REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes some related literature and studies of foreign and local

which are presented in the following paragraphs.

Local Literature

According to the study of Lim and Moneva (2018) entitled "Cellular Phone

Utilization and The Student Academic Performance," cellular phones are widely used

today. According to observations made in the area that was carefully studied, the

majority of senior high school students own the device and use it to replace their quiet

moments. At some point this study aimed to find out whether or not using a cellphone

among senior high school students is associated with their level of academic

performance. It asked 241 respondents about their academic performance as well as

how much they used their phones. For the purpose of determining the connection, both

are statistically treated individually. The study's findings will help parents and teachers

decide whether to allow or prohibit student use of cell phones. It must be done to make

recommendations in order to make the maximum of mobile phone use in and outside of

the classroom and to turn the device into a tool that supports students' teaching and

learning activities. 

In the study of Wang and Junio-Sabio (2018) entitled “Potential Use of Mobile

Devices in Selected Public Senior High Schools in the City of Manila Philippines,”

mobile devices have evolved into a type of personal ecosystem for people in the twenty-
first century and have opened up previously unheard of educational opportunities for

pupils from all socioeconomic backgrounds. Their study investigated how mobile

devices might be used in a few Manila, Philippines, public senior high schools. This

study involved 152 kids overall from a few different schools. As they were used for a

range of learning activities outside of the classroom settings, it was discovered that the

majority of participants have some kind of mobile device and internet connectivity. But

there are also significant digital differences amongst public schools in the City of Manila.

Overall, the results reveal that there is a need to change policy and curricula to reflect

the mobile era and that mobile devices have the potential to be utilized in current public

senior high schools.

A study by Rosales (2022) found out that majority of Filipinos spend nearly the

entire day using their mobile phones, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic forced

them to engage in learning and do their work through digital platform. The survey also

revealed that most Filipinos believe that using their mobile phones benefit their learning

at 90 percent as well as their work at 93 percent. Mobile usage for social networking

also reached 70 percent in the country, exceeding the regional average of 54 percent.

The multinational telecommunications company Telenor recently reported that Filipinos

tend to spend some 90 percent of their day using their mobile phones for various

purposes, mostly for productive activities.

 In the qualitative study conducted by Austria, Agrabiador, Bacsa, Rance, and

Perfecto (2019), they observed that using cellphones help the students improve their

academic performance. The researchers cited four variables such as study habits,

behavior, attitude, and time management. The results of the study revealed that

cellphone use affects the Academic performance of the grade 12 Accountancy,

Business and management students in terms of the following variables: (1) Study Habit-

shows that using Cellphones helped the students in their academic performance; (2)

Behavior-shows that using cellphones helped the students to lessen their stress; (3)

Attitude-shows that the use of cellphones made students comfortable; (4) Time

Management-shows that students spend most of their time using cellphones rather than

reading books. The results determined the Effects of cellphone use. This affects their

academic performance. This study recommends that school administrators must

provide a discussion about using cellphones and the study recommends the teachers

ban cellphone use inside the classroom to avoid distractions on the discussion.

According to the study of Lim & Arcilla Jr., (2021), distance learning has replaced

instruction in person in the educational system, necessitating the use of creative

techniques. To better understand how Grade 11 students in English for Academic and

Professional Purposes (EAPP) classes in one of the public schools run by the Philippine

Department of Education in Davao City, Mindanao, use mobile devices in the teaching-
learning process, a descriptive qualitative approach was used. The data from focus

group discussions and in-depth interviews were analyzed using thematic method.

According to the research, integrating mobile devices in the classroom made learning

simple and available, but the participants also found the use of mobile devices in class

to be distracting. Therefore, policies on the appropriate use of mobile devices in the

classroom must be developed and put into implementation.

Foreign Literature

According to the study of Bagsi and Peksen (2018), smartphones are used by

individuals of all ages for communication, messaging, online or offline gaming, social

media browsing and information access. Smartphones, which are frequently used by

students for any purpose, increase the level of smartphones dependency of the

students and affect them negatively. The purpose of this study is to examine the

smartphone dependency levels of vocational college students. Students’ smartphone

dependency levels are examined according to whether they have a social media

account, their smartphone usage goals, smartphone usage times, gender, class degree

and family income levels. The survey model was used to collect the research data.

