radgan Zalian mZafrad ganvicdidi yvelafers, rac
xdeboda da es mtkenda guls. Cemi es SegrZnebebi bavSvobis
Semdegac gagrZelda da me Zalian didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
vswavlobdi cxovrebas, vswavlobdi, rogor unda mecxov­
ra, mindoda, ise mecxovra, rom Cveulebrivad vyofiliya­
vi da es tkivilebi ar mimeRo. magram, meore mxriv, es tki­
vilebi mexmareboda imaSi, rom leqsi damewera. sruliad
gansxvavebuli sakiTxidan SeiZleboda mimeRo es tkivili
da sruliad sxva ramed gamomJRavnebuliyo leqsSi. anu in­
spiracia xdeboda am tkivilebisgan da iwereboda leqsi.
TiToeuli leqsi, romelic damiweria, susti iyo Tu kargi,
yoveli maTgani aris Cemi SemoqmedebiTi biografia. SeiZ­
leba es ase ar Cans da zedapirze sruliad sxva ramea, mag­
ram damijereT, rom es asea. dRemde, roca vkiTxulob Cems
leqsebs, vixseneb im dros ra moxda da im leqsis qveS ra
Zevs. cxovreba gexmareba, rom Sen meore cxovreba gqondes
da, piriqiT, Seni Semoqmedeba gexmareba, rom im cxovrebi­
Tac icxovro da es erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli.
– rTuli ar iyo wera, leqsebze fiqri, ojaxi, dedisa
da meuRlis movaleobebis SeTavseba?
– ra Tqma unda, rTuli iyo. Cven yvelam erTad rTuli
periodebi gamoviareT, Cems ojaxze Zalian bevrma movle­
nam pirdapir gadaiara da ara gverdis avliT. Cemi meuRle,
aleqsi kiknaZe, 9 aprils Seewira, 9 aprilis tragediis Sem­
deg Tavisi manqaniT yvavilebi gadahqonda sionis eklesiis
ezoSi, maSin ar ambobdnen, rom momwamvleli gazi gauSves im
RamiT rusTavelze. Cemi meuRle daavadda limfosarkomiT
da ramdenime welSi gardaicvala. Cemi Zma afxazeTis omSi
dainvalidda, sruliad janmrTeli da axalgazrda. me 1989
206
wlis maisSi meyola pirveli Svili, gavTxovdi iseT dros,
rodesac mTeli qveyana aforiaqebuli iyo, roca daingra
yvelaferi. ra Tqma unda, rTulia, magram rilke ambobs:
`Zalian didi mtroba arsebobs cxovrebasa da Semoqmede­
bas Soris”. miT umetes, saqarTveloSi, Cems Tavze poets
ver vityvi, magram Tan leqsebs werde, Tan ojaxi gyavdes,
Tan amdeni Svili da Tan meuRlis gareSe darCe da moaxerxo
Semoqmedebac da cxovrebac, ra Tqma unda, urTulesi iyo,
magram SemiZlia vTqva, rom Cemi Semoqmedeba garkveulad
mexmareboda kidec. erT magaliTs moviyvan: Cemi ufrosi
gogona Zalian cudad gaxda, misi mdgomareoba sikvdil­
sicocxlis mijnaze iyo da saavadmyofoSi movxvdiT. er­
TaderTi, ramac miSvela, rom Wkuidan ar SeviSale, iyo is,
rom gamwarebuli vwerdi leqsebs. bavSvis gverdze vijeqi
da vwerdi da vwerdi. Cvens oTaxSi kidev erTi deda­Svili
iyo moTavsebuli da Cemi Svili cota rom mokeTda, ukiT­
xavT, dedaSeni amdens ras werso. gamalebuli, TiTqmis Se­
usvenebliv vwerdi da aman Sveba magrZnobina da gamomiyva­
na mdgomareobidan.
minda vTqva, rom dro TiTqmis ar mqonda xolme da ax­
lac ase var, ise maqvs dro ganawilebuli, rom yvelafris­
Tvis meyos. garda amisa, vcdilob, rom Cemi Semoqmedeba
davmalo da aravis movaxvio Tavs im mxriv, rom amiT ar vi­
sargeblo, Cems Tavs ar mivce SeRavaTi, rom ar movaklo
rame bavSvebs, miTumetes, roca patarebi iyvnen, pasuxis­
mgebloba Zalian gamZafrebuli mqonda imitom, rom Cemi
meuRle aRar iyo cocxali da dedac me viyavi imaTTvis da
mamac. isedac ar miyvars qaosi, miyvars wesrigi. qaosSi Za­
lian cudad vgrZnob Tavs da warmoidgineT, mTeli qveyana
qaosSi rom iyo, rogor miWirda, magram Cems ojaxSi rogor­
Rac vaxerxebdi mowesrigebulad cxovrebas.
207
 – qalbatono rusudan, Tqveni azriT, arsebobs Tu
ara calke qali avtorebis literatura? Tu gamoarCevs
rame qali avtoris Semoqmedebas sazogado literatu-
ruli procesebidan?
– Cemi azriT, ki. rac ar unda niWieri avtori iyos qa­
li, hqondes cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, me mainc vfiq­
rob, rom maTi Semoqmedeba aris gansxvavebuli da gamor­
Ceuli. qalis poezias mainc etyoba sinaze, mgrZnobiaroba,
mgrZnobeloba samyaros mimarT da deduri instiqti, rome­
lic, rac ar unda malos qalma, mainc igrZnoba. sicocxlis
sawyisis matarebeli rom aris, mainc Cans qalis Semoqmede­
baSi.
– Tqvens SemoqmedebaSi xSirad vxvdebiT qalur Te-
mebs.
– es sakiTxi me Zalian maRelvebs, SeiZleba, qvecnobi­
erad Zalian maRizianebs kidec, minda, rom davmalo da win
ar wamovwio, magram mere kidev piriqiT gamodis. qvecnobi­
erad minda, rom Cemi yofiTi problemebi sxvas ar movaxvio,
es iyos Cemi problema da sxvebs ar Sevwuwuno, sxvebis Tav­
satexi ar gaxdes. mTavari is aris, Tu ramdenad aris es yve­
laferi Cems leqsebSi ganzogadebuli da ramdenad gasa­
gebi da misaRebia sxvebisaTvis. imitom rom, Tu es mxolod
pirovnulia, maSin ukve mosabezrebelia da ar aris sainte­
reso da arc aris leqsi. me ar vici, es ramdenad mixerxde­
ba. CemTvisac Ziebaa, rogor unda axerxebdes qali, rom Tan
leqsebsac werdes da Tan Tavisi funqciebi ojaxSi ar da­
kargos, es Zalian mawuxebda da mainteresebda da es etyo­
ba SemoqmedebaSic Cans. maradiuli kiTxvaa: romeli ufro
win unda daayeno: Semoqmedeba Tu ojaxi? da qali rom xar,
kidev ufro ar ginda, rom daaziano Seni Svilebis samyaro,
Zalian frTxilad unda iyo imitom, rom Sen pirvel rigSi
208
deda xar, magram, meore mxriv, Seni Semoqmedeba aris Seni
ukanono Svili, romelic Sen SeiZleba Sens Svilebze metad
giyvars, imas malav, am siyvarulsac malav, unda damalo, ar
aCen, magram Zalian geZvirfaseba da es aris Zalian mtkivne­
uli SenTvis.
– ramdenad aris qarTuli saliteraturo garemo
ganwyobili qali avtorebis SemoqmedebisaTvis?
– Cveni sazogadoeba bevri ramiT gansxvavdeba dasav­
leTis qveynebisgan. Sualeduri mdgomareoba uWiravs. arc
Zalian daSorebulia da arc iolia Tanasworobis miRweva.
CvenTan mamakacebs ufro didi dro aqvT, weren, axerxeben
sakuTari Semoqmedebis popularizacias, reklamirebas, qa­
lebs amisi SesaZlebloba naklebad aqvT. ojaxs metad arian
mijaWvulebi.
– ra unda gaakeTos qalma, romelsac unda, iyos re-
alizebuli ojaxSic, sazogadoebaSic da Semoqmedeba-
Sic?
– Tavi da Tavi aris Sromismoyvareoba da disciplina.
yvelafers sWirdeba disciplina. RmerTTan urTierToba
rom aviRoT, amasac ki sWirdeba disciplina, yoveldRiu­
roba da rutinuli Sroma. is, rac Zalian poeturia Semoq­
medebiTi TvalsazrisiT, saboloo produqti, romelic Za­
lian mogvwons, Zalian haerovani da Zalian lamazia: leqsi,
speqtakli, simRera Tu sxva – imis ukan ki dgas rutinuli
Sroma. ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi, niWi, magram aseve didi
Sroma da disciplina, rom es yvelaferi ase daxvewili ga­
moCndes da is forma miiRos, romelic misaRebi iqneba sxve­
bisaTvis: mkiTxvelisTvis Tu mayureblisTvis. didi ada­
mianebis cxovreba da Semoqmedebac rom vnaxoT, iqac Cans,
rom yvelaferi didi Sromis fasad aris miRweuli. da zog­
jer TavianTi sayvareli Tu uaryofiTi Tvisebebis daTmo­
209
bis xarjze da zogjer sicocxlis daTmobis fasadac aqvT
miRweuli da maTi Semoqmedebis ukan dgas didi tanjva da
Sroma. mec vcdilob, rom Cems ojaxsac ar movaklde, iqac
viyo, zogjer vfiqrob, rom Cems ojaxs ufro did yurad­
Rebas vuTmob, vidre Cems Semoqmedebas da me mgonia, rom es
Cans kidec Cems SemoqmedebaSi.
210
interviu mariana nanobaSvilTan
mariana nanobaSvili daibada TbilisSi 1972 wels, war­
CinebiT daamTavra iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis filologiis fakulteti (rusuli seqto­
ri). muSaobda Jurnalistad JurnalSi `Sarmi~ da tele­
viziis I arxze, ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros
pressamsaxurSi, kiTxulobda leqciebs Tbilisis daviT
aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetSi.
ibeWdeboda literaturul periodikaSi: gazeTi `Cveni
mwerloba~, Jurnalebi: `ciskari~, `omega~, `arili~, `lite­
raturuli palitra~ da sxva.
calkeuli moTxrobebi Sesulia sxvadasxva krebulSi:
`XXI saukunis qarTuli moTxroba“ (`bakur sulakauris ga­
momcemloba~ 2010). `39 rCeuli moTxroba~ (gamomc. `palit­
ra~ 2009), `wlis 15 saukeTeso moTxroba~ (`bakur sulaka­
uris gamomcemloba~, 2002-2003, 2005, 2008). `pen-maraTonis
saukeTeso aTeuli~ (`diogene~, 2007). `afxazeTi qarTul
prozaSi~ (`erovnuli mwerloba~). `Красный мост“ (baqo,
nurlani, 2008). `Tanamedrove prozisa da poeziis mcire an­
Tologia~, brailis SriftiT (2010, mowveuli redaqtori)
da sxva. gazeTi `Cveni mwerloba~ – publikaciebisa da li­
teraturuli werilebis seriis `ras ityvis Cemze STamo­
mavloba”avtori (2000).
wignebi – `ariadnas gorgali~ (2004), `cecxlovani qal­
Tevzas weliwadi~ (2007).
literaturuli premiebi – `omega holdingis~ premia
`2002 wlis saukeTeso prozauli nawarmoebisTvis~, nove­
lisTvis `ariadnas gorgali~; sankt-peterburgis Jurna­
li `senatori~, I xarisxis diplomi novelisTvis `mSvenieri
elene~ (avtorizebuli Targmani rusul enaze, saerTaSo­
211
riso literaturuli internet-konkursi `Вечная память~,
2006).
