Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Brgy. Alangilan, Batangas City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE & FINE ARTS

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department

EE – 406 ELECTRICAL MACHINES II

LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Parallel Operation of AC Generators

Submitted by:

JUMAWID, JUSTIN KAI C.

EE-3108

Submitted to:

Engr. Darwin M. Marasigan, REE, RME

Lecturer II

Date Submitted

October 28, 2022

 LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Parallel Operation of AC Generators

INTRODUCTION:

When designing generator systems, electrical engineers must ensure that generators and the
building electrical systems that they support are appropriate for the specific application. Whether
providing standby power for health care facilities or prime power for processing plants,
engineers must make decisions regarding generator sizing, load types, whether generators should
be paralleled, fuel storage, switching scenarios, and many other criteria.

Expertise in generator power design for emergency, legally required standby, and business
critical loads is an essential skill for an electrical engineer to master. When designing generator
systems, electrical engineers must ensure that the generators and the building electrical systems
can support the critical loads reliably and effectively. Building codes will dictate the prescriptive
requirements for these systems. For business critical loads, the owner or client must be consulted
to identify the nonemergency loads that require backup power. When the business needs outlined
by the client require increased reliability, a paralleled diesel-generating system and electrical
paralleling switchgear (PSG) typically are employed.

Interruptions of electrical power, even for a short duration, can introduce the potential for
situations that could imperil public health and safety. Extreme weather-related disasters often
disrupt power to hundreds or thousands of people and businesses, potentially for days. When
these situations occur, they call attention to the vulnerability of the nation’s electrical grid and
the importance of alternatives. Hospitals, airports, data centers, water and sewage facilities,
fueling stations, communication, and transportation systems require alternate-power sources to
limit the impact and ultimately save lives during times of crisis. The loss of electrical power due
to storms, natural disasters, or high-power-demand issues are increasingly common. The loss of
business and the associated economic impact from power outages are significant. Emergency
generators are necessary to provide the reliable power required to maintain operations during
primary supply system failures.

OBJECTIVES:

Most electrical power grids and distribution systems have more than one AC generator operating
at one time. Normally, two or more generators are operated in parallel in order to increase the
available power. Three conditions must be met prior to paralleling (or synchronizing) AC
generators.

• Their terminal voltages must be equal. If the voltages of the two AC generators are not
equal, one of the AC generators could be picked up as a reactive load to the other AC
generator. This causes high currents to be exchanged between the two machines, possibly
causing generator or distribution system damage.
• Their frequencies must be equal. A mismatch in frequencies of the two AC generators
will cause the generator with the lower frequency to be picked up as a load on the other
generator (a condition referred to as "motoring"). This can cause an overload in the
generators and the distribution system.
 • Their output voltages must be in phase. A mismatch in the phases will cause large
opposing voltages to be developed. The worst case mismatch would be 180° out of phase,
resulting in an opposing voltage between the two generators of twice the output voltage.
This high voltage can cause damage to the generators and distribution system due to high
currents.

During paralleling operations, voltages of the two generators that are to be paralleled are
indicated through the use of voltmeters. Frequency matching is accomplished through the use of
output frequency meters. Phase matching is accomplished through the use of a synchroscope, a
device that senses the two frequencies and gives an indication of phase differences and a relative
comparison of frequency differences.

*Goal: Start and parallel Generator 2. Balance active and reactive loads, while
maintaining nominal voltage and frequency. (Using Generator Paralleling Simulator)

DISCUSSION:

MATERIALS:

- Generator Paralleling Simulator (https://www.geogebra.org/m/vbtjdftu)

- Generator Specification
o 500 kW to 750 kW
o 440 V
o 60 Hz
o 3 Phase
o 4 Pole
o 1800 rpm

PROCEDURES:
Paralleling Procedure

1. Start the generator prime mover and bring it up to speed.

2. Adjust the incoming generator to nominal voltage and frequency.
3. Turn on the synchroscope to the incoming generator position.
4. Adjust speed until the synchroscope is turning slowly in the fast (clockwise) direction,
about 1/10 Hz higher than the bus.
5. Bring the incoming voltage to slightly higher than bus voltage.
6. When ready, close the circuit breaker when synchroscope is at the 11:00 position.
7. Balance the active load by making adjustments to the governors. This will have a
secondary effect of raising or lowering the frequency and voltage.
8. Balance the reactive load by making adjustments to the voltage regulators. This will have
a secondary effect of raising or lowering the voltage.
9. Maintain voltage and frequency within the limits while balancing the load.

- You may change the active and reactive loads with the power triangle. This represents the
electrical demand on the generators. Try not to overload them.
- Click the Specifications button to see the "house diagrams" which display the voltage,
frequency and load relationships.
- You can use your up and down arrow keys for fine tuning the governor and voltage
regulator settings.

