UNDERSTANDING THE
populism/nativism
CONTEPORARY WORLD
UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION
Framing Globalization
 Beyond a problem-solving approach, especially a
perceptive of “promoting international competitiveness
o Eg. Economic and technological
 Beyond a buzzword: a process and discourse
 Critical view: globalization as contested; understood and
constituted in different ways
 Frames of meaning used to describe the world are part of a
political process
 Words and meaning matter: some views become legitimate
and define what the world is
Globalization: Levels of Debate
 What are the starting premises?
o Competing definitions
o Varying measurements
o Contrasting chronologies
o Diverse explanations
 What are the implications for social change?
o Geography
o Identity
o Production
o Governance
o Knowledge
 What are the impacts on the human condition?
o Security
o Equality
o Democracy
 What are the responses?
o Neoliberalism (markets)
o Rejectionism (localism/ populism)
o Reformism (public policies)
o Transformism (social revolution)
CONTENDING PERSPECTIVES
 Liberal or Hyper-global perspective
o “end of geography”; end of the nation-state”;
borderless world of flows
o Privileges an economic and technological logic
o Globalization as mutually beneficial, progressive,
and benign
o New, inevitable, levels off
o A new modernization theory?
o The end of the Cold War and the “end of history”
 There is no alternative (TINA)
o There is however “pessimistic globalist”
perspective that emphasize both
homogenization and its negative consequences
o .
 Conservative/ Skeptical Perspective
o Underplays globalization: internationalization or
regionalization
o Certain types of Marxism/ structuralism adopt a
strongly state-centric perspective
o Rise of
anti-global authoritarian
 Critical/ Transformative Perspective
o Recognizes dissolution of old structures and
boundaries (states, economies, communities)
o “The state as a space of flows”
 Power and politics are reconfigured
 They flow through, across and around
territorial boundaries
o Speed and magnitude of changes
o Mobility, hybridity, complexity
o Global-local nexus
o Emphasis on unevenness and new hierarchies
 Inclusion and exclusion
 Globalization of superficiality
 Globalization of indifference
GLOBALIZATION
 Although the term “globalization” has only entered the
English language in recent decades, the integration and
mutual dependency of people that constitutes its essence
are
o As old as human civilization
o The product of interactions that include
commerce, warfare, and invasion, intermarriage,
and migration from place of birth
 Intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice
versa (Giddens)
 As a concept refers both to the compression of the world
and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a
whole (Robertson, 1992)
 Proliferation of worldwide economic, social, and cultural
networks, and people’s dependence on these global
netowkrs for prosperity and security (Mansback, 2000)
 Life experiences and social relations become
“deterritorialized” (Scholte, 2005)
o This process has been neither smooth nor linear
rather
 Rather it has been shaped at different times,
 ,
 ,,
 ,
 ,
 ,

 ,
 The process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a
process riven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technologies (Sunny Levin Institute)
 Incursion of the global on the local (Hislope, 2012)
 The expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across the world time and across world space
on (Steger)
o Expansion
 The creation of new social networks
and the multiplication of existing
connections that cut across traditional
political, economic and cultural and
geographic boundaries
o Intensification
  Expansion, stretching and acceleration o Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
of these networks o Nobody is in charge of globalization
o Relates,’,’,’,, o Globalization benefits everyone in the long run
o , o Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in
o , the world
o , o Globalization requires a global war on terror
o ,
THEORETICAL PARADIGMS ASSOCIATED WITH
Key Themes and Characteristics GLOBALIZATION