Targmanebi – qarTul-afxazuri orenovani prozauli
krebuli `xidi~ (qarTulidan rusulad da piriqiT); Tana­
medrove qarTveli mwerlebis calkeuli moTxrobebi ru­
suli literaturuli perioduli gamocemebisTvis; saek­
lesio samarTlis istoriis saleqcio kursebi, rusulidan
qarTulad (Targmnis procesSi).
hyavs meuRle da ori Svili.
– mariana, rodis daiwye wera? ra iyo pirveli impul-
sebi?
Cemi pirveli `moTxroba~ realurad postmodernizmis
karikatura iyo da rva wlisam davwere. skolaSi dagvava­
les, romeliRac moTxrobis nebismieri gmiris saxiT pir­
vel pirSi aRgvewera misi gancdebi. sawyisi teqstis Sina­
arsi Semdegi iyo: xanZris dros ZaRli gogonas gadaarCens,
mere cecxlSi Sebrundeba da yvelas saxalisod Tojinas
gamoaTrevs. unda vyofiliyavi gogona, Tojina, mexanZre an
ZaRli. ar vici, ratom avirCie banaluri – gogona. saerTod,
yvelaferi ucnauri da gansxvavebuli mizidavda, ufro mo­
salodneli iyo, magaliTad, kedelze dakidebuli suraTis
gancdebi aRmewera, an iatakSi damaluli WriWinisa, magram
maSin ase gadavwyvite.
meore dRes skolaSi dedaCemi daibares da aRelve­
bulma maswavlebelma Cemi sulieri mdgomareobis Taobaze
dausva SekiTxvebi. gansakuTrebiT aintersebda, rodisme
xanZarSi xom ar movyolilvar. roca gaigo, rom jansaRi da
gawonasworebuli bavSvi viyavi, mereRa uTxra, rom aseTi
gancdebisa da fantaziis patroni aucileblad daviwyebdi
weras. es daviwyebuli epizodi dedam Cemi pirveli publi­
212
kaciis Semdeg gamaxsena.
mTeli bavSvoba raRacas vwerdi, raRacas vxevdi. rac
Seexeba seriozul teqstebs, daaxloebiT ocdaoTxi wlis
asakSi daviwye wera, roca meore bavSvs velodebodi. orsu­
lebisTvis damaxasiaTebel sentimentalur xasiaTze myof­
ma davwere miniatura `erTi arsebis cxovrebidan~, sakmaod
gacveTil Temaze – abortis msxverpli Canasaxis pozici­
idan. es miniatura da Semdegi moTxroba `qali~ dabeWdes
Jurnal `ciskarSi”. es gaxldaT Cemi pirveli publikacia.
mere davwere `ariadnas gorgali~, Cemi pirveli seriozuli
namuSevari. es Taviseburi dasawyisic iyo da gardatexac.
am moTxrobam miiRo `omegas~ premia `2002 wlis saukeTeso
literaturuli nawarmoebis~ nominaciaSi, mogvianebiT ba­
kur sulakaurma Seiyvana `2002-2003 wlebis 15 saukeTeso
moTxrobis~ krebulSi, am moTxrobam gamiyvana `pen-mara­
Tonis~ konkursSi, roca jer kidev damwyebi avtori viyavi.
amitom Cemi pirveli moTxrobebis krebuls, romelic 2004
wels gamovida, `ariadnas gorgali~ davarqvi.
– gifiqria Tu ara genderulad markirebul litera-
turaze? Seni azriT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara qali avtoris
Semoqmedeba mamakaci avtoris Semoqmedebisagan?
– qali mwerali da `ubralod~ mwerali (igulisxmeba
mamakaci) – sakmaod ybadaRebuli Temaa. saqarTveloSi aRi­
arebul komplimentad iTvleba, roca qal mwerals etyvian,
ra uxeSad, mamakacurad wero. Cemi azriT, Zalian martivia
zedapiruli STabeWdilebis Seqmna am leqsikuri `uxeSo­
bis~ Sedegad. Tumca dakvirvebuli Tvali TiTqmis yovel­
Tvis moaxerxebs avtoris genderul identificirebas, Tu,
cxadia, teqstis TviTmizani ar aris realobis sapirispiro
iluziis Seqmna, Segnebulad ar xdeba amaze muSaoba. aq mo­
viyvan magaliTs, roca sruliad gaucnobiereblad diken­
213
si mixvda, rom jorj elioti qalia; miuxedavad imisa, rom
mamakacis gvar-saxeliT iyo gamoqveynebuli, man mwerlis
qaluri xedva igrZno. sqesis ganurCevlad, nebismieri ori
(Rirebuli) mwerlis Semoqmedebac ki gansxvavebulia, miT
umetes, aris gansxvaveba qalisa da mamakacis xelweras So­
ris – Tundac imitom, rom qalsa da mamakacs samyaros xed­
vis sxvadasxva rakursi aqvT.
genderulad markirebuli teqstebis fenomenis Ses­
wavlas sul raRac ramdenime aTwleulia, rac mecnieruli
kuTxiT miudgnen, es sakmaod Rrma kvlevis sagania. kvle­
vebis Sedegebi Zalian sainteresoa, dawyebuli iqidan, rom
aRmoCnda, qalisa da mamakacis metyveleba iseTi SeumCneve­
li erTeulebiTac ki gansxvavdeba, rogoricaa qalis mier
zmnebis, windebulebis, nacvalsaxelebis xSiri moxmareba,
xolo kaci upiratesobas arsebiT saxelebs aniWebs. gen­
deruli niSniT teqstis Sefasebis sxvadasxva kriteriu­
mis – fonetikuri, leqsikuri, semantikuri da a.S. doneze
teqstebis analizi specialistebis saqmea, ise rom, vityvi
mxolod zedapirul, zogjer qvecnobier STabeWdileba­
ze – diax, qalisa da mamakacis teqstebi gansxvavdeba maTi
miznebis miuxedavad, klasikosebisac da Tanamedrove av­
torebisac. maxsendeba blokis gamonaTqvami ana axmatovas
SemoqmedebasTan mimarTebaSi – `is wers leqsebs TiTqosda
mamakacis winaSe, arada, unda weros, rogorc RmerTis wina­
Se~ (`Она пишет стихи как бы перед мужчиной, а надо писать как
бы перед Богом~).
miRebuli azria, rom Tanamedrove literaturaSi qa­
lis proza xSirad e.w. aRsarebiT Janrs ganekuTvneba, sadac
nawarmoebis centrSi dgas personaJi (sqess ara aqvs mniS­
vneloba) Tavisi gancdebiT, urTierTobebiT da proble­
matikiT. masSi bevria eqspresiuloba, Rrma fsiqologizmi,
214
yofiTi ambebi, Tundac maradiuli faseulobebis gadaTa­
maSeba da naklebad – politikuri vnebebi, filosofia, sa­
zogadoebrivi sakiTxebi da garCevebi, rac ufro mamakace­
bis teqstebisTvisaa damasiaTebeli. cxadia, aq saubaria
tendenciaze da ara konkretul gamonaklisebze avtorebs
(an Tundac erTi avtoris sxvadasxva teqsts) Soris. vfiq­
rob, aseTi diferenciacia ar gulisxmobs romelime sqesis
avtoris dominirebas mxatvruli Rirebulebis Tvalsaz­
risiT (rogorc amas xSirad pirdapir Tu iribad gulis­
xmoben), gansxvaveba formaTa da xedvis kuTxis sxvaobaSia,
Torem mxatvruli teqstis Rirebuleba, cxadia, yovelTvis
ganpirobebulia misi siRrmiTa da mravalSrianobiT. teq­
sti, rogorc pirovneba, an kargia, an cudi, ganurCevlad
avtoris sqesisa da erovnebisa.
– SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sen genderulad markirebul
teqstebs qmni, rom Sen qali avtori xar?
– Cemi usayvarlesi lagerkvistis cnobili citatisa
ar iyos, me ar verevi Cems SemoqmedebaSi. namdvilad ar vZa­
ladob Cems bunebaze, amitom Cemi teqstebic, ra Tqma unda,
ZiriTadad genderulad markirebulia. termini `genderu­
lad markirebuli~ ar mimaCnia `qaluri teqstebis~ sinoni­
mad. am ukanasknelSi ufro vgulisxmob sentimentalizmis
siWarbes da/an wminda qalur Tematikas, Tundac feminis­
tur ganwyobebs. Cemi teqstebi SiSveli nervebiTaa naweri,
romlebic, savaraudod, kacis prozaSi gacilebiT ufro
SeniRbuli iqneboda. Tumca maqvs ramdenime moTxroba, ro­
melic TematikiTac da weris maneriTac, erTi SexedviT, ma­
makacis teqsts waagavs. maT Soris gamovyofdi `profesio­
nals~, novelas snaiperze, romelic Zalauneburad imdenad
daxunZluli gamovida mamakacuri, specifikuri, saomari
detalebiT, rom aranairad ara hgavs qalis dawerils. aseve
215
aramizanmimarTulad araqaluri gamovida filosofiur-
miTologiuri moTxroba `apeqsi”. am moTxrobebSi yvelaze
metadaa SeniRbuli emocia, metia konstatacia da Txroba.
cnobilia, bevr mwerals aqvs Tavisi Tema, romelsac xSirad
ubrundeba sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi da srulyofs, avsebs
(da ver avsebs). zogjer am `akviatebul~ TemaSic igrZnoba
genderuli identificireba. Cems SemTxvevaSi esaa `maxin­
jebis~ Tema, romelic xSirad meordeba Cems teqstebSi; er­
Ti SexedviT, Tuki gonebasustobas, yrumunjobas, Tundac
Secdomas da dacemas konteqstSi simaxinje SeiZleba vuwo­
doT, meore mxriv, sazogadoeba da mis mier Seqmnili gare­
moebebi, romlebic gansxvavebul adamianebs samyaroSi sa­
kuTar sivrceze moTxovnilebas uxSoben, gacilebiT ufro
didi simaxinjea…
– Tanamedrove literatura, maT Soris, Tanamedro-
ve qarTuli literatura aris Tu ara Sesabamisi foni qa-
li avtorebis Semoqmedebis gasaviTareblad?
