ENGLISH 002: READING AND WRITING
ARGUMENTATIVE
LESSON1: WRITTEN TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
1. TEXT
 It is defined in terms of its being a physical product.
Meaning is not found in a text.
 It could be made up of words, sentences, as well as
symbols.
 It has the property of grammatical cohesion.
 Text analysis deals with cohesion.
2. DISCOURSE
 It refers to how language is used to convey meanings,
propel action, or provoke a response.
 It can be influenced by culture, social environment,
and personal experiences.
 Discourse Analysis investigates the property of
coherence.
 Meaning is derived through the reader’s interaction
with the text.
FORMS OF WRITTEN TEXT/DISCOURSE
01. NARRATION
 the act or process of narrating or telling a story. It
involves action, characters, and a theme.
 can be an incident, anecdote, historical account,
autobiography or a novel.
02. DESCRIPTION
 Uses sensory writing with rich and vivid details that
appeal to man’s five senses – sight, hearing, taste,
touch, and smell.
 Figures of speech are often used to enhance the
sensory experience of the readers.
03. EXPOSITORY
 provides information about one or more topics. It
informs, explains, expounds, and interprets.
04.
 Also called Persuasive.
 Convinces readers through proof or evidences of the
writer’s views.
LESSON 2: TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
ORGANIZING INFORMATION
01. BRAINSTORMING
 This is the process of gathering ideas from every
member of the working group.
 It helps people establish patterns of ideas, develop
new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge,
and overcome mental block.
 It perhaps the most popular tool in generating
creative and rich ideas.
--- METHODS OF BRAINSTORMING
A. IDEA LIST
• This method is appropriate to textual people, or those
who are more comfortable in processing words than
visuals.
• It simply requires the people to write the main topic
and then write down all related concepts below it.
B. IDEA MAP
• It is a visual representation of ideas and their
connections with one another.
• Unlike in the idea list, an idea map is more structured,
thus, it is able to show how one idea subordinates
another idea.
02. GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
 These are visual representations of concepts that
help us structure information into organizational
patterns. They present essential information and
connect these pieces of information into a coherent
framework.
--- TYPES OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS G. SERIES OF EVENTS CHAIN

A. VENN DIAGRAMM • It is used to show the logical sequence of events.

• It is used to compare and contrast ideas and events. • It is also used when an event has definite beginning,
This diagram uses two or more overlapping circles to middle and end.
show similar and different attributes.
H. FISHBONE MAP
B. NETWORK TREE
• It is used to better understand the causal relationship
• It is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and of a complex phenomenon.
branching. It is useful in showing relationships of
• It shows the factors that cause a specific event or
scientific categories, family trees, and even lineages.
problem, as well as details of each cause.
C. SPIDER MAP
I. CYCLE
• (also known as Semantic Map) It is used to investigate
• It describes how a series of events interact to produce
and enumerate various aspects of a central idea, which
a set of results repeatedly. Some examples of events
could be a concept, topic, or theme.
that require a cycle are water cycle, metamorphosis,
• The central idea is placed at the center of map. The and poverty cycle.
main idea is placed along its diagonal line, while details
03. OUTLINE
of the main idea are placed on the sides of the
diagonals.  It is a tool for organizing ideas. It is used not only as a
pre - writing strategy but also as a post -reading activity.
D. PROBLEM-SOLUTION MAP
It also ensures that every point the writer makes has
• It displays the nature of the problem and how it can sufficient supporting details
be solved. This map usually contains the problem’s
When preparing an outline, you can either use a
description, its causes and effects, and logical solution.
decimal outline or alphanumeric outline.
E. TIMELINE

• It is used to show how events occurred

chronologically through a long bar labeled with dates
and specific events. Timelines can be linear or
comparative.

----- TYPES OF TIMELINE -----

A linear timeline shows how a specific event happened

within one period.