*Note: Must be consider the Alarms and Trips to avoid the tripping of the generators. Make sure
to follow the proper ranges of nominal voltage, frequency and loadings of the generators.
- Generator 1 is the always the Running or in Service Generator and the Generator 2 to is
the Next or the Incoming Generator.
- In balancing the active and reactive load the set active and reactive loads must be equally
distributed to the both generators. (Example: 400 kW and 100 kVAR, Gen 1 = 200 kW &
50 kVAR, while Gen 2 = 200 kW & 50 kVAR). There are times that the breaker will be
trip while balancing or load sharing. You may check the light indication and the history at
the top part of the simulator.
- The Bus Bar measures the configured or synchronized generators.
- The voltage and frequency on both generators that is more or less to the nominal voltage
while in balancing of the loads is normal except if it is beyond or exceed to the range
given.

Sample simulated result:

ACTIVITIES:

Case 1.

Goal: Start and parallel Generator 2. Balance active and reactive loads, while maintaining
nominal voltage and frequency.
*Remember don’t overload the generator (Maximum of 750 kW), follow the instruction
properly, if you are going to change the active and reactive loads just drag the power triangle red
dots on the right parts of the simulator based on the given/instructed active and reactive loads.

Using the Parameter Below

Parameters for Bus and Generator

Voltage 440 V
Frequency 60 Hz
Active Loads (kW) 400 kW
Reactive Loads (kVAR) 100 kVAR

Data and Results:

(This portion is for the Screen capture or picture of the simulated parts. Included the link of the
screen records and analysis of the system.)
 Case 1 Result Using 400 kW and 100 kVAR

Folder Link:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1M8HQaPyaTMf15uEBg1i1R75VRXLIYWHJ?usp=shar
e_link

Video Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vgmTwBDF6jRuBrIK6uKf3dmoTww6geWo/view?usp=share_l
ink

Case 2.

Goal: Start and parallel Generator 2. Balance active and reactive loads, while maintaining
nominal voltage and frequency.
*Remember don’t overload the generator (Maximum of 750 kW), follow the instruction
properly, if you are going to change the active and reactive loads just drag the power triangle red
dots on the right parts of the simulator based on the given/instructed active and reactive loads.

Using the Parameter Below

Parameters for Bus and Generator

Voltage 440 V
Frequency 60 Hz
Active Loads (kW) 500 kW
Reactive Loads (kVAR) 80 kVAR

Data and Results:

(This portion is for the Screen capture or picture of the simulated parts. Included the link of the
screen records and analysis of the system.)
 Case 2 Result Using 500 kW and 80~82 kVAR

Folder Link:
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1M8HQaPyaTMf15uEBg1i1R75VRXLIYWHJ?usp=shar
e_link

Video Link:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/11ZeUXCLcG91Jx5dXJQjGxhw7DELJG7q2/view?usp=share_li
nk

Case 3.

Goal: Start and parallel Generator 2. Balance active and reactive loads, while maintaining
nominal voltage and frequency.
*Remember don’t overload the generator (Maximum of 750 kW), follow the instruction
properly, if you are going to change the active and reactive loads just drag the power triangle red
dots on the right parts of the simulator based on the given/instructed active and reactive loads.

Using the Parameter Below

Parameters for Bus and Generator

Voltage 440 V
Frequency 60 Hz
Active Loads (kW) 600 kW
Reactive Loads (kVAR) 60 kVAR

Data and Results:

(This portion is for the Screen capture or picture of the simulated parts. Included the link of the
screen records and analysis of the system.)
 Case 3 Result Using 600 kW and 60~61 kVAR

Folder Link:

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1M8HQaPyaTMf15uEBg1i1R75VRXLIYWHJ?u

sp=share_link

Video Link:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jIBhuT6ycazGCs57vOvN_uEfEwsOPvBG/view?usp=sh

are_link

CONCLUSION:

The second laboratory experiment on Electrical Machines 2 presented a

simulation of paralleling a generator. The investigation required three active and reactive

load cases using 400 kW and 100 kVAR, 500 kW and 80 kVAR, and lastly, 600kW and

60 kVAR respectively. The goal is to balance active and reactive loads while maintaining

nominal voltage and frequency. The experiment itself is arduous as the experiment buttons

have very low sensitivity and restrictions to receive texts as variable to get the exact kVAR,

thus leading to an estimation of values of kVAR. Either way, the student executed the

provided laboratory experiment while comprehending the ideas and presented procedures.

As the famous phrase goes, "experience is the greatest teacher," and the experiment
provided students with fresh opportunities to apply such notions in the actual world.

Although the manual workbench is done remotely, it provides chance to parallel two

generators.