– rodesac pirvelad gaCnda termini `qaluri proza~,
vfiqrob, is sul sxva datvirTvas moicavda, vidre – dRe­
vandelobaSi. me-19 s-is `qaluri literaturis~ fenome­
ni gulisxmobda prozaSi qaluri samyaros aRweras qalis
xedviT. namdvilad iyo aucilebeli da arsebobda kidec
socialuri da istoriuli foni JorJ sandis, Sarlota
brontes, jein ostinis Semoqmedebis gasaviTareblad, rom­
lebmac, SeiZleba iTqvas, erT-erTma pirvelebma asaxes axa­
li qaluri samyaro, danaxuli qalis TvaliT, sadac qali
TviTon qmnis sakuTar cxovrebas.
axla viTareba Seicvala. yvela biliki moTelilia, bev­
ri termini – aTqvefili. ara mgonia, nebismieri tipisa da
sqesis Semoqmedebis gasaviTareblad aucilebeli iyos gan­
sakuTrebuli foni.
216
– SeiZleba iTqvas, rom feministi avtori xar?
– gamokveTilad feministuri xasiaTis erTaderTi
patara moTxroba maqvs, romlis saTauria `cecxlovani
qalTevzas weliwadi”. am moTxrobaSi qalTevzebis saxiT
gamoyvanilia ramdenime qali, romlebmac seriozuli
kvali datoves kacobriobis istoriaSi da romlebic ka­
cobriobam `qafad~ aqcia. mTavari mesijia `rogor gada­
arCinos silamazem samyaro, roca samyaro silamazes ce­
lavs?~ Tumca aq isev da isev problema sazogadoebasTan
konfliqtia, magram amjerad am sazogadoebaSi pirdapir
Tu iribad mamakacuri sawyisi igulisxmeba, qalis rece­
siuli roli, romelic nebismieri bunebis kanonis da bi­
ologiuri specifikis miuxedavad, usamarTlo da tragi­
kulia. sxvaTa Soris, `cecxlovani qalTevzas weliwadi~
gamotanili maqvs meore krebulis saTauradac, ase rom,
qvecnobierad Tu cnobierad, mainc Sevkari da movaqcie
Cemi moTxrobebi am feministuri ideis qveS; miT ume­
tes, rom misi finali cota hipertropirebulad, magram
pirdapir asaxavs im problematikis mimarT Cems damoki­
debulebas, romelzec axla vsaubrobT – qali mwerali.
`hoda, miwa mixmobs, raTa Cemi wili tkiviliani okeane
gavitano napirze. meCurCuleba, rom valdebuli var,
misi saidumloebebi aRvwero im guliT, grigaliviT
rom ganicdis oTxi kedlis orpir qars, Tagvebis gar-
da sxva urCxulebsac amCnevs da sxvisi problemebi
namcec-namcec aqcevs qafad... meZaxos... momigdos sat-
yuarad, ramdeni kalamic unda... TiTqos ukve cxadad
mesmis oTxi kedlis qiliki – qalTevzas xedvaa... qal-
Tevza mainc qalTevzaa... sad SeuZlia uxeSad, kacurad,
`pidar-biT~ da `dedam-lebiT~ sacodavi sivrcis saco-
davi ambebis gadmocema... ra icis qalTevzam namdvili
217
literaturisa... oqros savarcxeli misrialebs wiTel raTa leqsad an prozad gadmoiRvaros; amisaTvis samyaro­
TmaSi. `SerSeSerSeSerSe~ – bans maZlevs kldis qims Si CasaRrmaveblad sunTqva unda eyos, energia da xalisi
amomskdari talRebi. `la-fam~ – Cavadgafune wyalSi SerCes. bavSvebi amas mxolod xels uwyoben, samsaxuri – pi­
kudi. vmReri. vmReri gametebiT. axla am nislis far- riqiT, ajanjlebs `avsebas~, saerTodac Tu ar wyvets. leq­
das gaglej, Tvals momkrav. gaognebuli SemomaSter- si kidev SeiZleba dawero erTbaSad, uecrad movardnili
debi, da es Seni ukanaskneli gamometyveleba iqneba. emociis fonze, prozas ki sxva specifika aqvs, – Rirebul
keTili iyos Seni fexi bermudis samkuTxedSi!~* prozas ver dawer xuT wuTSi, ra gind genialuri idea mo­
saerTod, ar var koncentrirebuli qalur problema­ givides. asea Tu ise, nebismieri mwerali da poeti deda Se­
tikaze, magram TanavugrZnob liberal feministebs, rom­ TanxmebuliviT acxadebs, rom misi mTavari Sedevrebi – mi­
lebic qalisa da mamakacis bunebas Soris gansxvavebaze si Svilebi arian. da, faqtobrivad, es asecaa.…
arian orientirebulebi. mamakacuri da qaluri arqetipebi
qmnian konkretul mentalobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ai­
saxeba individualur SemoqmedebiT aqtze. es bunebrivad
mimaCnia, radikalebis mosazrebisgan gansxvavebiT, romle­
bic sqesis ganurCevlad nebismieri adamianis qcevas Soris
sxvaobas miakuTvneben sociumsa da garemos.
– qali: deda da poeti. ramdenad rTulia iyo orive
erTad?
– yvelaze rTulia, akaki wereTlis Tqmisa ar iyos, iyo
erTdroulad `miwisa da cisa~, am SemTxvevaSi – kargi Se­
moqmedi da kargi deda. CemTvis dedobisa da weris SeTav­
seba rTuli arasdros yofila – saerTod, Svilebi energi­
iT mavseben, did muxts maZleven didi daRlis sanacvlod.
gacilebiT rTulia, qali erTdroulad iyos saqmiani da,
amave dros, mwerali. kariera sajaro Tu kerZo sferoSi,
miT umetes, Tu is iribadac ar ukavSirdeba, saerTod ce­
lavs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, me swo­
red ase momivida. poeti Tu mwerali klepsidras waagavs,
is unda aivsos saTqmeliT, rogorc wylis saaTi – siTxiT,

* nawyveti mariana nanobaSvilis moTxrobidan `cecxlovani qalTevzas

weliwadi~.
218 219
 interviu lela samniaSvilTan
lela samniaSvili daibada 1977 w. 17 marts, q. gorSi.
umaRlesi ganaTleba: Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis
enisa da kulturis saxelmwifo universiteti, inglisuri
enis fakulteti (1994­1999) da sinqronuli Targmnis gan­
yofileba (1999­2001); oslos universiteti, ganaTlebis
fakulteti (umaRlesi ganaTlebis filosofiis magistri)
(2005­2007); kvleva – amerikul literaturaSi, kaliforni­
is universiteti berkliSi – (2001­2003).
gamocemebi:
`foto-abebi” (leqsebi), 2000, `merani~, Tb. (nominire­
buli `winandlis premiaze~);
`gvelis weliwadi” (leqsebi), 2004, `kavkasiuri sax­
li~, Tb. (nominirebuli `sabas premiaze~);
`mudmivi tatu `(leqsebi), 2006, `siesta~, Tb. (nomini­
rebuli `sabas premiaze~);
`silvia plaTis leqsebi qarTulad~, 1999, `merani~, Tb.;
`sakuTari oTaxi~ – virjinia vulfis ese qarTulad ­
2007, fondi `taso~, Tb.;
`zarxufi” ­ silvia plaTis avtobiografiuli roma-
ni qarTulad ­ 2009, fondi `taso~, Tb.
misi leqsebi Targmnilia: inglisur, niderlandur,
rusul da azerbaijanul enebze.
`arilSi~, `alternativaSi~, `literaturaSi~, `Cvens
mwerlobaSi~ da sxva qarTul literaturul gamocemebSi
1996 wlidan sistematurad qveyndeba misi poeturi publi­
kaciebi, literaturuli werilebi da Targmanebi (emili
dikinsoni; Tomas hardi; silvia plaTi; ted hiuzi; salman
ruSdi; jon apdaiki; izabel alende da sxv.).
220
– lela, rogor daiwye wera, ra iyo Seni pirveli li-
teraturuli impulsebi?
– me iseT asakSi daviwye wera, rom kargad jer lapa­
rakic ar vicodi, amitom CemTvis Zalian uxerxulia amaze
saubari. axla CemTvis marTlac Zalian Znelia raRacebis
gamijvna da imis dakonkreteba, Tu rodis daviwye serio­
zulad wera, radgan rogorc giTxari, roca Zalian adre
iwyeba es yvelaferi, mexsierebaSi sazom erTeuls, Tu sai­
dan iwyeb Sesvals literaturaSi, ver poulob. isic Znelia
varkvioT, arsebobs Tu ara marTlac aseTi sazomi erTe­
uli. Zalian patara viyavi. Cems ojaxSi uyvardaT CemTvis
SekiTxvebis dasma. me mqonda imitirebis unari da rogorc
miyvebodnen, daviwye patar­patara raRacebis SeTxzva. me­
re, ubralod, am ampluadan ver gamovedi. axla ufro maqvs
xolme pauzebi, gadis dro da arafers ar vwer, Torem sko­
lis wlebi da universitetis wlebi CemTvis iyo weris Tan­
mdevi procesi: rac Tavi maxsovs, vwerdi.
– Sen Targmne virjinia vulfi, romelic aris Zalian
gamokveTili xma literaturaSi da evropuli feminis-
turi azrovnebis sayrdeni. rogor mixvedi am avtoram-
de da ra gavlena iqonia Senze, rogorc Semoqmedze qali
avtoris aseTma gamokveTilma xmam?
