CELLULAR INJURY

Long Questions

Necrosis , types and examples, fate of necrosed area, difference between apoptosis and
necrosis
Define apoptosis, what are the cause of apoptosis. Write about the biochemical features and
mechanisms of apoptosis. Add a note on deregulated apoptosis
Types of degeneration, pathology of organ affected by fatty changes, add a note on fat
stains
Short Questions

Write about cell injury and write briefly about hyperplasia with suitable examples
Cellular swelling
Necrosis
Gangrenous necrosis
Fat necrosis
Tissue necrosis- Morphological patterns
Caseous necrosis
Definition and characteristic of types of necrosis
Free radical cell injury
Morphological changes in apoptosis
Mechanism of apoptosis
Classify pigments and write about lipofuscins
Hemosiderin deposits in the diseases
Difference between the dysplastic and metastatic calcification
Write about dystrophic and metastatic calcifications
Pathological calcification
Metastatic calcification
Define hyperplasia and give two examples
Define atrophy. Give two examples to physiological atrophy
Mention 4 nuclear changes in necrosis
Types of necrosis with examples
Enumerate four examples for metastatic calcification
Enlist two common stains used to demonstrate fat in tissues
INFLAMMATION

Long Questions

Define Inflammation. Enumerate the cellular events in acute inflammation.

Discuss in detail the mechanism of Chemotaxis and Phagocytosis. Enlist the common
defects in Leukocyte functions
Define inflammation, write in detail about the vascular and cellular changes in inflammation
Chemical mediators of acute inflammation and their actions
Short Questions

Vascular Changes in acute inflammation

Leucocyte endothelium adhesion molecules
Chemotaxis
Chemical mediators of inflammatiom
Role of arachidonic metabolites in inflammation
Chemokines
Leukotrienes
Cytokines
Write about the outcomes of acute inflammation
Different types of giant cells with morphology and examples
Granulomatous inflammation
Granuloma
Leukemoid reaction
Two difference between exudate and transudate
Acute phase reactants
Name four cell derived mediators of inflammation
Four systemic effects of inflammation
Different types of giant cells
Two examples of acute phase proteins
Mast cells
TISSUE RENEWAL AND REPAIR

Long Questions

Define repair, process of repair, factors influencing repair

Wound healing second intention, difference between the first and second intention, factor
influencing it
Short Questions

Stem cells in tissue homeostasis

Factors influencing wound healing
Healing by second intention
Factors influencing wound healing
Systemic factors that influence wound healing
Types of wound healing
Role of vitamin C in wound healing
Keloid
HEMODYNAMIC DISORDER

Long Questions

Edema, etiopathogenesis of generalized edema, clinical significance of cerebral and

pulmonary edema
Define thrombosis, write in detail about the pathogenesis, causes, morphology and fate of
thrombus
Define shock, discuss in detail the pathogenesis of septic shock, describe the morphology of
kidneys and lungs affected by shock
Define, classify , pathogenicity & morphology of shock
Define and classify shock. Discuss in detail about septic shock
Short Questions
Edema pathogenesis
Cardiac edema
Thrombogenesis
Virchow’s triad
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Difference between thrombus and blood clot
Embolism
Thromboembolism
Types of embolism, write on caissons disease
Fat embolism
Air embolism
Gangrene
Morphology of infarction
Amniotic fluid embolism
Gross and microscopic feature of infarct
Difference between the dry and wet gangrene
Gangrene – pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of shock
Septic shock
Define hyperemia and congestion
Heart failure cells
Anticoagulants
Lines of zahn
State four difference between dry and wet gangrene
Name the stages of shock
Gamma gandy bodies
Enlist four important sequelae for Thrombosis
GENETIC DISORDERS

Short Questions

Mention four X-linked recessive disorders

X linked diseases
Hypercholesterolemia
Niemann pick disease
Gaucher’s disease
Glycogen storage disorders
Sex chromatin
Down syndrome
Trisomy 21
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Give two examples of autosomal recessive disorders
Mention 4 X-linked recessive disorders
Gaucher’s cell
Special stain to diagnose Gaucher’s disease
Enumerate 4 types of chromosomal rearrangements
Clinical features of trisomy 21
Trisomy 18
Name two trisomy syndromes
FISH
Enumerate two common cytogenetic disorders involving Sex Chromosomes
DISEASES OF IMMUNITY

Long Questions

Define auto, iso, allo , xenografts, factors influencing allograft rejection, types and
mechanism of allograft rejection
Classify primary immunodeficiency syndrome, details about AIDS
Short Questions

