Arithmetic: This Book Is A Part of Set, Not Be Sold Separately

ARITHMETIC
This book is a part of set, not be sold separately.

Introduction
This book on arithmetic deals with situations, which are more likely to occur in
our daily life; it is based upon more of the practical things that we encounter in our
day-to-day life rather than the core mathematical concepts.
Most of the things we see around have a linear relationship or can be converted
into a linear relationship. For example, if two people are buying mangoes, they will
pay the fruit vendor in the same proportion of the quantity they have purchased.
Similarly, a car will travel more distance in the same time than a person on foot
because of its faster speed. In fact, we can also say how many times would the
distance be of the pedestrian, if we know their respective speeds. Similarly, for a
mason, the amount of a wall built is directly dependent on the time he is working.
Had it not been a part of a book on mathematics, we would have dealt with the
above-mentioned cases quite comfortably. The secret of solving these questions in
a mathematical scenario is not to get bogged down, but to treat them as if they were
simple real life situations.
The topics that we have covered start from ratio and percentages and then
move to their application in these daily encountered scenarios. Ratio and
percentages, though seemingly two things, are tools to handle identical situations,
as they connect two quantities in a similar fashion.
Contents
1. Ratio & Percentage ... 7-36
2. Proft & Loss ... 37-56
3. Interest ... 57-75
4. Time, Speed & Distance ... 76-101
5. Time & Work ... 102-112
Answers ... 113-115

1
Ratio & Percentage
Ratio is an expression that compares one quantity with another quantity.
Alternately ratio may also be defined as the relation which one quantity bears to
another.
The ratio of A to B is usually written as A : B. The first term A is called the
antecedent and the second term B the consequent.
Illustration : My height is 186cms and my friend’s height is 155cms. I want to
express the ratio of my height to my friend’s height. I can express the comparison in
following ways :
By using Colon My height : My friends height = 186 : 155 = 6 : 5
186 6
As a fraction My height/My friends height = 
155 5
As a percentage My height as a percentage of my friends height
 186 
=   100  120%
 155 
You may be wondering that why have I calculated “my height : my friends
height” and not “my friends height : my height”. The reason is that question asks
me to calculate “ratio of my height to my friends height”. So, I calculated my height:
my friend’s height. Had the question asked me to calculate “ratio of my friends
height to my height” I would have calculated ‘‘my friend’s height : my height’’.
Important Point
• While calculating ratio, if between similar things, unit has to be necessarily
same. If they are not same then they should be first made same.
6
• In above Illustration, I expressed ratio as 6 : 5. We can write it as : 1
5
or 1.2 : 1. Generally whenever ratio is expressed by using colon, integers
are used such as 6 : 5. But sometimes we can use decimals such as 1.2 : 1.
ARITHMETIC
6 1.2
• Similarly, can be written as . Or, one quantity is 1.2 times the other..
5 1
But in fractions when denominator is 1, it is not written. So we will write
comparison as 1.2 only. Here, 1 is understood though it is not written.
• 120% expresses the comparison of my height to my friend’s height. Actually,
it should be written as 120% : 100%. But 100%is not written, as it is
obvious.
SOME PROPERTIES OF RATIOS

1. a : b = ka : kb where k is a constant
a b
2. a: b= : where again k is a constant
k k
Any ratio can be expressed in infinitely many other forms.
• with any numerator
• any denominator
• any difference between numerator and denominator, except 0.
3. a : b > c : d if ad > bc
4. a : b < c : d if ad < bc
a b
5. a : b = c : d is equivalent =
c d
e.g. 5a = 12 b
a b
=  a : b = 12 : 5
12 5
6. When two ratios are equal, the four quantities composing them are said to
a c
be proportionals. Thus if = , then a, b, c, d are proportionals. This is
b d
expressed by saying that a is to b as c is to d, and the proportion is written
a : b :: c : d;
a : b = c : d.
The terms a and d are called the extremes, b and c the means.
Let a, b, c, d be the proportionals.
8
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
If four quantities a, b, c, d, form a proportion, many other proportions may

be deduced by the properties of fractions.
a c
If a : b = c : d, or = , then
b d
(a + b) (c + d)
• = componendo
b d
(a – b) (c – d)
• = dividendo
b d
(a  b) (c + d)
• = compenendo and dividendo
(a – b) (c – d)
a c e g
7. If = = = = ... = k ,
b d f h
(a + c + e + g +....)
then =k
(b + d + f + h +....)
a
8. If > 1 or a > b and x > 0, then
b
(a + x) a
(a) <
(b + x) b
(a – x) a
(b) >
(b – x) b
a
9. If < l or a < b and x > 0, then
b
(a + x) a
(a) >
(b  x) b
(a – x) a
(b) (b – x) < b
a1 a 2 a 3 a n
10. If b , b , b , b be unequal fractions, of which the denominators are all
1 2 3 n
of the same sign, then the fraction
9
ARITHMETIC
a1 + a 2 + a 3 ........a n
lies in magnitude between the greatest and least of them.
b1 + b2 + b 3 ........b n
11. When the ratio a : b is compounded with itself the resulting ratio is a2 : b2
is called the duplicate ratio of a : b. Also a1/2 : b1/2 is called the sub duplicate
ratio of a : b.
Illustration :
(1) The duplicate ratio of 2a : 3b is 4a2 : 9b2.
(2) The sub duplicate ratio of 49 : 25 is 7 : 5,
(3) The triplicate ratio of 2x : 1 is 8x3 : 1.
12. Quantities are said to be in continued proportion when the first is to the
second, as the second is to the third.if three quantities a, b, c, are in contin-
ued proportion, then a:b = b : c;
ac = b2.
If three quantities are continued proportionals the first is to the third is the
duplicate ratio of the first to the second.
a b
Let the three quantities be a, b, c, then  .
b c
Now a a b a a a2
     ;
c b c b b b2
that is a : c = a 2 : b2.
Illustration :
5a = 12b = 15c. Find a : b : c ?
5a = 12b = 15c
Dividing all by 60,which is LCM of 5,12 and 15,
a b c
We get = =
12 5 4
By property in the previous list we can say that
a : b : c = 12 : 5 : 4
10
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Illustration :
If a : b = 5 : 4,
Find (13 a + 2b) : (a – 7b)
Dividing both by b
 13a  a 
  2 :  – 7
 b  b 
a 5
Now, a : b = 5 : 4 or   1.25
b 4
So, (13 a + 2b) : (a – 7b)
= (13×1.25 + 2) : (1.25 – 7)
= 18.25 : (–5.75) = 73 : (–23)
Illustration : Let’s change the previous illustration.
Now, (13a + 2b) : (a– 7b) = 73 : (–23). Find a : b ?
Divide (13a + 2b) : (a – 7b) by b.
 13a  a 
So,   2 :  – 7 = 73 : (–23)
 b  b 
 13a  a  73
  2 :  – 7 =
 b   b  (–23)
a a 5
Solving this equation for , we get =
b b 4
Illustration : Certain sum of money was distributed among Julie, Bobby and Noori
in the ratio of 6 : 4 : 1 respectively. If Bobby got Rs.200. Find the share of other
two?
Method 1
Ratio means that Bobby gets Rs.4 when total share is 6 + 4 + 1 = 11.
11
This means that Bobby gets Rs.l then total share is
4
 11 
So, if Bobby gets Rs.200, then total share is   × 200 = 550
4
11
ARITHMETIC
Now, when total share is 11, Julie gets Rs.6

6
When total share is 1, Julie gets
11
6
when total share is Rs.550, Julie gets × 550 = 300
11
1
Similarly, Noorie gets   × 550 = 50
 11 
Method 2
When Bobby gets Rs.4, Julie gets Rs.6 as per the ratio
6
So, when Bobby gets Rs.200, Julie should get   × 200 = 300
 4
Similarly, when Bobby gets Rs 4, Noorie gets Rs.l
1
So, when Bobby gets Rs.200, Noorie gets   × 200 = 50
 4
This Illustration has explained how to calculate the absolute values from ratios.
Understanding of this type of calculations is very important for topics Mixtures and
Solution.
Illustration : Mr. India and Mr. Natwarlal work together in a company. The monthly
income of Mr. India and Mr. Natwarlal are in the ratio of 10 : 9. Their expenditure
are in the ratio of 17 : 15. Both of them save Rs. 18000 each per annum. Find their
monthly income?
Let’s assume that Mr. India’s and Mr. Natwartal’s income is 10X and 9X and
then their expenditure are 17Y and 15Y. As we have to calculate monthly salary, it’s
more convenient if we take the saving also on monthly basis now. Then,
10X – 17Y = 1500
9X– 15Y = 1500
Solving both equations, we get
X = 1000, Y = 500
So, monthly salaries of Mr. India and Mr. Natwarlal are 10,000 and 9000
respectively
12
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Illustration : Three brothers Amar,Akbar and Anthony, work together in a company

and their total monthly salary is Rs.25000 per month. They spend 75%, 80%, and
90% of their income respectively. And their saving are in the ratio of 25 : 18 : 6?
Find the individual salary of all three?
Amar’s savings = 25% of his salary
Akbar’s Savings = 20% of his salary
Anthony’s Savings = 10% of his salary
Ratio of Amar’s saving to Akbar’s savings = 25 : 18
25% of Amar’s salary : 20% of Akbar’s salary = 25 : 18
1 1
of Amar’s salary : of Akbar’s Salary = 25 : 18
4 5
Amar’s salary : Akbar’s Salary = 25×4 : 18×5 = 100 : 90
Similarly, Akbar’s salary : Anthony’s Salary = 90 : 60
 Amar’s Salary : Akbar’s Salary : Anthony’s salary = 100 : 90 : 60 = 10 : 9 : 6
So, the individual salaries
10
Amar =  25, 00 = 10,000
25
9
Akbar =  25, 000 = 9,000
25
6
Anthony =  25000 = 6,000
25
Illustration : W : X = 3 : 4, X : Y = 5 : 6, Y : Z = 7 : 8,
Find W : X : Y : Z?
Let’s first calculate W : X : Y.
W : X = 3 : 4 and X : Y = 5 : 6.
As X is common in both make X equal to both by taking LCM of value of X in
both.
W: X = 3: 4
X: Y = 5 : 6
LCM of 4 (value of X in W : X) and 5 (value of X in X : Y) is 20.
W : X = 15 : 20
13
ARITHMETIC
X : Y = 20 : 24
So, W : X : Y = 15 : 20 : 24
Now, Y is common in W : X : Y and Y : Z and LCM of corresponding values of
Y is 168.
W : X : Y = 15 : 20 : 24
Y: Z = 7: 8
W : X : Y = 105 : 140 : 168
Y : Z = 168 : 192
So, ratio of W : X : Y : Z is 105 : 140 : 168 : 192
Illustration : The ratio of the number of movies done by Amitabh and Dilip Kumar
is 8: 5 currently. It the formar would have done. 5 more movies, ratio had been 17
: 10. Find the actual number of movies done by Amitabh?
Let’s assume that Amitabh had done 8X movies and Dilip had done 5X movies.
So, (8X + 5) : 5X = 17 : 10
(8X + 5) 17
=
5X 10
X = 10
Number of movies done by Amitabh = 80
Illustration : A bag contains one rupee, fifty paise and twenty-five paise coin in
the proportion 3 : 4 : 6. If the total amount in the bag is Rs.65, find the number of
coins in the bag?
Ratio of coins is 3 : 4 : 6
This means that if there are 3 one-rupee coins, then there are 4 fifty paise coins
and 6 twenty-five paise coins.
This means total value is 3 + 2 + 1.5 = Rs. 6.5 if there are 13 coins.
But, total value of coins in the bag is Rs. 65.
 65 
So there are    13  130 coins
 6.5 
14
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Illustration : Divide Rs.450 among Julie, Bobby and Noorie in the ratio of
1 1 1
, , ?
6 4 3
Method 1
1 1 1
Julie : Bobby : Noorie = : :
6 4 3
= 2 : 3 : 4 (multiplying each by 12 i.e. LCM of 4,3 and 6)
Let share of Julie be 2X, Bobby 3X and Noorie 4X. So,
2X + 3X + 4X = 450
X = 50
So, Julie got 100, Bobby got 150, and Noorie got 200.
Method 2
Once we got the ratio 2 : 3 : 4, it means that Julie gets Rs.2 if the total amount is
Rs.9 (2 + 3 + 4), Bobby gets 3 and Noorie gets 4.
So, when total amount is Rs.450,
2
Julie gets    450  100
9
 3
Bobby gets    450  150
9
4
Noorie gets    450  200
9
Illustration : Divide Rs.1225 again among Julie,Bobby and Noorie so that If
Rs.10, 9 and 6 are subtracted from their respective shares the remainder should be
in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5?
Amount to be subtracted from their respective shares means subtracting,
10 + 9 + 6 = 25 from 1225
and then dividing remaining total amount (1225 – 25) 1200 in the ratio of
3 : 4 : 5.
So, their respective shares are
300 + 10 = 310, 400 + 9 = 409 and 500 + 6 = 506.
15
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : Julie, Bobby and Noorie are not satisfied the way amount of Rs.1225
distributed among them. They want money to be distributed in such a way that
1 th
Julie gets of the total share of Bobby and Noorie. Bobby should get equal
4
share of Juile and Noorie. Find the share of each?
Julie’s share : Bobby’s + Noorie’s share = 1 : 4
Dividing 1225 in the ratio of 1 : 4, Julie’s share is 245
Bobby’s share : Julie’s share + Noorie’s share = 1 : 1
Dividing Rs. 1225 in the ratio of 1 : 1, Bobby’s share is 612.5
Noorie’s share = 1225 – 245 – 612.5 = 367.5
Illustration : Mr. Intelligent is owner of a company. He wants to reduce the number
of employees in the ratio of 10 : 9 so that he can reduce cost. But union says that
he has to increase the salary in the ratio of 10 : 11, if he wants to reduce employees.
Mr.Intelligent accepted the offer. Find out if Mr. Intelligent is actually intelligent.
Initially, if there were 10 employees getting salary of 10, his salary bill was 100.
Now, there will be 9 employees getting salary of 11. So his salary bill is 99.
So, Mr. Intelligent has reduced cost in the ratio of 100 : 99.
Illustration : Remember race between Hare and Tortoise. In that race for every 3
steps taken by Tortoise, Hare took 10 steps. Moreover, 9 steps of Tortoise were
equal to 2 steps of Hare. Compare the speed of hare and Tortoise?
9 steps of Tortoise are equal to 2 steps of Hare.
2
So, 1 step of Tortoise = step of Hare.
9
2
 3 steps of Tortoise = 3 steps of Hare. ( size wise)
2
So, speed of Tortoise : speed of Hare = : 10 = 1 : 15
3
16
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Illustration : 60 liters of mixture of milk and water contains 10% water. How
much water should be added so that mixture has 20% water?
Method 1
6 liters is the amount of water in the mixture intially. Let X be the amount of
(6+X) 20
water added. So, = , Hence X = 7.5
(60+X) 100
Method 2
6 liters is the amount of water and 54 liters is the amount of milk in the mixture
initially. After adding water also milk remains to be 54 liters. And 54 liters is the 80%
of the total mixture after water has been added.
54
So, total mixture is  67.5
0.8
Water added = 67. 5 – 60 = 7.5 liters.
By method 2 we can solve such questions mentally or by minimal writing.
Basically, whenever we have to make an equation and solve that becomes time
consuming. And that’s what happening in method 1. So it should be avoided.
Illustration : The weight of the heaps of the foodgrain are in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4.
First two heaps have been increased in such a way that ratio of heaps has changed
to 4 : 3 : 2. Find by what fractions of themselves the first two heaps have been
increased?
Let 2X, 3X and 4X be the weights of the heaps.
Heap one has been increased by fraction Y.
So, 2X(1+Y) = 4 .
4X 2
This is so because 2X(1 + Y) gives the weight of heap one after the increase.
Weight of third heap is constant at 4X.
Ratio of both will give new ratio of 4 : 2.
On solving, Y = 3. Heap one has been increased 3 times.
Similarly, fraction of heap two is 1. Heap two has been increased 1 time.
17
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : Find second proportion of 2, 4 and 8

We can say a:b = c:d
2 : b = 4: 8
4b = 16
b = 4
Illustration : Find the third proportion of 5,12 and 8.
a:b = c:d
In this question we have to find the value of c
5 : 12 = c : 8
12c = 40
10
c = .
3
The term percentage means for every hundred. So, when you have to calculate
1% of a number you have to calculate 1/100 of that number. Similarly, when you have
to calculate 5% of a number, you have to calculate 1/ 20th of that number. Symbol for
percentage is %.
Important Point
You can express a fraction as a percent by shortcut also. For this, express the
fraction first as decimal and then multiply by 100. So, 3/5 = 0.6 × 100 = 60%
To find the percent of a number, convert the percent into fraction by the
method explained above and multiply the resulting fraction with the
number.The number of which percent is calculated is called base. In the
illustration given below, 150 is the base.
It is very important to get the base correct as for the same percentages,
different bases will yield different results. Most students do not take care of
this and make a mistake at this concept only. For example, though we will
remember the concept that “Profit %age must be calculated on Cost Price”;
while computing we may end up taking Sales Price or Marked Price as base
and hence getting the wrong result.
18
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
FAMILIARITY WITH CALCULATIONS

Illustration : Calculate 25% of 150?
 25  150
=    150   37.5
 100  4
Illustration : Calculate 12.5% of 630?
 12.5 
By usual method    630
 100 
630
=  78.75
8
This is a time consuming method. Let’s try solving this question by different
method.
We can write 12.5% as 10% + 2.5%
10% of 630 is 63. (Very easy) + 2.5% (which can be written as 10% ) of 630
4
63
can be calculated by calculating =15.75 (this step is also very easy and can
4
performed by minimal writing).
So, 12.5% = 63 + 15.75 = 78.75.
This method may seem time consuming now but it saves lot of time once
mastered .You can do all calculations mentally or by minimal writing. Key to this
method is your ability to break the percentage into easy numbers. 1% ,10% are the
easiest percentages to calculate. Try linking all break ups with them.
Illustration :
Calculate 35% of 140?
35%, = 10% + 10% + 10% + 5%
10% of 140 = 14
(10%)
5% of 140 = = 14/2 = 7
2
35% = 3 × 14 + 7 = 49.
While solving in exam you need not write all this numbers.
19
ARITHMETIC
This question can also be solved like this.