– me mgonia, rom qali avtorebisa da kaci avtorebis
aseTi diferencireba aris araswori da garkveulad, seq­
sisturi midgomaa sakiTxisadmi. feministur Teoriebs
Rrmad arc vicnob, magram mgonia, rom SesaZloa gansxvave­
bulobis ZebnaSi meore ukiduresobaSi gadavidnen. TviTon
virjinia vulfi iyo feministi avtori am sityvis saukeTe­
so gagebiT. Tundac, rodesac is saubrobs qalis proble­
mebze, is saubrobs amaze Zalian obieqturad. is, rom qali
Svid, rva, cxra Svils aCenda da maTTvis unda moevlo ma­
221
Sin, rodesac kacs SeeZlo miexura Tavisi kabinetis kari da
mSvidad da wynarad ewera, qali amas ver SeZlebda, es aris
Zalian obieqturi danaxva problemisa. virjinia vulfi
imasac wers, rom kacisTvisac iseTive rTulia cxovreba da
SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rogoric – qalisTvis. ubralod,
qals damatebiTi barieri hqonda Seqmnili am procesSi. es
iyo kargi ganaTlebis miReba, damoukidebloba, Tavisi ji­
bis fuli, Tavisufleba, Tundac, Svilebisgan Tavisuf­
leba da ase Semdeg, rac kacisaTvis ufro iolad misaRwe­
vi iyo. virjinia vulfi vTargmne imitom, rom saintereso
avtori iyo CemTvis da Zalian Zlieri. ver vityvi, rom qa­
li avtorebi gansakuTrebulad mainteresebs, imitom, rom
Cemi sqesia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom kaci avtorebi ar main­
teresebs. vinc eqceoda Cemi gemovnebis arealSi, yvela av­
tori mainteresebs. maT Soris, virjinia vulfi, Tumca ar
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mas maincadamainc qaluri proza aqvs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon werda, rom qalebs aqvT Te­
matika, romlebic unda gaaRrmaon da gaaZlieron imitom,
rom ar daemsgavson kacebs da ar aiRon is teqnikuri Ta­
viseburebebi, is Temebi, is energia, romelic kacebisTvis
ufroa damaxasiaTebeli.
me mainc vfiqrob, rom es mainc aris Zalian pirovnuli.
es Zalian individualuria, Cemi azriT, radgan qalebma Se­
iZleba weron ise, rogorc kacebisTvis aris damaxasiaTe­
beli da, piriqiT, kacebi SeiZleba iyvnen iseTi zesentimen­
talurebi, rasac qalebs abraleben. mTavari aris is, rom
mxatvruli nawarmoebi, mxatvruli qsoviliT, mxatvruli
saxeebiT, mesijebiT, yvelafriT, rac aris mxatvrul nawar­
moebSi mniSvnelovani, mkiTxvelisTvisac gasagebi da misa­
Rebia. roca yvelaferi iwyeba imis ganxilviT, Tu vin aris
avtori: qali Tu kaci, maSin mTavari aRar aris nawarmoebi.
222
– Tu literaturis istorias gadavxedavT, vnaxavT,
rom Zalian cotaa qali avtori da literaturul pro-
cess ZiriTadad mamakacebi warmarTavdnen.
– es swored imitom, rom qalebs ar hyofnidaT gana­
Tleba, ar hqondaT Tavisufali dro da ar hqondaT Tavi­
sufleba. maT TviTonac ar icodnen, ra undodaT, imitom,
rom arsebobda standartebi, ra unda ekeTebina qals. dRes
imitom momravldnen qali avtorebi, rom Zalian bevri qali
iRebs karg ganaTlebas da SeiZleba axla fantastikis sfe­
roSi gadavdivar, magram es genetikuric ki SeiZleba iyos,
roca amuSavdeba inteleqti mTeli qalebis modgmaSi, es in­
teleqti aris Seuqcevadi procesi, is Zlierdeba da Zlier­
deba da genetikuradac ki SeiZleba gadadiodes. virjinia
vulfsac aqvs amaze laparaki. pirdapir amas ar ambobs, mag­
ram TiTqmis imaves gulisxmobs. dRes qalebis monawileoba
umaRles ganaTlebaSi ufro maRalia umaRles ganaTleba­
Si kacebis monawileobaze, qalebi muSaoben, aqvT mSvenieri
Semosavali, ar aCenen cxra Svils da TavianT Tavs aZleven
saSualebas, akeTon sakuTari saqme.
– Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSic momrav-
ldnen qali avtorebi, movida qalis xma, qalis Tema,
Tumca aRiareba qal avtorebs ufro naklebi aqvT. ras
fiqrob amasTan dakavSirebiT?
– marTlac, Zalian bevri qali avtoria da vfiqrob,
rom isini saTanadod aRiarebulebi arian kidec. xSirad
Sedian sxvadasxva anTologiaSi, magaliTad, saukeTeso
TxuTmeti moTxroba da a. S. SeiZleba procentulad ufro
meti iyos mamakaci avtori, magram esec drois sakiTxia. oc
weliwadSi SesaZloa piriqiT iyos, rac aseve samwuxaro iq­
neba. me vTvli, rom iqamde mivediT, an unda mivideT, rom
procentuli maCvenebeli damokidebuli iqneba niWze da
223
ara imaze, rom kacs aqvs meti saSualeba, rom kacis nawers
meti scems pativs. dRes mgonia, rom am stadias met­nakle­
bad mivuaxlovdiT. Zalian bevri saintereso prozaikosi
qali avtoria dRes saqarTveloSi da poetebze aRar vla­
parakob, radgan marTlac bevri poeti qalia. me mgoni, ukve
aRar aris imaze laparaki, rom genderuli niSniT daaknino
is, rac TvalSisacemad axalia an sainteresoa.
– Semoqmedi qali da ojaxi, Svilebi da Semoqmedeba,
ramdenad rTulia am yvelafris erToblioba? genderu-
li kvlevebis Tanaxmad, qali avtori imitom ver viTar-
deboda da an imitom ver viTardeba saTanadod, rom ma-
makacTan SedarebiT qals ojaxi damatebiT moTxovnebs
uyenebda da uyenebs.
– qals rom unda Svilis yola, es aris bunebrivi da
arc unda gauqres qals es survili. magram rodesac saqar­
Tvelo miva im standartamde, rom dekretuli Svebuleba
hqondes kacsac iseve, rogorc qals, rom maT erTmaneTi
Caanacvlon, albaT nel­nela aseTi raRacebic dabalan­
sdeba. me ara var imisi momxre, rom bunebriobas Sevewina­
aRmdego. qals unda dedoba. miT umetes, rodesac adami­
ani giyvars, Zvirfasia SenTvis da survili giCndeba, rom
Svili gauCino. kaci ver aCens Svils, Torem vfiqrob, rom
kacsac iseve aqvs survili Svilis yolisa. qalze gadadis
is tvirTi, rom cxra Tve Svili mucliT unda ataros, mere
ufro axlos aris SvilTan, Zalian bunebrivia es etapi da
es albaT raRac procesebs aferxebs, magram qalebica da
kacebic axerxeben sxvadasxva teqnologiebiT gaimartivon
cxovreba, amis xarjze qalebi mainc cdiloben ufro meti
weron, vidre adre werdnen, cxra Svils aRar aCenen. meore
mxriv, Cems Tavs vewinaaRmdegebi xolme, radgan Zalian ar
momwons ZiZebis instituti. minda, rom viyo Tavisufali da
224
vwero, magram, meore mxriv, Svili mniSvnelovania CemTvis
da literatura ver Caenacvleba mas da es energia minda,
rom masSi Cavdo, ar minda mivando Cemi Svilis saukeTeso
wlebi ZiZas.
– Seni Semoqmedebis erTi xazi aris Zalian datvir-
Tuli qalisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli problemebiTa da Ri-
rebulebebiT. magaliTad, Seni teqsti `sakeisro kveTa”.
fiqrob, rom xar qali avtori da qalis saTqmelze wer?
– ara, aranairad. `sakeisro kveTa~ SeiZleba daewera
kac avtorsac. TviTon ver gaikeTebda sakeisro kveTas,
magram am Temaze SeiZleba daewera masac. Tu daeswreba
kaci colis sakeisro kveTas, eqneba absoluturad igi­
ve emocia, rodesac misi Svili Cndeba. me amaze ar vfiq­
rob, CemTvis es aris bunebrivi procesi, vwer imaze, rac
gamovcade da es maincdamainc mxolod sqesiT ar aris
ganpirobebuli, pirvel rigSi, es individualuria, Tum­
ca Cemi sqesi maerTianebs qalebTan, ra Tqma unda, magram
vfiqrob, rom kaci avtoric dawerda imave Temaze da ar
iqneboda misTvis problema amaze wera. virjinia vulfi
Tavis eseSi `sakuTari oTaxi~ wers, rom goneba aris an­
drogenuli, arasodes ar fiqrobs Tavis sqesze, rodesac
qmnis. Tu is fiqrobs Tavis sqesze, is aris SezRuduli, Tu
eqsperiments ar atarebs. eqsperimenti SeiZleba Caataro
bevri da iyos Zalian saintereso, magram mudmivi eqspe­
rimentebiT xelovnebaSi adamiani sakuTar Tavs da saku­
Tar individualobas kargavs. es androgenuli buneba Se­
moqmedebisa CemTvis aris yvelaze swori formulireba.
– fiqrob, rom feministi avtori xar?
– CemTvis es Zalian xmamaRali naTqvami iqneboda. fe­
ministi viqnebodi, Tu davwerdi mxolod am problemebze.
me feministi avtori ar var. Cemi ganwyobebiT bevr rameSi
225
var feministi, oRond feministi im gagebiT, rom unda da­
fasdes adamianebis Tanasworoba da ar var seqsizmis mom­
xre. me rom viyo damsaqmebeli da asayvani myavdes ori Ta­
namSromeli, prioritets ver mivaniWeb arakvalificiur
adamians mxolod imitom, rom davicva genderuli balansi.
magram var momxre da mTeli cxovreba vatareb im ideas, rom
qals unda hqondes igive SesaZleblobebi, rac aqvT kacebs.
qalma unda gamoxatos sakuTari Tavi nebismier sferoSi.
isic unda vTqvaT, rom qalsac da kacsac dRes uwevT Se­
mosavlis Zieba sxva sferoSi da kacisTvisac iseve Znelia
weros, dakavebuli iyos sakuTari SemoqmedebiT, rogorc
qalisTvis. me ar mgonia, rom aq qalsa da kacs Soris didi
gansxvaveba iyos. dRvandel sazogadoebaSi Zalian Znelia
adamianma mxolod weriT irCinos Tavi, amitom kacebic ima­
ve pirobebSi arian Cayenebuli da usamarTloba iqneba ima­
ze vilaparakoT, rom kacs da qals gansxvavebuli mdgoma­
reoba aqvT.
– Seni meuRlea rezo geTiaSvili, poeti. Tqveni oja-
xi aris ori Zalian saintereso, damoukidebeli xelova-
nis ojaxi. rogoria Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi urTierTobe-
bi, aris Tu ara rezo Seni pirveli mkiTxveli, xar Tu ara
Sen misi pirveli mkiTxveli. axdens Tu ara rezo Senze
SemoqmedebiT gavlenas, an piriqiT, fiqrob Tu ara, rom
Sen axden masze SemoqmedebiT gavlenas.
– Cven iseT asakSi davqorwindiT, me ocdaaTi wlis vi­
yavi da vfiqrob, rom ukve formirebulebi viyaviT oriveni,
rezoc, rogorc adamiani, poeti, formirebuli iyo, magram
ra Tqma unda, imis gamo, rom Cven, pirvel rigSi, Zalian kar­
gi megobrebi varT, erTmaneTs vakiTxebT sakuTar nawar­
moebebs. samwuxarod, bolo periodSi Zalian cotas vwerT,
swored imis gamo, rom bevri sxva sazrunavi, safiqrali,
226
samsaxuri da sxva prioritetebi gaCnda cxovrebaSi, karga
xania, imdens ar vwerT arc me da arc rezo, rom es iyos ide­
ebis Zalian intensiuri gacvla­gamocvla, magram raRace­
bis erTad keTeba SegviZlia. erTad SevqmeniT eqsperimen­
tuli moTxroba, magram imdenad cota dro uWiravs Cvens
cxovrebaSi, samwuxarod, am procesebs, rom seriozul as­
peqtSi amaze ver vilaparakeb.