Classify amyloidosis, details about it

Type II hypersensitivity
Opportunistic lung infections in AIDS
Type I hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity reaction
Mechanism of autoimmunity
LE phenomenon
Morphology of renal changes in SLE
Amyloidosis
Pathology of spleen in amyloidosis
NK cells
HLA
Anaphylactic reaction
Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
Cell mediated hypersensitivity
Arthus reaction
Antinuclear antibodies
Transplant rejection
Graft versus host disease
AIDS
Amyloid stains
Primary amyloidosis
Sago spleen
Two neoplasm seen in AIDS
Mention 4 special stains for amyloid
Chronic granulomatous disease
Hyper IgM syndrome
Four opportunistic infections in HIV. Mention two sites of biopsy for amyloidosis
Enumerate four common organs involved in Amyloidosis
NEOPLASIA

Long Questions
Classify neoplasia, difference between benign and malignant tumor, mode of spread of
malignant tumor
Metastasis, different pathway of spread , details about anyone
Write in detail about carcinogenesis physical, chemical and biological and also molecular
basis of carcinogenesis
Define neoplasia, discuss in detail the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of radiation
oncogenesis
Mention oncogenic viruses. Describe oncogenesis by HPV
Short Questions

Tumor markers
Teratoma
Growth factors
Chemical carcinogen
Hamartoma
Carcinoma in situ
Paraneoplastic syndrome
FNAC
Laboratory diagnosis of cancer
Difference between benign and malignant tumors
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Tumor metastasis
Tumor suppressor genes
Oncogenic RNA virus
Grading and staging of tumor
Automatic tissue processor
Differentiation and anaplasia
Trans coelomic spread of neoplasm
Molecular basis of cancer
P53
Tumor antigens
EBV
Lab diagnosis of neoplasm
Exfoliative cytology
Liquid base cytology
Define metaplasia and give 2 examples
Warburg effect
Two tumor suppressor genes
Name four virus implicated in carcinogenesis
INFECTIOUS DISEASE

Long Questions

Describe the pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of TB

Define Gangrene , types, details about gas gangrene
Short Questions
Viral hemorrhagic fevers
Histological differences between TB leprosy and Lepromatous leprosy
Morphology and evolution of tubercle
Morphology of primary TB
Primary complex
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis
Ghon’s complex
Primary Atypical pneumonia
Miliary TB
Lepromatous leprosy
Tertiary syphilis
Hydatid cyst
Mycetoma
Fungal granuloma
Rhinosporidosis
Tertiary syphilis
Hematocrit in dengue fever
Actinomycosis
Cysticercosis
Ghon’s foci
Gross appearance of mycetoma foot
Black water fever
Microscopic appearance of lepromatous leprosy
Types of leprosy
NUTRITION AND ENVIRONMENT

Short Questions

PEM
Kwashiorkor
Vitamin A deficiency
Rickets
Vit D deficiency
Obesity
Lead poisoning
Vitamin C deficiency
Give two examples for trace elements and their deficiency states
Mention two causes for Basophilic Stippling
Gross skeletal changes in rickets
INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Short Questions

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Hemolytic diseases of newborn
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic disease of Newborn
Cystic Firbrosis
Neuroblastoma
Nephroblastoma
Wilm’s tumor
Rh Factor
Kernicterus
Mention any 4 childhood malignancies
RBC AND BLEEDING DISORDERS

Long Questions

Classify hemolytic anemia, compare etiopathogenesis and lab findings of Thalassemia and
sickle cell anemia
Classify Hemolytic anemia, write in detail about the pathogenesis, Blood picture and clinical
features of Beta Thalassemia Major
How will you interpret bone marrow, bone marrow findings of megaloblastic anemia
Classify anemia, details about iron deficiency anemia
Classify thrombocytopenia, etiopathogenesis, details about idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura
Define Thrombocytopenia? Classify causes of thrombocytopenia? Discuss the various test in
evaluating bleeding disorders?
Short Questions