35% = 25% + 10%
140
25% =  35
4
10% = 14
35% = 49.
In fact you can break 35% or for that matter any number, in numerous
ways. Choose the easiest one. And you will be able to use this method
consciously in all your calculations.
Illustration : Calculate 77.5% of 230?
77.5% = 100% –25% + 2.5%
230
25% of 230 =  57.5
4
25%
2.5% =  5.75
10
77.5% = 230 – 57.5 + 5.75 = 178.25
Illustration : Calculate 75% of 22?
75% = 3×25%
25% of 22 = 5.5
75% = 3×5.5 = 16.5
Illustration : 75 is 25% of which number?
Let X be the number
(25/100)×X = 75
X = 75×4 = 300
100
Direct Formula = 75   300.
25
Illustration : What percentage is l5 of 50?
 15 
Percentage =   × 100 = 30%
 50 
To calculate percentage mentally, divide 15 by 50 mentally and get answer in
decimal instead of fraction.
20
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
15/50 is 0.3 Multiply this number with hundred to get 30%

Illustration : A person spends 60% of his salary and is left with Rs.3000. What is
his salary?
40% of salary = Rs 3000 as 3000 represents the salary left after spending 60% of
salary.
(3000  100)
Salary =  7500
40
Or if we represent percentage by decimal then,
3000
Salary =  7500
0.4
Illustration : If 80% of A = 20% of B and B = X% of A, then what is the value of X?
 80   20 
From question,  ×A =  ×B
 100   100 
4A = B
So, B is 4 times A. This means that B = 400% of A
IMPORTANCE OF BASE
Illustration : When price of oranges goes up by 20%, by how much should
consumption be reduced so that total expenditure remains same?
Method 1
We know, Total Expenditure = Price × Quantity consumed
Let Total Expenditure = E
Old price = p
Old quantity = q
New price = P
New quantity = Q
E = p × q = P×Q
P = 1.2p
E = p × q = 1.2 p × Q
q 5
Q = or , Q= q×
1.2 6
21
ARITHMETIC
This means that new quantity is 5/6th of the old quantity. In other words, Old
quantity purchased should decline by 1/6th or 16.66%
Method 2
E = p×q
Now, if p becomes 6/5 then q should become 5/6 if E has to remain same.
 6p   5q 
E = p ×q =  × 
 5   6 
In this question, p becomes 6/5 (as increase of 20% means X will become 1.2X or
6/5X), so q has to become 5/6 or decline of 16.66%
Important Point
This method is valid wherever product of two numbers remains constant but
number changes. By this method you can solve such questions mentally. This
method is very important and should be often used.
This method can be very beautifully used whenever the base needs to be
shuffled.
For example, 25% profit means an article which costs 4 has a profit 1 and is
being sold at 5 which means 20% profit on sales price. So, if a person offers
20% discount, he is offering a discount of 1 on 5 thus selling at the original
value of cost.
Or, in other words, 25% increase on the lesser value is same as 20% decrease
on the larger value.
The table below denotes the change of percentage with base change.
Value as% on Base 1 Base 1 Value Base 2 Value as% on Base 2

50% 2 1 3 33.33%
33.33% 3 1 4 25%
25% 4 1 5 20%
20% 5 1 6 16.67%
16.67% 6 1 7 14.28%
14.28% 7 1 8 12.50%
22
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
FURTHER TABLE FOR REFERENCE

1 on base 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
%age Value 11.11% 10% 9.09% 8.33% 7.69% 7.14% 6.67% 6.25%
This can be used as if price of a car has increased by 10%, to get back to the
original price, it must be decreased by 9.09% now.
But if quantity of a car getting sold has decreased by 10%, to get back to the
original numbers, now the increase has to be 11.11%.
Illustration : A bus covers a distance in 5 hours at speed of 50 Km/hr. If it increases
its speed by 10%, how much time it will take?
In this question also, distance remains same in both the cases.
D = S×T
If S becomes 11/10 ( 55 is new speed and 50 is the old speed ) then
T should become 10/11.
5
So, new time taken is 10 × = 4.55 hours.
11
Illustration : A bus covers a distance in 5 hours at speed of 50 km/hr if it increases
it speed by 10% and covers 20% more distance, how much time it will take?
Note:
Please notice the difference in this question and the previous question. Here
distance traveled has increased whereas in the previous question, distance
traveled remains the same. As distance was same in the previous question we
could use above method. But in this question we can’t as distance has changed,
though we can still use the equation. In first journey, D = S × T
In Second journey, distance has increased by 20%, so new distance is 1.2D

Speed has increased by 10%. so new speed is 1.1S.
New time taken as the percentage of previous time taken can be calculated by
the above equation if we replace the old variables with new variables.
1.2D = 1.1S × YT where YT defines new time
in relation to previous time
1.2D = 1.1Y(S×T)
23
ARITHMETIC
1.2D = 1.1YD as D = S×T

12
Y =
11
12 12
Y = means that new time taken is times
11 11
or 109.09% of old time taken. So, new time
12 60
taken is 5    5.45 hours.
11 11
Illustration : A reduction of 30% in the price of cinema tickets would enable me to
see 15 movies more for Rs. 1400. Find the original price of one ticket?
Expenditure = Price × number of tickets
Now, as price has become 7/10, number of tickets has to become 10/7 or 142.8%
so that expenditure remains same.
15 more tickets represent extra 3/7 (10/7 – 1) or 42.8% (142.8 – 100%) of original
tickets.
7
 Original number of tickets = 15   35.
3
You can solve this question by making equation also. But that is time consuming.
Above given method will help you in saving time as all calculations can be done
mentally or by minimal writing. Don’t take into account the lines that have been
written. That is just to explain the concept.
Illustration : An article is made of four parts – A , B , C, and D. The cost of this
article is made up as follows: A–40%, B–25%, C–20%, and D–15%. Price of A
increases by 15%, B decreases by 10%. C increases by 10% and D Increases by
5%. Find the percentage change in the total cost?
Part A is 40% of total cost. Increase of 15% in cost of A means an increase of
0.15 × 0.4 = 0.06 or 6% of total cost.
Similarly, price change in
B leads to a decrease of 0.1 × 0.25 = 0.025 = 2.5%
C leads to an increase of 0.1 × 0.2 = 0.02 = 2%
D leads to an increase of 0.05 × 0.15 = 0.0075 = 0.75%
Net increase in the cost = 6 – 2.5 + 2 + 0.75 = 6.25%
24
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Illustration : Amrish Puri ‘Mogambo’ bought 20 meters of cloth. But when he

checked the length of cloth at home it was 19.3 metres only. Find what is the
percentage error?
Error in absolute terms is 20 – 19.3 = 0 .7 meters
But for calculating percentage, we need to have a base also. Many students get
confused whether
20 meters is base or 19.3 meters. Remember, 20 is the base as percentage error
will be calculated in the relation to the quantity intended to be bought.
 0.7 
 percentage error =    100  3.5%
 20 
Illustration : Akshay Kumar’s salary is Rs. 2,00,000 per annum. He pays 25% of
his salary as income tax and deposit 10% of his salary towards his provident fund.
Find his net monthly income?
Method 1
Paid as Income Tax = 0.25 × 2,00,000 = 50,000
Paid towards provident fund = 0.1 × 2,00,000 = 20,000
Net salary = 2,00,000 – 50,000 – 20,000 = 1,30,000
1, 30, 000
Net Monthly salary =  10,833
12
Method 2
As base for income tax and provident fund is same, we can calculate them
together. He pays 25%+10%= 35% of his salary.
This type of clubbing will help you in saving some precious seconds in exam.
So his net salary is 0.35 × 2,00,000 = 70,000
Net salary = 2,00,000 – 70,000 = 1,30,000
1, 30, 000
Net monthly salary =  10,833
12
Note :
Please note in this question that salary is given on annual basis but in answer
they are asking for monthly salary. Be very careful about such traps in exam
because one alternative will most probably be 1,30,000. So if you miss monthly
salary part then you will surely mark 1,30,000.
25
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : Mickey Mouse buys certain number of cats for doing business. 4% of
total cats died. Mickey sells 85% of remaining cats and thus has 72 left. Find the
number of cats Mickey bought?
Method I
Let’s assume that Mickey had bought 100 cats.
Cats left after death of 4% = 100 × 0.96 = 96
Cats left after sale of 85% of remaining cats = 96 × 0.15 = 14.4
Now, 14.4 cats left when 100 cats were bought
 100 
So, 72 cats will be left when   × 72 = 500 cats are bought.
 14.4 
Method 2
72 cats left represent 15% of remaining cats.
72 200
So, total remaining cats =  72   480
0.15 3
480 cats represents 96% of cats left after death of 4%cats
480 25
So, total cats =  480   500
0.96 24
Please note that both the methods are fine though I prefer method 1 as
calculations are simpler in that case as compared to method 2. In method I, always
prefer assuming 100 as calculations are much simpler with 100.
RELATIVE PERCENTAGE / ADDITIVE PERCENTAGE

A is 20% more than B. This is an example of relative percentage. Please note,
that in this example A is defined as percentage with respect to some other quantity.
So, if B is equal to X, then A will be 1.2X as A is 20% more than B. Similarly, if A is
10% less than B, then A will be 0.9X.
26
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Important Point
 X increased by 10% would become X + 0.1X = 1.1X
 X increased by 1% would become X + 0.01 = 1.01X
 X increased by 0.1% would become X + 0.001X = 1.001X
 X increased by 200% would become X + 2X = 3X
 X decreased by 10% would become X – 0.1X = 0.9X
 X decreased by 1% would become X – 0.01 X = 0.99X
 X decreased by 0.1% would become X – 0.001X = 0.999X
 X decreased by 200% would become X – 2X = (–X )
Illustration : In a match Tendulkar scores 20% more than Ganguly. Ganguly
scores 5% less than Jadeja. By how much percent is Tendulkar’s score more than
Jadeja’s score?
Let’s assume that Jadeja scored 100 runs.
Ganguly scored 5% less than Jadeja’s score or 95% of Jadeja score.
Ganguly’s score is 100 × 0.95 = 95 runs.
Tendulkar scored 20% more than Ganguly’s score or 120% of Ganguly’s score
Tendulkar scored 95 × 1.2 = 114 runs
Tendulkar’s score more than Jadeja’s score in percentage terms
 14 
=   100  14%.
 100 
In this question two things are important.
First, why did we assume 100 runs. I think that the reason is clear to you now.
(In case you forgot, reason is that calculations becomes easy with 100).
Second important thing is why did we assume Jadeja’s score as hundred. Why
not Tendulkar’s score or Ganguly’s score. Reason will become clear once we work
by assuming Tendulkar’s score as 100.
Let’s assume that Tendulkar’s score is 100
Tendulkar’s score is 120% of Ganguly’s as discussed above.
100
 Ganguly’s score is  83.33
1.2
27
ARITHMETIC
Ganguly’s score is 95% of Jadeja’s score as discussed above.
83.33
 Jadeja’s score =  87.71
0.95
Tendulkar’s score more than Jadeja’s score in percentage terms
 12.3 
=    100  14%
 87.7 
Though answer will be same in both the cases, you must have noticed the
difference in terms of calculations involved. You will have to carry out lengthy
calculations again if you assume Ganguly’s score as 100.
Once you have understood the reason for taking Jadeja’s score as 100, next
question is how to identify that we should assume Jadeja’s score as 100. The
reason lies in the base funda. If you read the question carefully, you will find that
while mentioning Tendulkar’s score, Ganguly’s score is base and while mentioning
Ganguly’s score, Jadeja’s score is base. So Jadeja’s score is the starting base as
Ganguly’s score depends on Jadeja’s score and Tendulkar’s score on Ganguly’s
score. And we should always assume starting base as 100 whenever required.
Illustration : Salman Khan obtains 40% marks in a paper for which the maximum
marks are 50. Shahrukh Khan is ahead of Salman by 25% of Salman’s marks.
Govinda is ahead of Shahrukh by 1/6th of his own marks. How many marks does
Govinda get?
50
Salman’s marks = 40   20
100
Shahrukh’s marks are 25% of Salman’s marks more than Salman’s marks.
So, Shahrukh’s marks are 125% of Salman’s marks.
 100  25 
 Shahrukh’s marks = 20     25
 100 
Govinda has got l/6th of his marks more than Shahrukh. So, Shahrukh’s marks
are 5/6th of Govinda’s marks. Or Govinda’s marks are 6/5th of Shahrukh’s marks.
6
 Govinda’s marks = 25   30
5
28
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Please understand the logic behind the solution of this question before
proceeding further. This question explains the funda of base in percentage. If you
understand the funda of base, then percentage will never create a problem for you.
Let’s go through the same question with some changes.
Illustration : Salman Khan obtains 40% marks in a paper for which maximum
marks are 50. Shahrukh Khan is ahead of Salman by 25% of his own marks.
Govinda is ahead of Shahrukh by 1/6th of Shahrukh‘s marks. How many marks
does Govinda get?
50
Salman’s marks = 40   20
100
Shahrukh’s marks are 25% of his own marks more than Salman’s marks.
So, Salman’s marks are 75% of Shahrukh’s marks.
(20  100)
Shahrukh’s marks = (100 – 25)  26.66
Govinda has got 1/6th of Shahrukh’s marks more than Shahrukh.

So, Govinda’s marks are 1/6 th more then Shahrukh’s marks .
Or Govinda’s marks are 7/6th of Shahrukh’s marks.
7
 Govinda’s marks = 26.66   31.1
6
Please go through Illustration again if you are not clear about the base
funda.
CUMULATIVE PERCENT/ SUCCESSIVE PERCENT

Let’s take a case of a city whose population is 1000 at present i.e. year 0.
Population of city increases by 10% every year for three years. So, next year i.e. year
1, population will be 10% more than the year 0 population. With the help of relative
percent concept, we can say population in year 1 will be 1.1×1000 = 1100. In year 2,
population will be again 10% more than the population of year l. So, in year 2
population is 1100×1.1 = 1210. Similarly, in year 3 population will be 1210× 1.1=1331
The example given above is an example of cumulative percent. In cumulative
percent the base keeps on changing as the new base reflects the previous percentage
increase or decrease.
29
ARITHMETIC
The cumulative growth can also be found in another manner.

If the 1st growth is a% and then next growth is b% on the new base,
 ab 
The cumulative growth % is given by a + b  .
 100 
 10  10 
Thus, after 2 years, the growth is 10 + 10 + %  21%
 100 
 21  10 
At the end of 3 years, the growth will be  21 + 10 + %  33.1%
 100 
So, if the initial population was 1000, it has increased by 1000 × 33.1% = 331.
So, the current population is 1000 + 331 = 1331
Besides the above given method to calculate population, there is one more
n
1+ R 
method. Population for any year can be calculated by the formula P   where
 100 
P is the original figure (1000 in the above question), R is the percent rate of increase
or decrease (10% increase in the above question) and n is the number of years for
which we want to calculate the population.
Illustration : The population in village Ramgarh was 2,000 in 1975. In the next
two years the population of village grew at a rate of 3% per annum. The population
of the village after the two years was X. Find
1. X
2. X as percentage of population in 1975
3. Percentage increase in the population
By formula, X = 2,000 × (1 + 0.03)2
=2,000 × 1.0609 = 2122 ( rounded off)
100
X as a percentage of population in 1975 = 2122 ×  106.1%
2000
Percentage increases in population = 106.1 – 100 = 6.1%
30
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
Kindly notice that percentage increase in population for two years is 6.1%
though population is growing at rate of 3% per year. This happens because base is
changing every year. Whenever base changes, percentage increase is more and
decrease is less.
Average percentage rate of change
(New value – old value)
=  100%
Old value × n
where n = number of period which gives the average percentage rate of change
Illustration : Value of piece of land increased from Rs.2000 to Rs.3500 in 2 years.
Find the average percentage rate of change in the value of land?
By formula, average percentage rate of change
(New value – old value)
=  100%
Old value × n
(3500 – 2000)
=  100%  37.5%
2000 × 2
31
ARITHMETIC
EXERCISE
1. Vipin is engaged in two transactions, where he earns same amount as profit in
each case. He makes a 25% profiit in the first transaction and 20% gain in the
second. If the same amount is earned as the profit, and the two transactions are
combined, his profit becomes 22.22%. The sale price in the combined transaction
is
(a) 20 (b) 22
(c) 25 (d) Cannot be determined
2. The weight of an iron bucket increase by 50% when filled with water to 33.33%
capacity. By what %age will it increase now it thebucket is filled with water to
the brim.(assume the weight of bucket and its capacity in kg to be integers)?
(a) 150 % (b) 66.67 %
(c) 100 % (d) Con not be determined
3. In a election, the candidate who gets 41 % is rejected by a majority of 2412
votes. Find the total votes polled, there were only two candidates in the fray?
(a) 13500 (b) 13400
(c) 14400 (d) 14500
4. A shopkeeper gives 3 consecutive discounts of 10%, 15% and 15% after which
he sells his goods at a percentage profit of 30.05% on the C.P. Find the value of
the percentage profit that the shopkeeper would have earned if he had given
discounts of 10% and 15% only.
(a) 63% (b) 69%
(c) 70% (d) None of these
5. One type of liquid contains 25% of milk, the other contains 30% of milk. A tank
is filled with 6 parts of the first liquid and 4 parts of the second liquid. Find the
% of milk in the new mixture.
(a) 27 (b) 37
(c) 28 (d) 26
32
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
6. Due to fall in manpower, the production in a factory decreases by 25%. By what

