Anatomy and Physiology

Lecture and Laboratory | Week 2 | PPT, Discussion, and Seeley’s 11th edition | August 30, 2022

SKELETAL SYSTEM → Type of bone tissue: compact and spongy (cancellous)

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Long bone structure

Two parts:
Diaphysis:
- Body support
- shaft
- Organ protection
- compact bone tissue (on outside)
- Body movement
Epiphysis:
- Mineral storage
- Blood cell production - ends
Fats – yellow marrow - spongy bone tissue
RBC, WBC, platelets – red bone marrow → Articular cartilage:
- covers epiphysis
- reduces friction
COMPONENTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM - a hyaline cartilage
→ all connective tissues (bone, cartilage, tendons)

Bone
Cartilage → reduce friction and model for bone
formation

Three types of cartilage:

→ hyaline cartilage
Chondroblasts - produce a matrix
surrounding themselves (blast =
“seed” or “bud”)
Chondrocyte - a rounded cell that
occupies a space called a lacuna
within the matrix
- matrix contains collagen,
which provides strength
- proteoglycans, which make
cartilage resilient by
- trapping water
→ fibrocartilage
→ elastic cartilage
Perichondrium
- a protective connective
tissue sheath covers most
cartilage
- a double-layered outer layer
of dense irregular connective
tissue containing fibroblasts

Tendons attach bones to muscles

Ligaments attach bone to bone

Proteoglycans:
→ large polysaccharides attached to proteins
→ part of ground substance

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
→ Based on shape:
- long – longer than they are wide, most bones
are in the upper and lower limbs
- short – round or nearly cube-shaped, carpal
bones and tarsal bones
- flat – relatively thin, flattened shape and are
usually curved
- irregular – shapes that do not fit the other
categories, vertebrae and facial bones

Aquino, Roslyn Carmela D. | Nur222B 1

Anatomy and Physiology
Lecture and Laboratory | Week 2 | PPT, Discussion, and Seeley’s 11th edition | August 30, 2022

→ Epiphysial plate:
- site of growth
- between diaphysis and epiphysis
- epiphysial line – when epiphysial plate
becomes ossified, when bone stops growing
→ Medullary cavity:
- center of diaphysis
- red (blood cells) or yellow (fats) marrow
→ Periosteum:
- membrane around bone’s outer surface
- Perforating fibers (Sharpey fibers) – strengthen
the attachment of tendons or ligaments to the
bone
→ Endosteum: → Location:
- membrane that lines medullary cavity - outer part of diaphysis (long bones) and
- these are osteoblast, osteoclast, and thinner surfaces of other bones
osteochondral progenitor cells → Osteon (haversian system):
- structural unit of compact bone
Woven and Lamellar Bone: - includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central
→ Woven bone: canal, osteocytes
- first type of bone that osteoblasts form during → Lamellae:
ossification is fairly weak bone - rings of bone matrix
– collagen fibers are randomly oriented in many → Lacunae:
directions - spaces between lamellae
→ Lamellar Bone: - spaces without matrix but occupied by the
- mature bone that is organized into thin, osteocyte cell bodies
concentric sheets or layers approximately 3-7 → Canaliculus:
micrometers thick called lamellae - tiny canals
- transport nutrients and remove waste
- spaces occupied by the osteocyte cell
extensions
→ Central canal:
- center of osteon
- contains blood vessels
→ Osteocytes in lacunae
→ Concentric lamellae:
- circular layers of bone matrix that surround the
central canal
→ Circumferential lamellae:
- outer surfaces of compact bone
→ Interstitial lamellae:
- remnants of concentric or circumferential
lamellae that were partially removed during
bone remodeling
→ Perforating canals (Volkmann canals):
- where blood vessels from the periosteum or
COMPACT BONE TISSUE medullary cavity enter the bone
- run perpendicular to the length of the bone

Aquino, Roslyn Carmela D. | Nur222B 2

Anatomy and Physiology
Lecture and Laboratory | Week 2 | PPT, Discussion, and Seeley’s 11th edition | August 30, 2022

SPONGY BONE TISSUE

→ cancellous bone
→ Location:
- epiphysis of long bones and center of other
bones
→ Trabeculae:
- →connecting rods, spaces contain marrow
→ No osteons → Osteoblast’s role:
- build bone
- after an osteoblast becomes surrounded by
BONE CELLS bone matrix it becomes an osteocyte
→ Osteocytes: → Ossification center:
- needed to maintain bone matrix - where bone formation begins
- osteoblast has secreted enough bone matrix to → Primary ossification center:
become surrounded by the cell - where bone first begins to appear
→ Osteoblasts: - form diaphysis
- build bone → Secondary ossification center:
- bone-forming cells - forms epiphyses
- have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and
numerous ribosome
- produce collagen and proteoglycans (packed
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION
into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and → bone formation within connective tissue membranes
released from the cell by exocytosis) → osteoblasts build bone
- release matrix vesicles, which contain high → Ex. Skull bones (flat bones)
concentrations of calcium (Ca2+) and ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
phosphate (PO43+) → bone formation inside cartilage
→ Osteoclasts: → cartilage models are replaced by bone
- carve bone (break down) → Ex. All bones (except skull)
- bone-destroying cells

BONE FORMATION
→ Ossification:
- process of bone formation by osteoblasts
(occurs in utero)

Aquino, Roslyn Carmela D. | Nur222B 3

Anatomy and Physiology
Lecture and Laboratory | Week 2 | PPT, Discussion, and Seeley’s 11th edition | August 30, 2022

BONE REMODELING
→ removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and
deposition of new bone by osteoclasts
→ occurs in all bones
→ responsible for changes in bone shape, bone, repair,
adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium regulation

BONE REPAIR
1. Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot
forms
2. Callus form which is a fibrous network between
2 fragments
3. Cartilage model forms first then, osteoblasts
enter the callus and form cancellous bone this
continues for 4-6 weeks after injury
4. Cancellous bone is slowly remodeled to form
compact and cancellous bone

HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE
→ tissue that makes blood cells
→ Red marrow: location of blood forming cells
→ Yellow marrow: mostly fat

→ Location of hematopoietic tissue in newborns:

- Most bones (red marrow)
→ Location of hematopoietic tissue in adults:
- Red is replaced with yellow marrow
- Red marrow is mainly in epiphysis of femur and
humerus

Important
Hematopoiesis – process of blood cell formation
Hypocalcemia – low calcium in blood
Hypercalcemia – high calcium in blood
Osteochondral progenitor cells – stem cells that can
become osteoblast or osteoclast

Aquino, Roslyn Carmela D. | Nur222B 4

Anatomy and Physiology
Lecture and Laboratory | Week 2 | PPT, Discussion, and Seeley’s 11th edition | August 30, 2022

Calcium Homeostasis

Aquino, Roslyn Carmela D. | Nur222B 5