– Sen xar gamokvlevis avtori, romelic exeba qal
avtors. me vgulisxmob statias ortomeulSi, romelic
`kavkasiuri saxlis~ gamomcemlobam gamosca: `qali, saxe
da problema~, romelSic Sesulia Seni gamokvleva. vfiq-
rob, rom es ortomeuli konceptualuria qarTul sali-
teraturo kritikaSi, radgan arc manamde damdgara qali
avtoris sakiTxi ase mZafrad da arc am ortomeulis Sem-
deg daiwyo intensiuri kvlevebi am kuTxiT, ar qceula
sagangebo msjelobis sagnad qarTveli qali avtorebis
Semoqmedeba. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo SenTvis qal-
Ta literaturaze wera?
– es iyo proeqti. cira yuraSvili marTla saintereso
prozaikosi qalia. roca gavige proeqtis Sesaxeb, survili
gamovTqvi, mimeRo monawileoba. es ar iyo Cemi iniciativiT
dawerili statia, magram, ra Tqma unda, rasac vwerdi, iyo
Cemi azri. am proeqtis WrilSi qali avtori Zalian sainte­
resod meCvena. roca es davwere, me TviTonac Zalian patara
viyavi. davwere sruliad gulwrfelad is, rasac vfiqrobdi.
unda vTqva isic, rom es iyo proqti da iq kacebis statiebic
aris. Cems statiaSi gamoviyene minimaluri biografiuli
monacemebi, minimaluri evropuli gamocdileba, aseve is qa­
li avtorebi, romlebic me mainteresebda: virjinia vulfi,
silvia plaTi da mTeli yuradReba davuTme cira yuraSvi­
lis teqstebs, rac marTlac Zalian saintereso iyo CemTvis.
227
 interviu bela CekuriSvilTan
bela CekuriSvili daibada 1974 wels. daamTavra gur­
jaanis raionis sofel vaCnaZianis saSualo skola. swav­
lobda: Tsu filologiis fakultetze, Tsu xelovne­
baTmcodneobis fakultetze, ucxo enaTa institutis
germanistikis fakultetze da a.S. amJamad swavlobs Tsu
doqtoranturaSi SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis
mimarTulebiT da muSaobs Temaze: `feministuri diskursi
meore msoflio omisSemdgom qarTul da germanul lite­
raturaSi”.
studentobis wlebidan eweva pedagogiur moRvaweo­
bas, kerZo Tu saskolo praqtikas.
1998 wlidan muSaobs Jurnalistad sxvadasxva gazeTSi,
ZiriTadad literaturisa da xelovnebis Temebze.
rogorc poeti, ibeWdeboda bavSvobis wlebidan. misi
studenturi debiuti Sedga Tsu mweralTa wris Jurnal
`pirvel sxivSi~, rasac mohyva Jurnali `nobaTi~, gazeTe­
bi: `arili~, `alternativa~, `Cveni mwerloba~; mogvianebiT,
Jurnali `cxeli Sokoladi~ da sxvadasxva beWdviTi Tu
eleqtronuli gamocema.
1998 wels gamovida leqsebis krebuli `an ­ an~. 2009
wels – `Ria baraTebi~, 2012 wels – `SekiTxvad sizifes~.
misi leqsebi Sesulia sxvadasxva poetur krebulSi,
aseve Targmnilia rusul, germanul, inglisur, frangul
enebze.
– bela, rogor daiwye wera, rogori iyo Seni pirveli
poeturi impulsebi?
– roca bavSvobaSi wer, bunebrivia, rom Zalian qaotu­
rad wer, ubralod, Sens STabeWdilebebs afrqvev, rac Cve­
228
vad Tu TamaSad yalibdeba. mere gaqeben da Senc Tamamdebi,
magram Semdeg, rodesac ukve ganaTlebas iReb, Seni lite­
raturac, Seni teqstebic nel­nela yalibdeba da garkveul
formas iRebs. Cemi Semoqmedebac ase daiwyo, bavSvobidan.
– Taobam, romelsac Sen warmoadgen, qal avtors
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia da saliteraturo
procesSic misca adgili.
– me da Cemi Taoba, 90­ianelTa Taoba, zustad im dros
aRmovCndiT Camoyalibebis etapze, rodesac erTianad mog­
veca Tavisufleba. Cveni Tavisufleba iyo: ara, rogorc
`rasac minda, imas gavakeTeb~, aramed Tavisufleba, ro­
gorc `rasac minda, imas gamovxatav”. gamovxatav akrZal­
vebis gareSe, Tumca es ar iyo ase martivi. 90­ian wlebSi
gamoCnda quTaiseli poeti manana RurWumeliZe, romelic
iyo saocari energetikiT savse da qalisa da mamakacis gan­
sxvavebas aCvenebda: qals unda raRac da ar anebeben, ar
aZleven uflebas, es ZiriTadad definicirdeboda xolme
ase: qals unda seqsualuri Tavisufleba. pirdapir es iar­
liyi ewebeba qalis Tavisuflebis survils da ra ucnau­
ric unda iyos, umravles SemTxvevaSi, qalebi marTlac ase
iwyeben Tavisuflebis gagebas. is, rac qarTul poezias ar
molandebia, manana RurWumeliZis teqstebidan wamovida
did nakadad. marTla Zalian gasakviri iyo, absoluturad
marginaluri poezia gamovida. imave xazs rom gamovyveT,
ramdenime wlis win qeTi TuTberiZem dawera leqsi: `Cems
pirvel mamakacs~ da amas mohyva iseTi agresia mamakacebis
mxridan, rom maT polemikac ki gamarTes, rogorc maxsovs,
es rostom CxeiZis JurnalSi iyo da ambobdnen kidec: ras
bedavs es gogoo da aRar iyo aq literaturaze saubari,
pirdapir esmodaT es pirovnul da moralur sakiTxebad.
Cveni sazogadoeba jer kidev fundamentaluria da jer ki­
229
dev moralis kuTxiT uyurebs yvelafers da jer kidev ai­
givebs lirikul gmirs avtorTan da am yvelafers Semdeg
Zalian kargi pasuxi uZRvna levan bregaZem, rom es aris ga­
daZaxili ioseb griSaSvilis leqsTan `Sen gairyvnebi~, sa­
dac mamakaci eubneba qals, me viqnebi Seni bolo mamakacio
da kritikosma Zalian saintereso paralelebi dainaxa am
or teqsts Soris.
CvenTan jer kidev aris: `ra SemiZlia vTqva da rogor
SemiZlia vTqva~ rogorc poeziaSi, ise prozaSi, Tumca qa­
lebi cdilobdnen garkveuli uxeSi formebi, e. w. araqa­
luri saTqmeli gamoeyenebinaT, magaliTad, gineba. ana
korZaia­samadaSvilma bevri `bilwi~ sityva gamoiyena. Ta­
visufleba jer epataJur formebSi gamovlinda. sanam es
dadgeba da miiRebs Cveulebriv formas, TiTqos Cndeba
survili, rom epataJiT gaaRiziano mkiTxveli, uTxra, rom
diax, sadac gikrZalaven, iq ibrZoleb Tavis dasamkvidreb­
lad. es iyo Tavisuflebis pirveli etapi.
– SenTvis, rogorc qalisTvis, romelic werda, ra
iyo Tavisufleba?
– ra iyo CemTvis Tavisufleba? me arasodes micxovria
im did akrZalvebSi, rasac komunisturi akrZalvebi erqva.
Tavisuflebis gamoxatva Cemi mxridan TiTqos infantilu­
ri iyo. me ubralod viTxovdi siyvarulis uflebas. CemTan
ar iyo iseTi epataJuri arc frazebi, arc Temebi, ubra­
lod, siyvarulis uflebas viTxovdi, ubralod, viTxovdi
Tanasworad aRqmas: aRmiqvi Tanasworad, nu viqnebi me niv­
Ti, romelic SeiZleba gadado, gadmodo, gaebuto, Seurig­
de... es SeiZleba Cems adreul qorwinebasac exeba imitom,
rom Zalian adre gavTxovdi da adreve gavSordi, sul sami
weli gagrZelda Cemi qorwineba, pirvelic da meorec.
Cemi saTqmeli, rasac ase SemiZlia vuwodo kidec, mog­
230
vianebiT gamoCnda, anu ara Tavisuflebis pirveli talRe­
bisas. is, rasac me Cems bolo krebulSi vamkvidreb da minda,
aris cru faseulobebis, fsevdoRirebulebebis mxileba
da amas vcdilob SmagiviT. me aRara maqvs silamazis aRqma
poeziaSi. me maqvs mxolod da mxolod konceptebi: me minda
dagingrio is, rac momawebe; is, rac Tqvi; rom aseTi unda
iyos urTierToba; aseTi unda iyos siyvaruli; aseTi unda
iyos adamianebis TanagrZnoba da am yvelafers, rac aris
fsevdo, vangrev, Torem is, rac Rirebulia, swored masze
vdgavar da swored masze, Rirebulze minda davaSeno yve­
laferi da fsevdo davangrio. vnaxoT, momavalSi rogor
gamomiva, magram dRes CemTan es xdeba.
– bela, Sen axla swavlob ivane javaxiSvilis saxe-
lobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis doqto-
ranturaSi SedarebiTi literaturis ganxriT da Seni
kvleva exeba qalebs. ratom gaxda es sakiTxi SenTvis aq-
tualuri?