% should the working hour be increased to restore the original production?
110 100
(a) % (b) %
3 2
100
(c) % (d) none
3
7. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third. What % is the
first of the second?
(a) 90% (b) 80%
(c) 85% (d) none
8. A positive number is divided by 5 instead of being multiplied by 5. What % is
the result of the correct value?
(a) 5% (b) 6%
(c) 4% (d) 8 %
9. A man loses 25/2 % of his money and spends 70% of the remainder, he is left
with Rs. 210. How much did he start with?
(a) Rs. 800 (b) Rs. 900
(c) Rs. 1200 (d) none
10. 3.5% of income is taken as tax and 12.5% of the remaining is saved. This leaves
Rs. 4,053 to spend. What is the income?
(a) Rs. 6800 (b) Rs. 5800
(c) Rs. 4800 (d) Rs. 4900
11. After deducing 10% from a sum, and then 20% from the remainder, there is
Rs. 3600 left. Find the original sum.
(a) Rs. 6000 (b) Rs. 5000
(c) Rs. 5500 (d) Rs. 6500
12. A man had Rs. 4800 in his locker two years ago. In the first year, he added 20%
of the amount to his locker. In the second year, he added 25% of the increased
amount in his locker. Find the amount present in his locker now.
(a) Rs. 6000 (b) Rs. 7200
(c) Rs. 7500 (d) Rs. 6500
33
ARITHMETIC
13. If the original population of a town is P, and the annual increase is r%, what will
be the population in n years?
n n
  r    r 
(a) P 1+   (b) P 1+  
  200     300  
n n
  r    r 
(c) P 1+   (d) P 1+  
 110    100  
14. If the annual increase in the population of a town is 4% and the present number
of people is 15,625, what will the population be in 3 years?
(a) 17476 (b) 17576
(c) 18576 (d) 17586
15. If the annual increase in the population of a town be 4% and the present
population be 17576, what was it three years ago?
(a) 16625 (b) 15625
(c) 15626 (d) none
16. The population of a town is 10,000. It increases by 10% during the first year.
During the second year, it decreases by 20% and increased by 30% during the
third year. What is the population after 3 years?
(a) 11,440 (b) 11,000
(c) 10,500 (d) None
17. During one year, the population of a locality increases by 5% but during the
next year, it decreases by 5%. If the population at the end of the second year
was 7980, find the population at the beginning of the first year.
(a) 8000 (b) 8500
(c) 9000 (d) 8600
18. The population of a town is 8000. If the males increase by 6% and the females
by 10%, the population will be 8600. Find the number of females in the town.
(a) 6,000 (b) 4,000
(c) 3,500 (d) 3,000
34
RATIO & PERCENTAGE
19. If the price of a commodity be raised by 20%, find how much % must a
householder reduce his consumption of that commodity so as not to increase
his expenditure?
(a) 20% (b) 25%
50 52
(c) % (d) %
3 3
20. A shopkeeper marks the price of his goods 12% higher than its original price.
After that, he allows a discount of 12%. What is his % profit or loss?
(a) 1.5% Loss (b) 1.4% Loss
(c) 1.4% Profit (d) None
21. In a library, 20% of the books are in Hindi, 50% of the remaining are in English
and 30% of the remaining are in French. The remaining 6300 books are in regional
languages. What is the total number of books in the library?
(a) 22500 (b) 23500
(c) 22600 (d) 22400
22. The population of a town was reduced by 12% in the year 1988. In 1989, it was
increased by 15%. What is the % effect on the population in the beginning of
1990?
(a) 2.2% increase (b) 2% increase
(c) 1.2% decrease (d) none
23. A shopkeeper marks the prices at 15% higher than the original price. Due to
increase in demand, he further increases the price by 10%. How much % profit
will he get?
(a) 25.5% (b) 26.5%
(c) 28.5% (d) 29.5%
24. A vendor buys milk at a certain price, adds water and sells the adulterated milk
at the same rate as he bought it for. He makes a 30% profit. What is the percentage
of water that he adds to milk?
(a) 30% (b) 15%
(c) 20% (d) 60%
35
ARITHMETIC
25. The landholding of a person is decreased by 10%. Due to late monsoon, the
production decreases by 8%. Then what is the effect on revenue?
(a) 18.2% (b) –17.2%
(c) 17.2% (d) none
26. An oculist charges Rs. 40 for an eye examination, frames and glass lenses, but
Rs. 52 for an eye examination, frames and plastic lenses. If the plastic lenses
cost four times as much as the glass lenses, how much do the glass lenses
cost?
(a) Rs. 3 (b) Rs. 4
(c) Rs. 5 (d) Rs. 6
27. A candidate scores 25% and fails by 30 marks, while another candidate who
scores 50% marks, gets 20 marks more than the maximum required marks to pass
the examination. Fins the maximum mark for the examination.
(a) 200 (b) 300
(c) 100 (d) 400
28. In measuring the sides of a rectangle, one side is taken 5% in excess and the
other 4% in deficit. Find the error % in area calculated from the measurement.
(a) 1% (b) 1.2%
(c) 9% (d) 0.8%
29. In an examination, 40% of the students failed in Maths, 30% failed in English
and 10% failed in both. Find the % of students who passed in both the subjects.
(a) 60% (b) 30%
(c) 40% (d) 50%
30. A solution of salt and water contains 15% salt by weight. Of it 30 kg water
evaporates and the solution now contains 20% of salt. Find the original quantity
of salt.
(a) 110 kg (b) 100 kg
(c) 120 kg (d) 130 kg
36
2
Profit and Loss
Cost Price (CP) : The price at which an article was bought.

Selling Price (SP) : The price at which an article was sold.
Marked Price (MP) : The price mentioned on the article or the printed price.
In business situation, the cost price of goods or the purchase price of goods is
called investment. And the selling price of goods is called earning. For example, if
you purchase a land for Rs 1,00,000 then yon have invested Rs 1,00,000. Now, if you
sell this land for Rs 1,75,000 then you have earned Rs 1,75,000. Your profit is Rs
1,75,000 – 1,00,000 = 75,000.
Profit (P) : Profit is excess of SP over CP.
So, P = SP – CP. In business conditions, profit is excess of earning over
investment.
Loss (L) : Loss is the inverse of profit. Loss is excess of CP over SP.
So, L = CP – SP
Markup is the amount by which the Marked Price exceeds Cost Price.
All these when expressed in %age terms, are calculated with Cost Price as a
base.
Conventionally,
Profit/Loss Discount
CP SP MP
Markup
The above definitions of P and L calculate the absolute figures.

ARITHMETIC
For example, if you bought an article for Rs 3000 and sold it for Rs. 3500 then
your profit is Rs 500. Besides mentioning P and L as absolute figures, we can
mention P and L as percent of CP also. Please note that base for P% and L% is
always CP unless and until something else is specifically mentioned in question.
Illustration : In the above example, if CP is taken as base then,
(Profit × 100)
P% =
CP
(500 × 100)
= = 16.66%
3500
Now, in the same example, if SP is taken as base then
(Profit × 100) (500 × 100)

P% = = 14.28%
SP 3500
Note:
Ponder over the difference in the P% when CP and SP are taken as base. That’s
why it is very important to find out the base in questions related to Profit and
Loss. CP is always taken as base if nothing is mentioned. But if question
specifically says that profit% or loss% is calculated on some other base then
go ahead with that base.
Illustration : A trader purchased an article for Rs. 1000 and sold it for Rs. 1100.
Find his Profit as a percentage of SP?
(100 × 100)
Profit % = = 9.09%
1100
These formulae will help you in calculating P, L, P% or L% when CP and SP are
given.
From the given equation we can derive CP when SP and P, L, P% or L% are
given.
MP = CP + Markup
CP × (100 + Markup%)
MP =
100
SP = CP + P
38
PROFIT AND LOSS
SP = CP – L
CP × (100 + Profit%)
SP =
100
CP × (100 – Loss%)
SP =
100
Similarly,
CP = SP – P
CP = SP + L
(SP × 100)
CP =
(100 + Profit%)
(SP × 100)
CP =
(100 – Loss%)
As we mentioned earlier, percentage can be written as decimal also. For example,
20% is equivalent to 0.2, 45% is equivalent to 0.45 and so on. We can simplify our
calculations in some cases if we write percentage in decimal form. Let’s denote the
decimal form of profit percentage by symbol ‘p’ and loss percentage by symbol L.
When we work with these our formulae will also change slightly and become easier
to calculate and understand.
SP = CP × (l + p)
SP = CP × (1 – L)
If there is a profit of 45%, then SP = (1 + 0.45) CP or 1.45 CP
Similarly, if there is a loss of 20%, then SP = 0.8 CP
SP
CP =
(1 + p)
SP
CP =
(1 – L)
Illustration : A trader sold an article for Rs. 625 and earned a profit of 25%. Find
CP and Profit?
Case 1: When P% is used
(625  100) 62500
CP =   500
(100  25) 125
39
ARITHMETIC
Case 2: When p is used

625 625
CP =   500
(1  0.25) 1.25
Profit = SP – CP = 625 – 500 = 125
Illustration : A tout had to sell cinema ticket of Amitabh’s “Mrityudata” for Rs. 24
and thus suffered a loss of 40%. For how much he should have sold the ticket to
gain 15%?
Rs. 24 represents 60% of ticket value.
24  100
Original value of ticket =  40
60
40 ×115
For a profit of 15% on Rs. 40, he has to sell it for = Rs. 46
100
Illustration : If SP of 4 audiocassettes is equal to the CP of 5 audiocassettes, find
the gain or loss%?
We know, SP = CP + Profit or CP – Loss
Method 1
Here, 4 SP = 5 CP
Or, 4 SP = 4 CP + 1 CP
So, 1 CP is the profit.
 1 CP 
Profit% =    100  25%
 4 CP 
Method 2
Or, from the above 4 SP = 5 CP
SP 5
  1.25
CP 4
Therefore, Profit % = 25 %
Illustration : If SP of 5 movie tickets is equal to the CP of 4 movie tickets, find the
gain or loss%?
Here 5 SP = 4 CP
Or, 5 SP = 5 CP – 1 CP
40
PROFIT AND LOSS
So, l CP is the loss.

 1 CP 
Loss% =   × 100 = 20%
 5 CP 
Note :
Kindly notice the difference in this illustration and previous illustration.
Also try this using the second method illustrated above.
Illustration : Gabber Singh bought bullets at 5 for rupee. How many for a rupee
must he sell to gain 25%?
100
Price of one bullet = paise = 20 paise.
5
SP of one bullet = 20 × 1.25 = 25 paise
For a rupee he should sell 4 bullets.
Illustration : Samba, Gabbar Singh’s assistant, sold a Pistol at a profit of 5% only.
Gabbar Singh scolded him for such a low profit margin. So, next time, Sambha
sold Pistol for Rs. 750 more then the previous and thus made a profit of 20%. Find
the CP?
By charging Rs. 750 more, Samba earned 15% (20 – 5)% more of CP;
So, 750 = 15% of CP.
750
CP = = Rs. 5,000
0.15
Illustration : When Samba increased the price, sales dipped. So Gabbar again
scolded him. To increase sales, Samba reduced price by 10% .In response, sales
increased by 20%. Find the percentage change in the total amount of receipts?
We know, receipts = sales × price
New sales = 1.2 × old Sales (20% increase)
New price = 0.9 × old price (10% reduction)
New receipts = 1.2 × old price × 0.9 × old sales
= 1.08 × old receipts
(as old price × old sales = old receipts)
So, receipts grew by 8%
We can also use the successive %age formula here.
41
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : Jay and Viru purchased 100 Bombs to arrest Gabbar Singh. But they
arrested Gabbar without using bomb. So they sold 40 bombs at 20% profit, 35
bombs at 30% profit and 25 bombs at 40% profit. Had they sold all the bombs at
35% profit they would have got Rs. 650 more. Find the CP of one bomb?
Let CP of one bomb = X
CP of 100 bombs = 100X
SP in first case = 40 ×1.2X + 35×1.30X + 25×1.4X = 128.5X
SP in second case = 100X × 1.35 = 135X
So, extra profit = 135X –128.5X = 6.5X
But 6.5X = 650
X = 100
Illustration : Satish Kaushik “Kasiram” by means of a false balance defrauds
10% in selling. What % does he gain?
He actually sells 0.9 kg instead of l kg
Gain = 1 – 0.9 = 0.1 kg on every 0.9 kg actually sold.
 0.1 
Gain % =    100  11.11%
 0.9 
Note:
Here you can derive a straight formula also.
 Error 
Gain% =    100
 Actual Value 
Illustration : Now, Satish Kaushik also marks up his goods by 20%. Find the net
gain/loss %.
Assuming, the cost was Rs. 1 per gm.
So, when he sells the customer 1000 gm,
He charges Rs. 1000 + 20% of Rs. 1000 = Rs.1200
But, using the faulty balance, he has given the customer only 900gm which
would have cost him only Rs. 900.
(1200 – 900) 1
Hence, his profit is   33.33%
900 3
42
PROFIT AND LOSS
On a shorter note,
He actually sells 0.9 kg instead of l kg and charges worth 1.2 kg.
His gain is cost of 0.3 kg on incurring the cost of 0.9 kg.
0.3
Hence, his profit is  33.33%
0.9
Illustration : Anupam’s balance shows 900gm for 1kg. To make himself profitable,
he marks up his goods by 20%. What is his actual gain or loss%?
Initially there is a loss of 10% because of the defect.
On the same thing, the markup is 20%. Hence we can solve it using the
successive %age formula.
a  b  ab 20
Net profit % =  (–10)  20  (–10)  8
100 100
Illustration : Anuran Kher “Debdhar” is Satish Kasha’s boss. So, by means of a
false balance, he defrauds 10% in selling goods and 10% in buying also. What %
does he gain?
While buying he pays for l kg but gets 1.1 kg as he defrauds 10%
He actually sells 0.9 kg instead of l kg as he defrauds 10% there also.
1.1
He actually sold 1.1 kg instead of = 1.22 kg
0.9
This means that he sells 1.22 kg when he buys 1 kg actually.
So, his profit = 1.22 – 1 = 0.22 kg
0.22  100
So, gain% = = 22%
1
Illustration : Lakhan buys equal quantities of toffees from Anupam Kher “Debdhar”
at 20 per rupee and 11 per rupee. He mixes both the toffees and sells them at 15 for
a rupee. What is his net gain or loss?
Let’s assume that he bought 660 toffees each. (A number divisible by both 15,
11 and 20)
660 660
Total CP =   93
20 11
1320
Total SP =  88
15
43
ARITHMETIC
Loss = 93 – 88 = 5
100
Loss% = 5   5.55%
93
Here we assumed a number instead of a variable as discussed earlier. And that
really made our work easy. We took 660 as it is LCM of 20, 11 and 15 and thus
completely divisible by all of them, so that we had to work with natural numbers
only.
Illustration : Lakhan buys toffees from Anupam Kher “Debdhur” at 20 per rupee
and from Shakti at 11 per rupee, paying both of them the same amount. He mixes
both the toffees and sells them at 15 for a rupee. What is his net gain or loss?
Note the difference of quantity vs amount from the previous illustration.
If he pays a rupee to each one, in 2 rupee he gets 31 toffees and sells 30.
So his profit is 1 on 30 = 3.33%
Illustration : Ajit sold two containers of liquid oxygen for Rs. 4000 each to Mona
and Lily. On one he made a profit of 20% and on other he lost 20%. Find his actual
gain/loss and % also?
Method 1
Rs. 4000
CP of the container 1 = = Rs. 3333.33
1.20
Rs. 4000
CP of the container 2 = = Rs. 5000
0.80
Total CP = Rs. 3333.33 + Rs. 5000 = Rs. 8333.33
Total SP = Rs. 4000×2 = Rs. 8000
Absolute Loss = 333.33
333.33
Loss % =  4%
8333.33
Method 2
Whenever the SP of 2 articles are same and there is equal % age profit and loss
on each article,
 20 2 
Using formula, loss% =   %  4%
 100 
44
PROFIT AND LOSS
(2  20 2  4000)
Absolute loss =
(100 2 – 20 2 )
800 × 4000
= = Rs.333.33
9600
Illustration : Ajit sold two containers of liquid oxygen, on one he made a profit of
20% and on other he lost 20%. If both the containers have cost him Rs. 4000 each,
find his actual gain/loss and % also?
Perfunctorily this looks like the above question. We can end up doing this one
by the formula and hence making a mistake.
Since both of them cost equal, the absolute profit and loss will also be equal
and compensate for each other.
Hence Net profit /Loss = Nil
Important Point
If two items are sold for Rs. A each, one at a gain of B% and other at a loss of
 B2 
B%, there is always an overall loss  %.
 100 
(2 × B 2 × A)
The absolute amount of loss is . Please carefully note that this
(1002 – B 2 )
statement is valid when two items are sold at same SP.
If two items with same CP are sold, one at a gain of B% and other at a loss of
B%, then net profit or loss is equal to zero.
DISCOUNT
On every article you buy from the market, a selling price is written. That selling
price is called Maximum Retailing Price (MRP). But most of the times you don’t buy
goods at MRP. Shopkeeper gives you some discount on (MRP). So you paid (MRP–
discount) for the article that is the actual SP for you. Here we have introduced two
more important concepts, MRP and Discount. MRP is also called List Price. We
have referred to this MRP as Marked Price earlier.
45
ARITHMETIC
Important Point
1. Discount is always calculated on MRP or List Price unless and until
specifically mentioned.
2. SP = MRP – Discount
3. Discount can be mentioned in absolute numeric value or percentage
(100 – D %)
4. SP = MRP ×
100
(SP × 100)
5. MRP =
(100 – D%)
Illustration : A company marks its goods at 50% above the cost price and gives a
discount of 30% to the wholesalers. What profit percentage does the company
make?
Let’s assume the CP = 100
 List price = 100×1.5 = 150
30
Discount = 150 ×  45
100
Price to the wholesalers = 150 – 45 = 105
100
Profit% = (105 – 100)   5%
100
Illustration : Another company allows a discount of 20% on the list price. How
much above the company should mark the CP of goods to have a profit of 10%
after discount ?
Let’s assume, CP = 100
Actual SP = 100× 1.1 = 110
Actual SP represents 20% after discount
110
 List price = = 137.5
0.8
Markup = 37.5%
46
PROFIT AND LOSS
Illustration : A store offers an off-season discount of x%. A further discount of 20%