A comparative timeline shows two sets of events that
happened within the same period.
F. PLOT DIAGRAM
• It is a tool used to map events in a story. It is used to
analyze the major parts of a plot. The major events to
be placed in a the plot diagram are: Exposition, Rising
Action, Climax, Falling Action and Resolution.
Kinds of Outline According to Structure:
1. Topic Outline – uses words and phrases as its entries.
Generally, a topic outline is used if the ideas being
discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.
2. Sentence Outline – uses complete sentences as its
entries. You use a sentence outline when the topic
being discussed is complicated and requires details.
LESSON 3: PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

01. DEFINITION
 It is introducing new concepts to the reader or
to come to new understanding of familiar
terms.
 It is for the sciences where terminology is
extensive and discipline-specific.

--- COMMON METHODS OF DEFINITION ---

1. By Characteristics
04. NARRATION/PROCEDURE
2. By Function
 Tells a story
3. By What It Is Similar To
 Shows a process
4. By Giving Its Etymology Or Background
 Organizes ideas and events
 Shows stages or steps

02. CAUSE AND EFFECT

 A paragraph which explores the causes and
effects of a given topic
 Know whether you wish to emphasize the
effect or the cause.
05. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
 It organizes ideas into problems and proposed
solutions.

Problem Section - It usually includes the what, who,

when, where, why and how of the problem.

Solution Section - It presents the major effects of the

problem and possible solutions to address it.

03. PERSUASION
 It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence
leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
 06. DESCRIPTION 08. CLASSIFICATION/DIVISION
 It provides details using either sensory or spatial  It organizes ideas into categories and divisions
pattern. based on criteria and standards.

Spatial – Arranges ideas by location or physical space.

Sensory – Ideas are arranged based on one or all five of

the senses.

LESSON 4: PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT

07. COMPARSION/CONTRAST
 It organizes ideas based on similarities and/ or
differences from one another.
01. UNITY
Unity is achieved when a composition contains one
focused idea. In a unified text, all the supporting details
are relevant to the main thought. Without unity, the
text will be confusing.

02. COHERENCE AND COHESION

Coherence and cohesion are achieved when ideas are

logically, clearly, and smoothly linked to one another,
without it, the reader may not be able to comprehend
your composition.

Coherence It occurs when ideas are connected at the

conceptual or idea level. It can be seen through well-
defended arguments and organized points.

Cohesion It is the connection of ideas at the sentence

level. It can be readily seen in a text through the
smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of
ideas.

03. ORGANIZATION

Organization is achieved when ideas are logically and

accurately arranged.

Knowledge of the parts of a composition is a great help

in adhering to the correct organization of ideas. The
sentences within a paragraph must also be organized
logically.
ORGANIZATION CAN BE APPLIED IN 3 WAYS:
 BY CHRONOLOGY - the order of events in time
 BY IMPORTANCE - the order of most to least
important, or least to most important
 BY LOGIC - the order that makes the most sense
based on the topic
04. LANGUAGE USE
It is one of the properties of a well-written text and is
characterized as a set of convection on how to spell,
abbreviate, punctuate and capitalize a composition.
---- MECHANICS IN WRITING ----
1. Always use Standard English.
2. Avoid contractions.

Language Use is one of the clearest indicators of a well-
written text.
It enables the writer to effectively communicate ideas
without confusing the reader.
3. Avoid exclamation marks.
4. Mention full name of organization with the
abbreviation in parenthesis, in first mention. Thereafter,
use the abbreviation.

Effective language use is achieved by observing the 5. Numbers zero to ten should be spelled out while
following time-tested principles in writing. numbers higher than ten should be written in figures.

TIME-TESTED PRINCIPLES IN WRITING: 6. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.

1. Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a

sentence should only be composed of 18 words.

2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, clichés, and hifalutin

language.

3. Avoid sexist language. Use articles (a, an, the) or use

his or her. Make sure not to overuse the his or her
technique as it breaks the flow of your composition.

4. Use the appropriate level of formality. More formal

texts use an academic tone while the less formal ones
usually use a personal or colloquial tone.

5. Use clear and concise sentences. On average, a

sentence is 18 words long. Note that this does not
require every sentence to be composed of exactly 18
words.

6. Avoid excessive use of “there’’ and “it” structures.

These sentences can be revised by dropping the “there”
and “it” phrase and transforming the sentence
appropriately.

7. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate and condense

lengthy phrases into fewer words.

8. Be consistent with your pronoun’s point of view.

05. MECHANICS

Mechanics is the technical aspect of writing that should

not be overlooked.