– diax, qali Cemi disertaciis Temaa. is exeba meore
msoflio omis Semdgom germanul literaturaSi da qar­
Tul literaturaSi qal personaJebs, rasac komparativis­
tuli meTodebiT vikvlev. germanulenovan literaturaSi
qali avtori Zalian mravalmxrivi Seswavlis obieqtia. il­
ze aixingeri, gunter aixis coli dResac cocxalia, eliza­
bet langezeri, Zalian saintereso qali avtori, ingeborg
baxmani, me aRar vsaubrob omamde moRvawe qal avtorebze,
romlebmac omis Semdgomac gaagrZeles wera, magaliTad,
elza lasker­Siulerze, ara lirikos qalebze, neli saqsze,
aramed omis mere rom movidnen mwerali qalebi, romlebmac
daiwyes mxileba sakuTari sazogadoebisa, daiwyes analizi,
ra dagvemarTa. ra dagvemarTa Cven yvelas da ra dagvemarTa
Cven, qalebs – rogor gavxdiT aseTi gulgrilebi. pirda­
231
pir laparaki imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba gavxdeT toleran­
tulebi, rogor SeiZleba miviRoT siaxle, rogor SeiZleba
ar vawyeninoT sxvebs, rogor SeiZleba davgmoT omi, rogor
SeiZleba gavamarTloT sakuTari saqcieli, an piriqiT, ga­
vaanalizoT is, rac omis wlebSi moxda. ra daemarTa germa­
nias, ra daemarTaT bavSvebs, ra daemarTaT kacebs, rogorc
marlen ditrixi mReris: `Sag mir, wo die Blummen sind.../ Sag
mir, wo Soldaten sind...~* sad arian Cveni kacebi, sad arian ja­
riskacebi? germanuli omisSemdgomi literatura aris
dabrunebuli jariskacebis literatura, maT Seqmnes es
epoqa litaraturaSi. me davbrundi, magram sad arian Cveni
Zmebi? pasuxismgebloba mawevs imaTze, vinc sadRac darCa,
ruseTis mikargul provinciaSi. rogorc CvenTan moTqvam­
dnen: `Sin mousvlelo, sada xar?!~...
meore msoflio omis Semdgom qarTul literaturaSi
me minda mimovixilo ara mxolod qali avtorebi, aramed qa­
li personaJebi. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom saxasiaTo qali
personaJebi Zalian mwiria meore msoflio omis Semdgom
qarTul literaturaSi. Zalian sworxazovani iyo qarTu­
li literatura: Cven gavimarjveT, Cvens teritoriaze, sa­
qarTvelos miwaze omi ar yofila, Cveni qalebi ojaxis er­
Tgulebi iyvnen, ar gaTxovilan, ar miutovebiaT TavianTi
qmrebi, ojaxebi, kerebi.
– qali avtori, rogorc calke identoba, rogor ges-
mis qarTuli literaturis magaliTze?
– meoce saukunis 20­ian wlebSi saqarTvelo poetebis
qveyana iyo, qals SeeZlo yofiliyo poeti, magram barbare
jorjaZisa da ekaterine gabaSvilis magaliTebi rom gavix­
senoT, maT pativsacemi sazogadoebac ki ar Sexvda aRtace­
biT. maT nawerebs mwvave kritika an sruli ignori xvdaT wi­
* germ. `miTxari, sad aris yvavilebi.../ miTxari, sad arian jariskacebi...~
232
lad. isini ar aRiqves seriozulad, ar miiRes seriozulad
da ar miiRes im ojaxSi, romelsac mwerloba hqvia. ase rom,
es gaTiSuloba sul iyo da sakmaod didxans gagrZelda. Se­
sabamisad, saqarTveloSi prozis mwerali qalebi sakmaod
sustebi arian da vinc iyvnen, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTac
ver Seqmnes konkurentunariani teqstebi. isini wminda qa­
luri saTqmelebiT gamoirCeodnen, araferi gansakuTre­
buli ar dagvrCa. ra iyo amisi mizezi? isini ar cxovrob­
dnen. rasac ar icnob, imaze verc dawer. qarTveli qali
komunistebis periodSi ar cxovrobda. iyo garkveuli Car­
Co, qali im CarCoSi unda moTavsebuliyo, unda yofiliyo
maswavlebeli, SesaZloa eqimic, magram mainc tipobrivad
maswavlebeli, mdivani Tu iqneboda, isic axloblis, Sina­
uris mdivani unda yofiliyo da qalis mimarT damokidebu­
leba iyo Zalian infantiluri. TviTon qalic iyo susti,
mSiSara, mamakacze damokidebuli, Sesabamisad, aseT sazo­
gadoebaSi, qali verafers Rirebuls ver Seqmnida.
– rogoria qali avtori dRes?
– qalebma maSin daiwyes wera, rodesac isini gaTavisuf­
ldnen. jer meamboxe qalebi gamoCndnen, magaliTad, naira
gelaSvili, xolo Semdeg ukve moxda bevri ramis gaazreba.
me am SemTxvevaSi, poezias ar vgulisxmob, vgulisxmob pro­
zas. poeziaSi lia sturua iyo Zalian saintereso da man Ta­
visi mimdevrebi Sva. dRemde saqarTveloSi qali poetebis
Semoqmedeba aRbeWdilia lia sturuas niSniT. es kvali lia
sturuam gaavlo, am kvalSi Cadgnen da mec ki Zalian fun­
damenturad videqi lias kvalSi. iyo kidev xalxuri xazi,
ase vTqvaT, xvaramzes kvali, Seiqmna kidec literaturuli
festivali `xvaramzeoba”. esec absoluturad tipobrivia.
bevri qali xvaramzes motivebze wers.
eleqtronulma teqnologiebma gaajera da xelmisaw­
233
vdomi gaxada fsevdo mwerloba. vinc adre TavisTvis werda
da Sercxveboda Tavisi teqstebis redaqtorTan mitana, Tu
Zalian Tavxedi ar iyo, axla internet sivrceSi aRar arse­
bobs aranairi kontroli.
– Tanamedrove qarTul literaturaSi Zalian bevri
qali avtoria. aseve bevria damwyebi qali avtori: Seyva-
rebuli gogonebi, mitovebuli gogonebi, daTrgunuli
colebi, Svilebi, TanamSromlebi da a. S. da aseve, buneb-
rivia, arian sazogadoebis erTi nawilis mier aRiarebu-
li qali avtorebi. Tumca kvlevebi mainc aCvenebs, rom
qali avtorebi mamakac avtorebTan SedarebiT ver iRe-
ben saTanado literaturul premiebs. da Tu iReben, es
aris, ZiriTadad, saukeTeso debiutis nominaciebi. Cans,
TiTqos qali avtorebi veRar viTardebian.
– CemTvis saukeTeso redaqtoris nimuSia Sadiman Sa­
manaZe da man Tqva erTxel: es gogonebi iseTi energetikiT
iwyeben weras, magram Txovdebian da is energia eclebaTo.
merec weren, magram is muxti, riTac modian, aRar rCebaT
SemdgomSio. SeiZleba imitomo, xsnida biologiurad, rom
qali deda xdeba, sxvanairad nawildeba misi energiao. me
isev imas vityodi, rom qalma unda icxovros. sxvanairad
ver dawers. jer ojaxSi ijda qali, mere samsaxurSi, vTq­
vaT, maswavleblis roli hqonda da amas unda dasjerebo­
da, qali sul raRac rolSia da Cveni moraliT dRes ki aRar
aris qali dacinvis obieqti, magram mainc ver vcxovrobT
qalebi srulfasovani cxovrebiT – im saintereso cxovre­
biT, riTac mamakacebi cxovroben. me aq ar vgulisxmob imas,
rom mxolod mamakacs hyavs partniori, megobari da qals
ar hyavs, rom qali sul marto da sul mitovebulia da ar
SeuZlia ipovos Tavisi megobari. ara, me vambob, rom qalebi
ar cxovroben profesionalurad, srulfasovnad. amito­
234
mac weren sul monologebs. ar iqmneba narativi, ambavi. qa­
li sul yveba pirad STabeWdilebebs, pirad ambebs, rac maT
awuxebT. kacebic ase weren, magram qalebi kidev ufro.
– iqneb, jer ver amowures sakuTari, qaluri saTqme-
li da imitom?
– SesaZlebelia. Tumca Cven yvelas gvadgas enaze Cve­
ni saTqmeli, magram ra aris literatura? es unda gada­
iZerwos da isev qalurad rom vTqvaT, keqsi gamocxves.
aqeT fqvili dayaros, iqiT kvercxi, ai, vanilio da Tavi
moityuos, keqss vacxobo, vuyureb da keqsi ki ar cxveba. me­
ti aqtiuroba, meti mondomebaa saWiro, amisaTvis Cven un­
da gavTamamdeT, unda daviwyoT cxovreba. ekonomikuradac
sxvanairi unda gaxdes cxovreba.
– zogierTi qalisaTvis evropasa da aziaSi gende-
rulad markirebuli literatura Seuracxmyofelia.
bevri ar eTanxmeba termins: qali avtori, qalTa lite-
ratura. amboben, rom SeiZleba literaturis genderu-
lad definicia. Sen ras fiqrob? ramdenad mZafria SenSi
qali avtori?
– rogorc ki qalma faseuli Seqmna, isini dafasdnen.
maT kuTxeSi aravin ayenebda. qali Tavisas ambobs. es ar aris
CemTvis Seuracxmyofeli. vaJa fSavela ambobda, erovneba
aqvs avtors, teqsts erovneba aRar aqvs. aseve: sqesi aqvs av­
tors, sqesi teqsts aRar aqvs. es aris Cemi damokidebule­
ba. Tu saqarTveloSi qaluri literaturis Zlieri talRa
Seiqmneba, Sesabamisad dafasdeba. Cven patara qveyana varT.
aq SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qalebi ganapirebulebi arian. fes­
tivalze mamakaci ufro moxvdeba, vidre qali, radgan ma­
makacebi arian organizatorebi. erTaderTi festivali
arsebobs qalebis daarsebuli, isic mxolod qalebisTvis,
xvaramzes festivali, sadac mxolod qalebs SeuZliaT mo­
235
nawileoba. mentalurad unda gazrda sazogadoebas. me
qarTul realobaze vsaubrob. ucxoeTSic arsebobs mTe­
li rigi problemebi. magaliTad, germanuli literaturis
magaliTze rom vTqvaT, nobelianti qali avtorebi ufro
cotaa, vidre mamakaci. ki hyavdaT herda miuleri, romel­
mac miiRo nobelis premia, magram mamakaci avtorebi ufro
bevrni iyvnen. qali avtori ver gaizarda, ver ganviTarda.
– vinc Sen gicnobs, gaxasiaTebs, rogorc Zalian emo-
ciur adamians. mkvlevrebi, romlebic muSaoben gende-
rulad markirebuli literaturis TeoriaSi, an gende-
rolingvistikaSi, amboben, rom qali avtori aris Zalian
emociuri, xSirad iyenebs Sedarebebs, gansazRvrebebs,
mamakaci avtori racionaluria, leqsikac gamoyenebi-
Tia. Seni teqstebis temperamenti da aqcentebi ramdenad
aris emociebze agebuli?
– me aRar maqvs qaluri emociebi teqstebSi. ra Tqma
unda, me qalis saTqmels vambob, magram ara qaluri aqcen­
tebiT, Tu SeiZleba ase niuansobrivad daiyos da amas mar­
to me ar vambob. Sadiman SamanaZes hqonda literaturuli
Jurnali `eleqtroliti~ da leqsebi gavugzavne. swored
man miTxra, rom es aRar aris qalis naweri, Sen gamoxvedi
im niSnidan, rasac qalis teqsti hqvia, radgan Sen wer ara
imaze, Tu ra gtkiva axla, aramed analizs ukeTeb gancdil
tkivilso.
dRes Cemi leqsebi ar aris emociuri. isini aRarc fera­
dia da aRarc surnelovani. Cemi leqsebi axla Zalian kon­
ceptualuria. qarTul poezias aqvs erTi cudi specifika,
es aris paTetika, sityvebis raxaruxi. mkiTxveli bruvdeba,
magram araferi ar rCeba sabolood, ra undoda eTqva av­
tors, ver igebs. meoce saukune amiT iyo gajerebuli, ide­
ologizirebuli iyo literatura: sityvebi, sityvebi da
236
azri ara. me vcdilob, konceptebi Cavdo Cems saTqmelSi. me
minda vTqva is, rac konkretulad mawuxebs. Cems Tavs ilia
WavWavaZes vadareb xolme im kuTxiT, rom Tu ilias ar un­
da raime konkretulis Tqma, is leqss ar werda. leqsi `ga­
zafxulic~ ki mTavrdeba kvnesiT: `mamulo, sayvarelo”. is
Zalian konceptualuria da koncentrirebulia erT sakiT­
xze: saganmanaTleblo, patriotuli, socialuri Tu sxva.
