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  • Square of Opposition

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    Ivy Marallag
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    The document discusses the square of opposition in logic. It defines universal and particular propositions and their relationships. Universal propositions refer to all members of a category, while particular propositions refer to some members. The square of opposition outlines the logical opposition between propositions with the same subject and predicate that differ in quantity or quality. It describes the four types of opposition - contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation based on how the propositions differ. Contradictory propositions oppose in both quality and quantity, while the others only differ in one aspect. Empty classes can cause all four categorical propositions to be false if the subject category contains nothing.

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    SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

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    The document discusses the square of opposition in logic. It defines universal and particular propositions and their relationships. Universal propositions refer to all members of a category, while particular propositions refer to some members. The square of opposition outlines the logical opposition between propositions with the same subject and predicate that differ in quantity or quality. It describes the four types of opposition - contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation based on how the propositions differ. Contradictory propositions oppose in both quality and quantity, while the others only differ in one aspect. Empty classes can cause all four categorical propositions to be false if the subject category contains nothing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views19 pages

    Square of Opposition

    Uploaded by

    Ivy Marallag
    The document discusses the square of opposition in logic. It defines universal and particular propositions and their relationships. Universal propositions refer to all members of a category, while particular propositions refer to some members. The square of opposition outlines the logical opposition between propositions with the same subject and predicate that differ in quantity or quality. It describes the four types of opposition - contradictory, contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation based on how the propositions differ. Contradictory propositions oppose in both quality and quantity, while the others only differ in one aspect. Empty classes can cause all four categorical propositions to be false if the subject category contains nothing.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    The Square of
    Opposition
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    UNIVERSAL

    all
    refers to all every
    members or items any
    each
    of specific no
    no one
    category nothing
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    PARTICULAR

    refers only to some some


    members, items or several
    majority
    parts of the whole
    few,
    category not all,
    identified at least one.
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

    Logical opposition between


    two propositions having
    the same subject and
    predicate but are different
    in either or both quantity
    or quality.
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    All puppies All puppies
    are cute are not cute

    Some puppies Some puppies


    are cute are not cute

    Figure 1. Square of opposition for the categorical statements from. . . (n.d.). ResearchGate.
    https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Square-of-opposition-for-the-categorical-statements-from-
    syllogistics_fig1_320115862
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    CONTRADICTORY

    OPPOSED IN BOTH
    QUALITY AND
    QUANTITY
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    All puppies are cute thus,
    some puppies are not cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    CONTRARY

    OPPOSED ONLY IN QUALITY


    BUT
    NOT IN QUANTITY AND ARE
    ONLY APPLICABLE TO
    UNIVERSAL PROPOSITIONS.
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    All puppies are cute thus,
    all puppies are not cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    All puppies are not cute
    thus, all puppies are cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    SUBCONTRARY

    OPPOSED ONLY IN QUALITY


    BUT NOT IN QUANTITY AND
    ARE ONLY APPLICABLE TO
    PARTICULAR
    PROPOSITIONS.
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    Some puppies are cute
    thus, some puppies are
    not cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    SUBALTERNATION

    OPPOSED ONLY IN
    QUANTITY BUT
    NOT IN QUALITY
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    All puppies are cute
    thus, some puppies are
    cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    Some puppies are cute
    thus, all puppies are cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    Some puppies are not
    cute thus, all puppies are
    not cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    Example
    All puppies are not cute
    thus, some puppies are
    not cute
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

    PROBLEM

    EMPTY CLASSES/SUBJECT
    Any time your subject class is empty,
    all four of the categorical propositions turn
    out false.
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
    ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

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