is offered on purchases more than Rs. 1000. A person pays Rs. 1020 for an item
listed at Rs. 1500. How much is the off-season discount?
Method 1
Prior to the 20% discount, the item would have cost the buyer
Rs. 1020
= Rs.1275.
0.8
Hence, the earlier discount = 1500 – 1275 = Rs. 225
 225 
Hence, Discount =   × 100% = 15 %
 1500 
Method 2
Since, we are combining the discounts, i.e. the same article gets second discount
on the first discounted price, we can also use the successive %age formula.
100
Total Discount = (1500 – 1020)   32 %
1500
(– x )  (–20)  (– x)  (–20)
Which is equivalent to  – (20  0.8 x )
100
Hence, 20 +0.8 x = 32,
Solving x = 15
Illustration : After offering a discount of 20%, a trader still manages to get a profit
of 20% on sales. What is his markup?
Method 1
Let MP = 100
Therefore, Discount = 20
SP = 80
Profit = 20% of 80 = 16
CP = 64
36  100
Markup =  56.25%
64
47
ARITHMETIC
Method 2
The calculations will be easier if we would have taken the cost price to be 100.
CP = 100
Profit is 20% on SP = 25% on CP
Therefore, Profit = 25
SP = 125
125
MP =  156.25
0.8
Markup = 56.25 %
Method 3
To use change in %ages when the base changes
Profit = 20% on SP = 25% on CP
Discount is 20% on MP = 25% on SP
Using successive %age
25  25  25  25
Markup =  56.25%
100
48
PROFIT AND LOSS
EXERCISE
1. A person bought an article and sold it at a loss of 10%. If he had bought it for
20% less and sold it for Rs. 55 more, he would have had a profit of 40%. Find the
cost price of the article.
(a) Rs. 260 (b) Rs. 270
(c) Rs. 220 (d) Rs. 250
2. A man buys an article and sells it at a profit of 20%. If he bought it at 20% less
and sold it for Rs. 75 less, he would have gained 25%. What is the cost price?
(a) Rs. 375 (b) Rs. 376
(c) Rs. 291 (d) Rs. 396
3. An article is sold at a profit of 20%. If both the cost price and selling price would
have been Rs. 100 less, the profit would be 4% more. Find the cost price.
(a) Rs. 601 (b) Rs. 600
(c) Rs. 500 (d) None
4. A person sells his table at a profit of 12.5% and the chair at a loss of 8.33% but
on the whole he gains Rs. 25. On the other hand, if he sells the table at a loss of
8.33% and the chair at a profit of 12.5%, then he neither gains nor loses. Find
the cost price of the table.
(a) Rs. 36 (b) Rs. 370
(c) Rs. 294 (d) Rs. 359
5. An article is sold at 20% profit. If its cost price is increased by Rs. 50 and at the
same time if its selling price is also increased by Rs. 30, the percentage of profit
decreases by 33.33%. Find the cost price.
(a) Rs. 459 (b) Rs. 400
(c) Rs. 867 (d) None of these
6. I sell 16 articles for the same money as I paid for 20. What is my gain %?
(a) 23% (b) 19%
(c) 25% (d) 98%
49
ARITHMETIC
7. A wholesaler sells 30 pens for the price of 27 pens to a retailer. The retailer sells
the pens at the marked price. Find the percent profit of the retailer.
100 100
(a) % (b) %
8 9
102 103
(c) % (d) %
9 9
8. If goods be purchased for Rs. 450, and one-third be sold at a loss of 10%, at
what price should the remainder be sold so as to gain 20% on the whole
transaction?
(a) Rs. 123 (b) Rs. 956
(c) Rs. 405 (d) Rs. 150
9. A man purchases 5 horses and 10 cows for Rs. 10000. He sells the horses at 15%
profit and the cows at 10% loss. Thus he gets Rs. 375 as profit. Find the cost of
1 horse and 1 cow separately.
(a) Rs. 1200, Rs. 469 (b) Rs. 1100, Rs. 450
(c) Rs. 1200, Rs. 450 (d) None
10. Two-thirds of a consignment was sold at a profit of 6% and the rest at a loss of
3%. If there was an overall profit of Rs. 540, find the value of the consignment.
(Hint: Use Alligation)
(a) Rs. 19, 000 (b) Rs. 16,000
(c) Rs. 15,000 (d) Rs. 18,000
11. Nandlal purchased 20 dozen notebooks at Rs. 48 per dozen. He sold 8 dozen at
10% profit and the remaining 12 dozen at 20% profit. What is his profit percentage
in this transaction?
(Hint: Use Alligation)
(a) 16% (b) 12%
(c) 15% (d) None
50
PROFIT AND LOSS
12. A reduction of 10% in the price of sugar enables a person to obtain 25 kg more
for Rs. 225. What is the reduction price per kg?
(a) 91p (b) 90p
(c) 89p (d) 78p
13. A grocer mixes 26 kg of sugar which cost Rs. 2 a kg with 30 kg of sugar which
costRs. 3.60 a kg and sells the mixture at Rs. 3 a kg. What is his profit %?
(a) 6% (b) 4%
(c) 8% (d) 5%
14. A man purchases a certain number of mangoes at 3 per rupee and the same
numberat 4 per rupee. He mixes them together and sells them at 3 per rupee.
What is his gain %?
100 100
(a) % (b) %
9 6
100 102
(c) % (d) %
7 6
15. If toffees are bought at the rate of 25 for a rupee, how many must be sold for 4
rupees so as to gain 25%?
(a) 20 (b) 80
(c) 100 (d) 75
16. A person bought some oranges at the rate of 5 per rupee and an equal number
at 6 per rupee. He mixes both the types and sells at 9 for rupees 2. In this
business he bears a loss of Rs. 42. Find out how many oranges he bought in all.
(a) 1080 (b) 1100
(c) 1120 (d) None
17. A tradesman marks his goods at 25% above his cost price and allows purchasers
a discount of 12.5% for cash. What profit% does he make?
75 54
(a) % (b) %
3 8
76 75
(c) % (d) %
8 8
51
ARITHMETIC
18. A trader allows a discount of 5% for cash payment. How much % above cost
price must be mark his goods to make a profit of 10%?
300 300
(a) % (b) %
18 17
300 301
(c) % (d) %
19 19
19. Manju sells an article to Anju at a profit of 25%. Anju sells it to Sonia at a gain
of 10% and Sonia sells to Bobby at a profit of 5%. If Sonia sells it for Rs. 231,
find the cost price at which Manju bought the article.
(a) Rs. 160 (b) Rs. l59
(c) Rs. 161 (d) Rs. 168
20. Satish marks his goods 25% above cost price but allows 12.5% discount for
cash payment. If he sells the article for Rs. 875, find his cost price.
(a) Rs. 394 (b) Rs. 800
(c) Rs. 690 (d) Rs. 600
21. If oranges are bought at the rate of 30 for a rupee, how many must be sold for a
rupee in order to gain 25%?
(a) 23 (b) 22
(c) 21 (d) 24
22. By selling oranges at 32 a rupee, a man loses 40%. How many for a rupee should
he sell in order to gain 20%?
(a) 13 (b) 22
(c) 16 (d) 17
23. A man bought a certain quantity of rice at the rate of Rs. 150 per quintal. 10% of
the rice was spoiled. At what price should he sell the remaining to gain 20% of
his outlay?
(a) Rs. 200 (b) Rs. 201
(c) Rs. 300 (d) Rs. 400
24. What profit % is made by selling an article at a certain price, if by selling at 2/3
of that price there would be a loss of 20%?
(a) 10% (b) 30%
(c) 40% (d) 20%
52
PROFIT AND LOSS
25. Suresh purchased a horse at 9/10 of its selling price and sold it at 8% more than
its selling price. Find his gain %.
(a) 21% (b) 22%
(c) 20% (d) 24%
26. The marked price of a radio is Rs. 480. The shopkeeper allows a discount of
10% and gains 8%. If no discount is allowed, find his gain %.
(a) 21% (b) 22%
(c) 20% (d) 24%
27. A milkman buys some milk. If he sells it at Rs. 5 a litre, he loses Rs. 200, but when
he sells it at Rs. 6 a litre, he gains Rs. 150. How much milk did he purchase?
(a) 340 (b) 468
(c) 350 (d) 342
28. 9 kg of rice cost as much as 4 kg of sugar; 14 kg of sugar cost as much as 1.5 kg
of tea; 2 kg of tea cost as much as 5 kg of coffee; find the cost of 11 kg of coffee,
if 2.5 kg of rice cost Rs. 12.50.
(a) Rs. 462 (b) Rs. 759
(c) Rs. 783 (d) Rs. 700
29. A fruit merchant makes a profit of 20% by selling a commodity at a certain price.
If he charges Rs. 3 more on each commodity, he would gain 50%. Find the first
selling price of that commodity.
(a) Rs. 11 (b) Rs. 17
(c) Can’t say (d) None of these
30. A person saves 10% of his income. If his income increases by 20% and he
decides to save 15% of his Income, by what % has his saving increased?
(a) 80% (b) 90%
(c) 100% (d) 70%
31. A man sells two horses for Rs. 1710. The cost price of the first is equal to the
selling price of the second. If the first is sold at 10% loss and the second at 25%
gain, what is his total gain or loss (in rupees)?
(a) Rs. 120 (b) Rs. 100
(c) Rs. 80 (d) Rs. 95
53
ARITHMETIC
32. Rakesh calculates his profit % on the selling price whereas Ramesh calculates
his on the cost price. They find that the difference of their profits is Rs. l00. If
the selling price of both of them are the same and both of them make 25% profit,
find their selling price.
(a) Rs. 3000 (b) Rs. 4000
(c) Rs. 2000 (d) Rs. 5000
33. If a discount of 10% is given on the marked price of an article, the shopkeeper
gets a profit of 20%. Find his % profit if he offers a discount of 20% on the same
article.
20 20
(a) % (b) %
4 3
21
(c) % (d) None
4
34. A farmer sold a cow and a calf for Rs. 760 and got a profit of 10% on the cow
and 25% on the calf. If he sells the cow and the calf for Rs. 767.50 and gets a
profit of 25% on the cow and 10% on the calf, find the cost price of the calf.
(a) Rs. 500 (b) Rs. 380
35. If oranges are bought at 11 for 10p and sold at 10 for 11p, what is the
gain/loss %?
(a) 22% (b) 23%
(c) 21% (d) 31%
36. A dishonest dealer professes to sell his goods at cost price but uses a weight
of 875 gms for the kg weight. Find his gain %.
100 100
(a) % (b) %
6 8
100 100
(c) % (d) %
5 7
54
PROFIT AND LOSS
37. A man buys milk at 60p per litre, adds one-third of water to it and sells the
mixture at 72p per litre. Find profit %.
(a) 60% (b) 39%
(c) 30% (d) None
38. If mangoes are bought at 15 a rupee, how many must be sold for a rupee to gain
25%?
(a) 11 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 15
39. What profit % is made by selling an article at a certain price, if by selling at a
2/3 of that price there would be a loss of 20%?
(a) 22% (b) 20%
(c) 34% (d) 43%
40. A man buys apples at a certain price per dozen and sells them at eight times that
price per hundred. Find gain %.
(a) 4% (b) –5%
(c) –4% (d) 5%
41. A shopkeeper bought a table marked at Rs. 200 at successive discounts of 10%
and 15% respectively. He spent Rs. 7 on transport and sold the table for Rs. 208.
Find his profit %.
(a) 30% (b) 35%
(c) 45% (d) 25%
42. A merchant sold his goods for Rs. 75 at a profit % equal to the cost price. Find
the C.P.
(a) Rs. 60 (b) Rs. 40
(c) Rs. 30 (d) Rs. 50
43. I purchased a box full of pencils at the rate of 7 for Rs. 5 and sold the whole box
at the rate of 9 for Rs. 8. In this process I gained Rs. 44. How many pencils were
contained in the box?
(a) 225 (b) 235
(c) 252 (d) None
55
ARITHMETIC
44. A merchant professes to sell his goods at a loss of 10%, but weighs 750 gms in
place of a kg. Find his real loss or gain %.
(a) 22% loss (b) 20% gain
(c) 40% gain (d) 21% loss
45. By selling salt at Re. 1 a kg, a man gains 10%. By how much must he raise the
price so as to gain 21%?
(a) 6 paise (b) 7 paise
(c) 9 paise (d) 10 paise
46. A milkman buys some milk contained in 10 vessels of equal size. If he sells his
milk at Rs. 5 a litre, he loses Rs. 200; while selling it at Rs. 6 a litre, he would gain
Rs. 150 on the whole. Find the number of litres contained in each cask.
(a) 36 liters (b) 38 liters
(c) 39 liters (d) none
47. A watch passes through three hands and each gains 25%. If the third sells it for
Rs. 250, what did the first pay for it?
(a) Rs. 128 (b) Rs. 129
(c) Rs. 130 (d) Rs. 124
48. A reduction of 40% in the price of bananas would enable a man to obtain 64
more for Rs. 40. What is the reduced price per dozen?
(a) Rs. 3 (b) Rs. 4
(c) Rs. 5 (d) Rs. 6
49. Goods are sold so that when 4 % is taken off the list price, a profit of 20% is
made. How much % is the list price more than the cost price?
(a) 24% (b) 25%
(c) 26% (d) 27%
50. A man sells an article at 5% profit. If he had bought it at 5% less and sold it for
Re. 1 less, he would have gained 10%. Find the cost price.
(a) Rs. 200 (b) Rs. 300
(c) Rs. 400 (d) Rs. 250
56
3
Interest
SIMPLE INTEREST
When someone lends money to someone else, the borrower usually pays a fee
to the lender. This fee is called ‘Interest’. ‘Simple’ interest, is ‘flat rate’ of interest.
The amount of simple interest paid each year is a fixed percentage of the amount
borrowed or lent at the start.
The simple interest formula is as follows:
Interest = Principal × Rate × Time
where:
‘Interest’ is the total amount of interest paid,
‘Principal’ is the amount lent or borrowed,
‘Rate’ is the percentage of the principal charged as interest each year. Here the
rate is expressed as a decimal fraction, so percentages must be similarly expressed.
For example, if the rate is 15%, then use 15/100 or 0.15 in the formula.
‘Time’ is the time in years of the loan.
The simple interest formula is often abbreviated in this form:
I = PRT
Three other variations of this formula are used to find P, R and T.
Simple interest problems can involve lending or borrowing. In both cases the
same formulae are used.
Whenever money is borrowed, the total Amount to be paid back equals the
principal borrowed plus the interest charged.
Total Repayments (Amount) = ( Principal + Interest )
Usually the money is paid back in regular installments, either monthly or weekly.
To calculate the regular payment amount, you divide the total amount to be repaid
by the number of months (or weeks ) of the loan.
ARITHMETIC
To convert the loan period, ‘T’, from years to months, you multiply it by 12,
since there are 12 months in a year. Or, to convert ‘T’ to weeks, you multiply by 52,
because there are 52 weeks in a year.
The example problem below shows you how to use these formulae:
Illustration : A student purchases a computer by obtaining a simple interest loan.
The computer costs Rs. 15000, and the interest rate on the loan is 12%. If the loan
is to be paid back in weekly installments over 2 years, calculate:
1. The amount of interest paid over the 2 years,
2. The total amount to be paid back,
3. The weekly payment amount.
Given: Principal: ‘P’ = Rs. 15000, Interest Rate: ‘R’ = 12% = 0.12,
Repayment Time: ‘T’ = 2 years
Part 1: To find the amount of interest paid.
Interest: I = PRT
= 15000 × 0.12 × 2
= Rs. 3600
Part 2: To find the total amount to be paid back.
Total repayments: A = principal + interest
= Rs. 15000 + Rs. 3600
= Rs. 18600
Part 3: To calculate the weekly payment amount
total repayments
weekly payment amount = loan period T in weeks
 
Rs.18600
=
2 × 52
= Rs. 178.8 per week
58
INTEREST
Illustration : Sourabh took an educational loan of 2 lakh at simple interest rate of

8% pa. He wants to pay back the entire amount in one shot when he starts earning
and has been able to save the required money. How much is he required to pay if
he wants to settle the account at the end of
(a) 3 years (b) 4 years
(c) 5 years (d) 6 years
(e) 7 years (f) 15 years
Solution:
Interest amount at the end of 3 years = PRT = 2,00,000 × 0.08 × 3 = 48,000
Interest amount at the end of 7 years = PRT = 2,00,000 × 0.08 × 7 = 1,12,000
Interest amount at the end of 15 years = PRT = 2,00,000 × 0.08 × 15 = 2,40,000
Here we can observe that Interest or the amount due at the end of each year
follows an Arithmetic Progression with a common difference of 16,000.
Year Interest for the year Cumulative Interest Amount

0 200,000
1 16,000 16,000 216,000
2 16,000 32,000 232,000
3 16,000 48,000 248,000
4 16,000 64,000 264,000
5 16,000 80,000 280,000
6 16,000 96,000 296,000
7 16,000 112,000 312,000
Thus we can calculate the Amount payable directly by using AP.