Participants of this study are students who are studied at different vocational colleges in

Sakarya University at the academic year of 2017-2018. The personal information form

created by the researcher to collect data and “Smart Phone Dependency Scale – Short

Form” were used that adapted by Noyan,

       A study of Nayak (2018) found out that Smartphones have penetrated into

people’s lives at a faster pace in the recent times in India. They are being used for

several purposes besides talking and messaging such as live chatting, searching for

information, mobile banking and entertainment, etc. The discussions over the

smartphone has taken over personal discussions and one to one interactions among

people. The usage has become so high that it has turned into addiction in many cases.

In this study smartphones’s addiction on students academic performance has been

measured and the effect of gender and relationship status on smartphone usage and

addiction has also been checked. Smartphone usage has been measured with the help

of amount of time spent on the phone and monthly bill. A questionnaire was constructed

and administered to 429 higher education students in India to check addiction, effect on

performance and smartphone usage, along with the main utilities of a smartphone and

the demographic profile of the respondents. Results show that the usage is more in the

case of females than male students. However the effect on performance is found

to be severe in the case of the male students. Apart from behavioural changes female

students were found to have hardly any effect of Smartphone addiction on them, unlike

the male students who were found to neglect work, feel anxious and lose control of

themselves.

According to the study of Hossain (2019), as cell phone technology continues its

rapid development, the device appears capable of contributing to student learning and

improved academic performance. The recent rapid increase in cell phones has

influenced multiple aspects of our daily lives, particularly those of Students. Therefore,
the aims of the current study is to determine the influence of the mobile phone usage on

academic performance among male and female students of Jahangirnagar University,

Bangladesh. A face to face survey was conducted among 274 students which include

159 male students and 115 female students ranging from second year to fourth year

from different departments of Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. Results depicts

that gender, age and relationship with opposite sex have the significant positive effect

on students’ academic performance. However, marital status, spending time on mobile

phone, negative effect of mobile phone and application usage while studying has the

negative effect on students’ academic performance. Cell phones are undeniably

convenient, helpful tools for study and can be a hurtful source of distraction depending

on the attitude and use pattern of a student. The author, however, suggests that the

mobile phone designers must take into account how young people use cell phones for

educational purposes.

      In the study of Dr Khan, Wajid, Safdar, and Ashraf (2018), they found out that

after the innovation of mobile phone, society has beard many changes regarding

individual growth and ways of communication. People's routine, norms, culture, habits

and behaviours are affecting by the use of mobile phone. Many individuals value their

mobile phones as high as is life for them and they keep this device with them always.

The present study was designed to explore that to what extent the social behaviours of

students are changing due to the use of mobile phone. The present study was

conducted in the Islamia University of Bahawalpur based on quantitative technique. A

questionnaire consisted on 10 questions was designed and were distributed among 460
students of different departments by using convenience sampling method. Through the

descriptive method, results were evaluated and the result of this study revealed that

social behaviours of students like; their participation in a social gathering, sleep timings

and physical activities or physical games are affecting. To lie about actual location have

become easy now by the usage of mobile phone. Students accepted that mobile has

taken control of their lives.

          According to the study of Criollo-C et. al (2021), today’s world demands more

efficient learning models that allow students to play a more active role in their education.

Technology is having an impact on how instruction is delivered and how information is

found and share. Until very recently, the educational models encouraged memorization

as an essential learning skill. These days, technologies have changed the educational

model and access to information. Knowledge is available online, mostly free, and easily

accessible. Reading, sharing, listening and, doing are currently necessary skills for

education. Mobile devices have become a complete set of applications, support, and

help for educational organizations. By conducting an analysis of the behavior and use of

mobile devices on current students, efficient educational applications can be developed.

Although there are several initiatives for the use of mobile learning in education, there

are also issues linked to this technology that must be addressed. In this work, we

present the results of a literature review of mobile learning; the findings described are

the result of the analysis of several articles obtained in three scientific repositories. This

work also lists certain issues that, if properly addressed, can avoid possible

complications to the implementation of this technology in education.