Reticulocyte
Evidences of haemolytic anemia
PCV estimation and its significance
Hematocrit
G6PD deficiency anemia
Sickle cell disease
Pathogenesis of sickle cell disease
Peripheral blood smear and bone marrow changes in Vitamin B12 deficiency (Megaloblastic
anemia ) (6)
Coomb’s test
Bone marrow changes in microcytic anemia
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Etiology and morphology of bone marrow in Aplastic Anemia
Pancytopenia in peripheral smear
Aplastic anemia
Fanconi’s anemia
Polycythemia Vera
Prothrombin time
Bleeding time
Thrombocytopenia
Chronic ITP
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Glanzmann’s disease
Coagulation disorders
Mention Important investigations necessary for diagnosis of Hemophilia
hemophilia A
Von Willebrand’s disease
Christmas disease
DIC
Pathogenesis of DIC
DIC lab diagnosis
Transfusion reaction
Complications of blood transfusion
Sideroblastic anemia
Osmotic fragility test
Indication of bone marrow aspiration
Laboratory Investigations done for diagnosis of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia
What are red cell indices ?
MCV
Mention 4 applications of reticulocyte count
Heinz Bodies
Reticulocyte
Howell-jolly body
Tests for Sickling
Coomb’s test
Megaloblast
Mention two important marrow changes in B12 deficiency
Blood picture in Megaloblastic anemia
Give 4 causes for IDA
Mention two causes of pancytopenia
Prothrombin time
Mention the causes of Thrombocytopenia
Bernard Soulier syndrome
Hemophilia
What is cross matching?
What is Bombay Blood group?
Sea blue histiocytes
Mention 4 indications of Bone marrow aspiration
Cross matching
Blood components prepared in a blood bank
WBC DISORDERS

Long Questions

Classify leukemia, details about ALL

Classify Hodgkin’s disease and explain it
Classify lymphoma, details about Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Define and classify leukaemia. Describe the blood and bone marrow findings in
Acute myeloid leukaemia
Classify leukemia , bone marrow and peripheral blood smear findings of CML
Short Questions

Morphological disorder of leucocytes

Agranulocytosis
Eosinophilia
Classify acute leukemia
Classification of NHL
Cytochemistry of acute leukemia
Burkitt lymphoma
Lab diagnosis multiple myeloma
Lab investigation of plasma cell myeloma
Bence Jones proteins
Peripheral smear and Bone marrow findings in Multiple myeloma
Rye’s classification and its value
Hodgkins Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg Giant Cells
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma
Classify Hodgkin lymphoma
Classify AML
Chloroma
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Blood pictures on CML
Myelofibrosis
Primary myelofibrosis
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
Describe the peripheral smear and bone marrow appearance in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
with suitable diagrams
Draw megaloblast, Maxicanhat cell, Pessary cell, Macropolycyte
Agranulocytosis
Two characteristic difference between myeloblasts and lymphoblasts
Russell bodies
Name four monoclonal gammopathies
Mention two pathogenic features of Hairy cell leukemia
4 difference between Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s lymphoma
Reed sternberg cell and its variants
Chloroma
Auer rods
Psuedopelger Huet anomaly
Philadelphia chromosome
Mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia
Tear drop cells
Clinical Case Scenario

40 years male H/o chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6 months. O/E pallor, marked
splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows Hb 10 GM%, TC 215000/CMM. Platelets 4
lacks/mm. Answer the following: a) What is your diagnosis? b) What is common genetic
abnormality? c) Blood and Bone Marrow findings to confirm your diagnosis? d) Prognosis of
the condition?
A 70 year old women admitted with worsening anemia and pathological fracture of the
Humerus had an ESR of 120mm in 1 hour. Her peripheral smear showed increased rouleaux
formation. X-ray of skull showed multiple punched out osteolytic lesions. a) What is the most
probable diagnosis? Write briefly on the etiopathogenesis of this disease. b) Describe the
Bone Marrow Changes in this disease. c) Enumerate the common laboratory investigations
for this disease. d. Enlist the complications of this disease.
40 yrs female c/o loss of weight, huge splenomegaly with peripheral blood white blood cell
count of more than 1 lakh cells/cc a) What is the probable diagnosis? b) What are the
characteristic peripheral smear findings? c) What is the course of the disease? d) What is
the chromosomal abnormality involved?
60 yrs male presented with normocytic normochromic anaemia, pathological fracture femur
and proteinuria. X ray skull revealed punched out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral
smear studied show rouleaux formation. a) What is your probable diagnosis. b) Discuss in
detail the molecular pathogenesis, morphology and clinical features of above said disorder.
23 yrs female presented with oral ulcers, malar rash photosensitivity and non erosive arthritis
involving both knees. Laboratory investigations show persistent proteinuria and leucopenia.
What is your probable diagnosis.
40 yr old male presented with h/o fever, vomiting and diarrhoea. Patient had temperature of
103 degrees F. Weak rapid pulse, hypotension, tachypnea, cold, clammy, cyanotic skin.
Blood culture gram negative bacterial infection positive. a) What is your diagnosis? b)
Explain the pathogenesis and morphology.