For Amount at the end of 15 years
a = 2,00,000
n = 16
d = 16,000
A = 2,00,000 + 15 × 16,000 = 4,40,000
59
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : Rs. 2500 amounts to Rs. 3250 in 3 years. Find what will be the
amount in 6 years?
Method 1.
A = 3250, P = 2500, SI = 3250 – 2500 ,
T = 3, SI = P×r×T
750 = 2500 × r × T
r = 0.1 or R = 10%
 in 6 years, SI = 2500× 0.1×6 = 1500
A = 2500 + 1500 = 4000
Note:
Method 2. Unitary Method
We know, SI = P×r×T Now, if P and r remain same but T doubles, then
SI2 = P × r × 2T = 2 × P × r × T = 2 × SI1
when New T/Old T = 2, then New SI/Old SI = 2
Let’s check it again.
If New T/Old T = 2.75 times,
then New SI = P × r × 2.75T = 2.75 × Old SI
So, we can take this as a general rule that whenever P and r remains same, SI
moves in direct proportion with T. So, if T triples, SI triples and so on.
Similarly, you can observe that whenever P and T remains same, but r changes,
then SI moves in direct proportion with r. So, if new r is l.5*old r, then new SI is
1.5*old SI. Similarly, whenever T and r remains same but P changes, then SI moves
in direct proportion with P. We can use this principle in this question and get the
answer directly.
As T has doubled with P and r remain constant, SI should also double.
Old SI is Rs. 750 so new SI is 2×750 = 1500.
And new amount is 2500 + 1500 = 4000
Method 3.
We have discussed that both the SI and Amount follow AP.
Also, Interest for any 3 year interval will be the same = 3250 – 2500 = 750
Hence, the Amount at the end of 6 years = 3250 + 750 = 4000
60
INTEREST
Illustration : Rs. 2500 amounts to Rs. 3250 in 3 years. Find what will be Rs. 4000
amount to in 5 years at the same rate?
Method 1
R = 10% (as calculated in previous illustration)
SI = 4000×0.l×5 = 2000
Method 2
If we have not calculated the rate as in the previous question, we could have
taken the help of unitary method.
In this question, P and T are changing and only r is constant. But principle
derived above is still valid here with only a slight change. Now, SI will move in the
direct proportion of product of P and T.
4000 8
New P/Old P = 
2500 5
5
New T/Old T =
3
 8 5 8
New SI/Old SI =      
 5 3 3
8
New SI =    750  2000.
 3
Illustration : X lent Rs. 2450 for 6 year and 3600 for 3 years at the same rate of
interest. He received Rs. 1275 as combined interest for both. Find the rate of
interest?
Method 1
1275 = (2450 × r × 6) + (3600×r×3)
= 14700r + 10800r
1275
r = = 0.05 = 5%
25500
Method 2
SI on 3600 for 3 years is equivalent to SI on 1800 (half of 3600) for 6 years
(double of 3 years). So,
Total principle lent is 2450 + 1800 = 4250 for 6 years.
1275 = 4250 × r × 6
1275
r =
 4250  6  = 0.05 = 5%
61
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : A sum of money doubles itself in 4 year at some rate of interest. In how
many years it will triple itself?
As P and r are constant we can use principle discussed above.
2
New SI /Old SI =
1
So, New T/Old T = 2
New T = 2 × 4 = 8 years.
Illustration : Mr. Somebody borrows Rs.15000 from the bank for 2 years at 30%.
At the end of first year he repays Rs. 7500. How much he should pay at the end of
second year to clear all his debts?
At the end of first year he repays 7500. But that 7500 includes interest for one
year on 1,5000 as well as some principle repayment.
SI for one year on 15000 = 15000 × 30% × 1 = 4500
So, 7500 includes 4500 towards interest and 3000(7500 – 4500) towards principle.
At the end of second year Mr. Somebody should pay back outstanding principle
of Rs. 12000 (15000 – 3000) and interest on that for one year.
A = 12000 × (1+ 0.30)= 15600
Illustration : Money X amounts to Rs. 12400 in 2 years and 15400 in 4.5 years.
Find the sum and the rate of the interest?
Using understanding of AP,
SI for 2.5 years = SI for 4.5 years – SI for 2 years
= Amount of 4.5 years – Amount of 2 years
= 15400 – 12400 = 3000
3000
SI for 1 year = = 1200
2.5
Original Amount = 12400 – 2 × 1200 = 10000
Illustration : Money X was invested for 3 years at SI. Had it been invested at 5%
higher it would have fetched Rs. 180 more. Find X?
At 5% higher, Rs. 180 would have been earned at the end of 3 years.
 Rs. 60(180/3) is the interest on X for each year at 5%
60
So, X = = 1200
0.05
62
INTEREST
Illustration : Rs. 10,000 is lent in two parts, one at 14% and the other at 11%. If
the total annual income is 1310, find how much is lent at 14%?
Method 1
Let X be the amount invested at 14%. So 10000–X is the amount invested at
11%.
X × 0.14 × l + (10000 – X) × 0.11 × 1 = 1310
X = 7000
Method 2
Had the complete amount of 10000 be invested in 14%, interest would have
been 1400. Had the complete amount of 10000 be invested in 11%, interest would
have been 1100. But the interest earned is 1310, as the complete amount was not
invested in one. We can calculate the ratio of amount invested in 14% and 11% by
Alligation rule. We will discuss this method in detail in Chapter on Ratio & Proportion
and Mixture & Solutions.
COMPOUND INTEREST
‘Compound Interest’ calculations apply to investments where the amount of
interest is calculated on the present balance of the account. In other words, the
borrower is required to pay the interest on the accrued previous interest as well.
The amount you invest is called the ‘Principal’.
Illustration : If you invest a principal of Rs. 1000 at 10% compound interest paid
yearly, then after the first year, the interest payment will be:
Interest (first year) = 10% of Rs. 1000 = Rs. 100
If the interest is added to the principal, you now have:
Rs. 1000 + Rs. 100 = Rs. 1100 as new principal,
so the next year interest will be 10% of the new total:
Interest (second year) = 10% of Rs. 1100 = Rs. 110
Notice that the increase in Interest is Rs. 10 greater for the second year than the
first. This is because, 10% interest has to be paid on 1st years accrued interest
(10% on Rs. 100). This trend will continue during the life of the investment so that
it will continue to grow faster and faster as time goes on.
So the principal taken for the third year will be treated at Rs. 1210.
Interest (third year) = 10% of Rs. 1210 = Rs. 121
63
ARITHMETIC
The difference of interest between the second and the third year is Rs. 11,
which makes its appearance because of interest being charged on the previous
interest.
Interest (third year) = 10% of Rs. 1210
= 10% of Rs. 1000 (Original Principal)
+ 10% of Rs. 100 (Interest of 1st Year on 1000)
+ 10% of Rs. 100 (Interest of 2nd Year on 1000)
+ 10% of Rs. 10 (Interest on Interest of 1st Year
on 1000)
Amount outstanding after 3rd year = 1210 + 121 = Rs. 1331
The compound interest formula calculates the value of a compound interest
investment after ‘n’ interest periods.
A = P (1 + r)n
where:
‘A’= Amount after‘n’interest periods.
‘P’= Principal,the amount invested at the start.
‘r’ = the interest rate applying to each period.
‘n’ = the number of interest periods
Using this formula to duplicate the results from the example above:
P = Rs. 1000, r = 0.1, n = 2 or 3
so: A 2 = 1000(1 + 0.1)2 = 1000 × 1.21 = Rs. 1210
A3 = 1000(1 + 0.1)3 = 1000 × 1.331 = Rs. 1331
In fact if we look closely, Amount in case of Compound Interest actually
follows the Geometric Progression.
Terms P A1 A2 A3
Values 1000 1100 1210 1331
Ratio between
conservative terms 1.1 1.1 1.1
The common ratio to define the GP is (1 + r)

The First Term is Principal to start with.
64
INTEREST
MODIFIED INTEREST PERIODS

In case of Compound Interest, the period of compounding is also important.
The interest rate is per interest period. Often, interest rates are given for a whole
year, (per annum). A yearly interest rate must be divided by the number of payments
per year.
e.g. assuming the interest rate on an investment is 12% per annum compounded
annualy;
A loan of Rs. 100,000 will turn into
Terms P A1 A2 A3
Compounded
Values at annual 100,000.00 112,000.00 125,440.00 140,492.80
Ratio between
consecutive terms 1.12 1.12 1.12
But, in case the compounding is charged monthly, interest rate becomes

12%/12 = 1%
At the end of 1st month, the amount will be 100,000.00 × 1.01 = 101000
At the end of 2nd month, the amount will be 101,000.00 × 1.01 = 102,010.00
At the end of 3rd month, the amount will be 102,010.00 × 1.01 = 103,030.10
At the end of 4th month, the amount will be 103,030.10 × 1.01 = 104,060.40
Comparing the annual and monthly compounding results, we see that the values
at monthly compounding increase at a faster pace!
65
ARITHMETIC
Terms P A1 A2 A3
Compounded
Values at annual 100,000.00 112,000.00 125,440.00 140,492.80
Compounded values
at monthly 100,000.00 112,682.50 126,973.47 143,076.88
Think, that had we compared Simple Interest at monthly and annual rates, what
would have been different!
Important point
* Unless and until specified, interest is always taken as simple interest.
* The simple interest earned always remains constant for any particular
interval.
* The simple interest and the compound interest earned during the first
period remains the same.
* Compound interest earned during a period is the sum of the compound
interest earned during the previous period and the interest earned on this
compound interest for one year. Formula for difference between CI and SI
for 2 years is CI2 – SI2 = r2p
* Compound Interest is a very calculative topic as you have to calculate
powers. Imagine the calculations, that too without calculator, if you have
to calculate CI for 7 years at the rate 12% on Rs. 350. Because of this fact,
students either leave this topic or practice multiplication and powers a
lot. But, I believe, both approaches are wrong. Though compound interest
is a calculative topic but in entrance exams you hardly gets a question on
compound interest, which involves lot of calculations. Most of questions
on compound interest in entrance exam can be solved without calculations
or by some approximations. You just need to understand the funda of
compound interest. We will see in detail in this chapter how you can
solve questions on compound interest.
Illustration : What is the difference between SI and CI on Rs. 20000 lent at 10% for
3 years?
Method 1
SI = 20000 ×0.l × 3 = 6000
CI = 20000(1.1)3 – 20000 = 20000×1.331 – 20000
= 6620
Difference = 6620 – 6000 = 620
66
INTEREST
Method 2
CI3 – SI3 = 3 r2P + r3 P = 3× 0.01 × 20000 + 0.001 × 20,000
= 600 + 20 = 620
Note:
The previous result comes from comparing the SI & CI values for each period.
Year–1 Year– 2 Year–3
Cumulative SI PR 2PR 3PR
Cumulative CI PR P (1+R)2 – P P(1+R)3 – P
= P (2R + R2) = P (3R + 3R2+ R3)
SI for that year PR PR PR
CI for that year PR PR + PR2 PR + 2PR2+ R3
Diff (CI – SI) 0 PR2 3R2 P + R3 P
Illustration : A certain sum of money invested at certain rate of CI amounts to

Rs. 3550 in 2 years and Rs. 3976 in 3 years. Find the rate of interest?
Interest earned during the third year = 3976 – 3550 = 426
Concept of CI says that CI is charged on the outstanding amount of previous
year.
So, Rs. 426 is the interest charged on Rs. 3550 for one year at the given rate.
426 = 3550×r×I or r = 426/3550 = 0.12 = 12%
Illustration : On X rupees, the compound interest for the two years is Rs. 516 and
the simple interest is Rs. 480. Find the sum and the rate of the interest?
480 is the SI for two years.
We know that SI remains same for all years.
480
SI for each year = = 240.
2
We also know that CI and SI are equal during the first year.
CI in first year = 240
CI for second year = 516 – 240 = 276.
67
ARITHMETIC
We also know, that CI for 2nd year is sum of SI on Principal & SI on the interest
earned during the 1st year.
Or, the extra amount is SI earned on the Interest of 1st year.
Hence 36 ( = 276 – 240) is the interest on Rs 240 for one year.
36
 36 = 240×r×I or r = = 0.15 = 15%
240
To calculate P, 240 is interest in 1 year at 15%
240
P = =1600
0.15
Illustration : Money X at compound interest doubles itself in 4 years. In how many
years will X become 16 times?
Method 1
A = P (l + r)n
2X = X(l + r)4
2 = (1 + r)4
Let’s assume that X will become 16 times in y years.
16X = X(l + r)y
16 = (l + r)y
24 = (l + r)y
[(1 + r)4]4 = (1 + r)y
(l + r)l6 = (l + r)y
y = 16.
Method 2
In 4 years, a sum gets doubled.
In next 4 years, it will again double from the current state i.e. quadruple from the
initial state.
In next 4 years, it will again double from the current state i.e. 8 times the initial
state.
In next 4 years, it will again double from the current state i.e. 16 times the initial
state.
Hence, in 16 years, it has become 16 times.
68
INTEREST
Illustration : A bank pays CI at 15% per annum compounded half-yearly. What is

the effective rate of interest per annum?
Here compounding period is 6 monthly. So in one year there are 2 periods.
15
15% is the rate per annum. But rate per period is = 7.5%
2
 CI for one year on Rs. 100 = 100(1+0.75)2 – 100
= 115.56 – 100 =15.56.
As actual interest for one year is 15.56 on Rs 100, rate per annum is 15.56%.
Important Point
Whenever period for compounding is less than 1 year, actual rate of interest
per annum is always more than given rate per annum.
DEPRECIATION
Depreciation is negative CI. As in Cl the amount increases every year, in
depreciation amount decreases every year.
A = P(l + r)n where ‘r’ takes a negative value.
The concept of deprecation is valid where the value of any article such as
Machine declines with the time.
Illustration : Find the value of the car after 3 years if it depreciats at 20% and was
purchased for Rs. 2,50,000?
A = 2,50,000 (1– 0.2 )3 = 1,28,00
Illustration : What principal does Andrew need to invest at 15% p.a. compounding
monthly so that he ends up with Rs. 10,000 at the end of five years?
Here, 10,000 = P(1 + 0.0125)60
10, 000
Hence, P = 60
= 4745.68
1  0.0125
Illustration : Sagarika has Rs. 5000 to invest. What interest rate compounded
monthly would cause her investment to increase to Rs. 7000 after 5 years?
Here, 7000 = 5000 (1 + r)60
1/ 60
 7000 
Hence, 1+ r =   = 1.00562
 5000 
Or, the rate = 6.75% p.a.
69
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : If a loan amounts to 160000 after 9 years and to 331776 after 15

years at compound interest how much does it become after 12 years?
This can be done by using the understanding of traditional Compound Interest.
But it’s easier done using the understanding of GP.
In that case, the A9, A12, A15 will form a GP. (Think, why?)
Hence, A12 is the geometric mean of A9 and A15.
Hence, A12 = (A9 . A15)1/2 = (160000 × 331776)1/2
= 230400
To find the number of interest periods required to achieve your goal:
(log A – log P)
n =
log (1+r)
Illustration : Akshay needs Rs. 40000 for a motorcycle. He decides to invest Rs.
15000 at 20% p.a. compound interest, compounding annually. How long will he
have to wait until the Rs. 15000 grows to Rs. 40000?
(log A – log P)
Here, n =
log (1+r)
(log 40, 000 – log 15, 000)
=
log (1 + 0.2)
8
log  
 3
=
log 1.2
(log 8 – log 3)
=
(log 12 – log 10)
log 8 = log 23 = 3 log 2 = 3 × 0.3010 = 0.9030
log 12 = log (22 × 3) = 2 log 2 + log 3
= 2 × 0.3010 + 0.4771 = 1.0791
 0.9030 – 0.4771
Hence, n = = 5.4 years.
1.0791 – 1
70
INTEREST
EXERCISE
1. In what time will Rs. 8500 amount to Rs. 15725 at 5 per cent per annum?
(a) 21 yrs (b) 19 years
(c) 23 yrs (d) none
2. The simple interest on a sum of money is 1/9 of the principal, and the number of
years is equal to the rate percent per annum. Find the rate percent.
9
(a) % (b) 3%
5
15 10
(c) % (d) %
4 3
3. What annual payment will discharge a debt of Rs. 770 due in 5 years, the rate of
interest being 5% per annum?
(a) 150 (b) 140
(c) 190 (d) none
4. The annual payment of Rs. 80 in 5 year at 5% per annum simple interest will
discharge a debt of ?
(a) 400 (b) 500
(c) 440 (d) none
5. The rate of interest for the first 2 yrs is 3% per annum, 6% per annum for the
next three years and for the period beyond 5 years, 10% per annum. If a man
gets Rs. 2040 as a simple interest for 6 years, how much money did he deposit?
(a) 3000 (b) 3800
(c) 4000 (d) 2000
6. A sum was put at SI at a certain rate for 2 yrs. Had it been put at 3% higher rate,
it would have fetched Rs. 300 more. Find the sum.
(a) 4000 (b) 4500
(c) 5000 (d) none
71
ARITHMETIC
7. A sum of Rs. 3600 is lent out in two parts in such a way that the interest on one
part at 10% for 5 years is equal to that on another part at 9% for 6 years. Find the
higher sum.
(a) 1760 (b) 1250
(c) 1500 (d) none of these
8. A man invests an amount of Rs. 15,860 in the names of his three sons A, B and
C in such way that they get the same amount after 2, 3 and 4 years respectively.
If the rate of simple interest is 5% then find the ratio in which the amount was
invested for A, B and C?
1
(a) /110: 1/115: 1/120 (b) 1
/112:1/110: 1/119
(c) 522 : 528 : 510 (d) none
9. A sum amounts to Rs. 702 in 2 years and Rs. 783 in 3 years. The rate per cent is
(a) 5% (b) 6%
(c) 7% (d) none
10. A man borrows Rs. 600 from a bank at 4% p.a. compound interest and invests
the amount in a car which he sells at Rs. 720 which he received from the buyer
after 2 years. How much money did the man gain in the deal?
(a) 25 (b) 71
(c) 72 (d) 84
11. The amount of Rs. 7500 at compound interest at 4% per annum of 2 years is :
(a) Rs. 7800 (b) Rs. 8100
(c) Rs. 8112 (d) Rs. 8082
12. If the simple interest on a sum of money at 5% per annum for 3 years is Rs. 1200,
the compound interest on the same sum for the same period at the same rate is:
(a) Rs. 1260 (b) Rs. 1261
(c) Rs. l264 (d) Rs. l265
13. The difference between the compound interest and the simple interest on a sum
of money for 2 years at 12½ % per annum is Rs. 150. The sum is :
(a) Rs. 9000 (b) Rs. 9200
(c) Rs. 9500 (d) Rs. 9600
72
INTEREST
14. If the difference between the compound interest, compounded half yearly and
the simple interest on a sum at 10% per annum for one year is Rs. 25, the sum is:
(a) Rs. 9000 (b) Rs. 9500
(c) Rs. l0000 (d) Rs. l0500
2
15. If the compound interest on a certain sum at 16 % for 3years is Rs. 1270, the
3
simple interest on the same sum at the same rate and for the same period is :
(a) Rs. l200 (b) Rs. 1220
(c) Rs. l080 (d) None
16. A sum of money at compound interest amounts to Rs. 578.40 in 2years and to
Rs. 614.55 in 3 years. The rate of interest per annum is :
(a) 4% (b) 5%
1 1
(c) 6 % (d) 8 %
4 3
17. If the amount is 2 ¼ times the sum after 2 years at compound interest, the rate
of interest per annum is :
(a) 25% (b) 30%
(c) 40% (d) 50%
18. A sum of money at compound interest amounts to thrice itself in 3 years. In how
many years will it be 9 times itself ?
(a) 12 (b) 9
(c) 6 (d) 8
19. In how many years will a sum of Rs. 800 at 10% per annum compounded semi-
annually become Rs. 926.10?
(a) 2 ½ (b) 1½
(c) 2 (d) 1
20. The present worth of Rs. 169 due in 2 years at 4% pa compound interest is
(a) Rs. l50.50 (b) Rs. l54.75
(c) Rs. l56.25 (d) Rs. l58
73
ARITHMETIC
21. To find out the total compound interest accrued on a sum of money after
5 years, which of the following information given in the statements A and B is/
are sufficient ?
‘A’ : The rate of interest was 6% per annum.
‘B’ : The total simple interest on the same amount after 5 years at the same rate
will be Rs. 600 ?
(a) only B is sufficient (b) Either A or B is sufficient
(c) Both A & together are needed (d) Both A and B are not sufficient
22. To find out the total compound interest accrued on a sum of money after 5
years, which of the following information given in the statements P and Q will
be sufficient ?
P : The sum was Rs. 20000.
Q : The total amount or simple interest on the sum after 5 years was Rs. 4000.
(a) only P is sufficient (b) only Q is sufficient
(c) Either P or Q is sufficient (d) Both P & Q are needed
23. A person takes a loan of Rs. 200 at 5% simple interest. He returns Rs. l00 at the
end of 1 year. In order to clear his dues at the end of 2 years, he would pay :
(a) Rs. 115.50 (b) Rs. 110
(c) Rs. 115 (d) Rs. l00
24. Karan wants to invest Rs. 4000 for 2 years. He has options (1) Invest the
amount at 10% p.a. compound interest, interest compounded quarterly or (2)
Invest the amount at 10% p.a. compound interest, interest compounded semi
annually. Which investment opportunity gives Karan better returns?
(a) first option
(b) second option
(c) both are equal
(d) none of these
25. In a certain African village, the annual birth and death rates are 34% and 14%
per 1000 respectively. In how many years will the population of the village be
doubled?
(a) 2 years (b) 3 years
(c) 4 years (d) 5 years
74
INTEREST
26. The compound interest on Rs. X for 4 years at 8% is Rs. 720.98. What is the
simple interest on Rs. X for the same period at the same interest rate?
(a) Rs. 60 (b) Rs. 640
(c) Rs. 520 (d) Rs. 680
27. Aditya decided to deposit Rs. 1500 in the bank at 5% p.a. His friend Vishal
offered to pay back Rs. 1650 in 6 months if he was lent the same money. How
much more will Aditya make in a year if he accepts Vishal’s offer and deposits
Rs. I650 in the bank once returned?
(a) Rs. 116.25 (b) Rs. 136.50
(c) Rs. 93.75 (d) Rs. 112.5
28. A person avails of a loan of Rs. 14000 at 18% interest per annum. He has to
repay the entire debt in 3 equal installments, each payable at intervals one year
after the previous payment. What is the installment amount the person will
have to pay every year?
(a) Rs. 6500 (b) Rs. 6256
(c) Rs. 6440 (d) Rs. 5932
29. Find the present value of $450 due after 3 years at an interest rate of 8% p.a.
(a) $423.37 (b) $400
(c) $325 (d) $357.22
30. What discount can be offered on a bill for Rs. 600 at 5% due 6 months from
now?
(a) 20 (b) < 15
(c) 15 (d) 10
75
4
Time, Speed & Distance
This chapter relates to concepts based on time, speed and distance. Generally
it is concerned with objects in Motion.
The following concepts will be covered in this chapter:
1. Relationship between Time, Speed and Distance including variation.
2. Units of measurement and their conversions.
3. Average Speed.
4. Relative Speed, Speed in streams.
5. Circular Motion.
6. Clocks.
7. Races.
Speed : The speed or velocity is defined as the distance travelled by a body in
unit time.
D = ST
Or, (Distance = Speed X Time)
Above equation defines the basic relationship between time, speed and distance.
From above relationship following can be inferred
(a) Distance  Time; for constant speed
e.g., if time taken by a body is given in ratio 5:4 for constant speed ‘S’ then
distance travelled will be in the ratio 5:4
(b) Speed  1/time; for constant distance
e.g., if two bodies travelled certain distance at speeds SA and SB such that;
SA : SB = 5:4,
then time taken to travel the same distance will be in the ratio
TA : TB = 4:5
TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE
Illustration 1: Ravi and Ram walk from A to B, a distance of 42 km at 6 and 8