Cemi leqsebic asea. me veRar vwer imaze, Tu ra lamazi di­
laa. me am lamaz suraTebze veRar vwer, Tu raime sxva, kon­
kretuli saTqmeli ar maqvs. Cemi saTqmelia TiTqos, rom
raRacebi vamsxvrio. Cemze rom amboben, emociuriao, teq­
stebSi ara var me emociuri. emociuri cxovrebaSi var.
– SegiZlia Tqva, rom xar feministi avtori?
– ase gamodis. Cemi wigni `SekiTxvad sizifes~ Zalian
feminsituri gamovida. CemTvisac moulodneli iyo. yve­
laferi rom dalagda da daxvavda da davxede, lamis guli
gamiskda. aq aris qali, romelic ibrZvis sakuTari uflebe­
bisaTvis. feminizmSi cudi araferi ar aris.
– Seni wigni `SekiTxvad sizifes~ wardgenilia lite-
raturul premiaze `saba”. rogor waikiTxes Seni femi-
nisturi teqstebi kacebma?
– sxvaTa Soris, kacebma – Zalian kargad da qalebma –
naklebad. socialur qselebSi ZiriTadad qalebi avrce­
leben teqstebs, axla rogorc amboben, `aSeareben~ da Cemi
teqstebi iSviaTad aris `daSearebuli~ imitom, rom iq ar
aris gulis wasvlebze da gulmoklul grZnobebze sauba­
ri. kritikosi kacebis mxridan Zalian dadebiTi Sefasebebi
movismine, magaliTad, giorgi lobJaniZem miTxra, rom Tu
`sabas~ JiuriSi viqnebi, me vibrZoleb Seni leqsebisTviso.
Sadiman SamanaZem miTxra, rom es ukve aRar aris qalis dawe­
rili leqsebi, malxaz xarbediam specialuri gadacema mi­
237
uZRvna Cems wigns radio `TavisuflebaSi~, dawera statiac. pirTa saZiebeli
mkiTxvel qalebs TiTqos ufro sxva rame undaT, maT undaT
gasresili gulebi, amitomac ver gaiges Cemi teqstebi. abaevi vasil 113, 114, 119, 120
– es komplimentia, Seni azriT, rodesac amboben, adamsi Aabigail smit 37, 62
rom qali kaciviT azrovnebs, kaciviT wers?... adorno Teodor v. 20, 21
– ki, imitom, rom kacebs aqvT fufuneba: ganaTlebis aixi gunter 232
fufuneba, fiqris fufuneba, azrovnebis fufuneba da ami­ aixingeri ilze 232
tomac yvelaze Rirebul raRacebs kacebi qmnidnen. mwera­ alavi 143
li ar unda muSaobdes rutinulad, man unda iaros, ifiq­ al ahmadi jalal 143, 144
ros. mwerali unda gaurbodes biuros muSobas. mamakac amini kasim 132
antonovi zurab 65
mwerlebs hqondaT amisi fufuneba, rac ar hqondaT qalebs.
anfimiadi diana 187, 188, 192
salaTidan sarecxamde moTxrobebi ar cxveba. amitomac am­
aragvispireli Sio 64, 65, 66
boben ase... roca amboben warmatebuli qali avtori, es ar
arazi nezihe 127
aris namdvili warmateba, aseTi Sefaseba aris humanitaru­
arnimi betina fon 77, 79, 92
li daxmareba. aristotele 36
astoni luize 87
at­tahtavi 132
austeni Jana 92
balzaki onore de 36, 37
baraTaSvili nikoloz 48, 84
barbaqaZe cira 182
barnovi vasil 65
baqaniZe nino 79, 80, 81, 82, 83
baxmani ingeborg 231
bendeliani nani 16
bepievi naira 42
beutini k. 77
bloki aleqsandr 214
bovenSeni silvia 39
bovuari simone de 93, 94
boki gizela 85
238
borena dedofali 173
branderi patricia 68
brauni r. 31, 32
bregaZe levan 162, 230
brentano gunda 84
breteCeri klair 97
breueri ulrix 171
bronte emili 92
bronte Sarlota 37, 92, 216
burjanaZe mzia 143, 147, 150
buskivaZe mzisa 69
busmaani i. 31
butegva florens 61
buquri maia 151, 152, 153
gabaSvili ekaterine 232
gafrindaSvili lela 53
gedevaniSvili i. 65
geTiaSvili rezo 226
gelaSvili naira 160, 161, 162,
163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,
179, 180, 200, 201, 233
gioqalfi zia 152
glinke amelia (hogli) 97
glurjiZe ani 148, 149
gobenli mediha 152, 157, 158
goeTe avgust fon 79, 80, 81, 141,
202
goeTe iohan fon 79, 802
goeTe otilie fon 79, 80, 81,
82
239
griSaSvili ioseb 52, 230
gunderrode karolina fon 84
guramiSvili daviT 64
guJi olimpia de 19
danelia korneli 52
daneSvari simon 143, 144
darbaiseli nino 189, 190
dedofali viqtoria 85
derida Jak 29
dikensi Carlz 213
ditrixi marlen 233
diurasi margerit 103
doltci ema 88
donaZe naTela 17
durakbaSa a. 69
ekermani iohan peter 82
endresi elisabed 73
erisTavi rafiel 65
esperseni oto 42
vaJa­fSavela 64, 235
varnhageni rahel 77
vaxtini nikolai 41
viliamsi vaerte 28
vitingi monik 29
velSi renate 197
vomani gabriele 9
vulfi virjinia 38, 39, 92, 93,
178, 179, 220, 221, 222, 225, 227
zandbergeri beatrice 171
Tavada ioko 170, 171
Tamiri zaqaria 139
Taneni debora 45, 46
Tarayi goli 143, 144, 149
240
Tebeni karin 39
Teimuraz pirveli 141
Tekla batoniSvili 183
Tomasi doroTi q. 61
TuTberiZe qeTi 229
Traqli georg 200
Trederi uta 75
Tromel­plotci 49, 50
ilgazi afeT 68
iluriZe qeTevan 52
irigarai lus 29
kaiSauri rusudan 204
kalandaZe ana 175, 176
kamineri vladimer 172
kanti imanuel 36
karelina ekaterina 172
kelnari duglas 22
ketro marta 38
kikviZe zaal 34, 53, 54, 55, 56,
57
kiknaZe aleqsi 206
kiknaZe zurab 17
kiknaZe Tamar 121
kldiaSvili simon 64
kiurne gustav 79
korZaia­samadaSvili ana 58,
59, 161, 230
kotetiSvili vaxuSti 142
kmolingeri elisabed (kmo) 97
kronenbergi iovone 109, 110,
111, 112
kulini aiSe 156,157
lagerkvisti per 215
lagerlofi selma 104
lakofi j. 46
langezeri elizabet 231
lasker­Siuleri elza 200, 231
la roSe fon, sofia 92
levaldi fani 86, 87, 89
leikofi robin 33
leila 136, 137, 138, 139, 140
leoniZe giorgi 64
lerSi barbara 39
lerxe doris 97
listi frenc 79
lobJaniZe giorgi 143, 144,
237
loki jon 23
lomouri niko 64
lorTqifaniZe niko 65, 70
loxvickaia maria (mira) 240
luTeri martin 74, 75
mani Tomas 61, 200
margvelaSvili givi 181, 200
mari niko 52, 138, 139
marksi maria 97
maslova v. 47, 48, 68
maqi husaina xadar 135
maCabeli ivane 64
maWavariani muxran 174
mgalobliSvili sofrom 65
melania 66
merTusi julia 61
meZmariaSvili elene 14
miletsi qeiT 24
mitCeli margaret 37, 38
miuleri klara 88, 236
mickeviCi adam 79
moemi somerset uiliam 37
morgneri irmtrud 9
morisoni toni 103, 104
morua andre 37
morCilaZe aka 66
mukbaniani malvina 175
mxeiZe ana 1765
nanobaSvili mariana 180, 181, 211
napoleoni 81
neilori samuel 81
neteshaimi agiora fon 73
ninoSvili egnate 64, 65
nicSe fridrix 18, 43, 200
novalisi 200
nozaZe viqtor 155, 242
obolaZe uSangi 53
ozakini aizel 154
orbeliani maiko 84
orbeliani sulxan­saba 51
osinski iuta 29, 31
osmani leila 135, 1362
ostini jein 216
oto luize 42, 87
petersi ursula 72
piTagora 36
plaTi silvia 220, 227
popiaSvili avTandil 163
popiaSvili nino 42
razikaSvili Tedo 65
ramiSvili guram 55
rexviaSvili l. 57
241
rilke rainer maria 200, 207
rifaTi alifa 134, 135
rixter­Sroderi karin 39
roterdameli erasmus fon 73
roulendi helen 62, 63
rusTaveli SoTa 63, 70, 91, 99
ruso Jan­Jak 24
sabedaSvili Tamar 62
sagani fransuaza 38, 103
sadeyi mir 143
sadRobelaSvili mari 145, 146
sandi Jorj 216
samniaSvili lela 161, 174,
185, 186, 220
safo 72
saqsi neli 231
sartri Jan aril 107
sarjvelaZe zurab 52
serke iurgen 94
svifti jonaTan 36
silagaZe apolon 151
siqsu elen 29
sokrate 17
stepani i. 31, 32
sturua lia 176, 177, 189, 233
tabiZe galaktion 47
uTurgaiZe Tedo 51
famuqi orhan 157
faroxzadi foruy 141, 144,
145, 146, 147
feiti doroTea 78
firestoni SulamiT 76
firzadi zoia 148, 149
242
fixte iohan gotlib 85 xarbedia malxaz 169, 237 haidegeri martin 200
frederikseni 83 xamenei suzan jafari farast haine hainrix 36
froidi zigmund 36, 110 129 haiqali muhammad husain 133
fromi erix 20, 21, 22 xaranauli besik 174 haugeni e. 56
qarCxaZe jemal 67, 203 xuciSvili naTela 80 heleri eva (eva h.) 95, 98
qvliviZe mixeil 174 javaxiSvili ivane 52 hese herman 200
qiaCeli leo 64, 70 javaxiSvili kato 183, 184 hesi ursula 73, 74
qoriZe janeta 175 javaxiSvili mixeil 52 hipokrate 18
quTelia murman 130, 131, 132 jaliaSvili maia 183 hitleri adolf 20
quri finar 153 jebran xalil jebrani 132, hedaiaTi 143
RaRaniZe eka 192, 193 133 heningeri barbara 95, 97
RurWumeliZe manana 229 jorjaZe barbare 47, 232 holanderi nikole 95
yuraSvili cira 227 jusoiTi nafi 117 holderlini fridrix 200
SamanaZe Sadiman 234, 236, 237 haimi georg 200 horkhaimeri maqs 20, 21
Safaqi elif 154, 155, 156
Selingi Tomas 61
Slegel­vaiTi doroTea 78
Slegel­Selingi karolina 77
Slegeli fridrix 78, 190
Slikeri qersTin 26
Sopenhaueri adele 83
Sopenhaueri arTur 83
Surmani ana maria fon 73
Suleri margaret a. 61
Spraitceri d. 174
Carkviani jansuR 175
CekuriSvili bela 228
Cubaqi 143
wereTeli akaki 70
WavWavaZe ilia 47, 53, 54, 55,
63, 220, 237
WavWavaZe aleqsandre 52
WilaZe oTar 175
243
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Nino Popiashvili
Women's writing – Literary, Culturological and Gender
Discourse
From the beginning of mankind till today woman has been
a source of inspiration; however woman’s role in social, political,
economic and other important spheres has been subject of dispute.