 Globality World Systems Paradigm

o A social condition characterized by tight
economic, political, cultural and environmental  Immanuel Wallerstein
interconnections and flows, making currently  Views globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as
existing borders and boundaries irrelevant virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of
 Globalization capitalism, c. 1500
o A set of social process that appea to teandofmr  Globalization is not at all new
our present social condition of weakening  ,,
nationality inro one of globality; human lives  ,
played out in the world as a single place  ,
o Redefining, 
o ,  ,
o , Global Capitalism
o ,  Globalization is a novel stage in the evolving system of
o , world capitalism
o ,  Qualitatively new features that distinguish it from earlier
epochs
 Global Imaginary  New global production and financial system
o A concept referring to people’s growing  Rise of processes that cannot be frame within the nation-
consciousness of belonging to a global state/ interstate system
community  Sklair: “theory of the global system” at the core of which
o Destabilizes and unsettles the conventional are transnational practices (TNPs)
parameters of understanding within which people o TCC (Transnational Capitalist Class)
imagine their communal existence  New class that brings together several
o , social groups- executives of
o , transnational corporation
o ,  Globalizing bureaucrats, politicians,
o , professional and consumerists elites in
o , the media and the commercial sector
 Robinson: theory of global capitalism involving three
Globalization as a Process planks…
 ..
 Multidimensional set of social process that generate and  .
increase “worldwide social interdependencies and  .
exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a  .
growing awareness of deepening connections between the The Network Society
local and the distant”
 Start of globalization? Depends  Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Network Society
Technology, and technological change instead of capitalism
Globalization as a Condition  Castells argues that globalization is a network of
 Globality production, culture, and power that in constantly shaped by
 Scholte’s transplanetary connectivity (establishment. advances in technology, which range from communications
 . technologies to genetic engineering.
 .,  Castell suggests that the rules of global capitalism have
 , changed to embrace these new information technologies
 ,  New economy:
 , o Informational, knowledge based
 , o Global production is organized on a global scale
 . o Networked, productivity is generated through
Globalization as an Ideology global network
 The networked enterprise makes the material the culture of
 Exist in the people’s consciousness the informational, global economy it transforms signals into
o Ideas and beliefs about the global order commodities by processing knowledge
 6 Core Claims
o Globalization is about the liberalization and Space, Time and Globalization
global integration of markets
 Giddens “time-space distanciation”
 o The intensification of worldwide relations which
link distant localities in such a way that local
happenings are shaped by event occurring miles
away and vice versa
 David Harvey
o Time-space compression (produced by the very
dynamics of capitalist development)
 Sassen’s The Global City
o Proposes a new spatial order is emerging such as
London, New York, Tokyo
 Sites of specialized services for
transnationally mobile capital that is so
central to the global economy
 Robert Robertson “Glocalization”
o Ideas about home, locality, and community have
been extensively spread around the world
Transnationality and Transnationalism
 Transnationalism
o Umbrella concept encompassing a wide variety
of transformative processes, practices, and
developments that take place simultaneously at a
local and global level
 Transnational processes and practices
o Broadly as the multiple ties and interactions
(economic, political, social, and cultural) that link
people, communities, and institutions across
borders of state-nations
 Transitional links
o More intense due to speed and relatively
inexpensive character of travel and
communications and their impacts
Global Culture
 Emphasize the rapid growth of mass media and resultant
global cultural flows and images in recent decades (global
village- Marshall McLuhan)
 Focus: globalization and religion, nations and ethnicity,
global consumerism, global communications, and the
globalization of tourism
 Ritzer’s Mcdonaldization of Society (homogenization,
weber’s process of rationalization)
o Efficient, predictable, and standardized lines
 Alienation
 Waste
 Low nutritional value
 Risk of health problems
 borders (IMF, 2008)
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION
Globalization as internalization
 Globalization refers to global economic integration of many
formerly national economies into one global economy,
mainly by free trade and free capital mobility.
 .
 .
 Globalization as Liberalization
 Liberalization is the removal of barriers and restriction
imposed by national governments so as to create an open
and borderless world economy
 Globalization is realized when national governments
“reduce or abolish regulatory measures like trade barriers,
foreign- exchange restrictions capital controls and visa
requirements” (Scholte)
 Problem with this misconception:
 ,
 ,
 ,
Globalization as universalization and Westernization
 universalization denotes a process of spreading various
objects, practices and experiences to the different parts of
the planet
 globalization is when things, values, and practices spread to
the different parts of the planet
 implication
o homogenization of culture, politics, economy and
laws
o destroys indigenous practices and cultures
 when western modernity spreads and destroys –
Westernization
 issues arising from the misconception:
o universalization.
o .
o .
Multiple Globalization
 Scholars found it simpler to avoid talking about
globalization as a whole
 “Multiple globalizations” instead of one process
 Arjun Appadurai: Different kinds of globalization occur on
multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration-
“SCAPES”
o Ethnoscapes- global movement of people
o Mediascapes- flow of culture
o Technoscapes- circulation of mechanical goods
and software
o Financescapes- global circulation of money
o Ideoscapes- realm where political ideas move
around
 Claudio: distinct windows into the broader phenomenon of
globalization
DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Globalization
 Economic globalization is a historical process, the result of
human innovation and technological progress
 It refers to the increasing integration of economies around
the world, particularly through the movement of goods,
services, and capital across borders
 The term sometimes refers to the movement of people
(labor) and knowledge (technology)n across international
 Globalization has its roots in international trade
 Goes back deep into human history
 The trade involved was overland and small in scale which
slowly expanded territorially to involve larger and larger
numbers of people
 17th Century- European Expansionism
 Then, starting in the 17th century, international tradfe
assumed a different scale wioth the expansion
 Was part of the age of Mercantilism
 o It advocated that a nation should export more
than it imported and accumulate bullion
(especially gold) to make up the difference
 16th-18th Century
o Counties primarily Europe competed with one
another to sell ore goods as a means to boost their
country’s income (called monetary reserved later)
 To defend their products from competitors, ………
 Goals included conquest and empire, exonomic profit,
opening up new trade routes, providing slaves for the labor-
intensive plantaationds that were opening up in the sparsely
populated New Woeldm, and converting “heathen” people
to Christianity
 An impotsannt mechanism of incorpotation was
colonialism, which was a succfessfulk enterprise because of
EWurope;s superior weapons technology, sea power, and
commercial prowess …….
 The two fundamental legacies of this period of history were
o The spread of Europeasn power and influence
ovber the rest of the globe
o The rise to prominence of New World countries
like SArgetina, austalia, canda and US trhat were
the prime movers to globalization
FOUR WAVES OF GLOBALIZATION
 Fourth Wave of Globalization
 The itegration of markets, transportation systems and
communication systems has progressed “farther, faster,
deeper, and cheaper” than ever before (Friedman, 1999)
o Tehcnoligal advancement (lowered the costs and
increased the speed of internation.
o .
o .
o .
Economic Globalization
 The increasingly close international integration of markets
for goods, services and factors of production, labor and
capital (Bordo, 2003)
 Profit motive and entrepreneurial initiative (capitalism
becomes the driving force behind economic activity)
 .
 .
 .
.Political Globalization
 An increasing trend toward multilateralism in which the
UN plays a key role, toward an emerging “transnational
statw apparatus” and toward the mwegence of national and
international nongovernmental organizations that act as
watchdogs over governements wirh ever-increasing and
influence
 A commonly used measuere of politicql globalization is the
growth in the number of multilateral organizations in the
international system. These fall into two types:
o Intergoverne.
 ,
 What is a State?
 From the Latin word, Status (condition, position)
 A community of persons more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
having a government of their own to which the great body
of inhabitants render obeidience andf enjoying freedom
from ecternal control
 An admionistrative entity that endures over time, develops
laws, creates public policies afor its citizens and implemtns
these
 .
 .
 M oden