kmph respectively. Ram reaches B, and immediately returns and meets Ravi at C.
Find the distance from A to C?
Solution: Let Ravi and Ram took time “t” to meet at C.
Distance traveled by Ravi is AC, by Ram AB + BC.
Thus total distance travelled by both of them is
AC + AB + BC = 2AB = 2×42 = 84 Km.
Since the ratio of their speeds are 6:8 or 3:4. Time t is constant. So the ratio of
distance traveled by them will also be 3:4.
3
Thus, distance travelled by Ravi = AC = × 84 = 36 Km.
7
Illustration 2: B leaves for office 10 minutes after A and reached there in 20
minutes. They both meet at office. If B leaves for office 5 minutes after A. How long
B will take to catch A. And where they will meet?
Solution: Time taken to reach office A=30min, B=20 min. The ratio of the time taken
will be 3:2. Since speed is constant, the time taken by them to meet will be
in ratio 3:2. A leaves 5 min before B, so he will take 5×3 or 15 min to meet B.Same is
the case of B who will take 5×2 or 10 min to meet A. The above question is independent
of the distance travelled. But if the distance is same, they will meet half way between
home and office.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Generally the following units of measurement are used: –
(a) Time is measured in seconds (s), minutes (min) or hours(hr)
(b) Distance is measured in meters (m), Kilometers (km), miles, feet or yards
(c) Speed is measured usually measured in m/s, kmph or mph. (miles per hour)
CONVERSION OF UNITS
(a) 1 hr = 60 min = 3600s
(b) 1000 m = 1 km
(c) 1 km = 0.6214 mile
(d) 1 mile = 1.609 km (5 miles ~ 8 km)
77
ARITHMETIC
(e) 3 feet = 1yard

5
(f) 1kmph = m/s
18
18
(g) 1 m/s = kmph
5
22
(h) 1 mile/hr = ft/s
15
Illustration 3: Kumar has to run a race of 200m. If his speed is 36 kmph, how much
time will he take to complete the race?
Solution: We need to convert the given speed 36 kmph to m/s.
5
So 36 kmph = 36 × m/s = 10 m/s
18
Distance given is 200m.
200m
Thus Time taken by Kumar will be =distance/speed = = 20s
10m/s
Illustration 4 : A car is traveling at a speed of 62 kmph. How much distance will it
cover in 4 hr?
Solution: D = S×T
Given; S = 62 kmph T = 4 hr
D = 62 × 4 = 248 km
Illustration 5: If the car travels non-stop 2 days to reach Bombay from Delhi, find
out the average speed, if the distance between Bombay and Delhi is 1500 km.
Solution: Total time taken = 2 days
= 2 × 24 hrs
= 48 h = ‘t’
D ; Distance travelled = 1500 kms
1500
S = D/T =
48
= 31.25 kmph
78
Illustration 6: Michael Schumacher wants to test drive his Ferrari. He completes

one round of test track in 72 seconds at a speed of 250 kmph. Find out length of
test track.
Solution: Time given = t = 72 s
Speed = 250 kmph
Since speed is given in km and time in seconds, we should make the units
consistent first.
5
S = 250 kmph = 250 × m/s
18
D = ST
5
72 × 250 × m = 5,000 m or 5 km.
18
Illustration 7: Driving at 40% faster speed than normal, Rajesh saves 25 minutes.
Find out the time he normally takes.
Solution: Let us assume normal Distance, Speed and Time to be D, S, and T
respectively
D = S×T ... (1)
Method 1: Rajesh increases his speed by 40% or
Snew = 1.4 S
T new = (T–25)
D = Snew × T new
Or, D = 1.4 S × (T–25) ... (2)
Equating (1) and (2)
S×T = 1.4 S × (T–25)
Or, T = 87.5 minutes
Method 2: Soriginal : Snew = 1:1.4
Or, Toriginal : Tnew = 1.4:1
Toriginal
Or, T new =
1.4
Now, Toriginal – Tnew = 25 minutes
Toriginal – Toriginal
= 25 minutes = 87.5 minutes.
1.4
79
ARITHMETIC
It is the important to note here that if speed becomes

1.3 × Soriginal
Toriginal
then, time becomes,
1.3
Illustration 8: If Rajesh travels from home to office at the speed of 3 kmph then he
reaches 5 minutes late. At the speed of 4 kmph he reaches office 5 minutes early.
Find out the distance between his Office and Home.
Solution:
Method 1: If the Distance is D, normal time “T “and normal speed ‘S’ then,
D = S×T
Or, 3 × (T + 5) = 4(T–5)
T = 35
 35+5
So D = 3×
60
40
= 3× = 2km
60
Method 2: Snew : Soriginal = 4:3 So, Tnew: Toriginal =3:4
3
Or T new =
4Toriginal
Or Toriginal = 40 min
40
So, D = 3× = 2 km
60
Method 3: Suppose the distance between office and home is 1 km. Time
taken to travel 1 km at 3 kmph = 20 min and at 4 kmph =15 min, thus Rajesh saves 5
minutes by increasing speed from 3 kmph to 4 kmph if distance 1 km. Since Rajesh
saves 10 minutes (double), the distance should also be doubled or 2 km.
Illustration 9 : Rajesh normally reaches office 20 minutes late. One day he
reduces his speed by 50% and reaches office 60 minutes late. Find out:
(a) Normal time taken to reach the Office.
(b) Maximum time available for journey, if Rajesh has to reach office on time.
(c) Increase in speed required to reach office in time.(For all above questions
assume that Rajesh starts at the same time)
80
Solution:
Method 1: Let us assume normal distance, speed and time to be D,S and T.
S
Thus S × (T + 20) = (T + 60)
2
Solving for T we get T = 20 minutes
Or, Normal time Rajesh Takes = T + 20
= 40 minutes
Method 2: SN : So = 0.5:1
TN : To = 1:0.5
Or, T N = 2 To
Now, TN – To = 60 – 20 = 40
Or 2To– To = 40
To = 40 minutes
(b) If Rajesh took 40 minutes to reach the office he is late by 20 minutes. So
the maximum time available to reach the office = (40 – 20) = 20 min.
(c) Time taken normally has to be halved if Rajesh has to reach office in time.
This means speed has to be doubled or increased by 100%
AVERAGE SPEED
If a moving body covers a distance at varying speed, then average speed may
be required to be calculated.
Average speed is defined as:
Total distance travelled
Average Speed =
Total time taken
If a body travells dl, d2, d3, .....dn distance with speed s1, s2, s3, .....sn in time tl, t2,
t3, .....tn respectively, then the average speed of the body through the total distance
is given by:
Total distance
Average Speed =
Total time
d1 +d 2 +d 3 +....+d n
= t1 +t 2 +t 3 +....+t n
81
ARITHMETIC
s1t1 + s 2 t 2 + s3 t3 + .... + s n t n
=
t1 + t 2 + t3 ... t n
s1 t1 s2 t 2 s3 t 3 sn t n
= + + +....
TTotal TTotal TTotal TTotal
Where TTotal = t1+t2+t3+....+tn = total time
Illustration 10 : Priyanka goes on a trip to Simla. She travels 20% of time at the
speed of 40 kmph, 30% of time at the speed of 50 km /hr and remaining time at the
speed of 100 kmph find out her average speed for the entire journey.
t1 t t
Solution: S = s1  s 2 2  s3 3
Tt Tt Tt
Where Tt = total time
SA = (0.2) (40) + (0.3) (50) + (0.5)100
= 8+15+50 =73 kmph
Important points
 If the same distance ‘d’ is traveled at two different speeds u and v then,
average speed is given by:
2uv
Average speed = ( harmonic mean of speeds)
u+v
 If two person A and B start at the same time in opposite directions from 2
points, each to the others point of starting, and reach their destination in
time TA and TB respectively, after having met, then
SA TB
=
SB TA
 If a person travels a distance of “d”, from X to Y, having speed “s” in time
a
“t” and back from y to x with speed of speed “s”, the change in time
b
taken to travel the distance between X and Y is :
 b 
change in time =   × t if b > a
 a–1 
 1–b 
=  × t if a > b
 a 
82
Illustration 11: One fine day Rajesh drives to office at a speed of 40 kmph and
returns home at a speed of 60 kmph. Find out Rajesh’s average speed.
2 × 40 × 60
Solution: Average speed =
40 + 60
4800
=
100
= 48 kmph
Illustration 12: Rajesh decides to take a weekend break and drives to Chandigarh.
He drives at a speed of 50 km/ hr for the first 100 km and at a speed of 60 kmph for
the next 180 km. Find out his average speed of the entire journey.
Solution:
100
Time taken for 1st 100 km = = 2 hr
50
180
Time taken for next 180 km = = 3 hr
60
Total time taken = 2 + 3 = 5 hrs
Total distance covered = 100 + 180 = 280 km
280
Average speed = = 56 km / hr
5
Illustration 13: Rajesh travels from Chandigarh to Manali at a speed of 30 kmph.
He takes a break of 2 days and returns to Chandigarh at a speed of 40 kmph. Total
time taken by him is 62 hrs. Find out the distance between Chandigarh and
Manali.
Solution: Total traveling time = (62) (2 × 24) =14 hrs.
2  30  40
Average speed =
70
240
Total Distance traveled D = 14 × = 480 km
7
480
Or, distance traveled one way = = 240 km
2
83
ARITHMETIC
RELATIVE SPEED
When two bodies are in motion their speeds with respect to each other are
different from their individual speeds. This speed is known as relative speed.
Or
Speed of a moving body ‘A’ in relation to another moving body ‘B’, is known as
relative speed of ‘A’, taking ‘B’ as reference point.
Let us assume (N) Nidhi and Priyanka (P) are separate by a distance ‘D’ and
Nidhi is traveling at speed U kmph and Priyanka is traveling at V kmph. Then 3 cases
arise: (Assume; U > V)
Nidhi Priyanka
(U km/hr) (V km/hr)
Case 1: Nidhi and Priyanka are moving in opposite direction and are moving
away from each other.
Nidhi Priyanka
U V
Relative Speed = U + V
Case 2: Nidhi and Priyanka are moving in opposite direction and are moving
towards each other.
Nidhi U V Priyanka
Relative Speed = U + V
Case 3: Nidhi and Priyanka are moving in the same direction
Nidhi Priyanka
U V
Relative Speed = U – V
84
Important points
 If a train of length ‘l’ passes a pole (width is negligible), then the time
taken by the train to completely cross the pole =the time required by it to
cover the distance of ‘l’ with the same speed
 If a train of length ‘l’ passes an object of length ‘o’, then the time taken to
cross the object = the time required by it to cover the distance ‘ l + o’ with
the same speed
 If two trains of length ‘l’ and ‘m’ in the same direction with speeds of ‘r’
and ‘s’ respectively, then the time taken to completely cross each other
will be
1+ m
=
|r - s|
 If two trains of length ‘l’ and ‘m’ moves in opposite direction at speeds of
‘r’ and ‘s’ respectively, then the time taken to cross each other will be
1+ m
= s+r
Illustration 15: A train leaves town A to town B at 60 kmph and at the same time
a second train leaves from B to A at 40 kmph. If the distance between these two
town is 300 kms; find out
(a) What time, after starting, do the trains meet
(b) Where do the trains meet
Solution:
D
(a) t =
S
300
= = 3 hrs
 60 + 40 
(b) The two trains meet 3 hour after they start
or Train A travels distance, DA = 60 × 3
= 180 km
So, the trains meet 180 km from town A
85
ARITHMETIC
Illustration 16: Two train of length 150m and 180m are traveling at speeds 36
kmph and 54 kmph respectively. Find
(a) Time taken by faster train to overtake the slower train; provided they are
moving in same direction.
(b) Time taken by trains to cross each other if they are moving towards each
other
Solution:
D
(a) T =
S
5
for train A, speed = 36 kmph = 36 × =10m/s
18
for train B, (180m), speed = 54 kmph =15m/s
D
So, T =
S
150 + 180  330
= = = 66 seconds
15 – 10  5
D
(b) T =
S
330 330
= = = 13.2 seconds
10 + 15 25
Illustration 17: A train is traveling at a speed of 20 m/s. The length of the train is
100 m. Find out time taken by the
(a) train to cross a pole
(b) train to cross a platform of 200 m length
Solution:
D
(a) T =
S
Distance to be traveled is equal to length of train
100
T = = 5 sec
20
(b) Distance traveled is equal to length of train plus length of platform
100 + 200 300
T = = = 15sec
20 20
86
Illustration 18: Priyanka is traveling in a car on a foggy winter morning at some

speed “X”. She passes Anant traveling at a speed of 3 kmph in the same direction.
Anant was able to see her for 6 minutes and for a distance of 150 m. Find out the
speed at which Priyanka is traveling.
6
Solution: Distance traveled by Anant in 6 minutes = 3 = 0.3 km
60 
Additional distance traveled by Priyanka =150 m
Total distance traveled by Priyanka = 300+150 = 450m
Time = 6min
D 450  60
S = = = 4.5 kmph
T 1000  6
Illustration 19: Anant and Nishant start from the same point at speeds of 4 kmph
and 6 kmph respectively. Find out after what time will they be 50 km apart; if
(a) they walk in the same directions
(b) they walk in opposite directions
Solution:
D 50
(a) t = =
S  
6–4
= 25 hrs
50 50
(b) t = =
6 + 4 10
= 5 hrs
SPEED IN STREAMS
Boats and Streams are an extension of above concept and quite a favourite with
examiners.
When one body moves inside another moving body the motion is dependent
on the carrier body eg. When a boat moves inside a stream, the speed of boat
depends on the speed of stream. If boat is going in the same direction as the stream,
then the boat will move faster than the speed at which boat moves in still water, but
87
ARITHMETIC
when the boat is moving in opposite direction of the stream, the speed of boat is
slower than speed of boat in still water.
V km/hr
Down stream Upstream
Direction of flow
Let us assume there is a stream flowing at a speed of V kmph and there is a boat
traveling in it which can travel at speed of U kmph in still water
(a) Effective speed of boat upstream = U–V
(b) Effective speed of boat downstream =U+V
Illustration 20: A man can row downstream at a rate of 20 kmph and upstream at
a rate of 12 kmph. Find out the speed of the boat in still water and speed of the
stream.
Solution: Let us assume
U = speed of boat in still water
V = speed of streams
Then U+V = 20 (1)
U–V = 12 (2)
Or, 2U = 32
U = 16 kmph (is it not the mean?)
And V = 4 kmph
Illustration 21: Arvind can row at 6 kmph in still water. It take him twice as long
as to row up as to down the river. What is the rate of the stream.
Solution: U = 6 = Arvind’s speed in still water
V = ? = Speed of stream
Let us assume Arvind rows for a distance ‘x’ upstream and returns, then
88
x 2x
= Or (6+V) = 2(6–V)
6–V 6+V
Or V = 2kmph
Illustration 22: Arvind can row at 8kmph in still water. When the stream is flowing
at the rate of 2kmph. It takes him 6 hrs to row to a place and come back. Find out
how far is the place.
Solution:
U = Arvind’s speed in still water 8 kmph
V = Streams speed =2 kmph
So, speed upstream = U+V
= 10 kmph
And speed downstream = U–V
= 6 kmph
x = Distance traveled upstream
x x
Then Tupstream + Tdownstream = + =6
10 6
Or, x = 22.5 km
CIRCULAR MOTION
In illustration 19, if Anant and Nishant walk in the same direction and Anant
intends to catch Nishant, will he ever catch Nishant?
The answer is no. Every hour the distance between them keeps on increasing
by 2 km. Now consider the case, in which Nishant and Anant
Anant are standing at starting point of a circular racing Starting point (4 km/hr)
track of circumference 50 km. Again Anant and Nishant
travel at speeds 4 kmph and 6 kmph, and start running Nishant
in the same direction. (6 km/hr)
Again the same question is to be answered.
Will Anant ever catch Nishant?
The Answer is yes;
Anant and Nishant will meet when the Distance of
Circumference = 50
separation between them becomes equal to 1
circumference
89
ARITHMETIC
Or, Nishant and Anant will meet after ‘T’ hrs such that
T = Circumference /Relative speed
T = 50/(6–4) = 25 hrs.
Important points to be noted

