Tuesday,

April 18, 2023 1

 “Energy can neither be created
nor destroyed.”

Tuesday, April 18, 2023 2

Tuesday, April 18, 2023 3
 H = U + PV
Amount of heat absorbed or released by a
chemical reaction at constant atmospheric
pressure. (chemical energy)
Tuesday, April 18, 2023 4
∆H = 𝐻p𝑟 𝑜 𝑑 𝑢 𝑐 𝑡 𝑠 − 𝐻()*+,*-,.
The difference between the enthalpy of the
products and the reactants.
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∆H = 𝐻p𝑟 𝑜 𝑑 𝑢 𝑐 𝑡 𝑠 − 𝐻()*+,*-,.

∆H is positive, the chemical reaction is ENDOTHERMIC.

∆H is negative, the chemical reaction is EXOTHERMIC.
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Consider the exothermic combustion of methane
(𝐶𝐻! ) into carbon dioxide and water.

𝐶𝐻! 𝑔 + 2𝑂" 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 + 2𝐻" 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = −890.4 𝑘𝐽

Tuesday, April 18, 2023 7

Original equation:
𝐶𝐻! 𝑔 + 2𝑂" 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 + 2𝐻" 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = −890.4 𝑘𝐽
Multiplied by 2:
𝐶𝐻! 𝑔 + 2𝑂" 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 + 2𝐻" 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = −1780.8 𝑘𝐽
Multiplied by ½:
𝐶𝐻! 𝑔 + 2𝑂" 𝑔 → 𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 + 2𝐻" 𝑂 ∆𝐻 = −445.2 𝑘𝐽

Tuesday, April 18, 2023 8

 Change in enthalpy when compound is
formed from its elements under standard
conditions (1 atm, 25°C).
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Subtraction of the sum of the enthalpies of
formation of the products and the sum of
the enthalpies of formation of the
reactants.
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 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
5 ∆𝐻°# p𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 = 𝑐∆𝐻°# 𝐶 + 𝑑∆𝐻°# 𝐷

5 ∆𝐻°# 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑎∆𝐻°# 𝐴 + 𝑏∆𝐻°# 𝐵

∆𝐻°!"# = % ∆𝐻°$ p𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠 − % ∆𝐻°$ 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

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 Problem #1
sample Problem #1

1 Consider the combustion of ethanol (𝐶! 𝐻" 𝑂𝐻) to

produce carbon dioxide and water.

𝐶% 𝐻& 𝑂𝐻 𝑙 + 3𝑂% 𝑔 → 3𝐶𝑂% 𝑔 + 3𝐻% 𝑂(𝑔)

! ∆𝐻°!"# = 2∆𝐻°$ 𝐶𝑂%, 𝑔 + 3∆𝐻°$ (𝐻%𝑂, 𝑔) − ∆𝐻°$ 𝐶%𝐻&𝑂𝐻, 𝑙 + 3∆𝐻°$ (𝑂%, 𝑔)

! ∆𝐻°!"# = 2 −393.5 𝑘𝐽 + 3 (−241.8 𝑘𝐽) − −277.7 𝑘𝐽 + 3 (0)

5 ∆𝐻°$%& = −1234.7 𝑘𝐽
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 Enthalpy is an extensive property; it depends on the
amount of reactants and products.
The ∆H for a forward reaction is equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign to its reverse reaction.
The ∆H of a reaction is the same whether it occurs in
one step or in series of steps.

the enthalpy change of the overall process is sum of enthalpy changes of the
individual component steps.
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 Problem #1
Sample Problem #3
The thermochemical equation for the incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide is

3
represented as
2𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂! 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂 𝑔
Compute for the ∆H of the overall process above can occur in two steps whose
thermochemical equations are given below:
(1) C s + O! g → 2𝐶𝑂! 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −393.5𝑘𝐽
(2) 2𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂! 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂! 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −566.0 𝑘𝐽

[C s + O" g → 2CO g ∆𝐻 = −393.5𝑘𝐽]×2

2𝐶𝑂 𝑔 + 𝑂" 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −566.0𝑘𝐽

2𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂 𝑔 + 𝑂" 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = 566.0𝑘𝐽

Tuesday, April 18, 2023 14
 Problem #1
Sample Problem #3
The thermochemical equation for the incomplete combustion of carbon monoxide is

3
represented as
2𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂! 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂 𝑔
Compute for the ∆H of the overall process above can occur in two steps whose
thermochemical equations are given below:
(1) C s + O! g → 2CO g ∆𝐻 = −393.5𝑘𝐽
(2) 2𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂! 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂! 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −566.0 𝑘𝐽

2C s + 2O" g → 2𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −787.0 𝑘𝐽

2𝐶𝑂" 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂 𝑔 + 𝑂" 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = 566.0𝑘𝐽
2 𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂" 𝑔 → 2𝐶𝑂 𝑔 ∆𝐻 = −221.0𝑘𝐽

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