Development of society has caused women to feel more self-
conscious. In addition, men and women’s roles and social stereo-
types have been reconsidered and new conclusions, viewpoints
and attitudes have been established.
The main aspects of female author’s literary and culturologi-
cal, as well as gender issues have been thoroughly studied in the
given monograph. Female author, as an issue, is defined and ana-
lyzed from historical and contemporary perspectives.
The essence of woman writer as a culturological phenom-
enon, her historical and contemporary discourse, issues of gender-
marked literature, literary theory and modern directions of gender
discourse and gender linguistics are discussed in the book. More-
over, the book highlights the phenomenon of female author in
Western, Oriental and Georgian literary environment.
After the commencement of politically motivated women’s
movement in the 60s of the 20th century, some viewpoints about
a woman’s role have been altered in literature and scholarly world.
On the one hand, women authors’ emancipated literature appeared
which were created on the basis of women’s stories. On the other
hand, there emerged feminist literary theory, which established the
concept of female author (femininity, as an ethic category) in liter-
ary theory (English- Femininity, German - die Weiblichkeit, Rus-
261
sian - Женственность).
According to feminist criticism, women writers’ texts are dis-
tinguished as they expose experience, emotions and, in general,
thoughts motivated by women.
The emergence and development of feminist literature was po-
litically conditioned in its basis. The primary aim of this theory was
to motivate women and facilitate their literary activities by means
of critical analysis, even with conscious marginal preconditions.
In parallel with studies oriented on women, in the last decade
scholars started to draw their attention to gender studies. Like in
feminist literary studies, here emphasis is made on the issue of role
distribution between men and women which is not based on bio-
logical sex-distinction. If in feminist literary studies biological dif-
ference is represented by an English term – sex, in gender studies
it became possible to determine social and cultural components.
Nowadays, a term taken from grammar – gender is widely used.
Unlike feminist studies, the main concern of gender studies
is not the issue of femininity. Gender definitions in socio-cultural,
historical and public discourse are represented as the main objec-
tive of gender studies.
Currently, term gender is equally used in humanities and so-
cial sciences as well as law and economics. Each field defines the
term in accordance to its specificity.
Woman’s Language and Feminine Aesthetics
According to gender linguistics, there is a significant differ-
ence between men and women’s speech from the standpoint of
emotional and lexical content. Linguists claim that men and wom-
262
en’s speeches vary to a great extend; they have different “language
of speech”. Women tend to speak more, use more easily perceptible
words, in most cases, determiners. For example, beautiful, strong,
good, bad … special intonation, manner of speaking, mimics and
gestures are peculiar for their speech. Furthermore, women often
tend to shift topics; their narrative and argumentations are not co-
herent. Their acquaintances, neighbours, relatives as well as favou-
rite characters’ examples serve as arguments. According to gen-
der linguistics the existing differences between men and women,
among them differences in viewpoints, are revealed in communi-
cation. Correspondingly, language reflects the viewpoints, which
are of opposite nature, as language exposes moods and viewpoints.
Gender studies show that women were deprived possibilities
to reveal their world view in creative works. Due to social stand-
points and distribution of gender roles, women’s creativity where
mainly displayed in such spheres as knitting, embroidering, carpet
knitting, sewing, culinary, upbringing children and in some cases
in such completely weird forms as: fortune-telling, magic etc.
Men and Women’s opposite pair is natural and fundamental
for the culture of humanity. There are a lot of evidences that can
serve as a proof. For example, in ancient times there was a view-
point that soul is the father of every existing being, whereas mate-
rial, body is a mother. The result of their unity is everything that
exists in this world. On the other hand, woman was a symbol of
lower world, of everything earthly and evil. In classic society wom-
an represents a symbol of preserving gene pool, she had the most
worthy characteristic: give birth to a new life, continue the genera-
tion, which entails in itself continuation of traditions, thus facilitat-
ing the viability of society.
Western world makes emphasis on the language of women
writers and their manner of narration, as well as other artistic-ex-
263
pressive means. Nowadays, the object of research is `discourse of
differences~, women and literary processes, female authors’ roles
in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; the issue of woman writer
in modern literary processes, woman writer and a novel, woman
writer and poetry etc.
In modern linguistic-cultural studies women’s language,
among them women writers’ language, their nature, mentality, in-
ner world which is reflected in vocabulary, syntax and expressed by
verbal and non-verbal means are studied in order to comprehend
woman’s phenomenon. It is widely acknowledged that language is
not only means of communication, which transmits thoughts, but
language can be considered as means to express and decorate con-
ceptual perception of viewpoint.
Female Author and Literary Environment
If we consider literature as continuation of collective, folklore
texts and have a look through ancient era, it will become obvious
that female authors coexisted among numerous men writers. As it
is known, Greek poet Sappho was named by Plato among top 10
writers.
In medieval centuries, churches and monasteries served as
main educational institutions where it was possible to acquire basic
literacy skills and read books. For women there were only limited
possibilities and mainly in Europe. They could acquire the profes-
sion of a nanny (governess) and become educated to some extent.
In the era of renaissance and humanism, when individuality
of a human being, self-cognition and the desire to take insight into
oneself rose, there emerged some possibilities for women to be-
come educated. They started to make education available for both
264
sexes as it was envisaged as a precondition for humanistic relations
in family. For example, Agrippa Von Nettesheim and Erasmus Von
Rotterdam supported the availability of education for women.
Despite the fact that through creative works women strived
to display a universe perceived by women and based on their own
experiences, women’s fiction writings were not appropriately per-
ceived. Women writers’ works had to be evaluated from the per-
spective of women readers and women critics. Only in that case it
was possible to see the real and genuine thoughts of women writ-
ers. Only women’s society was able to comprehend women writer’s
texts, feel their thoughts and meanings, which was unachievable by
that time.
In order to defend their own ideas and opinions and preserve
their works and provoke positive opinions among readers, many
women writers had to avoid their names and write under male pen-
names. In the 18th and 19th centuries women wrote anonymously,
without signing their works or they wrote under male pen-name.
This was the only way for most women to penetrate into literary
world which was legitimate only for men.
From the beginning of the 20th century a number of formal-
legislative amendments were made concerning women’s issue. High
schools for girls were founded, which made it possible to get higher
education, a lot of professions and work places became available
for women which were previously occupied only by men. In the
20s of the 20th century women were granted the right to vote. Cor-
respondingly, social changes were reflected in women writers’ cre-
ative works.
It is worth mentioning that since women’s writing became a
discrete area of literary studies there emerged a need to divide their
works into periods and define their historical-cultural characteris-
tics. According to some scholars, in spite of the fact that women’s
265
writings are wide and belong to different historical periods, their sidered it as a sin and it was tabooed. For this reason, praising one’s
study should be started from the period of activation of women’s love, praising her eyes, look on her face were considered as a norm
movement, in other words from the period when women writers which showed love. Poetry, music and dancing are component
commenced to create their writings consciously and from the posi- parts of eastern mysticism and ecstasy, thus showing love emo-
tion of women writers, with new literary viewpoints where wom- tionally which is reflected in texts instead of body language. Cor-
an’s position, her universe, viewpoints, perspectives and interests respondingly there is created eastern environment in the forms of
where highlighted. As it is known there were times when woman body language or language body. However, Islamic mysticism and
only participated in literary processes, when there was no gender literature in their fundaments have little to do with Islamic mysti-
definition in literary studies, when woman was obliged to be only cism revealed in harder forms in relation to women.
participant of literary processes, which was dominantly masculine, The issue of women authors, the place and role of gender-
when woman even had to write under male pen-name in order her marked literature in Georgian literature is completely unstudied.
texts to be adequately perceived and attention to be drawn. It is ob- The manifold nature of the issue, in addition historical and contem-
vious that women writings of that time could not reflect the nature porary processes which exist in Georgian literature serve as a proof
and literary content which was peculiar for women writings later. that this issue should be thoroughly studied in future.
However, in spite of the above mentioned, creative works of women
writers are frequently analyzed by taking into consideration com-
mon features, existing historical and social factors.
In comparison to Western literature, Eastern literature with
its traditions and dichotomy was much more `masculine~. It is pri-
marily conditioned by eastern nature. Woman, an object of love
and obedience, only rarely managed to literary transform her in-
terests, desires and longings and reflect them in literature. East
was more austere towards women and this attitude could be traced
back to religion.
The development of the literature of Islamic countries is pre-
ceded by mystic traditions, which is characteristic feature of the
above mentioned literature even nowadays. The big impact of mys-
tic traditions is felt in love texts, where love is represented from two
angles: it conveys earthly and heavenly meanings. Ambivalence of
mystic languages required freer environment in order to entail ev-
erything and talk about everything. However, Islamic world con-
266 267
 nino popiaSvili
qali avtori _ literaturuli,
kulturologiuri da genderuli kvlevebi

NINO POPIASHVILI
Women's writing – Literary, Culturological
and Gender Discourse

gamocemis redaqtori Tamar ziger-popiaSvili

Writing Editor Tamara Sieger-Popiashvili

koreqtori marex beJaniSvili

Correction Marekh Beghanishvili

kompiuteruli
uzrunvelyofa Tamar stefnaZe
Computer scaring Tamar Stepnadze

ydaze gamoyenebulia marine solomoniSvilis naxati `Woman~

The painting `Woman~ by Marine Solomonishvili is used as cover art.

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,
al. yazbegis gamz. #45
E – mail: meridiani777@gmail.com t. 239-15-22