 If ‘t’ is the time taken by two persons to be meet again, who started from
the same point and at the same time along a circular track then
length of the track
T=
Relative speed of the persons
 Two person who started from the same position at the same time will meet
again at the same position at the time which is equal to the LCM of the
time taken by each of the person to complete a round around the track.
 Now if three persons start from the same position at the same time along
the circular track they will meet again at the time which is equal to the
LCM of the time taken by the fastest to gain a complete round each over
the other two persons.
Illustration 23: Anant and Nishant are jogging on a circular track. Both start at
the same point, at same time. Anant is jogging at speed 3 kmph and Nishant at
12 kmph. Length of the circular track is 36 km. Find:
(a) When do Nishant and Anant meet for the first time if they start running in
opposite direction?
(b) When do Nishant and Anant meet at the starting point for the first time if
they run in opposite directions?
Solution:
(a) Nishant and Anant will meet after ‘T’ hrs such that
T = circumference/Relative speed
Now, Relative speed = (3+12) = 15 kmph
(as both of them are running in opposite direction the speeds need to be added)
36
So, T = = 2.4 hrs
15
(b) Let us find out the time taken by Nishant to make one complete round
90
T N = circumference/speed of Nishant
36
=
12
= 3 hrs
Or, Nishant reaches starting point every 3 hrs. (3 hrs, 6 hrs,…………)
Similarly for Anant TA = 36/3 = 12 hrs
Or, Anant reaches starting point every 12 hrs. (12 hrs, 24 hrs, .....)
So, both of them will be at the starting point for the first time, if we take the
smallest multiple 3 and 12, or L.C.M. of 3 and 12
Hence, they will be at the starting point for the first time at
LCM of (3, 12) = 12 hrs
If we have to find the time after which they meet at the starting point for the
second time, we need to take 2nd multiple of 3 and 12.
Note:
For ‘part a’, direction of running is important and will affect the final answer
but for ‘part b’, the direction of running is immaterial.
Illustration 24: Priyanka joins Anant and Nishant and all three start running
around the circular track from the same point at same time. Priyanka takes 18
hours to complete to 1 circle. If data given in Q23 holds good. find out
(a) When do Nishant, Anant and Priyanka meet for the first time.
Assume that they all run in the same direction
(b) When do Nishant, Anant and Priyanka meet at the starting point for the
first time.
Solution:
36
(a) Speed at which Priyanka is travelling = SP = = 2 kmph
18
Now Let us break the problem in 2 parts
Part 1: Time after which Anant and Nishant meet for the first time TAN = Circum-
36 36
ference/Relative speed = = = 4 hrs.
12–3  9
91
ARITHMETIC
Part 2: Time after which Priyanka and Anant will meet for the first time
36
TPA = = 36 hrs.
3–2 
Also, Anant and Nishant will meet every 4 hours.
Similarly, Priyanka and Anant will meet after every 36 hours.
So, for all three to meet we have to take L.C.M. of TA,N and TP,A
Or, L.C.M. (TA.N, TP,A) = L.C.M.(4,36) = 36
So, all three will meet for the first time 36 hrs after they start.
(b) Priyanka takes TP for completing one round, or TP = 18 hrs
All 3 will be at starting point at a time which is L.C.M. of TA, TP, TN
Or, L.C.M.( TA, TP, TN) = L.CM. ( 12, 18, 3) = 36 hrs.
So, all three will meet at the starting point for the first time after 36 hrs
Illustration25: Three women X, Y, and Z walk around a circular track of length
1800 meters, their rate of walk are 180, 90, 80 m/min respectively. If they start
walking at same time and in the same direction, when they will meet again?
Solution : X is the quickest followed by Y and Z
1800
X will again meet Y in = = 20 min
180 – 90 min
1800
X will again meet Z in = = 18 min.
180 – 80 min
Thus X and Y meet in every 20 min and X and Z meet in every 18 min.
Hence, the three of them will again meet in LCM of 18 and 20 = 180 min or 3 hrs.
CLOCKS
The clock consists of three parts dial, hour hand and the minute hand. The dial
of the clock is divided into 60 equal parts, called as minute part. The hour hand
completes one rotation of the dial in 12 hours, where as the minute hand completes
one rotation in 60minutes or 1 hour. Thus we can say that the minute hand is 12
times faster than the hour hand.
Also in 1 hour the minute hand moves over 60 minute parts. Where as the hour
hand only moves over 5 minute parts. Thus, in an hour the minute hand will gain
92
55 minute parts or 55 minutes over the hour hand or we can say that 55/60 minute
parts in 1 minute
Both the hands of clocks move in the same direction. Problem on clocks is
similar to two men running around a circular track.
The following are true for a regular clock :
(a) One minute part = 6°
360
(b) Minute hand :– moves at the rate of = 6 °/min
60 min
360
(c) Hour hand :– moves at the rate of 12 × 60 min = ½ °/min
 
(d) If both the hour hand and the minute hand start from the same place they
360
will meet each other after = minutes
5.5
(e) Relative speed of minute hand with respect to hour hand is 5.5°/min
(f) Angle between two markings (12 o’clock and 1 o’clock) is 30°
Illustration 26: At what time between 4 and 5 will the hands of clocks
(i) be at right angle
(ii) Coincide
(iii) Point in opposite direction
(iv) Hour hand will lead minute hand 30°
(v) Be equidistant from the mark ‘5’ on the clock
Solution: (i) At (4 O-clock) the angle between minute and hour hand = 120°
Case l: To be 90° apart the minute hand has to travel 30° relative to hour hand
So, T = Distance/Relative Speed
30
=
5.5
60
= minutes
11
Case 2: If minute hand travels 120 + 90 =210° relative to hour hand, then the two
hands will again be 90° apart with minute hand leading the hour hand.
210
So, T =
5.5
93
ARITHMETIC
420
=
11
2
= 38 minutes
11
(ii) If minutes hand travels 120° relative to hour hand both hands will be
coincide.
120
So, T =
5.5
9
= 21 minutes
11
(iii) If the two hands have to be in opposite directions, the angle of separation
between them should be 180°
Or, the minute hand has to travel a distance = 120+180=300° relative to hour
hand
300
So, T =
5.5
16
= 54 minutes
11
(iv) If minute hand travels 90° relative to hour hand, hour hand will lead
minute hand by 30°.
90
So, T =
5.5
4
= 16 minutes
11
(v) when the two hands are equidistant from mark 5 o’clock, both should be
x apart from the mark 5 o’clock
It has two cases,
If they are on the same side, they are overlopping :
The second case is that they are on opposite sides of S, then minute hand
would have travelled 150° + X° and hour hand would have travelled 30° – X° is the
separation of each hand from 5
94
150 + x   30 – x 
Or, =
6 0.5
210
x =
13
150 + x 
Therefore, time required, T =
6
 210 
150 + 
 13  2160
= =
6 78
9
= 27 min
13
Illustration 27: A clock loses 5 seconds every hour. If the clock indicates right
time on Sunday at noon find
(a) What times will be indicated on Monday noon
(b) What will be the correct time when the clock indicates noon on Monday
(c) When will the clock next indicate true time
Solution:
(a) Time elapsed from Sunday noon to Monday noon = 24 hours. So, time lost
by clock = 24 × 5 seconds
= 120 seconds
= 2 minutes
i.e. time indicate by the clock is = 11: 58 a. m.
Total minutes in a day = 60 × 24
= 1440
The clock moves, 1440–2 =1438 minutes in one day. For the clock to indicate 12
noon, it has to move through 1440 minutes. Clock takes 1440 minutes to travel to
1438 minutes
1440
Or, Clock takes min to travel 1 min on this dial.
1438
1440 × 1440
Or, Clocks takes true min to travel to 1440 own minutes
1438
95
ARITHMETIC
4
= 1442 true minutes
1438
2
= 1 day + 2 min
719
2
So, Time will be 2 min past noon
719
(b) To indicate true time next the clock has to lose 12 hrs. It loses 5 second in
one hour, 1 minute in 12 hour
or, 12 hours in 12 × 60 × 12 hours
12 × 60 × 12 
= days
24
= 360 days
Illustration 28: What is the angle between hands of the Clock at 8:40 PM
Solution: At 8:00 PM the angle between them is 240°. In 40 minutes, minute hand

travels a relative distance of =

 40 × 11
2
= 220°
So, the angle between the two hands = 240° – 220° = 20°
RACES
When two or more person contests for highest speed over a fixed distance is
called race.
 X gives Y a lead of ‘s’ second means.
X started after waiting ‘s’ seconds, after Y starts the race.
 X beats Y by ‘s’ seconds means
X finished the race ‘s’ seconds before Y, starting from the same point.
 X gives Y a start of ‘d’ meters means
X starts the race from ‘d’ meters behind Y
 X beat Y by ‘d’ meters means
X finishes the race, whereas Y is ‘d’ meters away from the finish line.
 When we say that X beats Y by ‘d’ meters and ‘s’ second, it can also be
inferred that Y covers ‘d’ meters in ‘s’ seconds.
96
Illustration 29 : Raj and Vijay ran a kilometer and Raj wins by 50seconds. Raj and
Arun ran a kilometer and Raj wins by300metres. Vijay and Arun ran a kilometer
and Vijay wins by 10 seconds. Find the time each took to run a kilometer?
Solution: Raj wins from Vijay by 50 sec ; Vijay wins from Arun by 10sec
So Raj wins from arun by 50 + 10 = 60 sec.
But he also wins from Arun by 300 metres
300 m
So arun’s speed is = 5 m/s
60 sec
1000
Arun runs 1000 meters in = = 200 sec or 3 min 20 sec
5 sec
Vijay runs 1000 meters in = 200 – 10 = 190 sec or 3 min 10 sec
Raj runs 1000 meters in = 190 – 50 = 140 sec or 2 min 20 sec
Illustration 30: Ashok can give Tarun a 60 meters start and Samir 100 m start in
a km race. How many meters start can Tarun give Samir in a km race?
Solution: Ashok runs a km while Tarun runs {1000 – 60 } = 940 m
Ashok runs a km while Samir runs {1000 – 100 ) = 900 m
Thus Tarun and Samir runs 940 and 900 km in same time.
1000 × 900
Now Tarun runs 1km while Samir runs = = 957.45 m
940
Thus Tarun can give Samir a start of 1000 – 957.45 = 42.55 m
97
ARITHMETIC
EXERCISE
1. Walking 9/7th of his original rate, Ravi reaches office 4 min early. Find the usual
time Ravi will take to reach his office?
2. A bus starts from X. After traveling 50 km, it develops an engine problem and
proceeds at 4/5th of the earlier speed and reaches Y 45 min late. Had the engine
problem occurred 20 km further, it would have taken the bus 12 min less. Find
the original speed and distance.
3. A cyclist cycling in fog passed a man walking at 6 km/h, in the same direction.
The man could see the cyclist for 5 min and up to a distance of 200 m. What is
the speed of the cyclist?
4. Two buses B1 and B2 start from Rohini and Shahdara towards each other. B2
departs Shahdara 30 min after B1 departs from Rohini. B1, after traveling for 2
hours, is separated from bus B2 by 19/30th of the distance between Rohini and
Shahdara. If B1 reaches ½ hour later as compared to B2, how much time will
each take to cover the distance?
5. A dog chases a rabbit which is 100 m ahead. The time in which the rabbit takes
10 leaps, the dog takes 6 leaps. In one leap the rabbit covers ½ meter while the
dog covers, 1 metre. In how many leaps would the dog catch the rabbit?
6. X and Y are running on a circular path opposite to Z. Z is running double and
triple the speed of X and Y respectively. X’s speed is 10.8 kmph and the track
is120 m in length. They all start from the same point. When, for the first time, will
Y find itself equidistant from X and Z?
3
7. Ram runs times faster than Shyam. Ram gives a start of 120m to Shyam. If it
8
is a dead heat, how far should the winning post be from the start?
8. Rahul went out between 5 and 6 o’clock and returned between 6 and 7 o’clock.
He found that the hands of his watch had exactly changed places. When did he
go out?
9. An escalator is descending at a constant speed. Rohini walks down & takes 50
steps to reach the bottom. Shahdara runs down and takes 90 steps to reach the
bottom in the same time as Rohini takes 10 steps. How many steps are visible
when the escalator is not operating?
98
10. Two people enter a race in which you run to a point and back. Person A runs 20
mph to and from the point. Person B runs to the point going 10 mph and 30 mph
going back. Who came in first?
11. There is a 50m long army platoon marching ahead. The last person in the
platoon wants to give a letter to the first person leading the platoon. So while
the platoon is marching he runs ahead, reaches the first person and hands over
the letter to him and without stopping he runs and comes back to his original
position. In the mean time the whole platoon has moved ahead by 50m. The
question is how much distance did the last person cover in that time? (Assuming
that he ran the whole distance with uniform speed?
12. A man leaves office daily at 7pm. A driver comes from his home to pick him from
office and bring him back home. One day, he gets free at 5:30 and him instead of
waiting for driver he starts walking towards home. On the way, he meets the car
and returns home on the car. He reaches home 20 minutes earlier than usual.
Had he become free at 6, how much early would he have reached?
13. A tram 55 m long crossed a person in 5½ seconds, who was walking at 3 kmph
in the opposite direction. Then it crossed another person in 11 seconds who
was walking in the same direction. At what speed the other person was traveling?
14. Y is situated between X and Z at an equal distance. A steamer goes from X to Y
and back in 7hrs 20 mins. And from X to Z in 9 hours. How long will it take to go
from Z to X, if the direction of the current is from X to Z?
15. Excluding stoppages, the speed of a bus is 54 km/h and including stoppages, it
is 45 kmph. For how many minutes does the bus stop per hour?
16. Two trains start from station A & B & travel towards each other at speed of 50
km/h & 60 km/h respectively. At the time of their meeting the 2nd train has
traveled 120 km more than the 1st. Find the distance between A &B.
17. In a 1 km race Rahul beats Shyam by 40 meters or 7 seconds. Find Rahul’s time
over the course.
18. In a 1 km race if Rahul gives Shyam 40 min start, Rahul wins by 19 sec If he gives
30 second start, Shyam wins by 40 m. Find the time by Rahul to run a km?
19. Two trains Rajdhani and Shatabdi separated by a distance of 1200m approach
each other at 30 m/min. A bird flying at 60 m/min flies from train Rajdhani to train
Shatabdi, returns to Rajdhani, flies back to Shatabadi and so on till the trains
meet. What is the total distance traveled by the bird?
99
ARITHMETIC
20. A monkey climbs a slippery pole 12 m height. It moves up 1 m in every 1 min &
slips ½ meter in every next minute. Find how soon it will reach the top?
21. A powder-man set a fuse for a blast to take place in 30 sec. He ran away at a rate
of 8 yd per second.
Sound travels at a rate of 1080 ft per sec. When the powder-man heard the blast,
he had run approximately
22. A ball was thrown vertically upwards and the height it reached after time t was
given by s = 28t (-) 16t2. What is the greatest height it reached?
23. On reducing my speed to 3 kmph I reach office 10 minutes late. I usually travel
at 13 3 % of this speed and reach early by the same margin. How far is my office?
24. Two motorist set out at the same time to go from A to B, a distance of 100 miles.
They traveled at different though uniform speeds of an integral number of miles
per hour and followed the same route. The difference between their speeds was
a prime number of miles per hour and after they had been driving for 2 hours,
the distance of the slower car from A was 5 times that of the faster car from B.
What is the speed of the two motorist?
25. The distance through which a mango on a tree falls to the ground varies directly
to the square of the time taken in falling. A mango which falls to the ground in
5 secs covers 4m more than the one which took just 3 secs to fall to the ground.
Find the time in which a mango at the height of 12m will fall to the ground?
26. Ram and Shyam, each runs at an uniform speed along a circular track. To cover
the whole track, Ram needs 5 seconds less than Shyam. If they start
simultaneously from the same place and run in the same direction, then 30
seconds later they meet. At how many points they will meet if they run in the
opposite direction?
27. Steve and Tom can paddle a boat together at 5 kmph in still water. Steve and
Tom alone paddles at 2 kmph and 3kmph respectively in still water. They started
paddling together at 1 pm down the stream which was flowing at 1kmph. At 2
pm Tom lost his paddle but did not tell Steve. At 3 pm Steve realized that Tom
had lost his paddle and slapped him, which made Tom to lose his hat. Then he
gave his paddle to Tom who paddled upstream to the lost paddle. Immediately
after retrieving the paddle, they turned and paddled together to Tom’s hat. At
what time would they reach the hat?
100
28. Bob is walking along a diameter of a circle to and fro whereas Alex walks along
the circumference of the same circle of radius 154 m. Both start from a point A
and meet at the point B for the first time after 11 minutes, when both have
reached halfway. After that Alex reduces his speed by x m/min and Bob increases
his speed by x m/min, such that when Alex completes his first round, Bob just
completes his 2 rounds. What is the value of x ?
29. Sonal had two clocks which had not been used for many years. She set the time
accurately and started both of them at the same time. An hour later clock C1
gained one minute whereas clock C2 lost 2 minutes. The next morning C1 showed
7 am while C2 showed 6am. What was the time when Sonal started the clocks?
30. Trains are traveling between stations A and B which are at a distance of 120kms.
There are 3 more stations between A and B and each train halts at each station
for 2 minutes. What should be the minimum number of trains, if the trains are
traveling at the speed of 40kmph and we want to keep a regular interval of 6
minutes between the departure of the two trains from both the stations?
101
5
Time & Work
Time and work problems are similar to the Time, Speed, Distance problems. The
speed is in terms of the rate of doing the work, distance is in terms of the quantity of
work done and time is the time taken to complete the job. The concept of time and
work is an important one as a few questions based on this chapter have appeared
regularly over the past decade in all aptitude exams.
Work Rate × Time = Work Done  just like S × T = D
If A does a work in ‘a’ days, then
1 100
In one day, A does of the work or % of the work.
a a
Similarly,
If B does a work in ‘b’ days, then
1 100
In one day, B does of the work or % of the work.
b b
Hence, in one day, if A and B work together, then their combined work is
1 1 a+b
+ =
a b ab
Illustration : Let us take an example : If A can do a work in 10 days and B can do the
same work in 12 days, then the work will be completed in how many days.
 100 
One day’s work = 10% +   % = 10% + 8.333% = 18.33%
 12 
100 10
To complete the work = = 5 days will be needed.
18.33 22
Alternatively,
1 1 22
1 day’s work = + = .
10 12 120
TIME & WORK
120 5
The number of days required to complete the work is =5 days.
22 11
NEGATIVE WORK
There is also a concept of negative work. Often you will come across questions
were A and B will build a wall while C breaks it OR a pipe is filling a tank while a crack
is leading to leakage. We will now learn how to solve questions based on such
situations.
Suppose, Ravi can build a wall in 10 days and Isha can build it in 5 days, while
Adishri can completely destroy the wall in 20 days. If all three of them start working
on 21st June, on which day will the work get completed.
Here, the net combined work per days is :
Ravi’s work + Isha’s work (–) Adishri’s work = 10% + 20% – 5%
= 25% work in one day.
 100 
Hence the work will be completed in   = 4 days.
 25 
The work will be completed the end of 24th June.
Illustration : 20 men working 8 hours a day can completely build a wall of length 200
metres, breadth 10 metres and height 20 metres in 10 days. How many days will 25
men working 12 hours a day require to build a wall of length 400 m, breadh 10 m and
height of 15 m.
L1B1H1 mdt
This question can be solved directly by using the formulae = 1 11
L2 B2 H 2 m2d 2 t 2
where L, B and H are length, breadth and height respectively while m, d, t are
number of men, days and hours respectively.
This is based upon the concept of Ratio of the two works (in term of L, B, H)
= Ratio of the two efforts (in terms of number of men and time devoted).
In the above problem we shall apply this formula to obtain the answer directly.
200 ×10 × 20 20 ×10 × 8
= =
400 × 10 ×15 25 × d 2  12
d2 = 8 days.
103
ARITHMETIC
Illustration : A and P are working on a job. A is a builder and P is a demolition man.

