EXPERIMENT -1

1. Experiment Name:- TO VERIFY OHM'S LAW AND ITS LIMITATIONS.

2. Objective:-Students will be able to verify Ohm’s Law using Graphical Results.

3. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools:-Two Analog Meters are mounted

on the front panel to measure voltage and current, Potentiometer is mounted on the front
panel to change the value of voltage and current, wire wound Resistance of 10Ω,

4. Theory and Application:-OHM'S Law states that under given physical conditions of
temperature, pressure & humidity, the current in a given conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied across the ends of the conductor.

5. Formula Used:-If 'V' is the potential difference across the ends A & B of the conductor
as shown in Fig. (1) & I, the current flowing through the conductor, then according to
Ohm's law

where R is a constant of proportionality & is called resistance of the conductor.

Physically it denotes the opposition of the flow of current.

6. Resources Required:-

S.No Name of the Item Specification Quantity Remark

.
1. Wire Wound Resistor 10 ohm 1 -

7. Experimental Procedure:-
 1. Connect 10 ohm wire wound resistor across the terminals as shown in the
diagram.
2. Switch "ON" the piano type switch provided on the front panel.
3. Vary the voltage using Potentiometer and note down the corresponding current &
voltage
4. Calculate the value of resistance "R" for different values of Voltage & Current
usingformula :
R = V/ I.
5. Compare the observed and calculated value of resistance.
6. Plot a Graph between V & I

8. Precautions and Sources of Error:-

1. AllconnectionsshouldbeneatandtightandchecktheconnectionbeforeswitchingON
thecircuit.
2. Recordthe readings carefully.

8.1 Limitations:-
1. Ohm’s law cannot be applied to Non-Linear circuits.
2. Ohm’s law cannot be applied to Uni-Lateral circuits.

9. Observations and Calculations:-

10. Result:-Ohm’s law has been verified.

11. Interpretation of Results:-

12. Conclusions:-

The straight line graph drawn from the data

sho ws and proves the mathematical relationship and
hence verifying the Ohm’s law.

VIVA-VOICE
1. Define Ohm’s Law.
2. What are the limitations of Ohm’s Law.
3. Differentiate between EMF and Potential Difference.
4. What are the units of Voltage, Current and Resistance.
5. Differentiate between Linear and Non-Linear Circuits.
6. Differentiate between Uni-lateral and Bi-lateral circuits.
7. Why ammeter is always connected in series and voltmeter is connected in parallel?
8. What is the material used for making a rheostat?
9. What is the effect of temperature on resistance?
 EXPERIMENT -1

1. Experiment Name:- TO STUDY OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

ON TRANSFORMER.

2. Objective:-Students will be able to calculate the losses in transformer.

3. Experimental set-up/Equipment/Apparatus/Tools:-
1. One no. of MC Voltmeter of range 50V AC.
2. One no. of MC Voltmeter of range 300V AC.
3. One no. of MC Ammeter of range 1A AC.
4. One no. of MC Ammeter of range 10A AC.
5. One no. of single phase wattmeter of range 75W.
6. One no. of single phase wattmeter of range 500W
7. Circuit Diagram printed on Bakelite sheet front panel with instrument connecting
terminals.
8. Single phase auto transformer.

4. Theory and Application:-

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Open circuit test of transformer Circuit diagram for performing OC test also called a no-
load test on transformer is shown in the figure.

Rated frequency voltage is applied to the primary side of the transformer that is low
voltage side and this applied voltage is varied with the help of auto transformer. When
 the voltmeter reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV winding. all meter readings are
recorded.

Ammeter records no-load current or exciting current I 0 since the no-load current is small,
the primary leakage impedance drop is negligible. the applied voltage V1 is equal to the
induced EMF V1' .

The input power recorded by the wattmeter consists of core loss and ohmic loss. the no-
load current is about 2 to 6% of full load current and ohmic losses in primary of the
transformer vary from 0.04% to 0.36% of full load primary ohmic loss.

In fact, ohmic loss during the open-circuit test is negligible as compared to the normal
core losses. Hence the wattmeter reading can be considered equal to the core losses.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

The purpose of the test is to find out losses in transformer and equivalent circuit
parameters. In the short circuit test of the transformer low voltage side of the transformer
is short-circuited and the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter are connected on the HV
side. Applied voltage to HV side is adjusted by autotransformer.

In the transformer primary side, mmf is almost equal to the secondary mmf , therefore
rated current in the primary that is HV winding causes to flow rated current in secondary
that is LV winding. 2 to 12% of the rated voltage is sufficient to drive rated current in
both primary and secondary winding.

6. Resources Required:-
S.No Name of the Item Specification Quantity Remark
.
1. Wire Wound Resistor 10 ohm 1 -