A takes 10 days to construct a wall. P takes 20 days to demolish it. How much time
do they take to build the wall completely?
(a) If they work simultaneously.
(b) If they work on alternate days and A starts the job.
By now we expect that you will be able to solve (a) mentally.
Step 1: Net work 1 day = A’s work – P’s work = 10% – 5% = 5% a day
100%
Step 2: = 20 days. (Ans.)
5%
(b) Here at the end of day 2, 5% of the work is completed.
So do you think that it will take 40 days to complete the job ?
If yes, then you are wrong.
At the end of 36th day, 90% of the work has been completed.
At the beginning of the 37th day, A starts working and at the end of the day,
does 10% of the work and thereby finishes building the wall.
Hence, the job will get finished on day 37th.
104
TIME & WORK
EXERCISE
1. Ansha and Archana can do a piece of work in 10 days and Ansha alone can
do it in 12 days. In how many days can Archana do it alone?
(a) 60 days (b) 30 days
(c) 50 days (d) 45 days
2. Baba alone can do a piece of work in 60 days. Anshu alone can do it in
90 days. If the total wages for the work is Rs. 500, how much should Baba be
paid if they work together for the entire duration of the work?
(a) Rs. 300 (b) Rs. 200
3. 4 men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days, and 5 men and 7 women can do the
same job in 4 days. How long will 1 man and 1 woman take to do the work?
 2 1
(a) 22   days (b) 25   days
7 7
1  7 
(c) 5   d4ays (d) 12   days
7  22 
4. If 8 boys and 12 women can do a piece of work in 25 days, in how many days
can the work be done by 6 boys and 11 women working together?
(c) 12 days (d) Cannot be determined
5. Manoj takes twice as much time as Anjali and thrice as much as Amit to
finish a piece of work. Together they finish the work in 1 day. What is the
time taken by Manoj to finish the work?
(c) 2 days (d) None of these
6. An engineer undertakes a project to build a road 150 km long in 300 days
and employs 45 men for the purpose. After 100 days, he finds only 25 km of
the road has been completed. Find the number of extra men he must employ
to finish the work in time.
(a) 43 (b) 45
(c) 55 (d) 68
105
ARITHMETIC
7. A can do a work in 10 days and P can do the same work in 20 days. They
work together for 5 days and then A goes away. In how many more days
will P finish the work?
(a) 5 days (b) 6.5 days
1
3
8. A tank is normally filled in 6 h but takes 4 h longer to fill because of a leak
in its bottom. If the tank is full, the leak will empty it in how much time?
(a) 15 h (b) 16 h
(c) 20 h (d) None of these
9. If three taps are open together, a tank is filled in 10 h. One of the taps can
fill in 5 h and another in 10 h. What does 3 rd tap do?
(a) Empties the tank is 10 h
(b) Empties the tank is 20 h
(c) Empties the tank is 5 h
(d) Fills the tank in 10 h
10. There are two pipes in a tank. Pipe A is for filling the tank and Pipe P is for
emptying the tank. If A can fill the tank in 10 hours and P can empty the
tank in 15 hours then find how many hours will it take to completely fill a
quarter filled tank?
(a) 30 hours (b) 45 hours
(c) 22.5 hours (d) None
11. Two officials in their respective divisions were involved in the harvesting
of guavas. One division had an average output of 21 tons from a hectare
and the other division, which had 12 hectares of land less, dedicated to
guavas, got 25 tons of guavas from a hectare. As a result, the second
division harvested 300 tons of guavas more than the first. How many tons
of tendu leaves did the first division harvest?
(a) 3150 (b) 3450
(c) 3500 (d) None of these
106
TIME & WORK
12. Dev and Indu can do a piece of work in 45 and 40 days respectively. They
began the work together, but Dev leaves after some days and Indu finished
the remaining work in 23 days. After how many days did Dev leave ?
13. A finishes 3/5th of the work in 2z hours, B works twice as fast and finishes
the remaining work. For how long did B work?
 2  2
(a)  z (b)   z
 3 5
 z   3
(c)   (d)   z
 5   15 
Directions for questions 14-18 Read the following and answer the questions
that follow.
A set of 10 pipes (set X) can fill 70% of a tank in 7 minutes. Another set of 5
pipes (set Y) fills 3/8 of the tank in 3 minutes. A third set of 8 pipes (set Z) can
empty 5/10 of the tank in 10 minutes.
14. How many minutes will it take to fill the tank if all the 23 pipes are opened at the
same time?
5
(a) 5 minutes (b) 5 minutes
7
(c) 6 minutes (d) None of these
15. If only half the pipes of set X are closed and only half the pipes of set Y are
open and all other pipes are open, how long will it take to fill 49% of the
tank?
16. If 4 pipes are closed in set Z, and all others remain open, how long will it
take to fill the tank?
(c) 7 minutes (d) 7.5 minutes
107
ARITHMETIC
17. If the tank is half full and set X and set Y are closed, how many minutes will
it take for set Z to empty the tank if alternate taps of set Z are closed,
(c) 40 minutes (d) 16 minutes
18. If one pipe is added for set X and set Y and set Z’s capacity is increased by
80% on its original value and all the taps are opened at 4 p.m., then at what
time does the empty tank get filled?
(a) 4 : 10 : 30 p.m. (b) 4 : 06 p.m.
(c) 4 : 15 p.m. (d) 4 : 04 : 30 p.m.
19. A tank holds 100 gallons of water. Its inlet is 7 inches in diameter and fills the
tank at 5 gallons/min. The outlet of the tank is twice the diameter of the
inlet. How many minutes will it take to empty the tank if both the pipes are opened
when tank is full?
(a) 5 min (b) 10 min
(c) 8 min (d) 6.40 min
20. A tank of 425 litres capacity has been filled with water through two pipes, the
first pipe having been opened five hours longer than the second. If the
first pipe were open as long as the second, and the second pipe was open
as long as the first pipe was open, then the first pipe would deliver half the
amount of water delivered by the second pipe; if the two pipes were open
simultaneously, the tank would be filled up in 17 hours. How long was the
second pipe open?
(a) 10 hours (b) 12 hours
(c) 15 hours (d) 18 hours
21. Two men and a woman are entrusted with a task. The second man needs
three hours more to cope with the job than the second man and the woman
would need working together. The first man, working alone, would need as
much time as the second man and the woman working together. The first
man, working alone, would spend eight hours less than the double period
of time the second man would spend working alone. How much time would
the two men and the woman need to complete the task if they all worked
together?
(a) 1 hour (b) 3 hours
(c) 4 hours (d) 5 hours
108
TIME & WORK
22. Gauri and Amit are quiz masters preparing for a quiz. In x minutes, Gauri makes
y questions more than Amit. If it were possible to reduce the time needed by
each to make a question by two minutes, then in x minutes Gauri would
make 2y questions more than Amit, How many questions does Gauri make in
x minutes?
(a) 1/4[2(x + y) – (2x2 + 4y2)] (b) 1/4[2(x - y) – (2x2 + 4y2)]
(c) Either a or b (d) None of these
23. Two typists Nadeem and Veeru of varying skills can do a job in 6 minutes if
they work together. If the first typist typed alone for 4 minutes and then the
second typist typed alone for 6 minutes, they would be left with 1/5 of the
whole work. How many minutes would it take the slower typist to complete
the typing job working alone?
(c) 12 minutes (d) 20 minutes
Directions for questions 24-33: Read the following and answer the questions
that follow.
A fort contains a granary, that has 1000 tons of grain. The fort is under a
siege from an enemy army that has blocked off all the supply routes.
The army in the fort has three kinds of soldiers:
Sepoys  2,00,000.
Mantris  1,00,000
Footies  1,00,000
100 Sepoys can hold 5% of the enemy for one month.
100 Mantris can hold 10% of the enemy for 15 days.
50 Footies can hold 5% of the enemy for one month.
A sepoy eats 1 kg of food per month, a Mantri eats 0.5 kg of food per month
and a footie eats 3 kg of food. (As-sume 1 ton = 1000 kg).
The king has to make some decisions based on the long-est possible
resistance that can be offered to the enemy.
If a king selects a soldier, he will have to feed him for the entire period of
the resistance. The king is not obliged to feed a soldier not selected for the
resistance.
109
ARITHMETIC
(Assume that the entire food allocated to a particular soldier for the
estimated length of the resistance is redis-tributed into the king’s palace in
case a soldier dies and is not available for the other soldiers.)
24. If the king wants to maximise the time for which his resistance holds up, he
should
(a) Select all mantris (b) Select all footies
(c) Select all sepoys (d) None of these
25. Based on existing resources, the maximum number of months for which the
fort’s resistance can last is
(a) 5 months (b) 20 months
(c) 7.5 months (d) Cannot be determined
26. If the king makes a decision error, the maximum reduction in the time of
resistance could be
(a) 15 months (b) 12.5 months
(c) 16.66 months (d) Cannot be determined
27. If the king estimates that the attackers can last for only 50 months, what
should the king do to ensure victory?
(a) Select all mantris
(b) Select the mantris and the sepoys
(c) Select the footies
(d) The king cannot achieve this
28. If a reduction in the ration allocation by 10% reduces the capacity of any
soldier to hold off the enemy by 10%, the number of whole months by
which the king can increase the life of the resistance by reducing the
ration allocation by 10% is
(c) No change (d) This will reduce the time
29. The minimum amount of grain that should be available in the granary to
ensure that the fort is not lost (assuming the estimate of the king of 50
months being the duration for which the enemy can last is correct) is
(a) 2000 tons (b) 2500 tons
(c) 5000 tons (d) Cannot be determined
110
TIME & WORK
30. If the king made the worst possible selection of his soldiers to offer the
resistance, the percentage increase in the minimum amount of grain that
should be available in the granary to ensure that the fort is not lost is
(a) 100% (b) 500%
(c) 600% (d) Cannot be determined
31. The difference in the minimum grain required for the second worst choice
and the worst choice to ensure that the resistance lasts for 50 months is
(a) 5000 tons
(b) 7500 tons
(c) 10000 tons
(d) Cannot be determined
32. If the king strategically attacks the feeder line on the first day of the
resistance so that the grain is no longer a constraint, the maximum time for
which the resistance can last is
(c) 250 months (d) Cannot be determined
33. If the feeder line is opened after 6 months and prior to that the king had made
decisions based on food avail- ability being a constraint then the number
of months (maximum) for which the resistance could last is
(a) 100 months
(b) 150 months
(c) 5 months
(d) Cannot be determined
Directions for questions 34-38: Study the following and answer the questions
that follow.
A gas cylinder can discharge gas at the maximum rate of 1 cc/ minute from
burner A and at the rate of 2 cc/minute from burner B . The capacity of the gas
cylinder is 1itre of gas.
The amount of heat generated is equal to 1 kcal per cc of gas.
However, there is wastage of the heat as per follows:
111
ARITHMETIC
Gas discharge @ Loss of heat

0-0.5 cc/minute 10%
0.5-1 cc/minute 20%
1-1.5 cc/minute 25%
1.5 + cc/minute 30%
(Include higher extremes)

34. If both burners are opened simultaneously such that the first is opened to
90% of its capacity and the second is opened to 80% of its capacity, the
amount of time in which the gas cylinder will be empty (if it was half full at the
start) will be:
(c) 200 minutes (d) none of these
35. The maximum amount of heat with the fastest speed of cooking that can be
utilised for cooking will be when:
(a) The first burner is opened upto 50% of its aperture
(b) The second burner is opened upto 25% of its aperture
(c) Either (a) or (b) (d) None of these
36. The amount of heat utilised for cooking if a full gas cylinder is burnt by
opening the aperture of burner A 100% and that of burner B 50% is
(a) 900 kcal (b) 800 kcal
(c) 750 kcal (d) Cannot be determined
37. For question 36, if burner A had been opened only 25% and burner B had
been opened 50%, the amount of heat available for cooking would be
(a) 820 kcal (b) 800 kcal
(c) 750 kcal (d) Cannot be determined
38. For question 37, the amount of time required to finish a full gas cylinder
will be
(a) 900 minutes (b) 833.33 minutes
112
ARITHMETIC
ANSWERS RATIO & PERCENTAGE

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (c)
ANSWERS PROFIT & LOSS

1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (c)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (c)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (b) 45. (d)
46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (a)
113
ARITHMETIC
ANSWERS INTEREST
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c)
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (d) 30. (b)
ANSWERS TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE

1. 18 min 2. 25 kmph, 125km. 3. 8.4 kmph.
4. 10, 9 hrs 5. 600 leaps. 6. 13 1/3 sec.
7. 440 m. 8. 32 4/13 min. past 5 9. 100
10. A 11. 50( 2  1) 12. 13.33 min.

13. 15 kmph. 14. 5 2/3 hrs. 15. 10 min.
16. 1320 km. 17. 168 sec. 18. 125 sec.
19. 2400 20. 45 min 21. 736.4 ft.
22. 12.25 23. 1.75 km 24. 40, 42 kmph
25. 4 3 26. 13 27. 5 : 06
28. 19.25 m/min. 29. 10 : 40 AM 30. 63
114
ARITHMETIC
ANSWERS TIME & WORK

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b)
26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (c)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (c)
115

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ARITHMETIC

This book is a part of set, not be sold separately.

2. Proft & Loss ... 37-56

3. Interest ... 57-75

4. Time, Speed & Distance ... 76-101

5. Time & Work ... 102-112

Answers ... 113-115

SOME PROPERTIES OF RATIOS

If four quantities a, b, c, d, form a proportion, many other proportions may

Now, when total share is 11, Julie gets Rs.6

Illustration : Three brothers Amar,Akbar and Anthony, work together in a company

Illustration : Find second proportion of 2, 4 and 8

FAMILIARITY WITH CALCULATIONS

This question can also be solved like this.

15/50 is 0.3 Multiply this number with hundred to get 30%

Value as% on Base 1 Base 1 Value Base 2 Value as% on Base 2

FURTHER TABLE FOR REFERENCE

In Second journey, distance has increased by 20%, so new distance is 1.2D

1.2D = 1.1YD as D = S×T

Illustration : Amrish Puri ‘Mogambo’ bought 20 meters of cloth. But when he

RELATIVE PERCENTAGE / ADDITIVE PERCENTAGE

Ganguly’s score is 95% of Jadeja’s score as discussed above.

Govinda has got 1/6th of Shahrukh’s marks more than Shahrukh.

CUMULATIVE PERCENT/ SUCCESSIVE PERCENT

The cumulative growth can also be found in another manner.

6. Due to fall in manpower, the production in a factory decreases by 25%. By what

Cost Price (CP) : The price at which an article was bought.

The above definitions of P and L calculate the absolute figures.

(Profit × 100) (500 × 100)

Case 2: When p is used

So, l CP is the loss.

Illustration : A store offers an off-season discount of x%. A further discount of 20%

= Rs. 178.8 per week

Illustration : Sourabh took an educational loan of 2 lakh at simple interest rate of

Year Interest for the year Cumulative Interest Amount

Thus we can calculate the Amount payable directly by using AP.

The common ratio to define the GP is (1 + r)

MODIFIED INTEREST PERIODS

But, in case the compounding is charged monthly, interest rate becomes

Illustration : A certain sum of money invested at certain rate of CI amounts to

Illustration : A bank pays CI at 15% per annum compounded half-yearly. What is

Illustration : If a loan amounts to 160000 after 9 years and to 331776 after 15

Illustration 1: Ravi and Ram walk from A to B, a distance of 42 km at 6 and 8

(e) 3 feet = 1yard

Illustration 6: Michael Schumacher wants to test drive his Ferrari. He completes

It is the important to note here that if speed becomes

Case 3: Nidhi and Priyanka are moving in the same direction

Illustration 18: Priyanka is traveling in a car on a foggy winter morning at some

Down stream Upstream

Important points to be noted

travels a relative distance of =

Illustration : A and P are working on a job. A is a builder and P is a demolition man.

Gas discharge @ Loss of heat

(Include higher extremes)

ANSWERS RATIO & PERCENTAGE

ANSWERS PROFIT & LOSS

ANSWERS TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE

10. A 11. 50( 2  1) 12. 13.33 min.

ANSWERS TIME & WORK

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